The obstacles of the Italian Unification
A. Background: Italy separated 9 states because of the Congress of Vienna, and the states controlled by different countries.
B. Disintegrative (分裂) Forces in Italy:
a.) Divided into nine states with reactionary & despotic government.
1. i. Lombard 倫巴底 ii. Venitia 威尼西亞
iii. Parma 帕馬 iv. Tuscany 都斯加尼
v. Modena 摩德那
èControlled by Austria
2. Papal States 教皇國
èControlled by Pope
3. i. Naples 那不勒斯 ii. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 兩西西里王國
èControlled by France
4. Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
èControlled by Piedmonts
＊ The countries ran the Absolute Monarchy, they didn’t want the unification or revolution in Italy (Italy to become the Constitutional Country), because they didn’t want to lose their right or power in Italy and they were the reactionary & despotic countries.
＊ They must be suppressed the revolts by their military.
èMetternich called that “simply a geographical expression”
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>didn’t let Italy Unification run<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
＊The reasons of the countries opposition:
1. The reactionary countries – Austria & France
They didn’t want unification by the revolution and they used the military to suppress it, because they were reaction.
2. The opposition of the Pope:
Because she controlled the Papal States, she didn’t want to lot the right and power in Italy.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>They were also to be the obstacle<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
b.) Disunity (不一致) Amongst the Italian:
1. No full sense of the national consciousness (醒覺)
èItalian didn’t know the important of united action
èMany of the earlier revolts were merely local outbursts (爆發)
èPeople were divided by local interests
>>>> These only retarded any movement for national unity<<<<
2. People too backward and ignorant and superstitious to the nationalist movement
èMetternich called this situation:
In Italy, provinces are against provinces, towns against towns, families against families & men against men”
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>It also the obstacle of the Italian Unification<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
c. Disagreement of the form of united government:
1. Giuseppe Mazzini (馬志尼)
~~ Centralized democratic republic
~~ A new organization called“Youth Italy”
2. Vincenzo Gioberti (加里波的??)
~~ A federation of Italian states under the presidency of the pope
~~ Supported by Neo-Guelphs”
3. Cavour (加富爾)
~~Looked to Kingdom of Sardinia as the only independent state in Italy
>>No concerted efforts were organized to
direct the course of Italian Unification<<
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>It was the obstacle of Unification<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
d. Economic & Political Backwardness:
1. No arrangements similar to the Zollverein (關稅同盟) in Germany
~ Good land very scarce
~ The development of credit very slow
~ the building of railways came up against fierce political resistance
~ the economic backwardness was intermingled with political fragmentation
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>It was the obstacles of the Unification<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Because of these obstacles, the Italian was united
difficult.