美国加入八国联军在华行动的历史考证

                            夏  建

    2001年12月
    长期以来，我们中国的文史学者对美国在1900年的八国联军中的实际情况，就没有向中国老百姓如实地讲清楚过。这一方面是由于中文资料的不全面，更重要的则是长时期被有意歪曲的舆论和教育所误导。北明在其美国外交史系列评论文章中，第一次对这方面的历史进行了全面和公正的学术探讨。大有使读者感到“原来是这样一回事”的惊讶。对她提出的几个问题，以及其它的几个重要历史事实，我在此发表一些有关的看法和见解。准备要讲如下几个问题：
   1。美国是否也属于引起中国1900年义和团造反的国家?
   2。美国是在什么特殊情况下参加的八国联军?
   3。美国政府对7国列强划分中国势力范围的态度?
   4。在北京被攻下后，美国军队是否继续参加了其他7国的进一步占领行动?
   5。美国政府有无退还中国的庚子赔款?
1。众所周知，义和团运动开始是中国北方民众对外国在中国的势力范围的划分不满而引起。首先，1899年以前，在中国有势力范围的外国如下：
    *日本占有台湾和东北一部分
    *德国占有青岛
    *俄国占有大连
    *法国占有广州
    *英国占有威海卫 (1)
    请注意，美国在那个时候，而且一直到庚子赔款以后，都从没有在中国划分势力范围。没有占领土地。中国不是美国的殖民地或半殖民地。美国在北京所有的，只是为中国政府承认的公使馆。义和团后来攻击美传教士和工程师，以及不分青红皂白地包围所有外国领事馆，是美国加入八国联军的根本原因。这样的历史记载很容易在任何图书馆找到。
    2。美国最先加入八国联军的时间在1900年5月27日到5月31日。美国的56个船员和海军陆战队成员，从USS Oregon 和USS Newark两艘军舰借调到大沽港。原因是美国政府两个月没有接到美国公使爱得华。康格 (Edwin Conger) 的音信，只知道他被 围于北京领馆。当时的美国第25任总统廉。麦肯利 (William McKinley) 和国务卿 约翰。海 (John Hay) 在来不及通过国会讨论的情况下，而临时紧急派遣人员从菲律 宾 到中国。(2) 在此之前，美国军队在华没有一兵一卒。
    3。请注意以下的历史日期：
    1899年9月6日，美国政府，国务卿约翰。海照会欧洲各国，表示了美国对中国的态度。其中讲道“除了尽力保护美国的利益特别是美国公民，美国在中国没有其它任何意图（政策)。。。我们不加入任何联盟。”历史上称之为“第一次照会。”
(First Note from John Hay) （见附 3)。 这是在八国联军形成之前差不多一年多 以前。
1900年6月17日，八国联军攻下大沽炮台。(4)
1900年7月3日，国务卿约翰。海再次照会欧洲各国，表示美国不同意任何对中国的瓜分。中国的行政权利统一不应被破坏。这就是历史上被称为著名的“第二次照
会” (Second Note)。(5)
    1900年7月14日，八国联军攻下天津。(6)
    历史告诉我们，在天津被攻下之前，美国政府再一次通知了列强，并反对其瓜分中国领土的任何企图。

    4。在1900年8月14日，八国联军进入北京后，美国没有加入随后的行动。在美国军队战史（公开文件)记载如下：”尽管美军遭受相对较小损失，大约200人死伤，但我军没有加入到后续的行动。这主要是追击剩下的义和团和营救在其它地方的外国人。因为麦肯利当局打算立即把美国军队召回，要想他们在冬天前回到菲律宾。”(7)。
     5。庚子赔款对美国的分摊为$24,000,000，5年后美国会在重审战争花费时，认为是过多要价。因此决定将一大半，即$13,000,000还给中国。经过和中国政府的商量，最后决定以派遣留学生和在中国办学校，医院的方式用掉这笔退款。(8)
    从以上的历史事实，我们得到的结论是：
   1。义和团运动的兴起，的确与美国无关。美国在华没有占领领土。
   2。美国加入对华行动，原因和其它列强不同，不是要保卫在中国的势力范围。
   3。美国政府两次照会各国列强，反对瓜分中国，应保持中国的统一。
   4。美国军队没有加入对北京占领后的军事行动。
   5。美国是第一个退还中国庚子赔款的国家。
(1) “Naval History Record, Boxer Rebellion”, Department of The Navy, Naval Historical Center.
(2) “The Boxer Rebellion and the U.S. Navy, 1900-1901”, Department of The Navy, Naval Historical Center.
(3) U.S. Historical Documents collection at Wiretap. Spies and converted to HTML by Jim Zwick for The American Revolution - an .HTML project. (02/15/1999 08:20:08 ) (c) 1997. Department of Humanities Computing
(4) “中国大百科全书，外国历史”
(5) “China and the Open Door, We, The People, Great Documents of the American Nation”.
(6) “中国大百科全书，外国历史”
(7) “American Military History, Army Historical Series: The Boxer Uprising”, By Brig-Gen. Daggett
(8) “The Almanac of American History”, PP 396, By Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.. (有的文件记载退还款为$11,000,000)
附录 1. 八国联军1900年军事行动人员表
国家
公使馆保卫行动
进攻大沽，天津
进攻北京
总数
英国
82
915
3，000
3，997
俄国
81
312
4，000
4，393
日本
25
54
10，000
10，079
德国
51
512
200
763
法国
48
157
800
1，005
意大利
29
42
53
124
奥地利
35
26
58
119
美国
56
111
2，000
2，167
附录 2。八国联军行动日程表
日期
地点
行动
12/3/1899
北京
英国几名传教士被杀，西方各国要求中国政府保护
1/11/1900
北京
慈僖太后发表讲话，表示义和团不是暴民
2月到5月,1900
义和团运动扩大
5/30/1900
北京
西方领馆呼叫军队进京保卫
5/31-6/4, 1900
北京
八国联军507人到北京领馆区。美国56人
西方领馆被义和团继续围困
6/10,1900
天津
八国联军2100人从天津出发，想救北京领馆之围。美军111人
6/17,1900
大沽
八国联军攻下大沽炮台
7/3, 1900
华盛顿
美国国务卿约翰。海向西方各国发出第二封照会
7/14, 1900
天津
八国联军攻下天津
8/5, 1900
天津
八国联军2万人离开天津，向北京进发。美国2000人
8/14, 1900
北京
八国联军抵达北京
附录3。美国国务卿约翰。海的第一封照会
FIRST OPEN DOOR NOTE *
[John Hay to Andrew D. White]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State, Washington, September 6, 1899
At the time when the Government of the United States was informed by that of Germany that it had leased from His Majesty the Emperor of China the port of Kiao-chao and the adjacent territory in the province of Shantung, assurances were given to the ambassador of the United States at Berlin by the Imperial German minister for foreign affairs that the rights and privileges insured by treaties with China to citizens of the United States would not thereby suffer or be in anywise impaired within the area over which Germany had thus obtained control.
More recently, however, the British Government recognized by a formal agreement with Germany the exclusive right of the latter country to enjoy in said leased area and the contiguous "sphere of influence or interest" certain privileges, more especially those relating to railroads and mining enterprises; but as the exact nature and extent of the rights thus recognized have not been clearly defined, it is possible that serious conflicts of interest may at any time arise not only between British and German subjects within said area, but that the interests of our citizens may also be jeopardized thereby.
Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China the undoubted benefits which should accrue from a formal recognition by the various powers claiming "spheres of interest" that they shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such "spheres," the Government of the United States would be pleased to see His German Majesty's Government give formal assurances, and lend its cooperation in securing like assurances from the other interested powers, that each, within its respective sphere of whatever influence--
First. Will in no way interfere with any treaty port or any vested interest within any so-called "sphere of interest" or leased territory it may have in China.
Second. That the Chinese treaty tariff of the time being shall apply to all merchandise landed or shipped to all such ports as are within said "sphere of interest" (unless they be "free ports"), no matter to what nationality it may belong, and that duties so leviable shall be collected by the Chinese Government.
Third. That it will levy no higher harbor dues on vessels of another nationality frequenting any port in such "sphere" than shall be levied on vessels of its own nationality, and no higher railroad charges over lines built, controlled, or operated within its "sphere" on merchandise belonging to citizens or subjects of other nationalities transported through such "sphere" than shall be levied on similar merchandise belonging to its own nationals transported over equal distances.
The liberal policy pursued by His Imperial German Majesty in declaring Kiao-chao a free port and in aiding the Chinese Government in the establishment there of a customhouse are so clearly in line with the proposition which this Government is anxious to see recognized that it entertains the strongest hope that Germany will give its acceptance and hearty support. The recent ukase of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia declaring the port of Ta-lien-wan open during the whole of the lease under which it is held from China to the merchant ships of all nations, coupled with the categorical assurances made to this Government by His Imperial Majesty's representative at this capital at the time and since repeated to me by the present Russian ambassador, seem to insure the support of the Emperor to the proposed measure. Our ambassador at the Court of St. Petersburg has in consequence, been instructed to submit it to the Russian Government and to request their early consideration of it. A copy of my instruction on the subject to Mr. Tower is herewith inclosed for your confidential information.
The commercial interests of Great Britain and Japan will be so clearly observed by the desired declaration of intentions, and the views of the Governments of these countries as to the desirability of the adoption of measures insuring the benefits of equality of treatment of all foreign trade throughout China are so similar to those entertained by the United States, that their acceptance of the propositions herein outlined and their cooperation in advocating their adoption by the other powers can be confidently expected. I inclose herewith copy of the instruction which I have sent to Mr. Choate on the subject.
In view of the present favorable conditions, you are instructed to submit the above considerations to His Imperial German Majesty's Minister for L Foreign Affairs, and to request his early consideration of the subject.

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