High-Order Multiples:
Research Bibliography


Cognitive Development

Akerman, B.A., M. Hovmoller, A. Radestad, and P.A. Thomassen. "Physical And Mental Development in 4- to 6-Year-Old Triplets." Acta Paediatrica 84, n. 6 (Jun 1995): 661-666.

Emde, R.N., R. Plomin, J. Robinson, R. Corley, et al. "Temperment, Emotion, and Cognition at 14 Months: The Macarthur Longitudinal Twin Study." Child Development 63, n. 6 (Dec 1992): 1437-1455.

Feldman, R., and A.I. Eidelman. "Does a triplet birth pose a special risk for infant development? Assessing cognitive development in relation to intrauterine growth and mother-infant interaction across the first 2 years." Pediatrics 115, n. 2, Part 1 (Feb 2005): 443-52.
Mothers of triplets displayed lower levels of sensitivity at 6, 12, and 24 months and infants were less socially involved at 6 and 24 months, compared with singletons and twins. ... Triplets appear to be at higher risk for cognitive delays in the first 2 years of life, and discordant infants are at especially high risk. This delay is related in part to the difficulty of providing sensitive mothering to 3 infants at the same time.

Feldman, Ruth; Eidelman, Arthur I.; and Rotenberg, Noa. "Parenting Stress, Infant Emotion Regulation, Maternal Sensitivity, and the Cognitive Development of Triplets: A Model for Parent and Child Influences in a Unique Ecology." Child Development 75, n. 6 (Nov/Dec 2004): 1774-1791.
Triplets received lower maternal sensitivity across infancy and exhibited poorer cognitive competencies compared with singletons and twins. The most medically compromised triplet showed the lowest regulation, received lower maternal sensitivity, and demonstrated the weakest outcomes compared with siblings.

Koeppen-Schomerus, G., T.C. Eley, D. Wolke, P. Gringras, et al. "The interaction of prematurity with genetic and environmental influences on cognitive development in twins." Journal of Pediatrics 137, n. 4 (Oct 2000): 527-533.

Kwong, T. and E. Nicoladis. "Talk to me: parental linguistic practices may hold the key to reducing incidence of language impairment and delay among multiple-birth children." Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology 29, n. 1 (Spring 2005): 6-13.
Researchers have long known that multiple-birth children are predisposed toward language impairment and delay. Proposed explanations include the frequent low birth weight of multiple-birth children, unspecified genetic factors, and differences in the linguistic environment that seem to correlate with language impairment.

McMahon, S., and B. Dodd. "A comparison of the expressive communication skills of triplet, twin and singleton children." European Journal of Disorders of Communication 32, n. 3 (Sept 1997): 328-45.
The results indicated that the triplets' early communication skills were different from those of both singletons and twins. The triplets' difficulties included delayed syntactic development, limited use of different language functions and delayed phonological development. In contrast, twins' communication profile is characterised by disordered phonological development.

McMahon, S., K. Stassi, and B. Dodd. "The Relationship Between Multiple Birth Children's Early Phonological Skills And Later Literacy." Language Speech And Hearing Services In Schools 29, n. 1 (Jan 1998): 11-23.

Mogford-Bevan, K. "Developmental language impairments with complex Origins: Learning From Twins And Multiple Birth Children." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 52, n. 1-3 (Jan-Jun 2000): 74-82.

Petrill, S.A., K. Saudino, S.S. Cherny, R.N. Emde, et al. "Exploring the genetic and environmental etiology of high general cognitive ability in fourteen- to thirty-six-month-old twins." Child Development 69, no. 1 (Feb 1998): 68-74.

Yang, H.M., W.G. Ma, T. Lin, S.X. Zhao, et al. "Comprehensive Study of 2 Sets of Triplets." Chinese Science Bulleton 34, n. 19 (Oct 1989): 1643-1647.

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Created 7 February 2003 / Updated 9 Jun 2006