Abstrak 1

To What Extent are Our Journal Articles Publishable Internationally?

Zifirdaus Adnan[1]

 Abstrak

Pengkajian struktur wacana tulisan ilmiah penting, sehingga sudah banyak sekali kajian tentang hal ini. Bagi para peneliti Indonesia kajian ini menjadi lebih penting lagi karena peneliti Indonesia sudah mulai diwajibkan untuk menerbitkan hasil penelitiannya di jurnal Internasional, yang merupakan pekerjaan yang tidak mudah. Kewajiban ini secara berangsur-angsur akan diterapkan secara ketat.

Salah satu bagian artikel ilmiah yang sudah banyak diteliti adalah pendahuluan. Pendahuluan dianggap penting karena di dalamnya terdapat bagian yang menentukan bisa-tidaknya suatu artikel dipertimbangkan oleh editor (kasarnya, apakah langsung masuk tong sampah, atau dikirim ke team penilai atau 'referees'). Di samping itu menulis pendahuluan merupakan suatu hal yang dianggap sulit (Swales, 1990).  Kajian struktur wacana sudah dilakukan pada tulisan ilmiah dalam berbagai bahasa di ataranya bahasa Inggris, Perancis, Jerman, Malaysia, Cina, dan Cekoslawakia. Sayangnya, masih sedikit sekali kajian tentang struktur artikel ilmiah Indonesia.

Dalam presentasi, akan dibicarakan hasil analisa struktur pendahuluan tulisan ilmiah Indonesia, yang diterbitkan dalam berbagai jurnal ilmiah Indonesia, dalam 3 disiplin humaniora, yaitu linguistik, pendidikan, dan ilmu-ilmu sosial. Dalam analisa ini dipakai model yang umumnya dipakai ada dalam pendahuluan artikel ilmiah internasional berbahasa Inggris (khususnya Amerika, Australia dan Inggris). Pertanyaannya ialah sejauh mana struktur pendahuluan-pendahuluan itu sesuai dengan struktur yang biasanya diharapkankan (expected) ada dalam artikel ilmiah Internasional? Dengan kata lain, sejauh mana artikel ilmiah kita mungkin bisa diterima untuk diterbitkan di jurnal internasional?

Observation on Primary Productivity Cycle in Indonesian Ocean Water Using Remote Sensing SeaWiFS Images Data

By : Zakiyah, U*, Lynch, M.J** and   McGann., B***

*staff member of Faculty of Fisheries, Brawijaya University, Malang and member of  Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, CUT, Perth, West Australia

** staff member of Dept. of Applied  Physics, School of Physical Sciences, CUT, and Head of  Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, CUT, Perth, West Australia

***staff member of Dept. of Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences, CUT, Perth, West Australia

Abstract

Indonesia lies between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, and as such, its water are much influenced by these oceans and adjacent continents Australia and Asia. There are some 17,000 islands in this archipelago and they play an important role in defining the productivity of the surrounding oceans as well as in this particular area.

Ocean primary productivity, is closely related to the chlorophyll concentration, and can be determined by the color of the oceans. This primary productivity plays a key role in the continuity of life inside the ocean environments, as much as the surrounding environment.  It is very important as well for the national fishery but also is a component of the carbon cycles and hence, the very recent phenomenon, the global warming.  To observe ocean color, using remote sensing technology, several important satellite sensors have been launched that provide global coverage. These are CZCS (Coastal Zone Color Scanner), which operated from 1979-1986, the OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) sensors on Japanese ADEOS (advanced Earth Observing Satellite) platform that was launched in 1996 and operated less than one year. These forerunner of all ocean color satellite sensors has led to  series of increasingly-sophisticated instruments such as: MOS (Modular Optoelectric Scanner), POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances), SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field  of View)  sensors which launched in September 1997 till present, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and GLI (Global Imager).

This research mainly aimed to observe the annual cycle of ocean primary productivity in Indonesian waters using SeaWiFS data.  However, presently, there is no SeaWiFS direct downlink for data receptions in Indonesian area.  Accordingly, coverage of Indonesia at the full 1 km resolution 8-day composited data for the period of January to December 1998 inclusive. Occasionally, it is possible to obtain I km resolution imagery for parts of southern Indonesia, (i.e, Java and Bali) from WASTAC ‘s (Western Australia Satellite Technology  and Application Consortium)  bands receptions station in Perth, Western Australia.  Even these images were not always clearly accepted due to the clouds.

This paper reports preliminary results of an analysis of the 9 km resolution 8 day  composites for year 1998 for Indonesian waters.  The result showed us that the primary production of chlorophyll is extremely variable spatially and temporarily across the region. This primary analysis is attempting in identifying the physical processes that account for this variability.  Investigations also include identifying regions responding to nutrient forcing resulting from either increased river outflow as well as anthropogenic impacts due to industrializations, land clearing and land use, waste water and sewage disposal that typically elevates nutrient content in the rivers and ultimately to the coastal regions and open oceans.

The images showed us that during 1998, the primary productivity cycle in Indonesia waters was highly fluctuated, monthly. These are assumed to be cause by the moonsonal season which occur in Indonesian archipelago. During the dry season (from April–September) the primary productivity in some of the islands was very high (Sumatra island, in January week II) but it decreased rapidly over a month. In another islands, such as Kalimantan and Java (the condition was increase again) reach peak on September.

Start from September, at the beginning of the rainy season, primary productivity was showing less fluctuation in most of the Indonesian ocean waters. This was assumed by the distribution of rainfall which more or less the same in every area, but the result of the images in hardly can be seen  in accordance with the clouds which covering most of the area.  The highest productivity were found in the coastal area of every island (showed by the yellow color), this  is assumed to be due to the excessive nutrient outflow from the river (of pollution and eutrophication) which was flush by the rain. More over in a certain during the dry season, some area of the southern Indian Ocean (at the south part of Sumatra) upwelling occur.  This phenomenon will bring a lot of nutrient coming up from the bottom of the ocean. This will lead to the increase of productivity, because of the current flow occur.  The increasing productivity is mainly coming through photosynthesis process, which require nutrient and sunlight in order to be able to produce substance.

As a final remarks from this very preliminary study on the fluctuation of primary productivity in general at Indonesian ocean waters, several conclusions can be stated:

Firstly, the fluctuation of the primary productivity in Indonesian ocean waters, was assumed due to the moonsonal season and the anthropogenic activity. Secondly, the differences of fluctuation during the dry and the rainy season is in dry season, influenced by the amount of sunlight, while in the rainy season, is because of the nutrient outflow. Thirdly, the highest primary productivity occur in this particular area, was found at the coastal area compare to the open ocean.

Membangun Indonesia Baru

Dalam Perspektif Strategic Management

Akhmad Syakhroza[2]

Abstract

Peter Drucker seorang guru ilmu manajemen mengatakan bahwa organisasi adalah sebagai pilar masyarakat luas. Sedangkan Wilson ( a famous misquotation) mengatakan apa yang baik buat General Motors adalah baik untuk Amerika, dan sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu, adalah tidak berlebihan jika penulis ingin mengatakan bahwa “baiknya organisasi akan baik pula negaranya atau baiknya negara akan baik pula organisasinya – dan sebaliknya”. Jika kita ingin membentuk Indonesia Baru, maka untuk mengewejewantahkan ungkapan tersebut adalah suatu kebutuhan bagi kita semua untuk memiliki kejelasan visi dan memiliki seorang jenderal sebagai pemimpin.

Perbedaan-perbedaan adalah sesuatu yang tidak dapat dihindarkan dimana pun kita berada. Tetapi perbedaan yang ada pada anak bangsa Indonesia cenderung ekstrim hasilnya yaitu konflik phisik dan mental. Sementara itu, jika kita benchmarking kepada negara lain perbedaan yang ada di kelola secara baik melalui mekanisme sistim yang tertata dengan baik. Menurut penulis ada dua hal yang belum kita punyai untuk mengelola perbedaan menjadi persatuan dalam mewujudkan Indonesia Baru yaitu belum adanya kesamaan visi dan belum ditemukannya seorang “jenderal” sebagai pemimpin anak bangsa. Oleh karena itu penulis merasa tertarik untuk memberikan sedikit pengetahuan mengenai kedua hal tersebut.

Bagian pertama adalah pemahaman terhadap strategic management untuk menyamakan persepsi ke depan dalam konteks negara. Bagian kedua menjadi seorang jenderal dalam kontek organisasi.

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Last modified: August 14, 2001