My first
encounters with McGill University came when I was still in a baby carriage. My
mother used to wheel me about the campus when we lived in that neighborhood and,
as she recounted years later, she would tell me that I would go to McGill. There
was some precedent for my going there, since two movie Marcus Rudolph mom A. son - A. ТСЗПБ Rudolph бетона - Marcus Трансформатор для прогрева ткань Marcus ВАЗ - Rudolph подиум 11 A. направленный 2110 12 of my father's brothers received
their M.D.'s at McGill.
I have always loved going to school. Since
neither of my parents had a higher education, my academic "idols" were these two
paternal uncles and one of their uncles, my great-uncle, Henrik Steen (né
Markus). My admiration for him, living in faraway Sweden, was not because of a
teol.dr. (which he received from the University of Uppsala in 1915) nor because
of the many books he wrote - I knew nothing of that - but rather because he was
reputed to speak 13 languages. I learned decades later that the number was only
9! Growing up, mostly in Montreal, I was an only child of loving parents. I admired
my father's athletic prowess - he excelled in several sports - and my mother's
expressive singing and piano playing.
My interest in the sciences
started with mathematics in the very beginning, and later with chemistry in early
high school and the proverbial home chemistry set. My education at Baron Byng
High School was excellent, with dedicated masters (boys and girls were separate).
I spent the next years at McGill University, for both undergraduate and, as was
the custom of the time, graduate study. Our graduate supervisor, Carl A. Winkler,
specialized in rates of chemical reactions. He himself had received his Ph.D.
as a student of Cyril Hinshelwood at Oxford. Hinshelwood was later the recipient
of the Nobel Prize for his work on chemical kinetics. Winkler brought to his laboratory
an enthusiastic joyousness in research and was much loved by his students.
During my McGill years, I took a number of math courses, more than other
students in chemistry. Upon receiving a Ph.D. from McGill University in 1946,
I joined the new post-doctoral program at the National Research Council of Canada
in Ottawa. This program at NRC later became famous, but at the time it was still
in its infancy and our titles were Junior Research Officers. The photochemistry
group was headed by E.W.R. Steacie, an international figure in the study of free-radical
reactions and a major force in the development of the basic research program at
NRC. I benefitted from the quality of his research on gas phase reaction rates.
Like my research on chemical reaction rates in solution at McGill (kinetics of
nitration), it was experimental in nature. There were no theoretical chemists
in Canada at the time, and as students I don't think we ever considered how or
where theories were conceived.
About 1948 a fellow post-doctoral
at NRC, Walter Trost, and I formed a two-man seminar to study theoretical papers
related to our experimental work. This adventure led me to explore the possibility
of going on a second post-doctoral, but in theoretical work, which seemed like
a radical step at the time. I had a tendency to break the glass vacuum apparatus,
due to a still present impetuous haste, with time-consuming consequences. Nevertheless,
the realization that breaking a pencil point would have far less disastrous consequences
played little or no role, I believe, in this decision to explore theory!
I applied in 1948 to six well-known theoreticians in the U.S. for a postdoctoral
research fellowship. The possibility that one of them might take on an untested
applicant, an applicant hardly qualified for theoretical research, was probably
too much to hope for. Oscar K. Rice at the University of North Carolina alone
responded favorably, subject to the success of an application he would make to
the Office of Naval Research for this purpose. It was, and in February 1949 I
took the train south, heading for the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.
I was impressed on arrival there by the red clay, the sandy walks, and the graciousness
of the people.
After that, I never looked back. Being exposed to
theory, stimulated by a basic love of concepts and mathematics, was a marvelous
experience. During the first three months I read everything I could lay my hands
on regarding reaction rate theory, including Marcelin's classic 1915 theory which
came within one small step of the Transition State Theory of 1935. I read numerous
theoretical papers in German, a primary language for the "chemical dynamics" field
in the 1920s and 1930s, attended my first formal course in quantum mechanics,
given by Nathan Rosen in the Physics Department, and was guided by Oscar in a
two-man weekly seminar in which I described a paper I had read and he pointed
out assumptions in it that I had overlooked. My life as a working theorist began
three months after this preliminary study and background reading, when Oscar gently
nudged me toward working on a particular problem.
Fortunately for
me, Oscar's gamble paid off. Some three months later, I had formulated a sex Marcus Rudolph - A. woman animals particular
case - sex movie Marcus A. forced Rudolph of Marcus A. ahhh missing - Rudolph their celebrities panties what - Marcus Rudolph animals woman sex A. was later entitled by B. Seymour Rabinovitch, RRKM theory ("Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus").
In it, I blended statistical ideas from the RRK theory of the 1920s with those
of the transition state theory of the mid-1930s. The work was published in 1951.
In 1952 I wrote the generalization of it for other reactions. In addition, six
months after arrival in Chapel Hill, I was also blessed by marriage to Laura Hearne,
an attractive graduate student in sociology at UNC. She is here with me at this
ceremony. Our three sons, Alan, Kenneth and Raymond, and two daughters-in-law
are also present today.
In 1951, I attempted to secure a faculty
position. This effort met with little success (35 letters did not yield 35 no's,
since not everyone replied!). Very fortunately, that spring I met Dean Raymond
Kirk of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn at an American Chemical Society
meeting in Cleveland, which I was attending primarily to seek a faculty position.
This meeting with Dean Kirk, so vital for my subsequent career, was arranged by
Seymour Yolles, a graduate student at UNC in a course I taught during Rice's illness.
Seymour had been a student at Brooklyn Poly and learned, upon accidentally encountering
Dr. Kirk, that Kirk was seeking new faculty. After a subsequent interview at Brooklyn
Poly, I was hired, and life as a fully independent researcher began.
I undertook an experimental research program on both gas phase and solution reaction
rates, wrote the 1952 RRKM papers, and wondered what to do next in theoretical
research. I felt at the time that it was pointless to continue with RRKM since
few experimental data were available. Some of our experiments were intended to
produce more.
After some minor pieces of theoretical study that I
worked on, a student in my statistical mechanics class brought to my attention
a problem in polyelectrolytes. Reading everything I could about electrostatics,
I wrote two papers on that topic in 1954/55. This electrostatics background made
me fully ready in 1955 to treat a problem I had just read about on electron transfers.
I comment on this next period on electron transfer research in my Nobel Lecture.
About 1960, it became clear that it was best for me to bring the experimental
part of my research program to a close - there was too much to do on the theoretical
aspects - and I began the process of winding down the experiments. I spent a year
and a half during 1960-61 at the Courant Mathematical Institute at New York University,
auditing many courses which were, in part, beyond me, but which were, nevertheless,
highly instructive.
In 1964, I joined the faculty of the University
of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign and I never undertook any further experiments
there. At Illinois, my interests in electron transfer continued, together with
interests in other aspects of reaction dynamics, including designing "natural
collision coordinates", learning about action-angle variables, introducing the
latter into molecular collisions, reaction dynamics, and later into semiclassical
theories of collisions and of bound states, and spending much of my free time
in the astronomy library learning more about classical mechanics, celestial mechanics,
quasiperiodic motion, and chaos. I spent the academic year of 1975-76 in Europe,
first as Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford and later as a Humboldt
Awardee at the Technical University of Munich, where I was first exposed to the
problem of electron transfer in photosynthesis.
In 1978, I accepted
an offer from the California Institute of Technology to come there as the Arthur
Amos Noyes Professor of Chemistry. My semiclassical interlude of 1970-80 was intellectually
a very stimulating one, but it involved for me less interaction with experiments
than had my earlier work on unimolecular reaction rates or on electron transfers.
Accordingly, prompted by the extensive experimental work of my colleagues at Caltech
in these fields of unimolecular reactions, intramolecular dynamics and of electron
transfer processes, as well as by the rapidly growing experimental work in both
broad areas world-wide, I turned once again to those particular topics and to
the many new types of studies that were being made. Their scope and challenge
continues to grow to this day in both fields. Life would be indeed easier if the
experimentalists would only pause for a little while!
There was a
time when I had wondered about how much time and energy had been lost doing experiments
during most of my stay at Brooklyn Poly- experiments on gas phase reactions, flash
photolysis, isotopic exchange electron transfer, bipolar electrolytes, nitration,
and photoelectrochemistry, among others-and during all of my stay at NRC and at
McGill. In retrospect, I realized that this experimental background heavily flavored
my attitude and interests in theoretical research. In the latter I drew, in most
but not all cases, upon experimental findings or puzzles for theoretical problems
to study. The growth of experiments in these fields has served as a continually
rejuvenating influence. This interaction of experiment and theory, each stimulating
the other, has been and continues to be one of the joys of my experience.
Honors received for the theoretical work include the Irving Langmair and
the Peter Debye Awards of the American Chemical Society (1978, 1988), the Willard
Gibbs, Theodore William Richards, and Pauling Medals, and the Remsen and Edgar
Fahs Smith Awards, from various sections of the ACS, (1988, 1990, 1991, 1991,
1991), the Robinson and the Centenary Medals of the Faraday Division of the Royal
Society of Chemistry (1982, 1988), Columbia University's Chandler Medal (1983)
and Ohio State's William Lloyd Evans Award (1990), a Professorial Fellowship at
University College, Oxford (1975 to 1976) and a Visiting Professorship in Theoretical
Chemistry at Oxford during that period, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1985), the
National Medal of Science (1989), the Hirschfelder Prize in Chemistry (1993),
election to the National Academy of Sciences (1970), the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences (1973), the American Philosophical Society (1990), honorary membership
in the Royal Society of Chemistry (1991), and foreign membership in the Royal
Society (London) (1987) and in the Royal Society of Canada (1993). Honorary degrees
were conferred by the University of Chicago and by Goteborg, Polytechnic, McGill,
and Queen's Universities and by the University of New Brunswick (1983, 1986, 1987,
1988, 1993, 1993). A commemorative issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry
was published in 1986.
From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1992, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1993
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.