Nfs;tp vz; 1.

,];yhj;jpy; Mz;fs; kl;Lk; gyjhu kzk; nra;J nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg; gl;bUg;gJ Vd;?.

gjpy;:

1. gyjhu jpUkzj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fk;:
gyjhu kzk; vd;why; xU MNzh my;yJ ngz;Nzh xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l N[hbfis nfhz;bUg;gJ. gyjhu kzk; vd;gJ ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. KjyhtJ tif xU Mz; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;tJ. ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; ghypfkp (POLYGAMY) vd;ghh;fs;. ,uz;lhtJ tif xU ngz; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l Mz;fis kze;J nfhs;tJ. ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; ghypahz;lhp (POLYANDRY) vd;ghh;fs;. KjyhtJ tif - mjhtJ Mz;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ - ,];yhj;jpy; rpy epge;jidfSld; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ tif - mjhtJ ngz;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l Mz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ - Kw;wpYk; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. cyfpy; cs;s Ntjg; Gj;jfq;fspy; "xUtiu khj;jpuk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;" vd;W typAWj;JtJ Fh;Md; khj;jpuk;jhd;.

,d;W cyfpy; cs;s Ntjg; Gj;jfq;fspy; "xUtiu khj;jpuk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;" vd;W typAWj;JtJ Fh;Md; khj;jpuk;jhd;. kw;w ve;j Ntjg; Gj;jfKk; Mz;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;L jpUkzk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W typAWj;jtjpy;iy. cyfpy; ,d;iwf;F fhzg;gLk; - ,e;Jf;fspd; Ntjq;fshd - ,uhkazNkh - k`hghujNkh - gftj; fPijNah - my;yJ fpwp];Jth;fspd; Ntjkhd iggpNsh - my;yJ A+j kjj;jpd; rl;l E}yhd "jy;Kjpf;" (TALMUDIC) fpNyh Mz;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s jil gw;wpa mwptpg;G VJkpy;iy. khwhf Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Ntjq;fspd;gb Mz;fs; vj;jid ngz;fis Ntz;LnkdpYk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; te;j ,e;J rhkpahh;fSk; - fpwp];Jt Njthyaq;fSk; - a+jh;fSk;jhd; - Mz;fs; xU ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzk;jhd; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fl;lisapl;L - gyjhu kzj;jpw;F jil tpjpj;jdh;.

,e;J Ntjq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;fshd j]ujd; - fpU\;zd; Nghd;Nwhh; - gy kidtpfis nfhz;bUe;jjhf - ,e;J Ntjg;Gj;jfq;fNs rhl;rpak; mspf;fpd;wJ. uhkhpd; jfg;gdhh; j]ujd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;;l kidtpfis nfhz;bUe;jhh;. fpU\;zUk; gy kidtpfis nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

iggpspy; Mz;fs; xU ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w jil ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; - fpwp];Jt Mz;fs; mth;fs; tpUk;gpagb vj;jid ngz;fis Ntz;LkhdhYk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; fle;j rpy E}whz;LfSf;F Kd;Gjhd; fpwp];Jt Mz;fs; xU ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fpwp];Jt Njthyaq;fs; jil tpjpj;jd.

A+j kjj;jpy; Mz;fs; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ mDkjpf;fg; gl;bUe;jJ Mg;ufhkpw;F %d;W kidtpfs; ,Ue;jjhfTk; rhykDf;F E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd kidtpfs; ,Ue;jjhfTk; A+j kjj;jpd; rl;l E}yhd "jy;Kjpf;" (TALMUDIC) Fwpg;gp;Lfpd;wJ. fp.gp. 960 Mk; Mz;by; Njhd;wp 1030 y; kuzpj;j ug;gp nfh;]hd; ngd; a$jh (RABBI GERSHON BEN YEHUDAH) vd;w ngaUila a+jh; gyjhu jpUkzj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU rl;lk; ,Lk;tiu a+j Mz;fs; kj;jpapy; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; njhlh;e;jJ. 1950 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,]Nuypy; cs;s a+jj; jiyikafk; Mz;fs; gy ngz;fis kzg;gij jil nra;J rl;lk; ,Lk; tiu ,];yhkpa ehLfspy; tho;e;J tUk; a+j Mz;fsplKk; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; epiy njhlh;e;jJ.

1. gy jhu kzk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy; ,];yhkpah;fistpl ,e;Jf;fNs Kd;ddpapy; cs;sdh;:

,];yhj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy gw;wp Muha;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l FO (COMMITTEE OF THE STATUS OF WOMAN IN ISLAM) 1975 Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapd; 66 kw;Wk; 67 Mk; gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s Gs;sp tpguf; fzf;fpd;gb 1951Mk; Mz;Lf;Fk; - 1961 Mz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l 10 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;Jf;fspy; 5.06 rjtPj Mz;fs; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Mdhy; 4.31 rjtPj ,];yhkpa Mz;fs; khj;jpuNk xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lgb ,];yhkpa Mz;fs; khj;jpuk;jhd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;Jf;fs; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lgb rl;l tpNuhjkhFk;. ,t;thW ,e;Jf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ rl;l tpNuhjkhf ,Ue;jhYk; - ,];yhkpah;fNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,e;Jf;fNs xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy; Kd;ddp tfpf;fpd;wdh;. Ke;ija fhyq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fSk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s jilNaJk; ,y;yhky;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. 1954 Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;Jj; jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpy;jhd; ,e;J kjj;jpy; Mz;fs; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ jil nra;ag; gl;lJ. ,d;iwf;Fk; $l xU ,e;J Mz; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;iz jpUkzk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W jLg;gJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lNkj; jtpu. ,e;J Ntjq;fs; Mz;fs; gyjhu kzk; nra;J nfhs;tij jil nra;atpy;iy.

,g;NghJ ehk; ,];yhk; Vd; - xUMz; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s mDkjpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ gw;wp rw;W tphpthf Muha;Nthk;.

2. my;-Fh;Md; xU Mz; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tij rpy epge;jidfSld; - mDkjpaspf;fpwJ.

ehd; Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; cyfpy; cs;s Ntjg; Gj;jfq;fspy; "xUtiu khj;jpuk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;" vd;W typAWj;JtJ Fh;Md; khj;jpuk;jhd;. my;-Fh;Mdpd; mj;jpahak; 4 #uj;Jy; ep\htpd; %d;whtJ trdk; "cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd ngz;fis - ,uz;buz;lhfNth - Kk;%d;whfNth - ed;dhd;fhNth - kze;J nfhhs;Sq;fs;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; (,th;fspilNa) epahakhf elf;f KbahJ vd;W gae;jhy; xU ngz;izNa (kze;J nfhs;Sq;fs;)." vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Fh;Md; tUtjw;F Ke;ija fhy fl;lq;fspy; ,];yhj;jpy; gyjhu kzj;jpw;F jilapy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. Mz;fs; vj;jid ngz;fis Ntz;LkhdhYk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd;W mDkjpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. Mz;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;gth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. Mdhy; my;-Fh;Md; ,wf;fpaUsg;gl;l gpwF - ,];yhj;jpy; Xh; Mz; ehd;F ngz;fs; tiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd mDkjpaspj;jJ. xU Mz; $Ljyhf ehd;F ngz;fis tiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk; - mJTk; mg;ngz;fspilNa rkkhd ePjp nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidAld; - gyjhu kzj;jpw;F tiuKiw ,l;lJ.

NkYk; my;-Fh;Mdpd; mj;jpahak; 04 ]{uj;Jy; ep\htpd; 129Mk; trdj;jpy; - "(,iw tpRthrpfNs!) ePq;fs; vt;tsTjhd; tpUk;gpdhYk; kidtpahpilNa ePq;fs; ePjk; nrYj;j rhj;jpakhfhJ" vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nkw;gb trdj;jpypUe;J ,];yhj;jpy; gyjhu kzk; vd;gJ xU tpjptpyf;Nfj; jtpu - fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,];yhj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; - nra;a Ntz;bait kw;Wk; nra;af; $lhjitfis Ie;J tifahf gl;baypLfpwJ. mitahtd:

1. "/gh;Y"- fl;lhaf; flikfs;
2. "K];jfg; " - ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lit my;yJ J}z;lg;gl;lit
3. "Kgh`; "- mDkjpf;fg;gl;litfs;
4. "kf;& " - mDkjpf;fg; glTk; ,y;iy - mNj rkaj;jpy; jLf;fg;glTkpy;iy.
5. "`uhk; "- fz;bg;ghf jil nra;ag; gl;lit.

Nkw;gb xU Mz; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ($Ljyhf ehd;F tiu) jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ ,];yhj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l xd;Nwj; jtpu fl;lhaf; flik my;y. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l xU ,];yhkpah; - xNu xU ngz;iz kl;Lk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l kw;nwhU ,];yhkpaiutpl ve;j tpjj;jpYk; cah;e;jth; ,y;iy.

3. ruhrhpahf ngz;zpdj;jpd; tho;f;iff; fhy msT - Mzpzj;jpd; tho;f;iff; fhy msittpl mjpfkhdJ.

,aw;ifapNyNa MzpzKk; - ngz;zpzKk; rhprkkhd tpfpjj;jpy;jhd; gpwf;fpd;wdh;. Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jpapy; Mzpzj;ij kpQ;rpajhf ngz;zpzk; mike;Js;sJ. Neha;fpUkpfis vjph;nfhs;tjpy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; - Mz; Foe;ijfistpl mjpf rf;jp tha;e;jitfshf cs;sd. ,e;j fhuzj;jpdhy; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; kuzpg;gijtpl Mz; Foe;ijfs;jhd; mjpfkhf kuzpf;fpd;wd.

Aj;jq;fspy; ngz;fistpl Mz;fNs mjpfkhf nfhy;yg;gLfpwhh;fs;. tpgj;Jf;fspYk; - Neha;tha;g;gl;Lk; ,wg;gth;fspy; ngz;fistpl Mz;fspd; tpfpjhr;rhuNk mjpfk;. Mz;fspd; tho;f;iff; fhyk; - ngz;fspd; tho;f;if fhyj;ijtpl FiwthfNt ,Ug;gjhy; - ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpYk; - kidtpia ,oe;j fzth;fis tpl fztid ,oe;j kidtpaNu ,t;Tyfpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

4. fUtpNyNa ngz;Foe;ij vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; cldbahf fiyf;fg;gLtjhYk; - ngz; rpRtijfshYk; - ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy;; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl Mz;fNs vz;zpf;ifNa mjpfk;. Nkw;gb epfo;T ,y;iynadpy; ,e;jpahtpYk; Mz;fistpl ngz;fNs mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ug;gh;.

kf;fs; njhifapy;; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk; nfhz;Ls;s ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;W. ngz;fUf;fs; vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; cldbahf fiyf;fg;gLtJk; gpwe;j Foe;ij ngz; vd;W njhpe;jhy; rpRtij nra;J nfhy;yg;gLtJNk ,jw;F fhuzk; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;; khj;jpuk; xU tUlj;jpw;F gj;J yl;rj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fUf;fs; - ngz; vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;lg; gpwF fiyf;fg;gLfpd;wd. my;yJ mopf;fg; gLfpd;wd. ,e;j nfhba nray; epWj;jg;gl;lhy; ,e;jpahtpYk; - Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl - ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.

5. cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwJ.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s kf;fs; njhifapy; cs;s ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl 78 yl;rk; mjpfkhFk;. mnkhpf;f jiyefh; epa+ahh;f;fpy; khj;jpuk; - ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl 10 yl;rk; mjpfkhFk;. mnkhpf;f jiyefh; epa+ahh;f;fpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;wpy; xU ghfk; Xhpzr; Nrh;f;ifapy; ehl;lKs;s Mz;fs;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;lth;fspd; vz;zpf;if khj;jpuk; ,uz;liu NfhbahFk;. Nkw;gb egh;fs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs; vd;gJ ehk; mwpe;j nra;jp. mNj Nghy; gphpl;ldpy; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl 40 yl;rk; mjpfkhFk;. n[h;kdpapy; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl 50 yl;rk; mjpfkhFk;. u\;ahtpy; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl 90 yl;rk; mjpfkhFk;. cyfpy; cs;s nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; vj;jid Nfhb ngz;fs; Mz;fistpl mjpfk; vd;gij mwpe;jtd; vy;yhk; ty;y my;yh`; xUtNd.

6. xU Mz; xU ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzk; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tiuaiw Vw;gLj;JtJ - eilKiwf;F rhj;jpaf; $whdJ my;y.

xU Mz; xU ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mnkhpf;fhtpy; khj;jpuk; 3 Nfhb ngz;fs; jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Mz;fs; ,y;yhj epiyjhd; Vw;gLk;. (mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,uz;liu Nfhb Mz;fs; Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifahsh;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gijAk; ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;). mJNghy - gphpl;ldpy; 40 yl;rk; ngz;fs; jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Mz;fs; ,y;yhj epiyAk; n[h;nkdpapy; 50 yl;rk; ngz;fs; jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Mz;fs; ,y;yhj epiyAk; u\;ahtpy; 90 yl;rk; ngz;fs; jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Mz;fs; ,y;yhj epiyAk;jhd; Vw;gLk;.

cjhuzj;jpw;F jpUkzk; Kbf;fhj vd;Dila rNfhjup my;yJ jq;fSila rNfhjhp jpUkzk; Kbf;f Mz;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; cs;s mnkhpf;fhtpy; trpj;J tUtjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mtUf;F ,uz;L tha;g;GfNs cs;sd. xd;W Vw;nfdNt jpUkzk; Md xUtiu fztuhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ. my;yJ mth; mnkhpf;fhtpd; "nghJr; nrhj;jhf khWtJ". ,it ,z;ilAk; jtpu NtW tha;g;Ng ,y;yhj epiyapy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; "nghJr; nrhj;jhf" khWtijtpl Vw;nfdNt jpUkzk; Md xUtiu fztuhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;fpw Kjy; tha;g;igj;jhd; rpwe;j Gj;jprhyp Njh;e;njLg;ghh;.

Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; xU Mz; gy ngz;fSld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUg;gJ rh;t rhjhuzk;. ,J Nghd;w epiyfspy; ngz;Zf;F ghJfhg;gw;w epiyAk; - r%fj;jpw;F gae;J thof; $ba epiyAk; cz;lhfpwJ. mNj r%fj;jpy; xU ngz; - xU MZf;F - ,uz;lhtJ kidtpahf ,Ug;gij KO kdJld; rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJld; - me;j ngz;Zf;F khpahijahd nfsutkhd ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifAk; mikfpwJ.

Vw;nfdNt jpUkzk; Md xUtiu fztuhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ. my;yJ "nghJr; nrhj;jhf khWtJ" vd ,it ,z;ilAk; jtpu NtW tha;g;Ng ,y;yhj epiyapy; cs;s ngz;Zf;F - ,];yhkpa khh;f;fk; KjyhtJ epiyia Vw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nrhy;yp - ,uz;lhtJ epiyia Kw;wpYk; kWf;fr; nrhy;fpwJ.

,];yhj;jpy; Mz;fs; $Ljyhf ehd;F ngz;fs;tiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; - Kf;fpakhf ngz;fspd; khdj;ij ghJfhf;fNt Mz;fs; gyjhu kzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ rpy epge;jidfSld; mDkjpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.