Nfs;tp vz;: 3
,];yhkpa ngz;fs; gh;jh mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd fl;lhag;gLj;jp mth;fis ,opT gLj;JtJ Vd;?.

gjpy;:
,];yhj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy gw;wp jhf;Ftij ,yf;fhf nfhz;L cyf Clfq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ngz;fs; cil mzptij tpkhprpf;fhj Clfq;fNs cyfpy; ,y;iy vdyhk;. ,];yhk; typAWj;Jk; - ,];yhkpa cil gw;wpa fhuz fhhpaq;fis mwpAk; Kd;G ,];yhk; Njhd;Wk; Kd;G - cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpYk; ngz;fspd; epiy vt;thW ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Kjypy; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

1. Ke;ija fhyq;fspy; ngz;fs; ,opTgLj;jg;gl;L - Nghfg; nghUshf kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;.
gz;ila fhyq;fspy; ngz;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; fPoj;jukhf kjpf;fg;gl;L - kdpjDf;F cz;lhd mbg;gil nfsutk; $l kWf;fg;gl;lth;fshf elj;jg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;gij fPo;f;fhZk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; ekf;F NghJkhd tpsf;fj;ij jUfpd;wd.

a. ghgpNyhdpa ehfhPfk;:
ghgpNyhdpa rl;lg;gb ngz;fs; fPo;j;jukhf kjpf;fg;gl;L mth;fSf;F chpa mbg;gil chpikfs; $l kWf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. xU kdpjd; xU ngz;izf; nfhiy nra;J tpl;lhy; mtUf;F kuz jd;lid toq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf mtUila kidtpf;F kuz jz;lid toq;Fk; tof;fk; ghgpNyhdpa ehfhPfj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

b. fpNuf;f ehfhPfk;:
gz;ilfhy ehfhPfq;fspy; fpNuf;f ehfhPfk; ngUikf;Fhpajhf fUjg;gl;lJ. Nkw;gb "ngUikf;Fhpa" ehfhPf fhyj;jpy; - ngz;fs; jq;fs; mbg;gil chpikfs; kWf;fg;gl;lth;fshf fPo;j;jukhf elj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. "gz;Nlhuh" vd;wiof;fg;gl;l "fw;gidg; ngz;kzp" Na kdpj Fyj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; jPikfs; midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil fhuzkhf mike;jts; vd;W fpNuf;f Guhzq;fs; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd. fpNuf;fh;fs; ngz;fis kdpj Fyj;jpy; jhoe;jth;fs; vd;Wk; - Mz;fSf;F mbikfs; vd;Wk; fUjpdhh;fs;. fpNuf;f ehfhPfj;jpd; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; - cah;thdth;fshf kjpf;fg;gl;lhYk; - Mz;fSf;F chpa jhd; vd;w mfk;ghtj;jhYk; - ghypapay; gyhj;fhuq;fSf;Fk; - ngz;fs; cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. fpNuf;f rKjhaj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lj;jpYk; - tpgr;rhuk; gutyhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

c. Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfk;:

Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfk; Gfopd; cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jNghJ $l xU Mz; jdJ kidtpia nfhiy nra;tij jdJ chpikahf nfhz;bUe;jhd;. tpgr;rhuKk; - ngz;fis eph;thzkhf ghhg;gJTk; - Nuhkhdpah;fspd; kpfr; rhjhuz gof;f tof;;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

d. vfpg;jpa ehfhPfk;:

vfpg;jpah;fs; ngz;fis xU jPikahfTk; - rhj;jhdpd; rpd;dkhfTk; fUjpdhh;fs;.

e. ,];yhkpa khh;f;fk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;gpUe;j mNugpa ehfhPfk;:

mNugpahtpy; ,];yhk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G - mNugpah;fs; ngz;fis fPoj;jukhf kjpj;jhh;fs;. ngz;Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jhy; mitfis capNuhL kz;zpy; Gijj;jhh;fs;.

2. ,];yhk; ngz;fSf;F r%fj;jpy; rk chpikAk; me;j];Jk; toq;fpaJ.. mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; jq;fSf;Fhpa nfsutj;NjhL tho;tij typAWj;jpaJ.

Mapuj;J ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,];yhk; ngz;fSf;F rk chpikAk; me;j];Jk; toq;fpaJ. rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fhpa nfsutj;NjhL tho;tij ,];yhk; typAWj;jpaJ.

Mz;fSf;Fhpa "`p[hg;"

tof;fkhf ,];yhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F khj;jpuk;jhd; "`p[hg;" Kiw cs;sjhf nghJkf;fs; thjpLthh;fs;. Mdhy; mUs;kiw Fh;Mdpy; my;yh`;; ngz;fSf;fhd "`p[hg;" gw;wp mwptpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf Mz;fSf;fhd "`p[hg;" gw;wpj;jhd; Kjypy; mwptpf;fpwhd;. mUs;kiw Fh;Mdpd; 24tJ mj;jpahak; ]{uj;Jd; E}hpd; Kg;gjhtJ trdj;jpy; "(egpNa!) tpRthrk;nfhz;l Mz;fSf;F ePh; $WtPuhf: mth;fs; jq;fs; ghh;itfis jho;j;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: jq;fs; ntl;fj; jyq;fis Ngzpg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: mJ mth;fSf;F kpf;f ghpRj;jkhdjhFk;. epr;rakhf my;yh`; mth;fs; nra;gtw;iw ed;F njhpe;jtd;." vd;W my;yh`; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;.

xU kdpjd; xU ngz;iz ghh;j;jTld; mtdJ kdjpy; - ntl;fkw;w my;yJ ehzkw;w vz;zk; Njhd;WNkahdhy; - me;j kdpjd; jdJ ghh;itia jho;j;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mUs;kiw Fh;Md; fl;lisapLfpd;wJ.

ngz;fSf;Fhpa "`p[hg;"

mUs;kiw Fh;Mdpd; 24tJ mj;jpahak; ]{uj;Jd; E}hpd; Kg;gj;J xd;whtJ trdj;jpy; "(egpNa!) ,d;Dk; tpRthrk;nfhz;l ngz;fSf;F ePh; $WtPuhf: mth;fs; jq;fs; ghh;itfis jho;j;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: jq;fs; ntl;fj; jyq;fis Ngzpg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: jq;fs; mofyq;fhuj;ij mjdpd;W (rhjhuzkhf ntspapy;) njhpaf; $baijj;jtpu (NtW vijAk;) ntspf; fhl;lyhfhJ: ,d;Dk; jq;fs; Kd;whidfshy; mth;fs; jq;fs; khh;Gfis kiwj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.: NkYk; (tpRthrk;nfhz;l ngz;fs;) jk; fzth;fs; jk; je;ijah;fs; my;yJ jk; fzth;fspd; je;ijah;fs; my;yJ jk; Gjy;th;fs;…………….Mfpa ,th;fisj; jtpu(NtW mz;fSf;Fj; ) jq;fSila mofyq;fhuj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf; $lhJ." vd;W my;yh`; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;.

`p[hg; mzptjw;fhd MW tiuKiwfis ,];yhk; typAWj;JfpwJ.

1. `p[hg; mzptjw;fhd msTNfhy;fs;:

ePq;fs; mzpaf; $ba Mil cly; KOtijAk; kiwf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,];yhkpa Mil mzptjw;fhd Kjy; msTNfhy;. ,e;j msTNfhy; Mz;fSf;Fk; - ngz;fSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrg;gLk;. Mz;fs; njhg;Gs; Kjy; fuz;iltiu kiwf;ff; $ba Milfis mzpa Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; rhjhuzkhf ntspapy; njhpaf;$ba ghfq;fshd Kfk; - fuz;il tiu cs;s iffs; Mfpaitj; jtpu jq;fs; cly; KOtJk; kiwf;ff; $ba Milfis mzpa Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; Nkw;gb ntspapy; njhpaf; $ba ,e;j ghfq;fisAk; kiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

,];yhkpa Milapy; vQ;rpa Ie;J msTNfhy;fSk; - Mz;fSf;Fk; - ngz;fSf;Fk; rkkhditNa.

2. mzpaf; $ba Mil cly; ghpzhkj;ij ntspf;fhl;lhj msTf;F njha;thf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. mzpaf; $ba Mil cw;Wg; ghh;j;jhy; cly; ghfq;fs; midj;Jk; njhpAk;gbahd nky;ypa Milahf ,y;yhJ - cuj;j Milahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. mzpaf; $ba Mil (ngz;fs; Mz;fis trPfhpf;ff; $bathWk; - Mz;fs; - ngz;fis trPfhpf;ff; $bathUk;) vjph;jug;ghiu ftuf;$ba msTf;F fth;r;rpahf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Mz;fs; ngz;fisg; Nghy; Mil mzptijAk; - ngz;fs; Mz;fisg; Nghy; Mil mzptijAk; ,];yhk; jil nra;Js;sJ.
6. mzpaf; $ba Mil ,iw epuhfhpg;ghsh;fs; mzpaf; $ba Miliag; Nghd;W ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F ,iw epuhfhpg;gth;fs; cLj;Jfpd;w fhtp epwk; - fUg;G epwk; - Nghd;w Milfs; mzptij ,];yhk; jil nra;Js;sJ.

3. ,];yhkpa Mil kdpjh;fspd; elj;ijiaAk; - gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.

Nkw;$wpa MW newpKiwfs; jtpu kdpjdpd; ed;dlj;ij mtdJ gof;ftof;fk; mtdJ kNdhghtk; kw;Wk; jdpkdpj vz;zq;fs; MfpaitAk; ,];yhkpa Mil Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;. xU kdpjh; Milfspy; khj;jpuk; ,];yhkpa newpKiwfis filg;gpbg;ghNuahdy; - ,];yhkpa Milapd; xU gFjpia khj;jpuk; gpd;gw;WtJ Nghd;wjhFk;. MilfspYk; ,];yhkpa newpKiwfis filg;gpbg;gNjhL - jdJ fz;fspYk; - jdJ cs;sj;jpYk; - jdJ vz;zj;jpYk; - ,];yhkpa `p[hg; Kiwia filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,];yhkpa `p[hg; vd;gJ - xUth; elf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; - mth; NgRk; tpjj;jpYk; - mth; goFk; tpjj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. `p[hg; ngz;fis njhy;iyfspypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fpwJ:

ngz;fs; `p[hg; mzpa Ntz;bajw;fhd fhuzj;ij mUs; kiwapd; 33 tJ mj;jpahak; ]{uj;Jy; m`;[hg; gpd; 59tJ trdk; njspthf Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

egpNa! ePh; ck; kidtpfSf;Fk; ck; ngz; kf;fSf;Fk; <khd; nfhz;lth;fspd; ngz;fSf;Fk; mth;fs; jq;fs; jiy Kd;whidfis jho;j;jpf; nfhs;SkhW $WtPuhf: mth;fs; (fz;zpakhdth;fs; vd) mwpag;gl;L Nehtpid nra;ag;glhkypUf;f ,J Rygkhd topahFk;. NkYk; my;yh`; kpf kd;dpg;gtd;: kpf;f md;Gilatd;.

ngz;fs; fz;zpakhdth;fs; vd;W mwpag;gLtjw;fhfTk; - mth;fs; njhy;iyfspypUe;J jtph;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;bAk; - `p[hg; mzptJ ngz;fSf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Uf;fpwJ vd mUs;kiw Fh;Md; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.

,ul;il rNfhjhpfs; - Xh; cjhuzk;:

,ul;ilg; gpwtpahd rNfhjhpfs; - ,uz;L NgUk; mofpYk; rkkhdth;fs; filj;njUtpy; ele;J Nghfpwhh;fs; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mjpy; xUth; Kw;wpYk; ,];yhkpa Kiwapy; Mil mzpe;jtuhf nry;fpwhh;. mjhtJ jdJ Kfk; - kw;Wk; jdJ ,uz;L iffs; khj;jpuk; fuz;il tiuapy; ntspapy; njhpAk;gb jdJ KO cliyAk; kiwj;J Mil mzpe;jtuhf ele;J nry;fpwhh;. kw;wth; Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhu Kiwg;gb xU Fl;ilg;ghthilNah my;yJ miuf;fhw; rl;ilNah mzpe;J nry;fpwhh; vd itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. filj; njUtpy; ngz;fis Nfyp nra;tjw;fhfNt epw;Fk; fhypfs; ahiu NfypAk; - fpz;lYk; nra;thh;fs;?. ,];yhkpa Kiwapy; Mil mzpe;J nry;gtiuah?. my;yJ Fl;ilg;ghthil my;yJ miuf;fhw; rl;il mzpe;J nry;gtiuah?. fz;bg;ghf Fl;ilg;ghthil my;yJ miuf;fhw; rl;il mzpe;J nry;gth;jhd; NfypAk; fpz;lYf;Fk; cs;shthh;. Nkw;gb tifahd Milfs; Mz;ghyiu NfypAk; fpz;lYk; - njhy;iyfSk; nra;aitg;gjw;fhd kiwKfkhd miog;NgahFk;. vdNtjhd; ,];yhkpa Mil Kiw fz;bg;ghf ngz;fs; njhy;iyfs; nra;ag;gLtij jtph;f;fpwJ vd;W mUs; kiw FHMd; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

7. ty;YwT nfhs;NthUf;F (ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;) kuz jz;lid.

,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpd;gb xU kdpjd; xU ngz;NzhL ty;YwT nfhz;ljhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; - mtDf;F kuz jz;lid toq;f Ntz;Lk;. kuz jz;lid vd;w thh;j;ijia Nfl;lTld; gyh; mjph;r;rpAWfpd;wdh;. rpyh; ,];yhk; fUizapy;yhj - fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd khh;f;fk; vd;nwy;yhk; tpkhprpf;f Muk;gpj;J tpLfpd;wdh;. ,];yhk; my;yhj rNfhjuh;fis ehd; xU rpwpa Nfs;tpia Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;. jq;fSila kidtpAlNdh - my;yJ jq;fsJ rNfhjhpAlNdh my;yJ jq;fsJ jhAlNdh xUtd; ty;YwT (mt;thW elf;fhky; my;yh`; ghJfhg;ghdhf!) nfhz;L tpl;lhd; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. tof;fhL kd;wj;jpy; ty;YwT nfhz;ltDf;F - jPh;g;G toq;ff; $ba ePjpgjpahf jhq;fs; ,Uf;fpwPh;fs; vd;Wk; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. jhq;fs; ty;YwT nfhz;ltDf;F vd;d jz;liz toq;FtPh;fs;?. ehd; Nfs;tp Nfl;l Nfs;tpf;F ,];yhk; my;yhj rNfhjuh;fs; vy;NyhUNk mspj;j gjpy; vd;dntd;why; ty;YwT nfhz;ltDf;F kuz jz;lidNaj; jUNthk; vd;gJjhd;. mjpy; ,d;Dk; rpyh; - ty;YwT nfhz;ltd; kuzpf;Fk;tiu rpj;utij nra;J nfhy;Nthk; vd;Wk; nrhd;dhh;fs;.mth;fsplk; ehd; Nfl;lnjy;yhk; - ahuhtJ xUtd; cq;fsJ cwTfNshL - ty;YwT nfhz;L tpl;lhy; - kuz jz;lid nfhLf;f tpUk;Gk; ePq;fs; - NtW ahNuh xUthpd; kidtpNah -rNfhjhpNah - my;yJ jhNah ty;ywT nfhs;sg;gl;L - ty;YwT nfhz;ltDf;F kuz jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuk; Vd; mjid fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdk; vdfpwPh;fs;. Vd; ,e;j ,ul;il epiyg;ghL?.

8.Nkw;fj;jpa r%fk; ngz;zbikj;jdj;ij xopj;J tpl;ljhf jtwhd fUj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfs; nrhy;Yk; ngz; tpLjiy vd;gJ - ngz;fspd; cliy gad; gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; - ngz;fspd; Md;khf;fis nfhr;irg; gLj;jtjw;Fk; - ngz;fspd; nfsutj;ij ,of;fr; nra;aTk; - Nkiy ehl;bdh; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; khWNtlNk jtpu Ntwpy;iy. Nkw;fj;jpa cyfk; - r%fj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;jptpl;ljhf $wpf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. cz;ikapy; ngz;fspd; cah;thd epiy vd;gJ - ngz;fis Nghfg;nghUshf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; - mth;fis r%fj;jpd; fhl;rpg;nghUshf khw;WtijANk - ngz;tpLjiy vd;fpwhh;fs;. "fiy" kw;Wk; "fyhr;rhuk;" vd;fpw ngahpy; tz;zj;jpiufspy; tpahghhpfs; jq;fspd; nghUl;fis tpw;gjw;F ngz;fis xU fUtpahf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tijj;jhd; ngz; tpLjiy vd;fpwhh;fs;.

9. mnkhpf;fhtpy;jhd; cyfj;jpNyNa mjpf mstpyhd ty;YwT Fw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd.

cyfpy; cs;s ehLfspy; mnkhpf;fhjhd; Kw;wpYk; ehfhPfkile;j ehlhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mNj mnkhpf;fhtpy;jhd; cyfj;jpNyNa mjpf mstpyhd ty;YwT Fw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. 1990 Mk; Mz;by; - mnkhpf;fhtpy; ehs; xd;Wf;F ruhrhpahf 1756 ty;YwT Fw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jjhf me;j ehl;bd; csTj;Jiwahd v/g;. gp. I. apd; mwpf;if nrhy;fpwJ. gpd;dh; ruhrhpahf ehs; xd;Wf;F 1900 ty;YwT Fw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jhf kw;nwhU mwpf;if nrhy;fpwJ. Fw;wk; epfo;e;j Mz;L Fwpg;gplg; gltpy;iy. me;j Mz;L - 1992 my;yJ 1993 Mf ,Uf;fyhk;. gpwF te;j Mz;Lfspy; mnkhpf;fh;fs; ,d;Dk; "jPtpukhf" ty;YwT Fw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;bUf;fyhk;.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,];yhkpa "`p[hg;" Kiw eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhf fw;gid nra;J ghUq;fs;. xU Mz; xU ngz;iz ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ mtdJ vz;zj;jpy; ehzkw;w my;yJ ntl;fkpy;yhj vz;zk; Njhd;Wkhapd; - mth; jdJ ghh;itia jho;j;jpf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; xt;nthU ngz;Zk; Kfk; kw;Wk; jdJ iffspd; fuz;il tiu kl;Lk; njhpAk;gb - kw;WKs;s clypd; midj;J ghfq;fSk; kiwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,];yhkpa Mil Kiwia gpd;gw;wp ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,jw;F gpwFk; xU kdpjd; ty;YwT Fw;wj;jpy; <LgLthd; vdpy; - mtDf;F kuz jz;lid vd;w epiy gpd;gw;w gl;bUf;Fk;. Nkw;fz;lthW ,];yhkpa Mil Kiw mnkhpf;fhtpy; eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lhy; - mnkhpf;fhtpy; ty;YwT Fw;wq;fs; mjpfhpf;Fkh?. my;yJ Kd;dh; ,Ue;jJ Nghd;w mNj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fkh?. my;yJ FiwAkh?.

10. ,];yhkpa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lhy; - ty;YwT Fw;wk; fz;bg;ghf FiwAk;.

,];yhkpa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lhy; - J}a;ikahd rKjhak; miktij vtuhYk; jtph;f;f KbahJ. mnkhpf;fhthf ,Uf;fl;Lk; - INuhg;ghthf ,Uf;fl;Lk; - my;yJ cyfpy; ve;j ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk; vq;nfy;yhk; ,];yhkpa rl;lj; jpl;lq;fs; eilKiw gLj;jg;gLfpwNjh - mq;Fs;s kf;fs; epk;kjpahf tho;thh;fs;. vdNt ,];yhkpa Mil Kiw ngz;fis ,opTgLj;Jtjpy;iy. khwhf ngz;fspd; khdj;ijAk; - fw;igAk; fhg;ghw;wp mth;fis r%fj;jpy; me;j];J cs;sth;fshf khw;WfpwJ.