| tpQ;Qhd xspapy; ,];yhk; - mwptpay;. V.Nf.mg;Ju;u`;khd; |
caphpdj;Njhw;wk;!
xU
tpdhbf;F %d;W ,yl;rk; fpNyh kPl;lh; Ntfj;jpy; gazk; nra;jhy; 2>500 Nfhb
tUlq;fspy; vt;tsT J}uk; nry;y KbANkh mt;tsT njhiyTf;Fg; (2500 Nfhb xspahz;Lj;
njhiyTf;F) gue;J fplf;Fk; fw;gidf;nfl;lhj kfh kfh ngUntspNa ekJ Nguz;lkhFk;. ,k;khngUk;
Nguz;lj;jpy; rpwpJk;> nghpJkhf vz;zw;w mw;Gjq;fs; kype;J fplf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; jiy
rpwe;j mw;wGjkhff; fhzg;gLtJ ,jpYs;s caphpdq;fNsahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfj;jhk;
caphpdq;fspd; nka;ahd rpwg;G epiyapypUe;J (Speciality)
mitfis ngha;ahd Gdpj epiyf;F rpyh; cah;j;Jfpwhh;fNsh!?.
,J xU gf;fk; ,Uf;f> kdpjh;fspy; fzprkhdth;fs; ,jw;Fk; xUgb NkNy nrd;W caphpdq;fs;
ahTk; ,iwtdpd; kWcUtk; vdf; $wp mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw topglTk; nra;fpd;wdh;!. ,J
vt;tsT nghpa topNfL! mth;fs; $Wtijg;Nghd;W kzy; vd;Dk; %yg; nghUis nfhz;L
fz;zhbfs; cUthf;fg;gLtijg; Nghd;W> gUj;jp vDk; %yg; nghUspypUe;J Jzpfs;
nea;ag;gLtijg;Nghy;> flTs; vDk; %yg; nghUisf; nfhz;Ljhk; caphpdq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ldth?
capuw;witfisg; Nghyd;wp caphpdq;fs; ahTk; cz;L> tsh;e;J> ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;tjhy;
mit rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ ekf;Fj; njhpAk;. ,g;Nguz;lj;jpy;
ehkwpe;jtiu ve;j xU NfhNsh> Jizf;NfhNsh> ,d;d gpw epyg;gug;Gf;fNsh
capuw;witfshff; fUjg; gLk;NghJ g+kp kl;Lk; caphpdq;fshy; capUs;s epykha;f;
fhzg;gLtjhy; mwptpayhshsh;fSk; ,J Fwpe;J tpag;gilfpwhh;fs; vd;gijAk; ehk;
kWf;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j xU fhuzj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L caphpdq;fis ,iwtdpd; kW
cUtk; vdf; $Wtjw;F ve;j mbg;gilAk; ,Ug;gjhf mwpTf;Fg; Gyg;gltpy;iyNa! gpwF
Vdpe;j tpghPj tpisahl;L?.
,iwtd;> jhNk caphpdq;fsha; kW cUtk; nfhz;L tutpy;iynadpy; capuw;w g+kpapy;
caphpdk; vt;thW Njhd;w KbAk; vd mth;fs; tpdhj; njhLf;fpd;whh;fs;. vdNt capuw;w
g+kpapy; caphpdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j %yg;nghUs; vit vd;gjw;Fk; ehk; tpil Njbr;
nry;Nthk;. Njlypd; Kjw; fl;lkhf ,g;Nguz;lj;jpw;Nfhh; Ngnuhspaha; te;;J ngha;iaAk;>
nka;iaAk; gphpj;jwptpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; J}a Fh;Md; vd;d $WfpwJ vdg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
jpUkiw $WfpwJ:
$WtPuhf: ,with!..midj;Jg; nghUl;fs; kPJk; eP
Mw;wYilatdhf ,Uf;fpd;wha;! ePNa ,uitg; gfypy; GFj;Jfpd;wha;! ePNa gfiy ,utpy;
GFj;Jfpd;wha;!
ePNa capuw;wjpypUe;J capUs;sij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wha;!
ePNa capUs;sjpypUe;J capuw;wijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wha;! (my;-Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; %d;W
My ,k;uhdpd; - 26 - 27 Mk; trdq;fs;).
mw;Gjq;fSf;nfy;yhk; mw;Gjkhfpa ,k;khkiw Fh;Md; caphpdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; %yg;nghUs;
vit vd;gijg; gw;wpj; njs;sj; njspthf giw rhw;wp epw;gijg; ghh;j;jPh;fsh?
capuw;witfisg; Nghyd;wp caphpdq;fs; rpy rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;likf;fhf mitfisg;
Gdpjg;gLj;jpAk;> ,iwikg; gLj;jpAk; te;j cyifg; ghh;j;J Va;! kdpjh;fNs! ePq;fs; $WtJ
jtW! caphpdk; vd;gjw;fhf vg;nghUSf;Fk; vt;tpjg; Gdpjj; jd;ikAk; ,y;iy. Vnddpy;
caphpdq;fs; ahTk; capuw;witfspd; kW cUtq;fNsad;wp mit epj;jpa [Ptdhfpa ,iwtdpd;
kW cUtkd;W vDk; etPd caphpaiy Iakw vLj;Jiwf;ftpt;iyah ,t;trdk;!
MfNt caphpdq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhfg; gad;gl;l %yg;nghUs; capuw;w nghUl;fNsahFk;
vd;gJ jpUkiw jUk; jPh;g;G!
jpUkiwapd; Nkw;fz;l trdk;
capuw;wjpypUe;Nj caphpdk; Njhd;WfpwJ
vDk; caphpaiyf; $WfpwJ. jpUkiwapd; ,e;j trdj;jpd;gb ghh;j;jhy; ve;j xU NfhspYk;
my;yJ epyg;gug;GfspYk; caphpdk; ,Uf;f ,aYk; vdg; nghUs;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ehkwpe;jtiu
#hpa FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida epyg;gug;Gf;fs; vjpYk; caphpdk; ,Ug;gjhfj;
njhpatpy;iy. vdNt g+kpapy; caphpdk; ,Ug;gjw;Fk; Vida epyg;gug;Gf;fspy; caphpdk;
,y;yhkif;Fk; vd;d fhuzk;? ,J Fwpj;J jpUkiwapd; caphpay; vd;d $WfpwJ? jpUkiw $WfpwJ:
',d;Dk; cq;fisg; gilj;jpUg;gjpYk;> caphpdq;fisg; gutr;
nra;jpUg;gjpYk;> cWjpAs;NshUf;F mj;jhl;rpfs; cs;sd. NkYk; ,uhg; gfy;fs; khwp
khwp tUtjpYk;> thdpypUe;J capuhjhuq;fis (hp];f;) ,wf;fp itj;J mjidf; nfhz;L
capuw;w g+kpia gpwF caph;g;gpg;gjpYk;> fhw;Wfspd; Row;rpfspYk;> mwpTila
r%fj;jpw;F mj;jhl;rpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. (my;-Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 45 ]_uj;Jy; - [h]pah
4tJ kw;Wk; 5tJ trdq;fs;).
caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa ,aw;ghLfisAk;> Ntjpapay; epfo;r;rpfisAk; (Bio
- Chemistry)
cs;slf;fpa vt;tsT mw;Gjkhd mwptpay; gpufldk; ,J! #hpa FL;k;gj;jpy; Vida
epyg;gug;Gf;fspy; caphpdq;fs; ,y;yhjpUf;f g+kpapy; kl;Lk; mit vt;thW Njhd;wpd
vd;gjw;F vt;tsT mofhf gjpy; mspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ ,t;trdk;!
caphpdq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; %yg;nghUs; capuw;witfNs vdf; $wpaJ Kjy; trdk;. mNj
Neuj;jpy; capuw;w nghUl;fs; caphpdkhf khw Ntz;Lkhapd; mjw;nfd;Nw rpy
capuhjhuq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vdTk; mit g+kpf;F ,wf;fg;gLtjhy;jhk; g+kp caph; ngWfpwJ
vdTk; ,t;trdq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. vdNt ve;nje;j epyg;gug;Gf;fspy; capuhjhuq;fs; ,wf;fg;gLtjpy;iyNah
mq;nfy;yhk; caphpdq;fs; Njhd;w KbahJ vd;gjhy; Vida Nfhs;fspy; my;yJ Jizf;
Nfhs;fspy; Vd; caphpdq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjw;Fk;> ,k;khkiw Fh;Md; fhuzk; $wptpl;lJ.
,Jtiu ehk; Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b tpthjpj;j ,Utifahd trdj; njhlh;fspy; gy mwptpay;
tpugq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. mitfspy; ,uz;L mwptpay; tpguq;fis ehk; RUf;fkhfg; Ghpe;J
nfhz;Nlhk;. Kjyhtjhf caphpdq;fis cUthf;fpa %yg; nghUl;fs; capuw;witNanad;gJk;> ,uz;lhtjhf
capuw;witfis caphpdkhf khw;Wk; capuhjhuq;fs; cs;sd. mit tpz;zpypUe;J kz;zpw;F
tUfpd;wd vd;gJkhFk;.
jpUkiw $Wk; ,t;tpU mwptpay;fspypUe;J ehk; ,g;NghJ KjyhtJ mwptpay; tpguj;ij
vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. jpUkiw $wpaijg; Nghd;W capuw;witfspypUe;Nj caphpdk; Njhd;wpd
vd;gjw;Fhpa mj;jhl;rpfs; mijf; Fwpj;J ahh;; mwpTngw;wth;fshfTk;
cWjpkpf;fth;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fNsh mth;fsplk; ,Ug;gjhf mk;khkiw $WfpwJ.
caphpdj; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J mwpTk; cWjpAk; ngw;wth;fs; mwptpayhsh;fNs vd;gjhy;
jpUkiw $Wk; mj;jhl;rpfs; nka;ahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gij mwpa ehk;
mwptpayhsh;fisj;jhk; mZfpahf Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mwptpayhsh;fs; ,ijg;gw;wp vd;d $wg;Nghfpwhh;fs;
vdg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
vd;d $Wfpwhh;fs; mth;fs;?
capuw;w nghUl;fs; capUs;s nghUl;fshf khWtjh? vd;d thh;j;ijfisf; $WfpwPh;fs;?
gpbkz;Zk; gps;isahFkh? nfhbkuj;jpy; fdp tUkh? KbfapW ghk;ghFkh? vdf; Nfl;L
jpUkiwia kWf;fg; Nghfpwhh;fsh? my;yJ capuw;witfs; capUs;sitfshf khWk; mw;Gjf;
fhl;rpfis ek;Kd; tiue;J fhl;bj; jpUkiwia ep&gpf;fg; Nghfpwhh;fsh?.
vs;sTk; Iaj;jpw;fplkpy;yhj tifapy; etPd tpQ;Qhd cyfk; jpUkiwia ep&gpf;fNt
nra;fpwJ. capuw;witfspypUe;Nj caphpdk; Njhd;WfpwJ vdf; $Wk; mwptpayhsh;fs;
nghUl;fs; ahTk; mit capUs;sitahapDk;> capuw;witahapDk; mitahTk; kpfr; rpy
jdpkq;fspd; ,izg;ghy; cUthff; $baitNa vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs;.
jdpkq;fs; vd;git jq;fk;> nts;sp> fhp> gpuhzthA> ghju]k; Nghd;w jdpj;jdp
nghUl;fNs vd;gij Kd; fl;Liufspy; fz;Ls;Nshk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l kpfr; rpy jdpkq;fspd;
mZf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;Nj ,g;Nguz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gw;gy ,yl;rf; fzf;fpy;
tif tifahd nghUl;fis NfhlhDNfhb vz;zw;w tpjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Js;sd vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs;
tpQ;Qhdpfs;.
,urhaz cyfpy; jdpkq;fspd; tpjpfis (Periodic
Law) fz;lwpe;J
mitfSf;F gbaikg;G ml;ltizia (Periodic
Table) tbtikj;j
nkz;lyP/g; (Mendaleyev)
vDk; Ntjpapay; mwpQh; jkJ ml;ltizapy; 104 jdpkq;fis gl;baypLfpwhh;. ,jw;F NkYk;
XhpU jdpkq;fs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; jdpkq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 110 Ij;
jhz;l ,ayhJ vd;gNj Ntjpapay; mwpQh;fspd; KbthFk;. Vnddpy; ,e;j tifj; jdpkq;fs;
ahTk; fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; mit cUthd clNdNa kiwe;J tpLfpd;wd.
rhd;whf buhd;]; Anudpaj; jdpkq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. kpfTk; gSthd Anudpaj;
jdpkq;fis NkYk; gS cs;sjhf Mf;Ftjhy; mit ngwg;gLfpd;wd. (Transuranium)
gbaikg;G gl;baypy; neg;ba+dpj;jpy; (Neptiunium)
Jtq;fp NehgPypaj;jpy; (Nobilium)
KbtWk; 12 jdpkq;fs; kpf mw;g MAisf; nfhz;litahFk;. ,tw;wpd; MAl;fhyk; rpy
epkplq;fspypUe;J rpy tpdhbfs; tiuahFk;. jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 104Ij; jhz;b NkYk;
mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ mitfspd; MAl;fhyk; rpy epkplq;fspypUe;J rpy tpdhbfs; tiuahFk;.
jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 104 Ij; jhz;b NkYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ mitfspd; MAl;fhyk;
NkYk; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl te;J 110-I milAk;NghJ mtw;wpd; MAl; fhyj;ij ikf;Nuh
tpdhbfspy; Ngr Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. MfNt ,t;tsT Fiwe;j MAl;fhyk; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs;
ve;jg; nghUspYk; fye;jpUf;f ,ayhJ vdf; nfhs;tjhy;> eilKiwr; rpf;fy; vJTk;
Vw;glg;Nghtjpy;iy.
RUq;ff; $wpd; Nguz;lj;jpd; nghUl;fs; ahTk; Nkw;fz;l 104 jdpkq;fshfNth my;yJ
mitfspd; $l;Lg; nghUl;fshfNth ,Uf;fpd;wd vd ehk; KbT fl;lyhkh?. el;rj;jpu
kz;lyq;fisg; Nghd;w cah;ntg;g epiyfspd; jdpkq;fspd; jdpj;jdp mZf;fshfTk;>
mZf;fspd; rpijTfspypUe;J cUthFk; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fshfTk; (Fundamental
Particle) ,Ug;gij
tpl;Ltpl;lhy; kw;wit ahTk; jdpkq;fshfNth my;yJ mitfspd; $l;Lg; nghUl;fshfNth ,Uf;fpd;wd
vd;gNj ,urhaz cyfk; fz;lwpe;j mwptpay; cz;ikahFk;.
vz;zpf;ifapy; ,t;tsT nrhw;gkhd 104 jdpkq;fs; Nguz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tiftifahd
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;l vz;zw;w nghUl;fis vt;thW cUthf;FfpwJ vDk; tpdhit vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Nthk;. ,jpYk;$l ek;ik tpag;gilar; nra;Ak; tpNdhjq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ml;ltizapy; fhzg;gLk; jdpkq;fSk; ntt;NtW $l;Lg; nghUl;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; tpUg;gk;
nfhz;litapy;iy. ehkwpe;jtiu Nguz;lj;jpy; ntt;NtW tifahd nghUl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
g+kpapy; kl;LNk kpfg;nghpa mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j g+kpapy; $l ke;j thAf;fs;
(Inert Gas)
vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; epahd;> Mh;fhd;> fphpg;lhd;> f;n]Qhd;> Nulhd; Nghd;wit Vida
jdpkq;fSld; ,iza Kw;gLtjpy;iy. jq;fk;> gpshl;bdk; Nghd;w cah; cNyhfq;fSk;> (Noble
Metals) kpfkpff;
Fiwe;j msNt Vida jdpkq;fSld; ,izfpd;wd. vdNt ,urhaz Kiwg;gb $l;Lg; nghUl;fis
cUthf;Fk; jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 104ypUe;J NkYk; FiwfpwJ.
,J kl;Lkpd;wp g+kpapy; rpy jdpkq;fspd; msT kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. g+kpapy;
nkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ Mf;bdpak; vDk; jdpkk; 26>000 ld;fshfTk;> NghNydpaj;jpd;
msT 9>000 ld;fshfTk;> uhlhdpd; msT 260 ld;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNt nghUl;fspd;
cUthf;;fj;jpy; ,itfSf;F kpff; Fiwe;j ,lNk Ntjpay; Jiw mspf;f KbAk;. ,J
kl;Lkpd;wp rpy jdpkq;fs; g+kpapy; ,y;iy vdr; nrhy;Yk; mstpw;F kpff; FiwthfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
M];lild; kw;Wk; /gpuhd;]pak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,jw;Nfhh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L. tpQ;Qhdpfs; %isiaf;
frf;fpf; fzf;fpl;Lf; fz;L gpbj;jjpy; M];lild; vd;gJ g+kpapy; ntWk; 600 kpy;yp
fpuhk;fNs ,Uf;fpd;wd vdf; fhl;baJ! mNj Neuj;jpy; g;NuhNkhjpak; kw;Wk; nlf;dP\pak;
Mfpaitfspd; epiy vd;d? ,itfspd; rpy mZf;fs; kl;Lk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gijj;
jtpu NtjpapayhUf;F NtW vJTk; njhpatpy;iy!
$l;Lg; nghUl;fis cUthf;Fk; jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 104-ypUe;J NkYk; FiwAk;NghJ
vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUthhpahd $l;Lg; nghUl;fis mit vt;thW cUthf;f KbAk; vDk; ekJ
tpdhit ,g;nghJ ehk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. $l;Lg; nghUl;fs; vd;git 'Nrh;kk;" (Compound)
kw;Wk; cNyhfg; Gzh;T Nrh;kq;fs; (Intel
Metalic Compound)
vd ,UtifAs;sd. ,itfspy; cNyhfg; Gzh;T Nrh;kq;fs; vd;git ,urhaz tpjpg;gb cUthFk;
Kiwahd nghUl;fspy;iy. ,itfs; ekJ jiyg;Gld; (caphpdj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpaj; jiyg;Gld;)
njhlh;gw;witnad;gjhy; mitfis tpl;L tpl;L ehk; ,urhazr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gf;fk;
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JNthk;.
caphpdq;fs; ahTk; ,urhazr; Nrh;kq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU Nrh;kj;jpd; kpfr;
rpwpa gFjp (my;yJ kpfr; rpwpa Jz;L) mjd; %yf; $whFk;. %yf; $Wfs; ,U tifg;gLk;.
xd;W jdpk %yf;$W. kw;nwhd;W Nrh;k %yf;$W. jdpk %yf;$W vd;gJ xNu jdpkj;jpd;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l mZf;fis nfhz;ljhFk; vd;gij Kd; fl;Liufspy; $wpAs;Nshk;. (,g;gbg;gl;l
%yf; $Wfshy; xU nghUs; ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mJNt jdpkhFk;) mNj Neuj;jpy; xU Nrh;k %yf;$W
vd;gJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;. (caphpdq;fs;
vd;git ,g;gbg;gl;l gw;gy Nrh;kq;fspd; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghFk;).
,g;NghJ Kjw;fl;lkhf jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; Nrh;kkhFk; Ntjpay; tpidiar; rhd;WfSld;
tpsq;f Kaw;rpg;Nghk;. ePq;fs; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; xt;nthU
vOj;Jf;fisAk; mZf;fshf ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; thh;j;ijfs; xt;nthd;iwAk;
Nrh;kj;jpw;F xg;gplyhk;. mg;gbg; ghh;j;jhy; ,f;fl;Liuia xU Fwpg;gpl;l
caphpdj;jpw;F (rhd;whf ,e;j fl;Liuiag; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cq;fNshL) xg;gplyhk;.
vdNt ,g;Gj;jfj;ij me;j caphpdj;jpd; jdpnahU FONthL (rhd;whf kdpjd; vd;Dk; FONthL)
xg;gplyhk;. ,e;j xg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; nghUsw;w jdpj;jdp vOj;Jf;fs; nghUs;s
thh;j;ijfsha; khwp ,Wjpapy; Gj;jfkhtijg;Nghd;W capuw;w mZf;fs; Nrh;kq;fsha; khwp
,Wjpapy; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l caphpdf; FOthf ghpzhkkilfpd;wd.
rhd;whf Mq;fpyj;jpy; 'S"vd;gJ
xU vOj;J. 'O"
vd;gJ kw;nwhU vOj;J. ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk;NghJ (S+O
= SO) vDk;
thh;j;ijf; fpilf;fpwJ. ,ijg;Nghd;W 'fhp" (Carbon)
vDk; jdpkj;jpd; Xh; mZitAk;> gpuhzthA (Oxygen)
vDk; jdpkj;jpd; Xh; mZitAk; ,izf;Fk;NghJ (C+O=CO)
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L vDk; Nrh;kk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J fhpAk;> gpuhzthATk; ,iztjhy;
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L vDk; Nrh;kk; kl;LNk ngw KbAk; vd vz;zptplf; $lhJ. xU
Nrh;kj;jpy; ,izAk; jdpkq;fSila mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khw;Wtjhy; mNj jdpkq;fisf;
nfhz;l gw;gy Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;f ,aYk;.
Rhd;whf ehk; fhpapd; xU mZTld; gpuhzthAtpd; ,uz;L mZf;fis ,izg;Nghk;. (C+O+O=CO2)
,g;NghJ ekf;F mNj jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fspypUe;Nj fhpakpy thA (Carbon-Di-Oxide)
vDk; kw;nwhU Nrh;kk; fpilj;jJ.
fhp kw;Wk; gpuhzthA Mfpait jq;fSf;Fs; ,ize;J Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Ftijg;Nghy Vida
jdpkq;fSld; Nrh;e;J ntt;NtW Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
ehk; 'S"
vDk; Mq;fpy vOj;Jld; 'I"
vDk; Mq;fpy vOj;ij ,izf;Fk;NghJ 'IS"
vDk; thh;j;ijf; fpilg;gijg; Nghd;W ehk; gpuhzthAtpd; xU mZit i`l;u[dpd; ,uz;L
mZTld; ,izg;Nghk;. clNd ekf;F (H2+O
= H2O) Mf;]p[d;
i`l;NuL vDk; Gjpa Nrh;kk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,JNt ePhpd; ,urhazg; ngauhFk;. ehk; ,g;NghJ
Mf;]p[dpd; ehd;F mZf;fis fe;jfj;Jld; (SULPHUR)
,izg;Nghk;. clNd ekf;F ry;Ngl; (S+O4
= SO4) vDk;
kw;nwhU Nrh;kk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,ijg;Nghd;w Mq;fpy vOj;J
O
vd;gJld; ehk; kw;nwhU vOj;J 'N"
vd;gij ,izf;Fk;NghJ 'ON"
vDk; Xh; Gjpa thh;j;ij fpilf;fpwJ. mijg;Nghd;W ehk; Xh; fhp mZTld; ehd;F i`l;u[d;
mZf;fis ,izj;jJk; (C+H4
= CH4) kPNjd;
vDk; Nrh;kk; cUthfpwJ. ehk; ,g;NghJ
On
vDk; thh;j;ijapypUe;J
O
it ePf;fptpl;L 'A"
vDk; thh;j;ijia ,izj;jhy; 'AN"
vDk; thh;j;ij fpilg;gijg; Nghy i`l;u[dpypUe;J fhpia ePf;fp iel;u[id itg;Nghk;. ,g;NghJ
iel;u[dpd; Xh; mZTk;> i`l;u[dpd; %d;W mZTk; ,ize;J (N+H3
= NH3)
mk;Nkhdpah vDk; Nrh;kj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
ehk; xU thh;jijAld; NkYk; Xh; vOj;ij ,izg;gjhy; NkYk; Xh; Gjpa thh;j;ijiag;
ngUfpNwhk;. Rhd;whf 'ON"
vDk; thh;j;ijAld; 'S"
vDk; vOj;ij ,izf;Fk;NghJ
S+ON = SON
vDk; Gjpa thh;j;ij fpilf;fpwJ. ,ijg;Nghd;W ry;Ngl; vDk; Nrh;kj;Jld; (SO4)
jhkpuj;jpd; Xh; mZit ,izj;jJk; (Cu
+ So4 = CuSo4)
jhkpu ry;Ngl; vDk; Gjpa Nrh;kk; cUthfpwJ.
ehk; vOj;Jf;fis kl;Lkpd;wp thh;j;ijfisf; $l xd;Wld; xd;iw ,izj;J Gjpa
thh;j;ijfis cUthf;FfpNwhk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F Mq;fpy thh;j;ij 'SO"
vd;gJld; 'ON"
vDk; thh;j;ijia ,izj;jTld; "SOON"
vDk; Gjpa thh;j;ij fpilj;jJ. mijg;Nghd;W jhkpu ry;Ngl; vDk; Nrh;kj;Jld; (CuSo4)
rpwpjsT Mf;]p[d; i`l;Nul; 5(H2O)
vDk; Nrh;kj;ij (mjhtJ Mf;]p[d; i`l;Nubd; 5 %yf; $Wfis) ,izj;jJk; (CuSO45H2O)
kapy;Jj;jk; (BLUE
- VITRIOL) vDk;
Gjpa Nrh;kk; fpilf;fpwJ.
Nkw;fz;l Nrh;kq;fs; ahTk; kpff;Fiwe;j jdpkq;fspd; kpf;Fiwe;j mZf;fshy; mike;j
kpf vspa Nrh;kq;fshFk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; caphpdj;jpd; clypy; fhzg;gLk; kpf rpf;fyhd
Gnuhl;Bd; Nrh;kq;fs; kpf ePz;l rq;fpypj; njhlh; Nghd;witahFk;. mitfspd;
tha;g;ghl;il (Formula)
vOJtjw;Nf xU gf;fj;jpw;F Nky; Njitg;gLk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,Jtiu $wpapjpypUe;J xU
Nrh;kk; vd;why; vd;dntd;Wk; mJ vt;thW cUthfpwJ vd;gJk; Xustpw;F Ghpe;J
nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;.
Rpy jdpkq;fs; Ntjptpisfspy; (Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;) ehl;lk; nfhz;litapy;iy vd
Kd;dh; fz;Nlhk;. Mdhy; mij <Lfl;Lk; nghUl;L i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> iel;u[d;> fhp
Nghd;wit gw;gy jdpkq;fSld; ,ize;J ngUthhpahd Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,itfspy;
kpfTk; tpidA+f;fk; nfhz;l 'fhp" vDk; jdpkk; ,Jtiu mwpag;gl;l Nrh;kq;fspy;
ghjpf;Fk;Nky; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,Jtiu mwpag;gl;l Nrh;kq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 30 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky;. ,jpy; fhpapd;
gq;F 17 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky;. Nrh;kq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,t;tsT nghpajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,itfis
xd;NwhL xd;W ,izj;Jk;> fye;Jk; vz;zw;w nghUl;fis cUthf;f ,aYk; vd;gij ,g;NghJ
ek;khy; njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ my;yth?! vdNt mLj;j fl;lkhf mZf;fs;
vdg;gLk; capuw;w [lg; nghUl;fshy; cUthd Nkw;fz;l Nrh;kq;fspypUe;J jhk;
caphpdq;fs; Njhd;wpdth vd;gJ gw;wp jpUkiw $wpathW mwptpayhsh;fs; VNjDk;
mj;jhl;rpfisg; ngw;Ws;shh;fsh vdg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
ehkwpe;jtiu g+TyF kl;Lk; caphpdq;fspd; tho;tplkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,k;khngUk;
Nguz;lj;jpy; g+nfhsk; Xh; jdpr;rpwg;Gila ,lj;ij jw;NghJ ngw;W tUfpwJ. ,t;thW
g+Tyfpw;Nf jdpr; rpwg;ig toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j caphpdj;ij cUthf;Fk; kpfr;
rpf;fyhd Ntjp tpidfSf;F %yNfe;jpukhf miktJ caphpdj;jpd; nry;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s 'b.vd;.V."
vDk; ,urhazr; Nrh;kNk (,ijf; Fwpj;J NtW jiyg;gpy; fhz;Nghk; ,d;\h my;yh`;) vDk;
KbTf;F ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; mwptpay; cyfk; te;J tpl;lJ. NtW ve;j E}w;whz;ilAk;tpl
,e;j E}w;whz;by; mwptpay; cyfk; gw;gy mhpa NrhjidfisAk;> rhjidfisAk; nra;J
tUfpwJ. mitfspy; Fwpg;gp;l;Lr; nrhy;yj;jf;f rhjidfspy; xd;W Nrhjidf; $lq;fspy; ,aw;if
#oy; cUthf;fp mjd; thpayhf 'mkpNdh mkpyk; (Amino
Acid) vDk;
Nrh;kj;ijj; jahhpj;jjhFk;.
Nrhjidf; $lnkhd;wpy; mk;Nkhdpah (NH3)
kPNjd; (CH4)
Mfpatw;Wld; ePiuf; (H2O)
fye;J mjd; kPJ Nrhjidf; $lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nraw;if kpd;diyg; gha;r;rpf;
fhj;jpUe;j tpQ;Qhdpfs; mjpypUe;J ngw;w jputj;ijr; Nrhjpj;j NghJ mJ mkpNdh
mkpykhf khw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk; mw;Gjj;ijf; fz;lhh;fs;. ,e;j mkpyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ahnjdpy; caphpdq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F %yf; fhuzkhf mike;j b.vd;.V. vDk; Nrh;kj;ij
,e;j mkpNdh mkpyNk cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;.
caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpYk;> mjd; jftyikg;gpYk; mjd; kugpay; Fzq;fspYk; b.vd;.V. tpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fz;lwpe;j tpQ;Qhdpfs; caphpdj;jpd; caph; vd;gNj b.vd;.V. jhk;
vdf; $Wk; mstpw;F nrd;W tpl;lhh;fs;. ,t;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j b.vd;.V. kw;Wk;
mjid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mkpNdh mkpyq;fSk; capuw;w mZf;fspypUe;Nj cUthfpd;wd vd;gij
jf;f Nrhjidfshy; ep&gpj;jpUf;Fk; tpQ;Qhdpfsplk; capuw;wjpypUe;Nj caphpdk;
Njhd;WfpwJ vd;gjw;Fhpa mj;jhl;rpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd my;yth?
ehk; Ma;tpw;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;l trdq;fspd; caphpdj; Njhw;wj;Jld; njhlh;G nfhz;l Vida
mwtpay;fis mLj;j fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk; ,d;\h my;yh`;..!
capuw;witf;F cap&l;Lk; Mjhuq;fs;..!
capUs;s nghUl;fs; ahTk; capuw;w nghUl;fspypUe;Nj
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdf;$Wk; jpUkiw trdj;ijAk; mij ep&gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; Kd; fl;LiuapypUe;J ehk; Ma;T nra;J tUfpNwhk;. capuw;w nghUs;
caphpdkhf khWtjw;F %yf; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ caphpdj;jpd; clypy; fhzg;gLk; b.vd;.V
vdg;gLk; GNuhl;Bd; %yf; $whFk;. ,e;j %yf;$W g+kpapd; #oypy; cUthff;f$ba tha;g;G
,Uf;fpwjh? my;yJ ,iwtNd> caphpdq;fsha; khw;WUtk; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lkh vdg; ghh;j;j
NghJ ,iwtNd caphpdq;fsha; khw;WUtk; nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iynadTk;> b.vd;.V itj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; mkpNdh mkpyk; g+kpapd; #oypy; cUthf KbAk; vd;gij Ma;Tf; $l Nrhjid
ep&gpj;jij Kd; njhlhpy; fz;Nlhk;.
mr;Nrhjidapy; mNkhdpah> kPNjd;> ePh; Nghd;witfisf; fye;J mjd;kPJ nraw;if
kpd;diyg; gha;r;rpajd; tpisthfNt mkpNdh mkpyk; ngwg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; fz;Nlhk;. ,ijg;
ghh;f;Fk;nghOJ ekf;Nfhh; Iak; vOfpwJ. mjhtJ mkpNdh mkpyk; cUthf Ntz;Lkhapd;
mjw;F kpf ,d;wpaikahj nghUl;fshf mNkhdpah (NH3)
Tk;> kPNjDk; (CH4)
Njit vd Nrhjid fhl;LfpwJ. ,itfspy; mNkhdpah cUthtjw;F iel;u[d; kw;Wk; i`l;u[d;
Mfpa thAf;fSk;> kPNjd; cUthtjw;F fhpia cs;slf;fpa fhpakpy thA Nghd;witAk;
i`l;u[d; thAf;fSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ekJ tsp kz;lyj;jpy; iel;u[idj; jtpu
i`l;u[Dk; fhpakpy thATk; ,y;iy vdf; $Wk; mstpw;F kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ!
gpwF g+kpapy; mkpNdh mkpyk; Njhd;Wtjw;F vd;d tha;g;G ,Ue;jpUf;f ,aYk; vd;gNj ,q;F
vof;$ba IakhFk;.
G+kpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; 76 rjtpfpjk; iel;u[Dk;> 21 rjtpfpjk; gpuhzthATk;
ePq;fyhf vQ;rpa %d;W rjtpfpjNk Vida thAf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j %d;W
rjtpfpjj;jpYk; fhpakpy thATk; Vida ke;j thAf;fSNk mjpfg;gbahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdNtad;wp i`l;u[d; thANt ,y;iynad;W $wptplyhk; vd;Dk; msptpw;F mjd;
gq;fspg;G kpff;FiwT. ekJ top kz;lgj;jpd; epiy ,t;thW ,Uf;ifapy; g+kpapy; mkpNyh
mkpyk; cUthf ,aYk; vd;gijAk; vdNt capuw;wjpypUe;J b.vd;.V. vDk; caph;g;nghUis
me;j mkpNdh mkpyk; njhFf;f ,aYk; vd;gijAk; ek;khy; mwptpay; Mjhuq;fshy; ep&gpf;f
,ayhky; NghfpwJ. vdNt g+kpapy; mkpNdh mkpyk; vt;thW cUthfpwJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J jpUkiw
$wpathW mJ Fwpj;j mwpTk;> cWjpAk; kpf;fth;fshfpa mwptpayhsh;fsplk; ehk; kPz;Lk;
Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;. mwptpay;rhh; rhd;Nwhh;fs; ,J Fwpj;J kpfj; njspthd
tpsf;fj;ij ekf;fspf;fpd;whh;fs;. g+kpapd; tsp kz;lyk; (fhw;W kz;lyk;) ,g;NghJ ,Ug;gijg;
Nghd;Nw Mjp Kjy; ,Ue;J tutpy;iy vdTk; mJ gbg;gbahd khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfp te;Js;sJ
vdTk; $Wfpwhh;fs; mth;fs;. ,g;gbg;gl;l fhw;W kz;lyr; Row;rpapd; xU fl;lj;jpy;
mg;Nghija fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; mNkhdpahTk;> kPNjDk; cUthfp ,Ue;jNjhL Mtp tbtj;jpy;
ePUk; (ePuhtpAk;) ,Ue;jd vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs; mth;fs;. caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F kpf
Ke;jpa ,f;fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; kPJ (Pre
- Primval
Admosphere)
kpd;dy; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; ,aw;ifahw;wy;fspd; ntspaPLfs; caphpdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf
mike;j GNuhl;Bid (b.vd;.V. it) cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mkpNdh mkpyj;ijj; njhFg;gjpy;
Jiz Ghpe;jJ vdTk; ,JNt caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; ,aw;if itj;j Kjy; mb vdTk; $Wfpwhh;
`hh;Nyh N\g;yp vDk; mwptpayhsh;.
G+kpapy; caphpdk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dpUe;Nj mjd; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; mNkhdpahTk;>
kPNjDk; ,Ue;jJ nka;nad;why; mitfis cUthf;ff; $ba i`l;u[Dk;> fhpakpy thATk;
mg;Nghjia fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; ngUthhpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; njhpfpwJ. vdNt
me;j Neuj;jpy; g+kpapy; ngUthhpahff; fhzg;gl;l me;j thAf;fs; ,g;NghJ Vd; g+kpapy;
mt;thW fhzg;gltpy;iy vdf; Nfl;lhy; mjw;Fk; mwptpay; thapyhf tpsf;fk; fpilf;fpwJ.
jw;NghJ fhpakpy thA Kd;dh; ,Ue;jJ
Nghy; Vd; ngUthpahf fhzg;gltpy;iy vDk; Nfs;tpia Kjyhtjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
kdpjh;fs; cl;gl tpyq;fpdq;fs; ahTk; Rthrpj;jy;
vDk; mitfspd; nray;fspy; gpuhzthAit mitfspd; clypy; ,Oj;J> fhpakpy thAit fhw;W
kz;lyj;jpy; Nrh;f;fpd;wd vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; jhtuq;fspd; nray; ,jw;F
Neh; khwhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mitfs; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpypUe;J fhpakpy thAit cs;spOj;J gpuhz
thAit fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; Nrh;f;fpd;wd. g+kpapy; tpyq;fpdq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;
jhtuq;fs; Njhd;wpajhy; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fhpakpy thA jhtuq;fshy;
cl;nfhs;sg;gl;L mit gpuhzthAthf khw;wg;gl;ld vdf; $WfpwJ mwptpay; fz;L
gpbg;Gf;fs;.
mLj;jgbahf i`l;u[d; thA g+kpapypUe;J kiwe;J Nghdjw;F vd;d fhuzk;
vd;W ghh;g;Nghk;. ,jw;Fhpa tpilia ehk; Nguz;lg; gilg;gpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ngw
Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
,k;khngUk; Nguz;lk; xU kpf kpfr; rpwpa nghUspypUe;Nj ntbj;Jah;e;J cUtk;
ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij ehk; Kjy; fl;Liuapy; fz;Ls;Nshk;. caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F kpf
Ke;jpa fhw;W kz;lyk; vd ehk; $WtJ mg;ngU ntbg;gppypUe;J cah;e;J cUthfpf;
nfhz;bUe;j Nguz;lj;jpd; Xh; ,ilg;gl;l fhy fl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt Mfhak; ,g;NghjpUg;gijg;
Nghyd;wp Xh; mfd;w ngUntspahf ,y;yhky; kpfr; rpwpa gug;gstpy; mg;NghJ ,Ue;jjhy;
,J G+kpNahL xl;bAk;> neUq;fpAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,g;NghJ Mfhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
xOq;fikg;G mg;NghJ fhzg;gltpy;iy. Nguz;lj;jpd; mLf;Ffs; (Galaxies)
vdg;gLk; el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fs; $l mg;NghJ xOq;Fw mikag;ngwtpy;iy. xd;Wld; xd;W
gpd;dpg; gpize;j xU ngUk; 'Fog;gNk" Nguz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
(,q;F Fog;gNk (Chaos)
vd;fpw thh;j;ijiaf; $l ehkhfg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. mijAk; tpQ;QhdpfNs
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ ek; ftdj;jpw;Fhpa Xh; mk;rkhFk;)
,t;thW xOq;fw;W xNu Fog;g epiyapy; fhzg;gl;l Mfhak; njhlh;e;J xOq;F epiyia
Nehf;fp cah;e;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mfhak; cah;e;J nry;yr; nry;y mjd; gug;gsT
tphptile;J te;jjhy; g+kpapy; fhzg;gl;l i`l;u[d; thAk; ntspNawpr; nry;y ,lk;
fpilj;jjhy; i`l;u[d; thATk; gbg;gbahf g+kpia tpl;L cah;e;J nrd;wJ vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs;
tpQ;Qhdpfs;.
Nkw;fz;l mwptpay; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J
MfhaKk; g+kpAk;> ,ize;jpUe;jd vdTk; mjd; gpwF mit jdpj; jdpNa gphpe;J nrd;wd
vdTk; ek;khy; njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,e;j mwptpaiyf; $l mw;Gjj; jpUkiw
trdk; fPo;fz;lthW giw rhw;wpf; nfhz;bUg;gij
tUifahsh;fNs kwe;J tplhjPh;fs;:
'epr;rakhf thdq;fSk; g+kpAk; ,ize;jpUe;jd vd;gijAk;>
,tw;iw ehNk gphpj;jikj;Njhk; vd;gijAk;> capUs;s xt;nthd;iwAk; ehk; jz;zPhpypUe;J
gilj;Njhk; vd;gijAk; ,iw epuhfhpg;ghsh;fs; ghh;f;ftpy;iyah? (,tw;iwg; ghh;j;Jk;)
mth;fs; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iyah?." (my;-Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 21 ]_uj;Jy; md;gpah -
tpd; 30tJ trdk;)
mNjhL NkYk; ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba trdk; fPo;fz;lthW $WfpwJ:
'cq;fisg; gilj;jy; fbdkh? my;yJ thdj;ijah? (Mdhy;)
mjid mtd; mikj;jhd;! (NkYk;) mjd; Kfl;il cah;j;jp mij xOq;FgLj;jTk; nra;jhd;"
(my;-Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 79 ]_uj;Jd; eh[pahj; - d; 27 kw;Wk; 28tJ trdq;fs;)
,e;j trdk; Mfhak; xOq;Fw miktjw;F Kd; mJ xU Fog;gkhf (xOq;fw;w epiyapy;) ,Ue;jJ
vdf; $Wk; mwptpaiyAk;> mjw;F gpd; mJ gbg;gbahf cah;j;jg;gl;L xOq;Fw
mikf;fg;gl;lJ vdf; $Wk; etPd mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk; vt;tsT Mokhf> mOj;jk;
jpUj;jkhf 14 E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gijg; ghh;j;jPh;fsh?
,/jd;Nwh jpUf;Fh;Md;. ,/jd;Nwh vJ ngha;g;gpDk; jhd; ngha;ah nja;tj;jpUtrdk;. ,Jtd;wp
Ntnwhd;iwah ehk; xsptpsf;fha; Vw;fj;jFk;?
Mdhy;..! vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpfshy; $l fz;lwpa Kbahj Nguz;lf; fUtpd; fUtiwg;
Gjph;fisf; $l xU fz; fz;zhbiaf; $l ngw;wpuhj njhd;ikf; fhyj;jpNyNa glk; gpbj;Jf;
fhl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,k;khkiw Fh;Mid ehq;fSk; mwptpay; gw;whsh;fNs vdf; $Wk;
rpyh; Gwf;fzpg;gJ mwpTilahFkh? Rpe;jpf;f Ntz;lhkh?
md;ghh;e;j mwptpay; rhh;ghsh;fNs! ePq;fs; ,k;khkiwia Nehf;fp kPz;Lk; Xh; tpdhit
vOg;Gq;fs;! Nguz;lk; xOq;Fw mikAk; tpjj;jpy; Mfha KfL cah;e;J nrd;wNghJ -
i`l;u[Dk; g+kpapypUe;J cah;e;J nrd;wJ - vdj; jpUkiw $WtJ nka;nadpy; g+kpapy;
fhzg;gLk; Vida thAf;fs; Vd; cah;e;J Nghftpy;iy vd tpdTq;fs;! ,t;tpdhtpw;F jpUkiw
jUk; gjpiy fhZk; Kd; mjw;Fhpa mwptpay; tpsf;fj;ijAk; xU fzk; vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;.
i`l;u[d;
vd;gJ xNu xU GNuhl;lhidAk;> xNu xU vnyf;l;uidAk; nfhz;l Xh; kpf kpf vsps %ykhf (jdpkkhf
- Element)
,Ug;gjhy; ,JNt ,aw;ifapy; (,aw;if vd;w nrhy;iy ehq;fs; gad;gLj;jtJ ePq;fs;
gad;gLj;jtJ Nghy; mh;j;jkw;w nrhy;yhf my;y. ehq;fs; nfhs;Sk; nghUs; ,iwtdpd;
gilg;gpy; vd;gjhFk;) kpfTk; vil Fiwe;j nghUshFk;. vdNt Vida vil $ba thAf;fis
g+kpapd; <h;g;G tpir jd;ghy; <h;g;gij Nghd;W i`l;u[id jd;ghy; <h;f;Fk; mstpw;F
g+kpapd; <Hg;Gtpir typik ngwtpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf g+kpapd; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpw;Fs;
i`l;u[d; thA fl;Lz;buhky; mjid tpl;L cah;e;J nrd;W tpl;lJ. #hpadpYk; kw;Wk;
tpahod; NfhspYk; ,Uf;Fk; tpir G+kpapd; tpiriaf; (Gtp<H;g;G tpiria) fhl;bYk;
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; mitfspd; kz;lyq;fspy; i`l;u[d; thA fl;Lz;bUf;fpwJ. g+kpapd;
kpf Ke;jpa tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fhw;Wr; Row;rpahy; i`l;u[d; ntspNawpaij Gtp<h;g;G
tpir fl;Lg; gLj;jhtpbDk; Vida thAf;fisAk;> thAj; Jfs;fisAk;> J}rp kw;Wk; ePuhtp
Nghd;wit mlq;fpa Nkfq;fisAk; ntspNawptplhky; g+kpapd; <h;g;Gtpir fl;Lg;gLj;jpNa
itj;Js;sJ vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. ,g;NghJ fPo;f;fhZk; jpUkiw trdj;ij xU kiw
rpe;jid nra;Aq;fs;. jpUkiw $WfpwJ:
'thdq;fs; g+kp Mfpatw;wpd; xOq;fikg;gpYk;>
fhw;Wf;fisr; Royr; nra;tjpYk; Mfha g+kpf;fbapy; Nkfq;fis fz;Lz;bUf;fr;
nra;jpUg;gjpYk; rpe;jpf;Fk; kf;fSf;F Vuhdkhd rhd;Wfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd." (my;-Fh;Md; ,uz;lhtJ
mj;jpahak; ]_uj;Jy; gfuhtpd; 164tJ trdk;)
Nkw;fz;l trdj;jpd; thapyhf Mfha g+kpf;fpilapy; Nkfq;fs; jhkhfNt jg;gpr; nry;yhky;
,Uf;ftpy;iynadTk; mitfs; fl;Lz;bUf;Fk;gb nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf mitfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wnyhd;W mjpy; nray;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; kpfj; njspthf $wg;gl;Ls;sjy;yth?
vdNt jpUkiw $wpathW mJ vd;d Mw;wy; vdr; rpe;jpf;Fk; NghJ Vida thAf;fs; Vd;
g+kpia tpl;L me;j Fog;ghd fl;lj;jpy; jg;gpr;nry;ytpy;iy vd;gjw;F kpf vdpjhf tpil
fpilf;fpwjy;yth?.
jpUkiw $wpathW Nkfq;fs; g+kpapd; kPJ
fl;Lz;bUf;fr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; vJ vdr;
rpe;jpj;J mjidf; fz;lwpAk;NghJ me;j Mw;wyhy; (Gtp<h;g;G tpirahy;) i`l;u[idf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhJ vd;gijAk; Vida thAf;fis kl;LNk fl;Lg; gLj;j ,aYk; vd;gijAk;
mjpypUe;J tpsq;fyhk; my;yth?.
,t;thW Nguz;lg; gilg;gpYk; mjNdhL xj;jpire;j caphpdg; gilg;gpYk; Vw;gl;l xt;nthU
Kf;fpaf; fl;lq;fisAk; ,k;kpAk; gprfhky; ,k;khkiw vLj;Jiwj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijf;
fz;l gpd;Dk; ,jid ehk; khdpl rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd Vw;gjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;lyhkh?
epw;f! ,Jtiu ehk; tpthjpj;j tpguq;fspypUe;J capuhjhuq;fs; g+kpapd;ghy; ,Uf;FNkahapd;
capuw;w g+kp capUs;s g+kpahf khWk; vdf; $wpa jpUkiw trdj;ij ep&gpf;Fk; mwptpay;
Mjhuq;fis rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhzq;fspnyy;yhk; Muha;e;J nka;nad fz;Nlhk;. mLj;jgbahf
jpUkiw $wpathW caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;f Ntz;ba capuhjhuq;fs; VJk;
cz;lh vdg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
jpUkiw $wpathW caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F
tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;f Ntz;ba capuhjhuk; kpf epr;rakhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; Kd;dh;
fz;l Ma;tfr; NrhjidNa ep&gpj;Js;sJ. mr;Nrhjidapy; caphpdj;jpd; %yhjhukhfpa
b.vd;.Vit cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mkpNdh
mkpyk; cUthf Ntz;Lkhapd; kPNjd; kw;Wk; mNkhdpah Nghd;w fyitapd; kPJ kpd;dy;fs;
gha;r;rg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; fz;Nlhk;. kpd;dy; vd;gJ tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;Fk; Mw;wyhf ,Ug;gjhy;
jpUkiw $wpathW tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;Fk; capuhjhukhf kpd;dhw;wy; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;.
caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; capuhjhukhf
mike;Js;s kpd;dypd; ,d;wpaikahj gq;fpidf; $l rj;jpaj; jpUkiw vt;tsT mw;Gjkhf
fPo;f;fhZk; trdj;jpy; gpufldk; nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghUq;fs;! jpUkiw $WfpwJ:
'NkYk; mr;rKk; MirAk; Vw;gLk;gb mtd;
cq;fSf;F
kpd;diyf; fhl;LtJk;> thdj;jpypUe;J kio nghopar; nra;J mjidf; nfhz;L g+kpia - mJ
,we;j gpd;dh; caph;g;gpg;gJk; mtd; mj;jhl;rpfspdpd;Wk; cs;sd. epr;rakhf mjpy;
rpe;jpj;JzUk; r%fj;jpw;F mj;jhl;rpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd." (mUs;kiw Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 30
]_uj;Jh; &k; - 24tJ trdk;)
Nftyk; capuw;w ntWk; rlg; nghUl;fspypUe;Nj mofofhd> tiftifahd
caphpdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,g;Nguz;lj;jpd; mjpaw;Gjg; gilg;ghsd; Nkw;fz;l
trdj;jpd; thapyhf mUspr; nra;j mwptpaiyf; fz;Bh;fsh! capuw;w g+kpia mtd;
caph;g;gpf;Fk; epfo;r;rpapy; kpd;dYk;> kioAk; mj;jhl;rpfsha; mike;Js;sd vdTk;
me;j mj;jhl;rpfs; gw;wpa mwpT mJ Fwpj;J rpe;jpf;Fk; r%fj;jhhplk; (tpQ;Qhdpfsplk;)
,Uf;fpd;wd vdTk; $Wfpwhd;. ,e;j trdk; ,wq;fp 13 E}w;whz;Lfs; nrd;wgpd; cyfpy;
fz;Lgpbf;ff; $ba xU mwptpay; mj;jhl;rpia my;yth ,t;trdk; Kd;dwptpj;J epw;fpwJ.
khkiw $wpaijg; Nghd;W ,j;Jiwapy; rpe;jpf;Fk; r%fj;jhh; Njhd;wpaTld; Ma;Tf;$l
Nrhjidfs; thapyhf kpd;dYf;Fk; caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fkpilapy; cs;s njhlh;ig ep&gpj;J
khkiw Fh;Md; nka;ahfNt khdpl rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;gjw;Fhpa mj;jhl;rpfis
ekf;F toq;ftpy;iyah?
caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;Fk; capuhjhuq;fs; kpd;dYk; kioAk;
kl;Lk;jhkh? ,it kl;Lkd;W. #hpaxspAk; Xh; kpf ,d;wpaikahj capuhjhukhFk; vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs;
tpQ;Qhdpfs;!.
#hpa xsp jhtuq;fSf;Fhpa czthfg; gad;gLtNjhL g+kpapd; jl;gntl;g epiyiaAk;
eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ. jhtuq;fspd; nry;fspYs;s FNshNuhgpsh];Lfs; (Chlorplasts)
g+kpapypUe;J ePiuAk; fhw;wpypUe;J fhpakpy thAitAk; #hpadpypUe;J xspiaAk; ngw;W
jd;Dila czthfpa i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;fisj; (Hydrocarbon)
jahhpf;fpd;wd. (,JNt xspr;Nrh;f;if -
Phot Synthesis
- vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ) ,jd; nghUs; jhtuq;fss; kl;LNk #hpa xspia czthfg; gad;
gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gjpy;iy. jhtuq;fis kdpjDk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk; czthfg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
nkhj;j caphpdj;jpw;FNk #hpa xsp Xh; ,d;wpaikahj capuhjhukhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
mLj;jgbahf jl;gntl;g epiyiag; ghh;g;Nghk;. g+kpapd; Fspg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; $l mjd; jl;g ntl;g epiy 0 bfphp nrd;bfpNulhfTk;> ntg;gg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; ntg;g fhyj;jpy; $l 60 bfphp nrd;bfpNulhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jl;g
ntl;g epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khWjy;fs; ,ijf; fhl;bYk; XhpU klq;F khW gl;lhYk; ,q;F
caphpdk; Njhd;w KbahJ. vdNt caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; g+kpapd; jl;g ntl;g epiyAk;
,d;wpaikahj Mjhukhf mike;Js;sJ.
,g;NghJ ehk; ,t;tpU mwptpay; Mjhuq;fspd; gpd;ddpapy; xU tpdhit vOg;GNthk;. #hpa
FLk;gj;jpy; Vuhshkhd Nfhs;fSk;> Jizf; Nfhs;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mitfspnyy;yhk;
caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; #hpa xspapd; nrayhf;fk; mike;jpuhky;
ehkwpe;jtiu g+kpapy; kl;LNk mijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpd; kh;knkd;d?.
,e;j tpdhtpw;F kpf Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L gjpy;fis mwptpayhsh;fs; $Wfpwhh;fs;. Kjyhtjhf
g+kp ngw;wpUf;Fk; mjd; $iuAk; ,uz;lhtjhf g+kpapd; miktplKNkahFk;. ,jpy; caphpdj;
Njhw;wj;jpw;F ekJ $iu tfpf;Fk; gq;fpid ehk; Kd; njhlh;fspy; fz;Ls;Nshk;. vdNt
g+kpapd; miktplk; ,jpy; vt;thW gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;gijr; RUf;fkhff; fhz;Nghk;.
#hpa FLk;gk; vd;gJ #hpaidAk;> #hpaid ikakhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; Nfhs;fs;> Jizf;
Nfhs;fs;> FWq;Nfhs;fs;> tpz;fw;fs; Nghd;w tpz;zfg; nghUl;fspd; FOitf; Fwpf;Fk;
vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. tpz;zpy; Kl;il tbtg; ghijapy; Rod;Nwhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
,f;FLk;gj;jpd; tpl;lk; (#hpadpypUe;J kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s NfhSf;Fhpa J}uk;) 600
Nfhb fpNyh kPl;lUf;Fk; NkyhFk;. ,t;tsT mfd;w tpz;ntspapy; g+kpapd; miktplk; xU
jdpr;rpwg;Gila ,lkhFk;. #hpadpypUe;J 15 Nfhb fp.kP. njhiytpy; ,f;Nfhs; (g+kp)
mike;Js;sJ. g+kpapy; cahpdj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhf mike;jpUg;gJ
#hpaDf;Fk;> g+kpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j eph;zapf;fg;gl;l J}uNkahFk;;.
G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; J}uj;jpy; XhpU rjtpfpjk; khWgl;lhYk;
mjdhy; g+kpapy; ngWk; #hpa xspapYk; jl;g ntl;g epiyapYk; Vw;gLk; khWghLfs;
g+kpapy; caphpdj; Njhw;wj;ijg; nghpJk; ghjpf;ff; $bajhf mikAk;. vdNt g+kpapd;
miktplNk mjid caphpd tho;tpw;F Vw;w ,lkha; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $Wfpwhh;fs; etPd
tpQ;Qhd cyfpd; mwptpayhysh;fs;.
,g;NghJ #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida epyg; gug;Gf;fspnyy;yhk; caphpdq;fs;
fhzg;glhky; g+kpapy; kl;Lk; mit Njhd;Wtjw;Fhpa fhzuk; ahJ vDk; tpdhtpw;F
mwptpayhsh;fs; $Wk; Nkw;fz;l gjpiy ehk; RUq;ff; $WNthk;.
mjhtJ #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; caphpdk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F Vw;w ,lj;jpy; g+kp mikf;fg;gl;ljhy; g+kp caphpdk; tho;tjw;F
Vw;w ,lkhf mike;Js;sJ vd;gNj me;j gjpyhFk;.
mwptpayhsh;fs; jUk; mwptpay; gpoptpypUe;J ehk; te;jile;j ,e;j Kbitf; $l vt;tsT
mofhf ,k;khkiw $wp epw;fpwJ ghUq;fs;:
'g+kpia cq;fSf;F thoj;jFe;j ,lkhf;fpatd;
(trpg;gplkhf;fpatd;) ahh;?" (my;Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 27 ]_uj;Jd; ek;y; - 61tJ
trdk;)
'mtd; ahnudpy; mtNd (,iwtNd) g+kpiag; gilg;gpdq;fSf;F
Vw;wjha; mikj;jhd;" (my;Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 55 ]_uj;Jh; u`;khd; - 10tJ trdk;)
,t;tpU trdq;fspd; thapyhf g+kp vd;gJ vq;fpUe;j NghjpYk; mJ RakhfNt Xh;
trpg;gplkhf mika ,ayhJ vdTk; mij gilg;gpdq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; mikj;jjhy; kl;LNk
caphpd tho;tpw;Nfw;w ,lkha; mike;Js;sJ vdTk; $WfpwJ. vdNt #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; kpfr;
rhpahd ,lj;jpy; g+kp mikag; ngw;w epfo;r;rpahdJ caphpdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; Kf;fpag;
gq;fhw;Wtjhff; $Wk; mwptpay; fz;L gpbg;GfSk; rj;jpaj; jpUkiwia nka;ahd ,iwNtjk;
vd ep&gpj;J epw;fpwJ.
caphpdj; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J ehk; ,f;fl;LiuapYk; ,jw;F Kd; fl;LiuapYk; (njhlh; 24>
25) vOjpa jpUkiw trdq;fisAk; mij ,k;kpAk; gpwohky; ep&gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
mwptpay; ep&gzq;fisAk; ftdkhfg; gbj;j tUifahsh;fsplk; ,g;NghJ kpf Kf;fpakhd tpdh
xd;W vOk;. (Njitg;gLgth;fs; ,t;tpU fl;LiuiaAk; kPz;Lk; XhpUKiw ftdkhfg; gbj;jy;
rpwg;ghFk;).
caphpdq;fs; ahTk; capuw;w ,uhrhazg;
nghUl;fspd; Nrh;kq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLgitfNs vd;gij ,f;fl;LiuapypUe;J tUifahsh;fs;
fhz KbAk;. mLj;jgbahf tpz;zpypUe;J ,wq;Fk; capuhjhuq;fNs me;j ,uhrhazg;
nghUl;fspd; caphpdq;fshf khWfpd;wd vd;gijAk; tUifahsh;fs; fhz KbAk;. vdNt
g+kpapy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;w ,urhazg; nghUl;fs; ,lk; ngw;w NtW VNjDk; Xh; Nfhs;
,k;khngUk; Nguz;lj;jpy; vq;NfDk; Xh; ,lj;jpyhtJ ,Uf;f Kbahjh?. mt;thW Xh; Nfhs;
,Ue;jhy; jpUkiw $wpathW mjd; kPJ capuhjhuq;fSk; ,wq;FNkahdhy; jpUkiw $Wk;
mwptpaYf;fpira me;j NfhspYk; caphpdk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jpUkiwapd; Kbthf
,Uf;Fky;yth?. vdNt ,ijg; gw;wp jpUkiw Neubahf VNjDk; jfty; jUfpwjh? my;yJ
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshtJ jpUkiwapypUe;J tpsq;fg;gLk; ,;f;fUj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;wjh vd;gNj tpdhthFk;.
Nguz;lg; ngUntspapy; caphpdq;fs; thof; $ba Nfhs;fs; VNjDk; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gijf;
fz;L gpbg;gJ mg;gbnahd;Wk; vspjhd fhhpakhf tpQ;QhdpfSf;Fg; Gyg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy;
#hpaidj; jtpu NtW VNjDk; el;rj;jpuk; Nfhs;fig; ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gijf; $l mth;fshy;
,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;f ,aytpy;iy. NtW el;rj;jpuq;fspy; Nfhs;fs; ,Ue;jhy; $l mit Rakhf
gpufhrpf;fhj fhuzj;jhy; njhiy Nehf;fpfSf;F mit Gyg;gLtjpy;iy. vdpDk; #hpaidg;
Nghd;W Nfhs;fs; cs;s el;rj;jpuq;fs; Vuhskhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd;gJk; mitfs; gytw;wpy;
caphpdq;fs; ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd;gJk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tpQ;Qhdpfs; gyhpd; fUj;jhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,ijj; jtpu ,e;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; cUg;gbahd xU fUJNfhisf; $l mth;fshy;
,d;dKk; cUthf;f ,aytpy;iy. vdNt vjph;fhy mwptpaNy ,ijg;gw;wp rhpahd jftiy
ekf;Ff; $w KbAk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L mwptpay; jpwd; ,e;j epiyapy; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;NghJ 14
E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd; te;j rj;jpaj; jpUkiw ,J Fwpj;J vd;d $WfpwJ vdg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
jpUkiw $WfpwJ:
'thdq;fisAk;> g+kpiaAk; gilj;jpUg;gjpYk;> mit
,uz;bYk; caphpdq;fisg; gutr; nra;jpUg;gJk; mtDila mj;jhl;rpfisr; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
MfNt mtd; tpUk;gpaNghJ mtw;iw xd;W Nrh;f;f (mtd;) Nguhw;whYilatdhthd;."
(my;-Fh;Md; mj;jpahak; 42 ]_uj;J\; \_wh 29tJ trdk;)
g+kpiaj; jtpu caphpdq;fs; thoj;jFe;j Nfhs;fs; Nguz;lj;jpy; cs;sdth vd;gjw;Fk;
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tpilaspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;j;jPh;fsh!
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; $l nksdk; rhjpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
caphpdg; gutiyg; gw;wpay;yth khkiw Fh;Md; ,q;F giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! ,d;Dkh
khkiw ,iwNtjkh vd;gjpy; xUtUf;F Iak; Vw;gl KbAk;?
caphpdj;ij cUthf;Fk; %yg; nghUl;fs; ahit vd;gjpypUe;J mg;nghUl;fs; vt;thW
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vLj;jpak;gpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! ,J ,iw Ntjkpy;iy vdpy; 14 E}w;zhz;LfSf;F Kd;
Njhd;wpa xUtuhy; ,ijf; $w ,aYk; vd ve;j mwptpay; gw;whsuhtJ $wj; Jzpthuh!?.
Neh;ikj; jpwk; nfhz;l ve;j xU mwptpay; md;gUk; mt;thW $w khl;lhh; vd;gJ jpz;zk;!
vdNt jaf;fq;fis tpl;nlhopj;J mwptpay; mj;jhl;rpfis cq;fSf;F toq;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j cWjpkpf;f ,iwNtjj;jpd; ghy; JzpTld; thUq;fs;!
cq;fs; cWjpf;F cuk; Nrh;f;f caphpay; toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tYthd NkYk; gy
mj;jhl;rpfis ehKk; cq;fs; Kd; rkh;g;gpg;Nghk;.
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