Principles of the Monadology 1.) Systematicity: The world is a unified whole, having universal and necessary laws connecting its constituent parts. 2.) Atomism: The world contains a set of simple, basic entities (monads). 3.) Essentialism: Basic entities are constituted by their individual essences. 4.) Dependency: Every non-basic entity depends directly for its existence on the basic ones: it is either an attribute of a basic entity, or else a composite of basic entities. 5.) Continuity: Any apparent gap in the world always contains more sub-entities into which it is resolvable. 6.) Sufficient Reason: Every entity has a sufficient and intelligible reason for its existence, such that it logically or causally folows from this reason. 7.) Identity: a.) An entity is itself and not someting else (Simple Identity). b.) No entity has both the attribute of being F and the attribute of being not-F (Non-contradiction). c.) Two entities sharing all the same properties are identical (Identity of Indiscernibles). d.) Two identical entities share all the same properties (Indiscernibility of Identicals). 8.) Relativity: Every basic entity reflects the whole world, from its own perspective, so that every entity is what it is only by relation to everything else, or: every change occuring in a single entity is propagated throughout the world. 9.) Teleology: Every basic entity has a purpose or aim towards which it tends. 10.) Appetition: Every basic entity is purposively moved from within by its own essence. 11.) Panpsychism: Basic entities possess mental attributes: the primary relations between and among entities are perceptual relations, and all basic entities possess appetition. Space, time, and matter exist but are derivable from psychological relations between and among monads.