vanteckvrb.com says:  The statements regarding Squirrel and Cellenium are somewhat misleading. Whilst it may be true that they own cell stacks, the critical element is the Vanadium pentoxide electrolyte; this technology as well as the world licensing rights are owned by Pinnacle VRB.

Good info on current development:
http://www.pinnaclevrb.com.au/second.html  These people hold the rights to the VRB-battery
Related: The Pinnacle Mining Vanadium Battery deal

Also INTERESTING:
Search the web for Vanadium Redox Battery there could be something new!

Please view THE OFFICIAL VANADIUM BATTERY WEB-PAGES

Vanadium Mining ... Swedish experiments
Comparision between Lead-Acid, VRB and Flywheel energy storeage:
http://www.telepower.com.au/PVwork98.PDF

Local VANADIUM BATTERY PHOTOS (much faster page than http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au/centers/vrb/ )

INFO ON OTHER BATTERIES and good info on Electirc Cars: http://www.avere.org/working/en/traction.html

I too have compiled information, it is right here and here and here and here

Here some more links and scraps of infromation ...
The Vanadium battery in australian electric people-mover-vehicles !!
A picture of the JAPANESE 200kWh VB is NOW OFFLINE: http://www.sumiden.co.jp/RandD/field/ener/English/redox.html

if you can read japanese, please tell me what they say here

DEAD LINKs
Interesting comments from the greedy (Vanadium-) mining people are here ... here ... here ... here ... here and here
DEAD LINK Hwang, G. and Ohya, H. -- membrane researchers
DEAD LINK this german guy knows about the vanadium battery technology, but the only reference to it is on this page...on the bottom ... in german. He is talking about how useless other battery technologies really are, and doesn´t expand on the vanadium battery..(BORING, but here for completeness)

More items from the scrap book...

Liquid electricity pumped as the fuel of the future
By RICHARD MACEY
Revolutionary technology allowing electricity to be stored in a
liquid may be on the market within 18 months following a deal signed last week between the University of NSW and a former mining company.

The technology may eventually allow electric cars to be refuelled at future versions of today's petrol stations, doing away with the need to routinely replace bulky batteries or
spend hours recharging them from power mains.
The vanadium redox battery is the result of 15 years' research by Professor Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, of the university's School of Chemical Engineering and Industry Chemistry.
Dr Malcolm Jacques, the managing director of Pinnacle, a Melbourne-based company which has bought the patents to commercialise the technology, said the batteries would be far more efficient and reliable than conventional lead-acid batteries.
The new battery stores power in tanks of vanadium sulphate dissolved insulphuric acid. Found in Western Australia, vanadium is a metal used to make  stainless steel.
Dr Jacques explained that when a vanadium battery runs down, the owner merely has to drain the discharged liquid and refill the tank.
"You can think of electric cars, forklifts and airport tugs," he said.
"Once you run out of electricity, you would pull into a filling station and pump in fresh liquid."
The initial demand would be to power farms, Aboriginal communities, mines and remote equipment such as communications relay stations, with the batteries storing electricity
produced by wind or solar generators.
"They would displace diesel generators, which would be good news for environment."
Dr Jacques said vanadium batteries could abolish the need for building expensive power stations that have to be big enough to meet a town's needs for a few peak hours every day but are then turned down as demand declines.
Dr Jacques hoped the first vanadium batteries for use in remote regions would be available in 18 months. They would be dearer to buy than lead-acid versions but, with no corrosion, they would last longer.
They would be cheaper over their life cycle, lasting five to seven years. With lead-acid you would be lucky to get two years," he said.
Dr Jacques said the batteries could become a major export earner for Australia, with a world market for industrial batteries "in the order of $10 billion a year".

[The following article was extracted from Energy Focus - 1995]

The vanadium redox flow battery was developed by Professor Maria
Skylass-Kazacos and her team at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
It is a low cost, low environmental impact battery that has a superior deep
cycling life and can be mechanically refuelled in minutes.

Today's lead acid batteries, commonly used to start cars, store energy in
solid electrodes while the vanadium redox battery stores energy in a liquid
electrolyte solution of vanadium pentoxide dissolved in sulphuric acid.

The electrolyte can be charged or discharged by pumping it through the
battery
stack and either supplying electric power to the stack or taking power from
the stack.  It can also be recharged by having the spent electrolyte pumped
out and a fresh charge of electrolyte pumped in.

The spent electrolyte can then be recharged in another battery with
electricity
from the mains or from renewable energy sources.

This raises the opportunity for the establishment of refuelling stations so
that electric vehicles could exchange their electrolyte and then continue on
their way with no more delay than if refuelling with petrol or diesel.
 

The vanadium redox flow battery technology is protected under a number of
patents and further patent applications are in progress.

To date, two commercial licenses have been granted by Unisearch Ltd for the
commercialisation of the vanadium redox battery in stationary energy storage
applications.  One is the Thai Gypsum Products Public Company.

A consortium comprised of Mitsubishi Petrochemicals and Kashima Kita Power
Corporation of Japan plans to construct and test a 300 kW vanadium battery
system by 1996 and commission a 2,000 kW demonstration load levelling system
in the Tokyo area by 1999.

An energy density of 80 to 100 Wh/kg could be achieved in the next 5 years,
which will allow the battery to power electric vehicles.  Recent tests on
a golf buggy in Australia have proved to be most encouraging so far.

For further information please contact Wal Lamberth of Unisearch Ltd, the
commercial arm of the University of New South Wales, Australia.
Phone +61 02 9385 5401

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Dallas Stott (Dallas_Stott@eol.ieaust.org.au)
Integrated Energy Management Centre
PO Box 349 Moonah Tasmania 7009 Australia
Phone +61 02 716429  Fax +61 02 733420
Daihatsu Charade, 1200kg, 14 x 6V, 1221B Curtis, Made in Australia
"Leaders in Energy Management Services for a Better Environment"
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The telephone number of UNISEARCH the marketing people for the Vanadium Battery is +61 2 3855401 (Wal Lamberth w.lamberth@unsw.edu.au)

Here another list of literature, compiled by Alan T.

     The  current status of development of advanced battery  electric 
          energy storage systems in Japan
          HIRAMATSU,T., KONDO,S., NAKAYAMA, T., OHTAKA,E., TAKAHASHI,S.
          Proc. Electrochem.Soc.88-11(1988) 1-8

     Zinc-redox battery, a technology update
          HOLLANDSWORTH,R.P.
          Proc. Electrochem.Soc.88-11(1988) 224-240


      Development of a redox flow battery
          SHIMIZU,M., MORI,N., KUNO,M., MIZUNAMI,K., SHIGEMATSU,T.
          Proc. Electrochem.Soc.88-11(1988) 249-256

      Research and development of a 10kW class redox flow battery
          YOSHITAKE,M., TAKABATAKE,M., HAMAMOTO,O., HIRAMATU,T., KONDO,S.
          Proc. Electrochem.Soc.88-11(1988) 266-273

     Flow batteries, present status and research areas
          MCBREEN,J.
          Proc. Electrochem.Soc.88-11(1988) 280-292


      Investigation of the aqueous Fe-Cr redox flow cell.
          SHIMADA,M., TSUZUKI,Y., IIZUKA,Y., INOUE,M.
          Chem. & Ind., (1Feb88) 77-82

     Catalytic electrodes for the redox flow cell energy storage device.
          YANG,C.Y.
          J.App.Electrochem., 12(1982)425-434

     Chemical  and  electrochemical behaviour of  the  Cr(III)/Cr(II) 
          half-cell in the iron-chromium redox energy storage system.
          JOHNSON,D.A., REID,M.A.,
          J.Electrochem.Soc. 132(5)(May1985)1058-1062

     Carbon fiber electrode for redox flow battery.
          INOUE,M., TSUZUKI,Y., IZUKA,Y., SHIMADA,M.,
          J.Electrochem.Soc. 134(3)(Mar1987)756-757

     Efficient vanadium redox flow cell.
          SKYLLAS-KAZACOS,M., GROSSMITH,F.,
          J.Electrochem.Soc. 134(12)(Dec1987)2950-2953

     New all-vanadium redox flow cell.
          SKYLLAS-KAZACOS,M., RYCHCIK,M., ROBINS,R.G., FANE,A.G.,
          J.Electrochem.Soc. 133(5)(May1986)1057-1058

some interesting links

and for completeness sake here is Norbert's stuff again
The Vanadium Battery Yes!
The Vanadium Battery2
The Vanadium Battery3
The Vanadium Battery4
The Vanadium Battery5 this page here

http://www3.electrochem.org/letters/Mar99/lett98-08-009.pdf

Evaluation of Precipitation Inhibitors for Supersaturated Vanadyl Electrolytes for the Vanadium Redox Battery While the saturation solubility of vanadyl sulfate in 3 M H 2 SO 4 is less than 2 M/ L at 10 C, 4 M supersaturated vanadyl sulfate solutions could readily be prepared. The vanadium redox battery, pioneered at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), 1- 5 has now reached the demonstration stage for solar energy storage and load- leveling applications. The energy density of the vanadi-um redox battery is determined by the concentration of vanadium ions in the electrolyte, this being a function of the saturation solu-bility of the different oxidation states that are formed during charg-ing and discharging in the positive and negative half- cell solutions. To increase the energy density above 25 Wh/ kg therefore, precipitation inhibitors were considered to stabilize supersaturated vanadium electrolytes for the vanadium battery. Potassium sulfate, on the other hand, is likely to act by forming stable potassium compounds with some fraction of the vanadium sulfate solution species, thus reducing the degree of supersaturation and stabilizing the solution against precip-itation. In the case of urea addition, similar results were obtained as for SHMP. The rate of precipitation of the vanadyl sulfate decreased with increasing urea content up to 5 wt % at which point no precip-itation was observed within the 90 day observation period. Effect of K 2 SO 4 addition on the precipitation rate of 4 M vanadyl sulfate in 3 M H 2 SO 4 at 4 C. Table I. Induction time (in days) for start of precipitation of VOSO 4 from supersaturated V( IV) solution at 4 C for various additives.

Keywords: adsorbing, density, Battery, function, Power, VOSO, Electrochemical, acidic vanadyl solution, vanadium sulfate solution, Supersaturated Vanadyl Electrolytes, stable supersaturated vanadyl, stabilize supersaturated vanadium, vanadyl sulfate solutions, supe
 

Summary:

New and emerging energy storage technologies such as the vanadium redox battery and high- speed flywheel are considered as possible alternative energy storage systems in PV applications. PV systems are now used in a range of powering applications. These range from simple water pumping and remote gate control on farms, to highway traffic flow metering and railway control signaling, to remote- area homestead powering, to powering critical telecommunications networks, through to village lighting and power. Energy storage is a fundamental and critical part of any practical PV system, and involves the storage of excess PV- generated energy in a form suitable for use during periods of when the solar input is insufficient to support load demands. Traditionally, the lead- acid battery has been the technology of choice in PV- systems. This is primarily due to the comparative technical simplicity and the substantial capital cost advantage of the lead- acid battery over other possible energy storage technologies. However, the performance of the lead- acid battery compared to other components of contemporary PV- systems is varied, and on a life cycle basis, the lead- acid battery becomes a significant element of total system costs. Two new and emerging energy storage technologies currently under development - the vanadium redox battery (VRB) and the high-speed flywheel - are also considered as emerging practical alternatives to the lead- acid battery in many PV applications.

Keywords: alternative, Devices, batteries, applications, associated, Australia, flywheel, support, Ltd, acid, VRLA battery technology, lead acid battery, acid battery varies, electrodes battery plates, acid battery technology, life VRLA battery, acid battery cost,

http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2018/1998/1401_a.pdf

Summary: Illenberger: Thermodynamics of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries 1401 Thermodynamics of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries - Electrochemical and Calorimetric Investigations 14, D- 18051 Rostock, Germany Key Words: Electrochemistry / Redox Flow Batteries / Solutions / Thermodynamics Thermodynamic properties of the so- called All- Vanadium battery used as energy storage system and other va-nadium redox systems related to the All- Vanadium battery have been studied. No direct calorimetric measurements of the molar reaction enthalpy of the All- Vanadium battery reaction is possible, but the sum of the molar reaction enthalpies of the two dispro-portion reactions gives the molar reaction enthalpy of the All- Vanadium battery reaction. Redox flow batteries provide energy storage systems which have sufficient capacity and flexibility in order to guarantee a continuous availability of electrical energy. 2 Schematics of the electrochemical test cell EC= electrochemical cell, G= graphite plates, M= membrane, R= liquid reservoirs, P= liquid pumps, C= optical cell (cuvette), GF= optical glass fibers, UV-VIS= UV- VIS spectrometer and in the catholyte: VO 2 2H e , V 3 H2O . 3 The molar reaction Gibbs enthalpy DGi , the molar reaction entropy DSi and the molar reaction enthalpy DHi can be deter-mined from the cell voltages DEi 0 and their temperature 30) -226.0 0.5 kJ mol -1 DHII =DHIV -DHI -172.0 kJ mol -1 DHII =DHI +DHIII -170.5 kJ mol -1 DHII = 1 Illenberger: Thermodynamics of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries 1409 Table 2 Electrochemical, calorimetric and derived thermodynamic properties of vanadium redox reactions at 298.15 K

http://www.sae.org/products/papers/1999-01-2616.htm
SAE Technical Papers Document Number: 1999-01-2616
Title: Development of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery System Meeting Where Presented: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, August 1999, Vancouver, BC, CANAD, Session: Storage Systems Author(s): Takeo S. Saitoh - Tohoku University Akira Hoshi - Tohoku University

http://www.hookele.com/mt/forum/messages/552.html

POsted by: mailto:daniel@maui.net

NEW AUSTRALIAN INVENTION MAKES BATTERY STORAGE FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS LONG-LIVED, RELIABLE AND NON POLLUTING.

Come learn more about this breakthrough.

We are inviting people who have shown a business and community interest in creating renewable energy systems on Maui to a meeting at the Maui Electric building, 210 W. Kamehameha Ave., Kahului, on Monday, June 14 from 5 to 6:30 PM.
Representatives from the County and Maui Electric will also attend.
A general manager from Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation and Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation will be on Maui to make a presentation about a new, better kind of battery system (invented by a woman professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia).
This battery could be very important in practical storage of wind and photovoltaic energy, even to store diesel generated power to help meet peak utility needs. It also seems ideal for emergency back up power systems that must replace failed utility power for hospitals, police, etc.

Here are more details: The Vanadium Redox Battery appears to represent a major step forward in power storage: lower cost, relatively non-toxic, very long life (renewable), high storage capacity and ability to deliver power at high density. More info is available at: http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au/centers/vrb/ and http://www.pinnaclevrb.com.au/second.html

I have been writing to the inventor, and received this reply:
>Dear Daniel,
> Thank you for the information - your application looks ideal for the
>vanadium battery and it would be a great thing for the environment if you
>could avoid burning diesel fuel for your electricity needs. I will pass on
>this email to Pinnacle, but also to Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation
>(subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Corp) in Japan who are the licensees of
>the technology for Solar Energy storage in the USA. They have already
>installed a 200 kw/ 800 kWh load-leveling demonstration battery in Japan
>and are looking for an opportunity to build a larger unit. They also have a
>video showing their 800 kWh demononstration battery.
Professor Maria Skyllas-Kazacos
School of Chemical Engineering &
Industrial Chemistry,
University of New South Wales,
Sydney, 2052, AUSTRALIA
Phone: 61-2-9385-4335
Fax : 61-2-9385-5966
Website address:
http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au/staff/Maria_Skyllas-Kazacos/Skyllas.htm
 

and the representative from Japan has also written:
 

>I am with Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation and
>also Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and both companies have been
>developing the vanadium battery technology since 10 years ago and are
>entitled to develop and commercialize the vanadium battery business under
>the exclusive license of Pinnacle VRB, the technology successor of the
>University of New South Wales. Moreover, I am responsible for the planning
>and commercialization of the battery.
>
>In the meantime, I will happen to visit the States in the beginning of
>June. So, I can visit with you at Honolulu or Maui in the morning on June
>14, Monday or June 15, Tuesday on my way back to Japan, if it is acceptable
>to you. If you are interested in meeting me, please let me know your
>convenience by return.
>
>Best Regards,
>
>Akira Shibata, General Manager, V Battery Division,
> Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation
> and also, General Manager, R&D Coordination Department
> Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
> Address ; 5-2, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005
> Japan
> Phone ; +81-3-3283-5833
> Fax ; +81-3-3283-5809
> E-mail ; ENG3199@cc.me.m-kagaku.co.jp

http://www.pc.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de/bunsen/abstracts/E9944.html

Berichte der Bunsen-Gesellschaft: Paper E 9944

Thermodynamic properties of the so-called All-Vanadium battery used as energy storage system and other vanadium redox systems related to the All-Vanadium battery have been studied. An electrochemical cell has been constructed to measure the equilibrium cell voltages as function of the degree of charging in the temperature range from 278 K to 323 K. The first system studied is the disproportion reaction of VO²⁺ ions with the two half cell reactions VO²⁺ + H₂O <=> VO₂⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^- and VO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^- <=> V³⁺ + H₂O. The second system is the All-Vanadium battery reaction with the two half cell reactions VO²⁺ + H₂O <=> VO₂⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^- and V³⁺ + e^- <=> V²⁺. The third system is the disproportion reaction of V³⁺ ions with the half cell reactions V³⁺ + H₂O <=> VO²⁺ + 2 H⁺ + e^- and V³⁺ + e^- <=> V²⁺. The molar reaction Gibbs energy, the molar reaction enthalpy, and the molar reaction entropy of each system has been obtained from these data. Additionally the molar reaction enthalpy of the two disproportion reactions and of the reaction V²⁺ + 2 VO₂⁺ + 2 H⁺ <=> 3 VO²⁺ + H₂O has been measured directly by titration calorimetry. The results agree with those obtained from the electrochemical data for the disproportion reactions. No direct calorimetric measurements of the molar reaction enthalpy of the All-Vanadium battery reaction is possible, but the sum of the molar reaction enthalpies of the two disproportion reactions gives the molar reaction enthalpy of the All-Vanadium battery reaction. Comparison with the electrochemically determined molar reaction enthalpy of the All-Vanadium battery reaction shows good agreement indicating satisfying thermodynamic consistency of the whole procedure.

Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102, 1401 (1998)

http://www.federationgroup.com.au  Tel:  +61+3+96541100  Fax: +61+3+96542388
Vanteck (VRB) Technology Corp 1650-999 West Hastings Street  Vancouver, BC, Canada V6C 2W2  Tel: 1-800-773-7317
CAPITAL STRUCTURE  Trading Symbol:  CDNX  : VRB  Shares outstanding: 26 million  Insider Holdings: 13 million  Estimated Float: 13 million
52-Week High/Low: $2.25/0.75   Controlling Shareholder: Federation Group Ltd (13m shares)
ENERGY STORAGE FOR UTILITIES & INDUSTRY  The world’s solution to Utility “BROWN-OUTS”
CORPORATE PROFILE
Vanteck Technology Corp. (CDNX: "VRB" / NASD Electronic Pink Sheets: "VTTCF"), based in Vancouver, BC, Canada, is now the largest shareholder in Pinnacle VRB Limited the company that owns the Intellectual Property rights to the Vanadium Redox Battery (“VRB”). The VRB is an energy storage technology, which has the potential to efficiently deliver commercial, operational and environmental benefits for the world's electricity industry.
Originally conceived by NASA and later patented by the University of New South Wales, Australia, the VRB is an energy storage technology that allows electricity to be stored via rechargeable fuel cells using redox flow technology. Unlike other Fuel cells, the VRB operates at room temperature and operates at efficiencies of approximately 80%.
Electricity is difficult to store on a large scale. As a result, electricity supply systems are built and operated so that production matches peak demand. By using the VRB, it is possible to store large amounts of power during the low demand periods and have enough power to supply back into the grid during the peak periods without an increase in power production, thereby reducing costs, brown-outs and improving efficiency.
The technology has been proven and tested in the Japanese market and is now poised to spread to other parts of the world.
THE TECHNOLOGY
The VRB is most suited to stationary applications at the Generation, Transmission, Distribution and end user levels. The VRB exhibits attractive technical performance characteristics and cost competitiveness compared to other conventional lead-acid and nickel-cadmium battery technologies typically used in these applications.
Operational advantages of the VRB are:
· It has no life degradation from deep discharge and recharge
· Environmentally friendly
· Can operate with one or more electrical inputs and outputs at multiple voltage levels.
· It can be charged and discharged simultaneously.
· The VRB storage capacity is scalable and flexible.
· No chemical degradation due to corrosion.
· Energy storage is accurately measured using a direct electrical reading (fuel gauge).
· Provides power independent of the energy storage capacity.
· It is not limited by packaging constraints.
· Remains undamaged by fluctuating power demands.
To view a complete Power Point presentation, please link to: http://www4.tpg.com.au/users/joesmith/vrb.ppt
STRATEGIC ALLIANCES AND PARTNERSHIPS
Vanteck, through its African VRB business, has an alliance with Highveld Steel and Vanadium Corporation of South Africa for vanadium supply and vanadium electrolyte manufacturing. Highveld is a significant producer of vanadium and is working with Vanteck on the electrolyte for its South African 250kw VRB demonstration unit.
Vanteck’s other alliance partner in Africa is TSI-Eskom the South African national power utility and the fifth (5th) largest power utility in the world.
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
The problems experienced in the USA, as highlighted by the Californian power crisis over the past few months, can to a large extent be assisted by the adoption of a viable energy storage to provide, among other things Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).
The world market for deep cycle, rechargeable, industrial storage batteries exceeds $5 billion annually. Telecommunication companies are the largest users of storage batteries for back-up power on grid connected DC powered systems, such as switches, receivers and transmitters that must continue to operate in the event of electricity grid failure. Such companies are also large users of storage batteries for non-grid connected equipment located in remote areas.
The Power Quality Equipment and Services Market should reach $6.3 billion by 2007, up from $2.9 billion in 1997, according to BCC Research. This represents an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 8.1%.