Iraq has more than 22 million date trees. Two vegetable plants, colocynth and licorice, grow naturally in Iraq, and the people have traditionally used licorice for fuel. Crops include barley, wheat, watermelons, tomatoes, dates, grapes, cucumbers, and oranges.

The soils of Iraq are of two different kinds. Heavy alluvial deposits, containing a significant amount of humus and clay, make up one type and are useful for construction. The lighter soils, lacking in humus and clay content, contain wind-deposited nutrients. A high saline content mars the otherwise rich composition of the soils. Irrigation and flood-control projects on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers help increase the agricultural production of this area.

Camels are among the animals found in Iraq. (click to enlarge)

Wild animals of Iraq include camels, gazelles, pigs, jackals, foxes, and rabbits. Among the many varieties of birds are ducks, partridges, and snipes as well as herons and others native to the marshes. Various species of water buffalo are bred in the marshlands, and rural people raise sheep, goats, and cattle.