I work full time providing customer care for wireless users. I get calls everyday from people who don't understand their bills, how roaming works, how their plan works, pro-ration, and mostly, how their cell phones work.

I will do my best to cover general issues that I get asked the most about and I will try to stay away from the technical side of things and keep it as basic as I can.

 

Contents:

  1. Some History of the Cell Phone
  2. How Cell Phones Work
  3. Some Answers to Common Questions about Cell Phones.
  4. How Cell Towers Work
  5. Home Calling Area.
  6. Basic Roaming and Long Distance.
  7. Roaming from Interference and Accidental Roaming
  8. Pro-Ration of Minutes and Plans
  9. Companies billings and Collections Policies
  10. Vacation and Lost/Stolen Suspensions
  11. If Someone Offers to Return Your Phone for a Fee
  12. Phone Viruses
  13. Some Questions for a New Provider.

Some History into the Cell Phone.

The basic concept of cellular phones began in 1947 when researchers looked at crude mobile (car) phones.

Anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves comes under a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation that a cellular phone is actually a type of two-way radio. Motorola actually designed and built the first "Walkie Talkie".

In 1947, AT&T proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio spectrum frequencies so that widespread mobile phone service could become a reality.

In 1968, the FCC decided to relax more restrictions and AT&T - Bell Labs proposed a cellular phone system to the FCC of many small, low-powered broadcast towers, and as cars moved across the area their cellular phone calls would be passed from tower to tower.

On April 3, 1973, Motorola vice presidents Marty Cooper and John Mitchell went to New York to show off a new type of phone. It was the DynaTAC, a 30-ounce portable, cordless phone, described affectionately as the "boot," based on its shape.

By 1977, AT&T Bell Labs constructed and operated a prototype cellular phone system. A year later, public trials of the new cellular phone system were started in Chicago, IL with over 2000 trial cellular phone customers. In 1979, the first commercial cellular phone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio phone started a second US Cellular radiophone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. By 1982, the slow moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular phone service for the USA. A year later, the first American commercial for analog cellular phone service or AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was offered in Chicago, IL by Ameritech. Despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service 37 years to become commercially available in the United States.

Consumer demand quickly outstripped the cellular phone system's 1982 standards, by 1987, cellular phone subscribers exceeded one million, and the airways were crowded. To stimulate the growth of new cellular phone technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular phone licensees may employ alternative cellular phone technologies in the 800 MHz band. The cellular phone industry began to research new transmission technology as an alternative.

Now phones are going to the 1900 MHz range and are able to do basic Internet functions.

These days, I'm not sure who is winning the "Upgrade to newest technology" contest here, cell phones or computers!

 

Pictures of older cell phones.

The far left is nicknamed a bag phone (duhhh), and the closer one, a brick phone. They both weighed about a brick (seemed like!)

I find it funny when people call up and ask for a smaller, lighter cell phone. Most cell phones nowadays weigh less then 6 ounces. Some are even down around 3 oz!

They are getting so freaking small, that a woman could lose it in her purse!

 

How Cell Phones Work.

 

Cell phones don't send and receive directly to another cell phone. A cell phone sends information to a tower that receives the strongest signal, then that information goes through your provider's equipment, then to the cell tower that is closest to the person you are talking to.

When you call a 'landline' phone, the cell phone signals the nearest tower, then to your provider's equipment, then to a different system process, then to the landline phone.

In order for that to happen, your cell phone must be programmed to your service. There is a serial number that is built in to the phone (and not interchangeable) that gets put on your service (provider's system), telling the system to let that cell phone make and receive calls. Your cell phone also needs to know which area is it's home calling area. This is also programmed into the phone as well as the system.

With all this done, you can now make and receive calls.

 

Some Answers to Common Questions About Cell Phones.

New Question: When does a provider renew my contract?

A: Several reasons. 1. if you change the plan for any reason, even if you just go to higher minutes. 2 If your provider offers Vacation as a plan, and not as a suspension. (See vacation info below.) 3 If you want the latest rebates on phones. 4 If you want the free evenings to start earlier (Example: 7PM instead of like 9PM).

New Question: Why can't I send a picture to someone with a different provider?

A: You can, but you can't dial them, you have to e-mail it. If you are with Sprint, and they are with T-mobile, they don't have access to the sprint network, and therefor can't just dial you number and send the picture. They could send it to your e-mail address for you phone, (you@sprint.com) and you can download it to your phone from your e-mail.

Q: If my cell phone is lost/stolen, can someone use it?

A: Depends. If you lose your cell phone, and you have not noticed or reported it lost/stolen to your provider, then yes, someone can use it just as you can. The sooner you call in to report it, the better. Providers will tell you, you are responsible for all charges up until the time you called in and reported your cell phone missing. Do this as soon as you can and the service will be suspended, and the lost/stolen cell phone denied access. (Some providers may charge a small fee for this, and/or reinstating your service)

Q: Is there a waiting period to get my service and phone suspended/reinstated?

A: No. Once you verify yourself to the Rep, It should take seconds for request to go through the system.

Q: Now that my lost/stolen cell phone has been denied, can someone program it for a different wireless number or different service?

A: No. It is the cell phone itself that is denied access, and not the wireless number.

Q: Is my wireless number married to my cell phone now that's it been programmed?

A: No. Numbers are somewhat married to your plan and not to your cell phone. You can buy a second cell phone for the same provider and program that phone with your wireless number in place of the first cell phone. Even in the same day. Businesses with dozens of phones provided to their employee's will do this all the time.

Q: Can two cell phones be programmed for the same wireless number?

A: No, but sometimes what can happen is while a customer is programming a replacement phone, the old phone is left on. Then for a short time, two phones will be sharing the same wireless number. What will happen is the system will see two phones (with different serial no's) are using the same service. The system may deny or fail both phones (because it will look like fraud to the system), and then you will be stuck on another phone for a long time talking to your provider's Customer Care Rep or Technical Help getting the mess fixed. The best thing to do when you want to program a new phone is to call your provider from a landline, make sure your old cell phone is off, and have your new cell phone handy.

Q: Can one cell phone have more then one wireless number?

A: Depends on the cell phone. Some only can have one wireless number programmed in, others can have two or three. It's called Dual-NAM or Multi-NAM (Numeric Assignment Module). People needing service in two or three different places in the country would do this. It's not used much anymore because you will have to get separate plans and service for each wireless number programmed. Now people who need to travel all over the country will go with a total coverage plan, or a National plan.

Q: Can a cell phone from, say Verizon, be programmed for, say AT&T Wireless?

A: No. Regardless of what kind of cell phone it is, even if they are both the same make and model of phone, they cannot be switched from one provider to another.

Q: Is it true that even if a cell phone has no service, you can still call 911?

A: Yes. Even if a cell phone has been taken off of service, regardless of why, and as long as there is power in the battery and the cell phone has a decent signal, you still make 911 calls in an emergency.

Q: What are these new regulatory fees I'm getting charged now?

A: These new fees are for the consumer's benefit. One is number pooling. Without getting too technical, you can keep your number regardless of which provider you switch to as long as you are in the same area. Also, let's say you call in and start new service and need a number for your area, but your provider is out of numbers in your area. And lets say another provider has lots of numbers in your area, but has little customers needing them. The second provider must give up some of these numbers (or put back into the pool) so the first provider can give you a number to use.

Another important service included with this fee, is enhanced 9-11. Before you used to have to describe where you were to 9-11 during an emergency. Now you don't. They can now find out with triangulation. Fantastic for emergencies where the person who needs assistance, can't speak, or needs to be quiet.

Think about that the next time you feel under $2 is alot of money. What it is, is peace of mind.

Q: Why when I signed up, they promised free Start Of Service/activation fee, yet I'm getting an activation fee!?!

A: Some third party venders/dealers have their own separate Start Of Service/Activation fee on top of the SOS fee from the provider, which means, there is actually 2, SOS fees. These third party vendors/dealers will sometimes get you to sign a contract stating you can't cancel with them (and not the provider) for at least 60 to 90 days or more, making you miss the Provider's 'Buyer's Remorse' window of 15 to 30 days. Nice huh?

Customer Care reps usually try to warn consumers to be wary of third party vendors separate charges, or better yet, always deal with a proper provider's retail store.

Q: Why would I pay to download ring tones when I can get them for free on a free website?

A: The whole time I worked doing customer care I had several people call in with funny characters on screen, everything not working except one or two things, etc. Because they downloaded free ring tones on a various site. Basically you can get viruses on cell phones. More here.

Basically, if you did this and got a virus, your phone is now junk and won't be covered by Warranty. You probably realize now, it wasn't worth not having to pay the extra $1.50 or whatever your cell phone company charges for ring tones.

Q: What does 'Extended Area' mean?

A: Extended area is in or near your home calling area, but on a different provider's tower. This tower you are on maybe a provider that shares towers with your provider, or they may not. The big problem with Extended areas are, your provider doesn't know who's tower you are on until that provider sends your provider the bill. This is when you will see a "Delayed Billing' charge on your bill. It will show up as charges for a past date. It will look like your provider is charging you twice, but they are not.

What I usually tell customer's is when you are in an Extended area, treat it like a Roaming area.

Q: What's the real difference between Prepaid and postpaid?

A: Besides the obvious, Prepaid you get a set amount of minutes and when they run out, you can't call anymore (These types of plans are the best to start the teens out with). With Postpaid, if you go over your minutes, you can keep calling, but now you will pay a set amount for each minute over your plan minutes.

So, for example, let's say you have a local plan and you have 400 anytime minutes each month. Now let's say this month you used 476 minutes. In your contract, you will be charged $0.45 a minute over your plan minutes. Since you went over by 76 minutes, you will have to pay an extra $34.20 on you coming bill.

 

How Cell Towers Work.

 

OK, so why are there places in my home calling area I can't make calls from?

The problem is cell towers don't put out perfect circles of signal or provide total coverage. Neither does you cell phone for that matter.

This is probably a more accurate representation of what kind of signal pattern towers put out over real ground. The yellow represents overlap of signal, and the gray is weak or dead areas. (Possibly no signal available)

Various things can distort outside signal are: buildings of any kind, power lines, small valleys, hills, trees, lakes, iron deposits in the ground, junkyards, parking lots, etc. Inside can be things like: pipes, ductwork, power lines, a bathtub, etc.

With this being the case, it's comes down to not which tower is closer to you in distance, but which tower gets a stronger signal from you.

In cities, there are a lot more towers because of there is a lot more things that can interfere with signal.

 

Two photos I took of cell towers.

The non-colored tower on the far left is probably also rebroadcasting other signals, maybe some local radio stations or other local signals.

The colored one is near a small airport. (Notice the light beacon on top?) I love the color scheme also.

These are now the standard.

 

Home Calling Area

 

Home Calling Area

The home calling area is usually the local area where you can be using your phone without getting roaming and or long distance charges.

Your Provider's tower(s) is getting the stronger signal and there isn't any issues.

If you have a nation wide plan, your HCA will be where ever your provider's towers are.

In the next three examples we will show for HCA and roaming without the tower icons.

 

Calling from your Home Calling Area.

In this first example, I will show you the most ideal situation.

You have a local plan and you have nation wide long distance (LD).

Nation wide Long Distance (LD) only applies if you are making calls from your Home Calling Area (HCA)

You are in your home calling area, and you call a number that is either inside or outside your area. You are only using minutes. No roaming charges or LD charges apply.

 

Basic Roaming and Long Distance Charges.

 

Basic Roaming

This example shows basic Roaming and how you're charged.

Basic roaming occurs when you are using your phone outside your home calling area, or if you are on a nationwide plan, and you are accessing equipment and towers that isn't your provider's.

Now you are outside your HCA. You call a number that's in the same city that you are roaming in.

In other words the number is local to your present position, so no long Distance charges will apply here.

You are using your anytime minutes, and you are also being charged for roaming every minute you are using your phone while in this Roaming area.

On your bill, the anytime minutes won't show as a charge, but there will be roaming charges added.

 

 

Roaming with Long Distance charges.

This example shows Roaming and Long Distance combined. This is the one that confuses people the most.

You are still outside your HCA. You now call a number that is now Long Distance from your present position.

Even though you are calling back home to your HCA, it's Long Distance to your present position.

You are using minutes, you are getting hit with roaming charges, (because you're outside your HCA) AND, you are getting LD charges because you are calling a number that is Long distance from your present location.

 

Roaming from Interference and Accidental Roaming

 

Roaming from Interference

In the next two examples, I will show the towers signal field again.

As you can see in this example, Tower 'A' is closer, but Tower 'B' is getting a better signal from our friend.

The buildings are the culprit in this case. They are causing interference. In these examples, it could be anything causing the interference, and not just buildings.

Since Tower 'B' is a roaming tower, you'd register as roaming regardless of whether you are in your HCA or not.

 

Accidental Roaming

How come I'm in my home calling area, and I still get roaming charges. They even sent me a map of my home calling area and it shows I'm OK. What is my provider trying to pull!?!

Your provider is not trying to pull anything. In this example we call this 'Accidental Roaming'

Basically, you are in your home calling area, but for whatever reason, a roaming tower is getting a better signal. Kinda like in the above example. The blue line is the border of HCA to roaming area.

This doesn't happen often, but when it does, call your provider and they will do some research.

They don't do this for every bill because it is expensive, but they will check the signal from all the other towers during that call and through triangulation, your provider will be able to tell exactly where you were when you made the call.

 

Pro-Ration of Minutes and Plans

 

People are still needing to understand how pro-ration works.

Lets say your billing cycle ends on the 30th of every month. You have a plan that is 400 anytime minutes. On the 16th, you want to change your plan to a 600 minute plan. And then you get a big bill cause you went over. You thought you would get 600 anytime minutes, but you actually got 500 minutes. Here's why:

All the phone companies that I know of work on a 30 day cycle. It doesn't matter when it starts. You could have a 15/14 cycle, or a 22/21 cycle, or a 7/6, it doesn't matter. You need to remember that any monthly plan should be viewed as a 30 day plan. This is this very important to understand pro-ration.

We are gonna use the 30/1 cycle. This cycle starts on the 1st and ends on the 30 of every month.

OK, so on the morning of the 16th you want to up your minutes. You keep the same type of plan (consumer, non shared),but you changed your plan from a 400 minute plan (at $40 a month) to a 600 minute plan (at $50 a month). Because you did this change halfway through you billing cycle, you get half of each plan.

From the 1st to the 15th: 400 divided by 30 days (total in a billing cycle) x 15 days (you were on this plan) = 200 minutes, and $40 divided by 30 x 15 = $20. So now for the first 15 days, you have 200 minutes, and you pay $20 dollars

The next 15 days, (From the 16th to the 30), you get 300 minutes at $25. (600 divided by 30 x 15 = 300. And $50 divided by 30 x 15 = $25) you add the two together: 200 minutes + 300 minutes = 500 minutes, and $20 + $25 = 45 dollars.

So, at the end of the month, you only got 500 minutes and you paid a Monthly Reoccurring Charge (MRC) of $45.

 

Now we are gonna change the type of plan.

We are gonna use the same costs and minutes, but we are going from a single line consumer plan, to a family shared plan.

The real problem is you don't get 500 total minutes, you get 200 minutes for the first part, and 300 minutes for the second part of the month. If you use more then 200 minutes from the 1st to the 15th, you will get a bigger bill for that part of the month. A lot of companies do this if the plan type changes along with the minutes. Check with your provider if they do this.

The best advice is whenever possible, don't make plan or minutes changes until it's the end of your billing cycle.

 

Companies billings and Collections Policies

 

Some companies treat late payments differently. If there is a billing issue, such as a misapplied payment, some companies will allow this amount to be 'set aside' in dispute, and the person's bill continues on until the issue is resolved.

Other companies will tell you the customer will have to pay the total bill off, then if and when the amount in dispute gets resolved, the company will issue a credit later on.

If you had to make a deposit on the account to get activation, because your credit isn't up to par, this Provider will turn the phone off if you have a 'total spending limit' on your account, and you've exceeded it. When you are in this type of situation, the provider's system adds you MRC's on an hourly basis, instead of a monthly basis.

Let's say you have a $50 plan, and with taxes it comes to $59.73. If you divide this over the entire month: $59.73 / 30 (days in a billing cycle) that equals 1.99 a day. So lets say your total spending limit is $125, and lets also say because of a balance forwarded from the month before, and last month you went over your minutes, you bill is at 123.33. You think you're OK till the end of the month, just before your bill posts - but you are wrong.

What's going to happen, is in one day the system is going to add $1.99 to $124.33 to your bill and the next day, your phone will be shut off. (Yes, for $1.32.) You will probably call in and say what is the lowest payment you can make to get your phone turned back on, and of course the Rep will say like $5. You pay $5 and your phone will stay on for about two days, then it goes off again. This time, when you call back, you're really mad.

For whatever reasons, you let your bill lapse, and now (if you are on a limited budget) it's gonna be hard to get caught up.

Here's some ways to get caught up.

  1. Switch to a Lower plan if your usage allows it.
  2. If you are going over in minutes, and you use your phone for work, go to a higher plan.(You actually save money going to a higher plan then if you stay on a lower plan and go over in minutes.)
  3. Vacation is a temp fix, but if you don't need the phone for about a few weeks to a month, try it.
  4. Remove some of the extras on your plan if they are just luxury components. (Like a Picture Pak, or Wireless Web options)
  5. Realize your bill comes every month and you will have to do what it takes to get caught up. (For alot of people who call in, You still get a charge, even if you don't get a bill) If you are using your phone, you are creating a bill.

 

Vacation and Lost/Stolen Suspensions

 

Vacation

When you phone you Provider and ask to put your phone on Vacation, some will for a small fee. The phone can't be used, and there isn't any Monthly Reoccurring Charges. You will have to call your provider back to remove the plan from suspension.

This is provided for up to a month, and the time you had left on your plan stays the same. Kinda like if you took a loaf of bread, cut it in half, and pushed them apart. You still have a full loaf of bread, it's just that now there's a space between them.

From other Providers, Vacation is like a really cheap plan. You pay a MRC, and you can still use your phone, but if you do use your phone, you don't get any minutes, you just pay like $1 a minute. In this type of Vacation plan, it's actually considered a plan, and when you switch back to what you had, you may find out that you had to renew your contract.

Call your provider and ask what kind of vacation plan/suspension they offer. Never assume.

Lost/stolen suspensions.

As soon as you realize you phone is missing, call in. It takes a just a minute for the Customer Care rep to verify you, and suspend your account. The same thing with finding it and taking off the suspension.

 

If someone offers to return your phone for a fee

if you have lost your phone and You call your own phone, (Hoping someone found it) and someone answers it, and you say, "can I get my Phone back?", and they say something like for a few dollars, they will.

I actually had a caller tell me a similar story, and when I called the lost cell phone for the customer, a woman answered and she actually stated, "Well my grandson found it, and I feel because of the good deed he did, she should pay my grandson like $20 for a reward."

Good deed yes, until she added the 'should pay'. It's not a reward anymore, it's now called extortion. This woman actually demanded a reward.

In this case, agree to pay, get the address or arrange a meeting, call the police, and tell them what's going on. If this is like the above real example, then maybe instead of charging the Grandmother and son, teach them a lesson with the local Police.

It's actually the grandmother who should know better...

Don't try this without the cops. It could backfire on you in a real hurry, and you could be the one who gets charged. Be smart with this one. (For example, they could figure out you are not going to pay, and they try to leave, and you either try to stop them from getting into their car, or you end up in a car chase. Either case, you are now in trouble.)

 

Phone Viruses

I have had people call in from downloading free ringtones onto their phone and then end up with a phone that shows funny characters or it just won't work. Warranty won't cover for this.

Viruses have been appearing on phones as far back as 2001 - 2002 (that I remember)

Cell phones have software comparable to older computers. It's kind of like the firmware on your motherboard. You screw it up, or install the wrong one, and basically the MB is junk, (unless you know the old trick of switching chips on same boards)

The big problem is you can't just wipe the hard drive on a phone (since there isn't a hard drive), the operating system for the phone is on a IC chip (integrated circuit) and can't just be wiped. You can upgrade the software (Firmware) but in the end, if you get a virus, the phone is basically junk.

Cell phone viruses are becoming more and more common.

Don't download free ringtones from the Internet. They have been known to be viruses.

Anti-Virus for Phones.

Symantec Anti-Virus Engine is a file-based scanner for some Nokia phones and pads. I haven't found out yet if other companies offer anti-virus on other phones.

 

Some Questions for a New Provider.

First off, make sure you are going to the provider's outlet. Don't go to a third company that offers various plans from various companies. One difference is two contracts instead of one. They may be a proper retail store, but just ask them. (One sure fire way to tell is they will offer sell products and plans from more then one Provider.) Best Buy, Radio Shack, and the like are retail stores and will probably have a separate contract. (Here in Canada it will be: The Phone Booth, The Source (formerly Radio Shack), Futureshop, Best Buy, and the like.

  • Do you have a separate contract from the provider? (If yes, leave the store now! No, really... don't bother with this headache) but if you do...
  • How much to break your contract?
  • How much to break the Providers contract?
  • Do you have a buyer's remorse period, and how long is it? (this is usually where they get you. The Provider may have one, but usually the 3rd party store doesn't have any Buyer's Remorse period, or it's shorter then the Provider's)
  • Does the Provider have a Buyer's Remorse period, and how long is it?
  • What is the Provider's usual decision on billing disputes? Do they allow for a 'dispute time', or do I have to pay it up front, and then the provider will reimburse me later?
  • What kind of coverage do you have in my area, and where is my local calling area? (Get info on this)
  • Free calls to people who all have the same provider? (i.e. AT&T customer can call other AT&T customers for free)
  • What is the Start of Service fee?
  • What are the other fees? (such as enhanced 911, Number Pooling, and hidden local taxes)
  • Do you have free nights and weekends? If not, how many minutes for these times?
  • What are your charges for going over minutes? (Can vary according to plan)
  • Can I turn off the option of text messages, or web access? (Good if your not ever going to use it, and want to avoid more unexpected charges and/or text spam.)
  • How can I avoid Telemarketers? (In the USA, you have a DO NOT CALL LIST. Get on it!)
  • Do you 'Grandfather' plans or do you force your clients to change? (Grandfather-ed plans are plans that are not offered anymore, but you still can keep them as long as you make 'ZERO' changes to your plan.
  • If I change my type of plan, do you prorate the plan, minutes and the month? (see Proration above)
  • Do you round up minutes? (alot of Providers do this)

 

If you have any questions or comments, please e-mail me at:

jar67peri @ hotmail.com
 

Tower, man, and other picture Icons were taken from Cool clip.com, (http://dir.coolclips.com/) personal usage allowed.