Name:_______________
Date:__________
1. The approximate ___ bones of the human body are the ______ of our ________ ______.
2. An _____ is a group of tissue that functions together to carry out _____ __________.
3. Bones are _____ and _____ to living.
4. Our skeletal system gives us _________ and allows us to ________.
5. Bones are joined to each other at joints by _________.
6. Ligaments are _____ _____ of ________ ______ which connect bones to each other.
7. Muscles are attached to bones by _______. ______ and _____ form leverage systems that allow us to ____ and do ____.
8. The skeleton protects _____ ______.
9. The skeleton serves as a reservoir of ________ which supply our blood with such minerals as _______ and __________.
10. Within bones is the ____ ______ which forms _____ _____.
11. Our bone marrow forms ________ of _________ of new ___ _____ _____ every ______.
12. The hardness of bones is due to their ____ _______ content.
13. Bones are __% mineral and __% organic matter.
14. Bones contain such minerals as_______, _________, ______, _________, _______, _________ and ________.
15. Blood vessels course through bone in small canals known as _________ ______.
16. Not all bone is ____.
17. There are two types of bone tissue: ______ and _______.
18. Spongy bone is the ____ bone in the ________ of bones and at the _____ of bone.
19. The ends of bones are referred to as the __________ of bones.
20. The shaft of bones is referred to as the __________ of bones.
21. Spongy bone is more ______ and contains more _____ ________ than does _______ bone.
22. Compact bone is ____ ____ and is found on the _______ of bones.
23. The _________ of long bones, such as the bones of the ____ and ____, are composed almost entirely of _______ ____.
24. The _________ _____ is located in the otherwise hollow center of bones and contains the ____ ______.
25. The medullary canal is formed by the action of ___________, cells which destroy bone to form ______ and ________ for _____ ________ and ______.
26. The ______ ______ contains blood vessels and fat cells.
27. The red marrow forms ___ _____ _____.
28. Lining the medullary canal is a membrane called the _________.
29. The outside surface of bone is covered with the __________, a ______ ______-_______ membrane containing _____ _______, ______ and ____-_______ cells.
30. The growth and development of bones occurs in the ___________.
31. _______ in the ________ mediate the sensations of bone ____ and ________.
32. Most of the bones of the body form in _________.
33. Bone-forming cells are called ___________.
34. Osteoblasts invade ________ and slowly _______ _________ with bone tissue in the process called ____________.
35. Cartilage ____ ___ turn into bone, but is ________ by bone.
36. ____________ refers to the process of bone formation.
37. Ossification occurs ________ life, but this process is most active in the first __ _____ of ____, after which there is no further ___________ of _________ with bone tissue.
38. The replacement of cartilage with bone begins in the ______ of the __________ in what is known as a ______ __ ____________.
39. Soon a similar ____________ ______ develops in each ________.
40. When these centers have replaced all of the cartilage with bone, the center in the ________ will meet the centers of the ________ at what is called the __________ ____.
41. The _________ ____ signifies the end of linear growth for the long bones, and means that one will not get any ______.
42. The epiphyseal line appears at about age 16 for _____ and about age 19 for ____.
43. The junction of two or more bones is called a _____.
44. Some joints are free moving, such as the ________; slightly moveable, such as ____ joined to the _____; and others are immovable, such as the _____ of the _____.
45. The ____ and ______ ______ provide the freest movement.
46. In the ____ and ______ joint, one bone with a _____ ____ moves in a ___-____ cavity of the other ____.
47. Examples of ball and socket joints are the joints between the _______ and the _______, and the _____ with the ______.
48. The upper arm bone is called the _______.
50. The shoulder blade is called the _______.
51. The upper leg bone is called the ______.
52. The hip bone is called the ______.
53. _____ ______, such as that of the elbow and knee allow movement in only ___ _____.
54. _____ ______ provide rotary movement in which a ____ rotates on a ____, or a ____ of bone _______ on a _______ ____.
55. It is a _____ ____ that allows the skull to rotate on our ____.
56. ________ ______, such as those between ________, permit limited sliding movement.
57. An _______ _____, such as that of the _____, is formed by an ____-______ surface in a _______ cavity.
58. At joints, the ends of the joined bones are covered with _____.
59. In the space between these cartilage ends is found a small amount of ___________ ______ known as ________ _____.
60. Another type of lubricating and __________ device is a _____, which is found between the bones that form the _____, _____, ___, ________ and _____.
61. The ______ ____ or back bone is built of a series of _____-____ bones called _________.
62. ________ are sort of _____ with ______ projecting from the rear to which _______ are attached.
63. It is these ______ that you can feel when you run your hand __ and ____ the _______.
64. Between each vertebrae are pads of _________ called ____________ _____ which ______ _____ and ______ in limited movement of _____.
65. The normal backbone is not ________, but has ____ curves.
66. The curve in the region of the neck is composed of _____ vertebrae and is known as the ________ ______. These _____ vertebrae are known as the ________ ________.
67. The next curve is composed of __ vertebrae and is known as the ________ _______. These __ vertebrae are called the ________ ________.
68. To the _______ ________ are connected the ribs.
69. The top ___ pairs of ribs curve around the chest area and connect to the __________.
70. The breastbone is also called the _______.
71. The bottom two pairs of ribs do not have a frontal __________ and are known as ________ ____.
72. Most people have __ pairs of ribs, but having __ or __ pair is not uncommon.
73. The third curve or the backbone is called the ______ ____ and is composed of the ____ lumbar vertebrae. This area makes up what is commonly called the "_____ __ ___ ____" and is an area in which back pain frequently occurs from ____-________.
74. The last curve of the backbone is composed of the ____ _____ _________ of the ______.
75. At birth the sacral vertebrae are not _____, but ______ occurs as we ____.
76. The last region of the spine is not a _____, but it is composed of ____ _____ ________ and is known as the ______.
77. The coccyx is commonly called our "____ ____."
78. Babies begin life with __ ________, adults have __.
79. The loss of individual bones occurs through ______.
80. In all, maturation causes us to lose about __ bones to ______.
81. The new born have about ___ bones, and adults have about ___ bones.
82. The ____, which is perched on top of the ______ _____ contains __ bones.
83. The ________ are the ___ smallest bones of the body and are located in our _____.
84. The brain cage is called the _______.
85. The cranium is composed of _ ____ bones knitted together to form lines called _______.
86. In babies, there are several areas of the _______ at which ____ _____ have not yet formed. This produces the "____ ______ or __________, of which the largest is at the ___ of the _______.
87. The ______ _____ of the bones of the cranium are the places where bone continues to ____ to accommodate the growth of the _____.
88. The skeletal system has ___ _______ to which our ____ and ____ are attached.
89. The ________ ______ consists of two collarbones (_________) and two shoulder blades (________).
90. Where _________ and ________ meet they form ________ in which the ____ hang.
91. The ______ ______ is composed of _____ pairs of fused bones, the ______, the _______ and the _____.
92. The ____ can be felt when we put our hands on our ____.
93. The ______connects with the ____ at the back at the _____-_____ joints.
94. The _____ are the bones on which we sit.
95. The _____ _____ provide the lower connection of the pelvic girdle.
96. Where ilia and pubis bones join at the __________.
97. The ________ is the cup-shaped ______ in which the rounded head of the _____ fits to form the ___ joint.
98. The bone of the upper arm is called the _______.
99. The bones of the forearm are the ____ and ______.
100. The humerus joins the ulna and radius at the _____.
101. At this joint there is a _____ which ______ over the end of the _______. If this nerve is ___, it produces a _______ __________. For this reason the humerus is called the "_____ _____."
102. The ulna and radius connect to the bones of the _____.
103. The bones of the wrist are the _______ and ___________.
104. The metacarpals join to the _________, which are the bones of the ______.
105. The _____ joins to the lower leg bones at the ____.
106. The knee cap is called the _______.
107. The lower leg bones are the ______ and _____.
108. The tibia and fibula join the _______ at the _____.
109. The bones of the foot include the _______. _________ and ________.
110. The _________ of the _____ are the bones of the toes.
111. ____________ is an infection of bones resulting from the growth of _____ within bones. The ______, usually ____________ _______, are carried to bone from the _____ ______.
112. A ________ ____ is also known as a "_______ ____."
113. a ________ ____ is a protrusion of the __________ ___ between vertebrae through a ____ in the surrounding ________.
114. The ___________ ____ is the cushioning pad between vertebrae.
115. _____ ______ is a malformation where some of the ________ fail to ____ to _______ the ______ ____. This creates a condition where the ______ ____ may be _______ of the vertebrae and ________ under the skin.
116. ________ is a sideways curvature of the spine.
117. _______ is an injury that occurs when the head is suddenly thrown ______--then jerked _____, as in the cracking of a ___.
118. _______ usually results in a sprained neck, but it occasionally causes ____ and _____ damage.
119. ________ is an inflammation of the bursa, usually affecting the ________,_____,____, or _____.
120. ______ _____ is a form of bursitis which is caused by putting severe ______ on the _____ joint.
121. ______________ is the enlargement of the canals or spaces in bone causing bones to be _____ and ______. This _______ the bone and makes it _______ and ______ ______. ____________ is more common in ____ ____, especially in ____ after ________.
122. ________ ___________ ________ appears to make osteoporosis ____ likely to develop.
123. A _______ ______ is one in which bone breaks through the skin.
124. A ______ ________ is one in which the bone does not break
through the skin.