| Date | Historical Event |
| 1801.1.1 |
Britain enacted the Act of Union whereby Britain and Ireland were formally
united as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (called "Britain" in short;
commonly called "England").
|
| 1801.2.9 |
France and Austria signed the Treaty of Luneville, which confirmed the
supremacy of French influence in northern Italy. Austria withdrew from the Second Coalition.
Tuscany was ceded to Parma. On .8.3 of the same year France installed Lodovico I, a royal member
of Parma, as King of Etruria and renamed Tuscany as the Kingdom of Etruria.
|
| 1801.3.23 |
The Russian nobles staged the "March 11th Coup" (it was March 11th according to the
Russian calendar) and overthrew Tsar Pavel. On the next day Aleksandr I was installed as
Tsar.
|
| 1801.7.1 |
Toussaint l'Ouverture, leader of the Haitian Revolution, conquered the Spanish dependency of
Santo Domingo on the eastern part of Hispaniola and unified the whole island. He made himself
Governor for life and proclaimed self-rule of the island. In 1802.6 France captured Toussaint
l'Ouverture and suppressed the Revolution. But Dessalines started another revolt in the
same year.
|
| 1802.3.27 |
Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, by which Britain returned the
French colonies it occupied to France. The Second Coalition was thus dissolved.
|
| 1802.5.31 |
Nguyen Phuoc Noan, former King of Dai Viet, founded the Viet Nam Empire. In the same
year he annihilated the Tay Son Regime and reunified Vietnam.
|
| 1802.6.26 |
The Cisalpine Republic was renamed the Italian Republic, with Napoleon being the
President.
|
| 1802.8.2 |
France promulgated the Constitution of 1802, which provided life tenure and
the right of designating successor for the First Consul.
|
| 1803 |
Britain staged the Second Maratha War and attacked the Maratha states. By 1805
Britain had defeated Nagpur, Indore and Gwalior and acquired large area of territories.
In the case Marbury v. Madison, Marshall, Chief Justice of the USA Supreme Court, declared
a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thus establishing the principle
of judicial review. |
| 1803.2 |
Germany promulgated the Enactment of the Delegates of the Empire, by which
most ecclesiastical states and free cities were abolished and incorporated into other states.
|
| 1803.2.11 |
Ferdinando III, the former Grand Duke of Tuscany, acquired the Archbishopric of Salzburg and
crowned himself as Duke Ferdinand of Salzburg. He secularized the archbishopric and established
the Salzburg Regime.
|
| 1803.3.10 |
The cantons of the Helvetic Republic regained independence and restablished the Swiss
Confederation.
|
| 1803.4.30 |
USA purchased Louisiana from France.
|
| 1804 |
Iltazar Inaq, Chief of the Kungrate Tribe of Khiva, overthrew the Arab-Shahid Dynasty and
established Khiva (Inak Dynasty).
|
| 1804.1.1 |
Saint-Domingue declared independence from France and established the Haitian Regime,
with Dessalines being the Governor-General for life. On .9.22 of the same year Dessalines made
himself Emperor (called Jacques).
|
| 1804.2.14 |
Karadjordje Petrovic started the First Serbian Uprising against Osmanli rule and
founded the Serbian Regime (Karadjordjevic Dynasty).
|
| 1804.2.21 |
Imam Usuman, Chief of the Fulanis, founded the Sokoto Sultanate in
northwestern Nigeria. Imam Usuman started the Hausa Jihad and conquered the Hausa city-
state of Zaria. In 1805 he conquered Katsina, Daura, Biram and Rano. In 1807 he conquered Kano.
In 1808 he conquered Gobir. The Hausa-Fulanis were thus formed. Sokoto became the suzerain of the
Hausa-Fulani states.
|
| 1804.5.18 |
Napoleon abolished the First French Republic. He crowned himself Emperor (called Napoleon I)
and established the First French Empire.
|
| 1804.8.11 |
Archduke Franz I of Austria changed his title to Emperor and established the
Austrian Empire.
|
| 1805 |
Ranjit Singh, leader of the Sikhs in northern India, founded the Kingdom of Punjab
in Lahore.
Britain, Austria and Russia formed the Third Coalition against France. On .12.2 of the
same year Napoleon I defeated the coalition army of Russia (led by Tsar Aleksandr I) and Austria
(led by Emperor Franz I) in the Battle of Austerlitz (also called the Battle of the Three
Emperors). On .12.26 France and Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg whereby
Austria was forced to cede territories. The Third Coalition dissolved.
With British support, the Fantes, a tribe subordinate to the Ashantes, rebelled against the
Ashantes (the First Ashante War). In the next year Ashante defeated the Fantes and
forced Britain to recognize Ashante's suzerainty over the Fante territory.
|
| 1805.6.24 |
Napoleon I renamed Lucca as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino and crowned his
sister Elisa and the latter's husband Felice as the Prince and Princess of Lucca and Piombino.
Thereafter Napoleon I crowned several of his relatives as the monarchs of certain dependent
states.
| An anti-Osmanli revolt broke out in Egypt. Muhammad Ali, a military
officer, seized power in Egypt and established Egypt (Muhammad Ali Dynasty), which was a
vassal state of the Osmanli Turks. During his reign, Muhammad Ali carried out reforms and unified
Egypt by eliminating the Mamluk warlords. |
 |
|
| 1805.12.27 |
France occupied Naples. Napoleon I crowned his brother Joseph as Lieutenant General of
Naples. On .3.30 Joseph changed his title to King (called Giuseppe II).
|
| 1806 |
A war broke out between Britain and Spain. Britain occupied Buenos Aires, capital of the
Spanish colony of Rio de la Plata (i.e. present day Argentina) in South America. When de Liniers
rose against the British invaders, the populace of Buenos Aires dismissed the Viceroy of Rio de
la Plata and replaced him with de Liniers.
|
| 1806.6.5 |
Napoleon I crowned his brother Louis as King of Holland (called Lodewijk I) and renamed the
Batavian Republic as the Kingdom of Holland.
|
| 1806.7.12 |
France reorganized the German states as the Confederation of the Rhine (composed of
Saxe-Wittenburg, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Kothen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg
-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Nassau-Weilburg, Westphalia, Wurzburg, Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden, Hesse-
Darmstadt, Liechtenstein) under French control. Napoleon I made himself Protector of the
Confederation. On .8.6 of the same year, France put an end to the German Kingdom. The title of
Holy Roman Emperor ceased to exist.
|
| 1806.9 |
Britain, Russia and Prussia formed the Fourth Coalition against France. In October
of the same year France defeated Prussia. On .11.21 France proclaimed the Berlin Decree,
which was intended to impose a blockade of Britain by prohibiting trade between Continental
Europe and Britain. The decree inaugurated the Continental System.
|
| 1806.10.17 |
Emperor Jacques was assassinated. Christophe succeeded and abolished the monarchical
system. On .12.28 of the same year, Petion, leader of the mixed-blood Haitians, seized
control of southern Haiti. Haiti thus split into [Northern] Haiti (ruled by Christophe)
and [Southern] Haiti (ruled by Petion).
|
| 1806.12 |
As Russia supported the Serbian Uprising, the Osmanli Turks declared war on Russia (the
Sixth Russo-Turkish War). On 1812.5.28 the two countries signed the Treaty of
Bucharest, by which Russia acquired Bessarabia and the Osmanli Turks recognized the
autonomy of Serbia.
|
| 1807 |
Dan Kasawa, Prince of the former Katsina, founded the Kingdom of Maradi in southern
Niger.
The first passenger steamboat in the world designed by the American Fulton set sail.
Since then the technologies of transport and communication have been progressing.
|
| 1807.5.29 |
Opposing Sultan Selim III's reforms, the conservatives of the Osmanli Janissaries staged a
coup and overthrew Selim III.
|
| 1807.7.7 |
France and Russia signed the Treaty of Tilsit, by which Russia ceded the
Ionian Islands to France. On ..9 of the same month France also signed the Treaty of Tilsit
with Prussia, which was forced to cede a large area of territories. The Fourth Coalition was thus
dissolved. France established the Grand Duchy of Warsaw from the lands that Prussia took
from Poland. In August Napoleon I established the Kingdom of Westphalia on the western
territories of Prussia and crowned his brother Jerome as King of Westphalia (renamed as
Hieronymus). On .9.13 France annexed the Septinsular Republic.
|
| 1807.10 |
vom Stein became Minister of State of Prussia. During his tenure he carried out
reforms and restored the power of his country.
|
| 1807.10.22 |
France invaded Portugal. Queen Maria I of Portugal fled to Brazil. Resistance movements broke
out throughout the country. In 1808 Britain dispatched an army to Portugal to fight against the
French army. The Peninsular War broke out.
|
| 1808 |
Intending to acquire Finland, Russia started the Fourth Russo-Swedish War. On .2.20
of the same year Russia occupied Finland.
Malam Musa, Chief of the Fulanis, invaded Zaria. Zaria (Hausa Dynasty) was forced to move to
Zuba. In the same year Malam Musa established Zaria (Fulani Dynasty) in Zaria. Zaria
thus split into two dynasties.
|
| 1808.3.19 |
France interfered with the succession issue of the Spanish throne. King Carlos IV was forced
to pass his throne to Fernando VII. On .5.6 of the same year, France forced Fernando VII
to abdicate, thus ending Spain (Bourbon Dynasty). On .6.6 France crowned King Giuseppe II of
Naples as King of Spain (called Joseph). Resistance movements broke out throughout Spain (the
First Spanish Revolution) On .9.25 a Revolutionary Government was established.
|
| 1808.9.28 |
Robles staged the First Montevideo Independence Revolution in the Spanish colony of
Montevideo (i.e. present day Uruguay) in South America. The revolution was suppressed in the next
year. Thereafter revolutions broke out in the Spanish colonies in Latin America. The Latin
American Independence Movements began.
|
| 1809 |
Modibo Adama, a Fulani, started a jihad and founded the Kingdom of Adamawa in
eastern Nigeria, which was a vassal state of Sokoto.
|
| 1809.1 |
Austria and Britain formed the Fifth Coalition against France. In the same year
France defeated Austria. On .10.14 France and Austria signed the Treaty of Schonbrunn
whereby Austria was to ceded territories and pay reparation. The Fifth Coalition was thus
dissolved.
|
| 1809.3 |
The Swedish constitutionalist military officers staged a coup. On .5.10 they deposed King
Gustav IV. On .6.6 Karl XIII succeeded to the throne. He enacted a new constitution and
restored the constitutional monarchical system in Sweden.
|
| 1809.3.3 |
France installed Princess Elisa of Lucca as Grand Duke of Tuscany and restored the Grand
Duchy of Tuscany. On .5.17 of the same year France annexed the Roman Papal States.
|
| 1809.3.29 |
The Russian Tsar assumed the title of Grand Duke of Finland concurrently. On .9.5 of the
same year Sweden and Russia signed the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, by which Sweden
ceded Finland and the Aland Islands to Russia, thus ending the Fourth Russo-Swedish War.
|
| 1809.6.25 |
Jurgensen, an armed officer on board a British commerical vessel, occupied Iceland and
declared the independence of Iceland from Denmark and the establishment of the Icelandic
Regime. On .8.22 of the same year a British army was dispatched to suppress the revolt.
|
| 1809.7.12 |
Murillo staged the Upper Peru Independence Revolution in the provinces under the
Spanish colony of Upper Peru (also called Charcas, i.e. present day Bolivia) in South America.
He proclaimed Fernando VII, the deposed Spanish King, as King of Upper Peru and established the
Kingdom of Upper Peru. In November of the same year the Spanish Colonial Government
suppressed the Revolution.
|
| 1809.8.9 |
Manuela rose against Spanish rule and declared self-rule in the Spanish colony of Quito (i.e.
present day Ecuador) in South America (the First Quito Independence Revolution) On
.10.28 the Spanish Colonial Government suppressed the revolt.
|
| 1809.10.8 |
| Metternich became Chancellor of Austria. During his tenure he carried
out reactionary policies in an attempt to maintain the European absolute monarchies and suppress
the revolutionary movements. |
 |
|
| 1810.4.19 |
The First Venezuelan Independence Revolution broke out in the Spanish colony of
Venezuela in South America. The revolutionaries set up a Junta and exercised self-rule. On
1811.7.14 the revolutionaries declared independence from Spain and established the Venezuelan
Regime (called the First Republic of Venezuela by historians) In 1812 the Spanish
Colonial Government launched an attack against Venezuela. On .7.25 Venezuela concluded peace with
Spain whereby the Spanish colonial rule was resumed in Venezuela. This marked the end of the
First Republic.
|
| 1810.5.25 |
The May Revolution of Rio de la Plata broke out. The provinces of Rio de la Plata
declared independence and united to form the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, a
confederation composed of Entre Rios, Buenos Aires, la Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Santa Fe de la Vera
Cruz, Tucuman, San Juan, San Luis, Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, Corrientes and Jujuy.
|
| 1810.7.20 |
Torres staged an anti-Spanish revolt in Santa Fe de Bogota Province of the Spanish colony of
New Granada (i.e. present day Colombia) in South America and declared self-rule New Granada
Independence Revolution. On .4.4 of the next year the revolutionaries declared independence
from Spain. They established the Cundinamarca Regime and proclaimed Fernanado VII, the
deposed King of Spain, as the King. Thereafter the other provinces of New Granada also declared
independence from Spain.
|
| 1810.9 |
Hidalgo started a revolution in Dolores of the Spanish colony of New Mexico (i.e. present day
Mexico) in North America (the Cry of Dolores). After Hidalgo was captured and killed by
the Spanish Colonial Government in the next year, his followers continued the revolution.
de Montufar staged the Second Quito Independence Revolution in Quito. On .12.11 of the
next year, Quito declared independence from Spain and established the Quito Regime.
|
| 1810.9.18 |
A revolution broke out in the Spanish colony of Chile in South America. The revolutionaries
established the Chilean Regime (the First Chilean Independence Revolution). On
1814.10.2 the Spanish Colonial Government suppressed the Revolution.
|
| 1810.10.2 |
The USA migrants in the Spanish colony of West Florida in North America rebelled against the
Spanish Colonial Government and founded the Republic of West Florida. On .12.10 of the
same year West Florida was annexed into USA.
|
| 1811 |
In contention for Georgia, Russia and Persia entered into the First Russo-Iranian War
. On 1813.10.12 the two countries signed the Treaty of Gulistan, by which
Persia ceded the Caucasian region in northern Armenia to Russia.
With the support of Britain, the Fantes rebelled against Ashante again (the Second Ashante
War). Ashante defeated the coalition army of Britain and the Fantes.
|
| 1811.5.15 |
The Paraguayan Independence Revolution broke out in the Spanish colony of Paraguay
in South America. Paraguay declared independence from Spain and became part of the United
Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. On 1813.10.12 Paraguay seceded from the United Provinces of the
Rio de la Plata and established the Republic of Paraguay.
|
| 1811.12.10 |
Artigas staged the Second Montevideo Independence Revolution. In 1813 he founded the
Province of Oriental del Rio de la Plata and joined the United Provinces of the Rio de
la Plata.
|
| 1812 |
The British colonists staged the Fourth Kaffir War in Southern Africa and defeated
the Xhosas.
|
| 1812.2.15 |
Quito proclaimed Fernando VII, the deposed Spanish King, as King of Quito. In the same year a
civil war broke out between the Republicans and the Constitutionalists. On .12.9 the Spanish
Colonial Government toppled the Quito Regime and suppressed the revolt.
|
| 1812.5.8 |
The Spanish Revolutionary Government promulgated the Constitution of 1812,
which provided for a parliamentary cabinet system.
|
| 1812.6 |
France launched the Invasion of Russia. On .7.1 of the same year the French army
occupied Lithuania, where they set up the Provisional Government Commission and restored the
Lithuanian Regime. In November when the winter of Russia set in, the French army suffered serious
casualties. Russia then launched a counteroffensive and defeated the French army. On .12.8 Russia
toppled the Lithuanian Regime. On .3.14 of the next year Russia annihilated the Grand Duchy of
Warsaw.
|
| 1812.6.18 |
The Anglo-American War (also called the Second War of American Independence) broke
out between Britain and USA. On 1814.12.24 the two countries signed the Treaty of Ghent
whereby both parties gave up the territories they occupied during the war.
|
| 1812.6.22 |
The British colonists invaded Jogjakarta. They installed Prince Paku Alam I of Jogjakarta as
King and established the Kingdom of Paku Alaman.
|
| 1812.10.4 |
The independent provinces of New Granada (including Cartagena de Indias, Tunja, etc.) were
united as the United Provinces of New Granada . Cundinamarca refused to join and a war
broke out between Cundinamarca and New Granada. On 1814.12.12 Cundinamarca was annexed into New
Granada. In 1816.7 the Spanish Colonial Government toppled the new regime.
|
| 1813 |
The Russians invaded Northern Caucasus, where they met the resistance of the Chechens and
Dagestans. The Caucasian War started.
The provinces of Rio de la Plata split into the Centralist provinces and the Federalist
provinces. In 1815 the Federalist provinces formed the Federal League and entered into a
civil war with the Centralist provinces. After the Centralist provinces were defeated on
1820.2.11, the Central Government collapsed. Since then there was no central government in Rio de
la Plata and the provinces became independent entities.
|
| 1813.2 |
A civil war broke out among the Native American Creek Tribe (split into the Upper Creeks and
the Lower Creeks), which came to be known as the Creek War. The Lower Creeks allied with
the USA against the Upper Creeks. On 1814.3.27 USA defeated the Upper Creeks. On .8.9 USA forced
the Creek Tribe to sign a treaty and cede parts of Alabama and Georgia to USA.
|
| 1813.8.8 |
| General Bolivar of New Granada started the Second Venezuelan
Independence Revolution and captured Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, where he declared
the independence of Venezuela and established the Second Republic of Venezuela. Bolivar
became the General-in-Chief of Venezuela. On .9.8 of the next year the revolution was suppressed
by the Spanish Colonial Government again. |
 |
|
| 1813.6.15 |
Britain, Russia and Prussia formed the Sixth Coalition against France. On .10.16 of
the same year, the Coalition defeated the French army in the Battle of Leipzig (also
called the Battle of the Nations). Thereafter the former feudal regimes in Europe were restored
successively.
|
| 1813.10.3 |
The Osmanli Turks annihilated Serbia.
|
| 1813.11.6 |
New Mexico declared independence from Spain and established the Mexican Regime. On
1815.11.5 the Spanish Colonial Government suppressed the revolution.
|
| 1813.11.21 |
The Dutch Independence Revolt broke out. Willem VI declared the
independence of the Netherlands from FRance and restored the Dutch Regime and the rule of the
Orange House. On .3.29 of the next year the Netherlands promulgated a constitution which provided
for a constitutional system.
|
| 1813.12.11 |
The Spanish Revolutionaries overthrew the rule of Joseph and expelled the French from their
country. After Fernando VII, the deposed Spanish King, returned to the throne and restored the
Bourbon Dynasty on .3.22 of the next year, he abolished the Constitution of 1812 and
suppressed the liberals and guerilla leaders.
|
| 1814 |
Britain started the Napalese War and invaded Nepal, which became a British
protectorate in 1816.3.
Ashante attacked the Fantes and led to the Third Ashante War. In 1817 Ashante negotiated
peace with Britain. Britain recognized Ashante's suzerainty over the coastal region of Gold
Coast.
|
| 1814.1.14 |
Denmark and Sweden signed the Treaty of Kiel, by which Denmark ceded Norway
to Sweden while Sweden ceded Western Pomerania and the Rugen Island to Denmark. When King F
rederik VI of Denmark gave up his Norwegian throne on .2.16 of the same year, the Norwegians
started the independence movement. On .5.19 Norway promulgated a constitution which provided for
a constitutional monarchy. Regent Christian Frederik was elected as King of Norway and
an Independent Government was set up. In July Sweden invaded Norway. On .11.4 the Norwegian
Parliament was forced to accept King Karl XIII of Sweden as King of Norway. The independence
movement failed.
|
| 1814.2.16 |
Sardinia recovered Piedmont, which became the political centre of Sardinia again. Thereafter
Sardinia was called the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
|
| 1814.3.24 |
Pius VII, the former Roman Pope, restored the Roman Papal States.
|
| 1814.4.11 |
Napoleon I abdicated. On .5.2 of the same year, the Coalition installed Louis XVIII
as King of France and restored the Bourbon Dynasty. The members of the Coalition signed the
First Treaty of Paris with France whereby France retained the boundaries of 1792.
|
| 1814.9 |
The members of the Coalition convened the Congress of Vienna (France was also
invited to the Congress later) to discuss the peace settlement after the Napoleonic Wars. On .6.8
of the same year the participants of the Congress signed the Act of the Congress of Vienna
, which redrew the borderlines of the European countries.
|
| c.1814 |
Mohammad el Amin al-Kanemi, head of the Kuburi Family of Bornu, seized power. Thereafter the
royal court of Bornu was controlled by the Kuburi Family. During his tenure, Mohammad el
Amin al-Kanemi carried out reforms and revived the power of the country.
|
| 1815 |
Britain implemented the Corn Law, by which tariffs were imposed on grain
imports to protect the local landlords. Thereafter the debate between protectionism and free
trade became a hot issue of various West European countries.
|
| 1815.3.1 |
Napoleon I returned to France (the Hundred Days). On ..23 of the same month Louis
XVIII fled from Paris. On ..25 the European countries formed the Seventh Coalition against
France. On .6.18 the Coalition defeated Napoleon I in the Battle of Waterloo. On
.6.22 Napoleon I abdicated again. On .7.8 the Bourbon Dynasty regained control of France. The
First French Empire came to an end. On .11.20 the members of the Coalition signed the
Second Treaty of Paris, by which the borderline of France reverted to that of 1790 and
France was to cede territories and pay reparations.
|
| 1815.3.16 |
Netherlands acquired Austrian Netherlands. In the Second Partition of Luxemburg, the
western part of Luxemburg was acquired by the King of the Netherlands, who assumed the title of
Duke of Luxembourg concurrently and established the Luxembourg Regime; while the eastern
part was acquired by Prussia.
|
| 1815.4.7 |
Austria occupied Lombardy and Venetia, which were then united as the Kingdom of Lombardy-
Venetia, with the Austrian Emperor being the King of Lombardy-Venetia.
|
| 1815.5.2 |
The European powers reached an agreement on the territories of Poland. It was agreed that a
Republic of Cracow under the protection of Russia, Austria and Prussia was to be set up
in Cracow. On .6.20 Russia restored the Kingdom of Poland, with the Russian Tsar being the King
of Poland.
|
| 1815.5.22 |
Austria conquered Naples and restored Naples (Bourbon Dynasty).
|
| 1815.6.20 |
The German states signed the Act of Confederation and formed the German
Confederation (whose members included Saxe-Wittenburg, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau,
Anhalt-Kothen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Holstein-Oldenburg, Nassau-Weilburg,
Hamburg, Prussia, Lubeck, Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Hanover, Bremen, Bavaria, Austria, Wurttemberg,
Baden, Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg). Austria became the chairman
of the Confederation.
|
| 1815.8 |
Sweden and Norway ratified the Act of Union, by which they formed the real
union - Swedish-Norwegian Union. Norway was given a high degree of autonomy, but Sweden
was to be responsible for its military and foreign affairs.
|
| 1815.9.26 |
Ruusia proposed the formation of the Holy Alliance by Russia, Prussia and Austria to
maintain the monarchical system of the European countries and to suppress revolutionary
movements. A Congress System (also called the Concert of Europe) was thus formed. On
.11.20 of the same year, Britain formed the Quadruple Alliance with the Holy Alliance
and agreed to hold regular meetings to discuss European security.
|
| 1815.11.5 |
Britain established the United States of the Ionian Islands, which was nominally
under the joint protection of the powers, but was in practice a British vassal state.
|
| 1815.11.21 |
Milos started the Second Serbian Uprising and established Serbia (Obrenovic
Dynasty).
|
| 1815.12.16 |
Portugal was renamed the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves.
|
| 1816 |
| Shaka, Chief of the Zulus in Southern Africa, founded the Zulu
Kingdom. During his reign the power of Zulu rose to its apex. In 1819 Shaka started the
Mfacane War (also called the Defaqane War), in which he defeated Zwide, Chief of the
Ndwandwes, and conquered Southern Africa. His conquest triggered a general war among the Bantu
tribes in Southern Africa and their migration. |
 |
|
| 1816.3.24 |
Nassau-Weilburg reunified Nassau and was renamed the Duchy of Nassau, which adopted
a constitutional system of government.
|
| 1816.6.1 |
Supported by Haiti, Bolivar returned to Venezuela and started the Third Venezuelan
Independence Revolution. He declared the third independence of Venezuela and the
establishment of the Third Republic of Venezuela.
|
| 1816.7.9 |
Rio de la Plata formally declared independence from Spain.
|
| 1816.12.8 |
King Ferdinando III of Sicily (who was also King Ferdinando IV of Naples) formally united
the two countries as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinando III was then called
Ferdinando I.
|
| 1817 |
Britain and the Maratha Confederacy entered into the Third Maratha War, in which the
Maratha states were defeated. When Britain annexed the Peshwa Regime on 1818.6.3, the Maratha
Confederacy collapsed.
Prince Abd Allahi of Sokoto made himself Amir in Kebbi in northwestern Nigeria and founded the
Gwandu Amirate. Afonja, a general of Oyo, rebelled and seized control of Ilorin in
southwestern Nigeria, where he founded the Kingdom of Ilorin.
Merina was renamed the Kingdom of Madagascar.
|
| 1817.2.12 |
The army of Rio de la Plata attacked Chile and defeated the Spanish colonial army. With the
support of Rio de la Plata, O'Higgins, a Chilean revolutionary leader, staged the Second
Chilean Independence Revolution and seized control of Chile. On .1.12 of the next year Chile
declared independence from Spain again.
|
| 1817.3.7 |
The locally born whites (mainly priests) in Pernambuco of Brazil rebelled against the
Portuguese Colonial Government and established the Republic of Pernambuco. On .5.20 of
the same year the Republic was toppled by the Portuguese.
|
| 1817.12 |
USA attacked the Black maroons within the Native American Seminole Tribe in Florida (the
First Seminole War). The fighting ceased in 1818.5.
|
| 1818 |
Constitutions were granted in Bavaria and Baden, which started to implement a constitutional
form of government.
Ahmadu I, religous leader of the Sise Tribe of the Fulanis in Massina, started the Massina
Jihad against the Kingdom of Massina. He unified the various Fulani tribes and founded the
Dina Amirate in West Sudan.
|
| 1818.9.20 |
The Quadruple Alliance convened the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle to discuss the issue
of France fulfilling its treaty obligations. Since France had paid off the reparations, the
powers agreed to withdraw their armies from France and admit France into the Alliance, which then
became the Quintuple Alliance.
|
| 1818.10.20 |
Britain and USA concluded a convention which agreed upon part of their borders in North
America. Oregon became a condominium of the two countries.
|
| 1819 |
A Constitution was granted in Wurttemberg, which started to implement a constitutional form
of government.
The British colonists interfered with the internal conflict among the Xhosa tribes and supported
the pro-British factions. This led to the Fifth Kaffir War.
|
| 1819.1.6 |
Husain Muadzam, Vassal King (Temmggong) of Johore under Riau-Lingga, started to make Johore a
de facto hereditary kingdom and established the Johore Regime.
|
| 1819.10 |
Prussia started to form the Zollverein (Customs Union) with the other German states.
This laid the foundation for the future unification of Germany.
|
| 1819.12.17 |
The provinces of New Granada declared independence from Spain again and united with Venezuela
to form the Republic of Greater Colombia. In 1820 and 1821 Quito (made up of the
provinces of Guayaquil and Cuenca) and Panama declared independence from Spain successively and
were incorporated into Greater Colombia in 1822.
|
| 1820 |
Britain invaded the Gulf Region of the Arabian Peninsula and signed the perpetual maritime
truce with Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman and Ras al-Khaimah in the northern part of the Gulf
Region. The true made these states (Umm al-Qaiwain and Fujairah were also included later) become
British vassal states. Thereafter the states in this region were collectively called the
Trucial States and the region was called Trucial Oman.
|
| 1820.1 |
Riego, a Spanish military officer, staged a coup, which marked the beginning of the
Second Spanish Revolution. In March King Fernando VII was forced to restore the
Constitution of 1812.
|
| 1820.3.3 |
The northern and southern states of USA reached the Missouri Compromise,
which provided that whenever a slave state was admitted to join USA in future, a free state must
also be admitted and slavery could only exist in the south.
|
| 1820.7.2 |
Pepe, a Neapolitan military officer of the Carbonari, started a revolution and
forced King Ferdinando I of the Two Sicilies to grant a Constitution and adopted
constiutionalism on ..6. This marked the beginning of the Italian Risorgimento. In
1821.3 Austria suppressed the revolution and restored the absolute monarchy.
|
| 1820.8.29 |
A Constitutional Revolution against Britain broke out in Oporto of Portugal. The
revolutionaries expelled the Regency controlled by the British. Portugal regained independence.
|
| 1820.10.8 |
[Southern] Haiti annexed [Northern] Haiti and reunified Haiti.
|
| 1820.10.25 |
The Quintuple Alliance convened the Congress of Troppau to discuss the revolutions
in Italy and Spain. The Congress ratified the Troppau Protocal and decided to
dispatch armies to intervene in the revolutions.
|
| c.1820 |
Sobhuza I, Chief of the Swazis (also called the Ngwanes), founded the Swazi Kingdom
in the eastern part of Southern Africa.
|
| 1821 |
Britain adopted the Gold Standard as its monetary system. Later other countries in
the world also adopted the Gold Standard.
The American Colonization Society purchased a plot of land from a chieftain in the Liberian Coast
for settling the liberated black slaves. On .1.7 of the next year the Colonization Society
transported the first group of black migrants to Liberia and named the colony Monrovia
after the USA President Monroe. The American Colonial Empire started to form. On
1824.2.20 Monrovia and its dependent areas were given the name Liberia.
Mzilikaze, Chief of the Matabeles (one group of the Bantus migrating northwards), founded the
Kingdom of Matabele in present day Zimbabwe.
|
| 1821.1.8 |
The Quintuple Alliance convened the Congress of Laibach, which decided that Austria
should dispatch an army to suppress the Italian Revolution.
|
| 1821.2.10 |
Minangkabau signed the Minangkabau-Dutch Treaty with the Netherlands whereby
Minangkabau became a Dutch protectorate. Muhammad Sahab, leader of the Paderi Sect, started an
anti-Dutch rebellion (the Paderi War, also called the Minangkabau War). In 1838 the
Dutch colonists suppressed the rebellion.
|
| 1821.2.24 |
Iturbide, a military office of New Spain, revolted against Spain. He made the
Iguala Plan with the guerillas and declared the independence of New Spain from Spain
again. On .9.28 the constitutional monarchy was established. Iturbide became the President of the
Regency. On 1822.5.21 Iturbide changed his title to Emperor (called Agustin). de Santa Ana
, leader of the Republicans, started a revolt agains Agustin.
|
| 1821.3.6 |
Hypsilanti, leader of the Philike Hetairia (a Greek revolutionary organisation), started an
anti-Osmanli rebellion in Moldavia, which marked the beginning of the Greek War of
Independence. On .1.24 of the next year Greece declared independence and established the
First Greek Republic.
|
| 1821.3.10 |
The Carbonari staged a revolution in Piedmont. On ..12 of the same month King Vittorio-
Emanuele I was forced to abdicate. After Carlo-Felice became the Regent, he granted a
Constitution and adopted a constitutional form of government. On .4.8 Sardinia allied with
Austria and suppressed the revolution. On .4.25 Carlo-Felice succeeded as King of Sardinia.
|
| 1821.7.18 |
Portugal occupied the Province of Oriental del Rio de la Plata, which was then incorporated
into Brazil and was renamed the Cisplatine Province.
|
| 1821.7.28 |
General de San Martin captured Lima, capital of the Spanish colony of Peru in South
America. He declared the independence of Peru and established the Peruvian Regime.
|
| 1821.9.15 |
Gainza, Acting Captain-General of the Spanish colony of Guatemala in Central
America, declared the independence of Guatemala. Thereafter the Spanish colonies in Central
America (including San Salvador, Guatemala, Camayagua, Tegucigalpa, Costa Rica, Leon, Granada)
declared independence successively and were annexed into Mexico.
|
| 1821.10.17 |
Britain united three of its colonies in West Africa - Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Gambia as
the British West Africa. Since then the Western powers had tried to unite their colonies
to form "super-colonies" for administrative convenience.
|
| 1821.11.30 |
de Caceres started a rebellion in Santo Domingo (i.e. present day Dominican
Republic). He declared the independence of Santo Domingo from Spain and established the Santo
Domingo Regime. In December of the same year the Regime was incorporated into Greater
Colombia. On 1822.2.9 Haiti conquered Santo Domingo and unified the Hispaniola Island.
|
| 1822 |
Prince Olimi I of Bunyoro revolted and founded the Kingdom of Toro in present day
western Uganda.
Moshoeshoe I, Chief of the Basutos, unified the various tribes and founded the Basuto Kingdom
in the southeastern part of Southern Africa.
|
| 1822.9.7 |
Pedro, a Portuguese Prince and ruler of Brazil, declared the independence of Brazil from
Portugal in Ypiranga (the Cry of Ypiranga) and established the Brazilian Regime
. Pedro became the Defender of Brazil. On .10.12 of the same year, Pedro made himself
Emperor (called Pedro I) and established the First Brazilian Empire.
|
| 1822.9.23 |
A Constitution was granted in Portugal, which then adopted a constiutional form of
government. When the Constitution was abolished in May of the next year, the Portuguese
Revolution failed and the absolute monarchy was restored.
|
| 1822.10.12 |
The Quintuple Alliance convened the Congress of Verona, which decided that France
should dispatch an army to suppress the Spanish Revolution. After the French army defeated the
Spanish Revolutionary Army on .8.31 of the next year, the Spanish Revolution failed and King
Fernando VII of Spain resumed absolute rule.
|
| 1823 |
The Barakzai Clan of Afghanistan seized power. Thereafter members of the Barakzai
Clan inherited the position of Afghan Regents.
Britain started the Fourth Ashante War and invaded Ashante. In the next year the British
army was defeated by Ashante.
|
| 1823.3.29 |
Emperor Agustin of Mexico abdicated. A republican government was established in Mexico.
|
| 1823.7.1 |
Guatemala and San Salvador declared independence from Mexico. On ..10 of the same month,
several independent provinces in Central America united as the United Provinces of Central
America. On 1825.4.10 the regime was renamed the Federal Republic of Central America
. Other provinces in Central America also joined the United Provinces successively.
|
| 1823.12.2 |
President Monroe of USA presented his annual message to Congress (commonly called the
Monroe Doctrine, which warned the European powers against intervening in the
independence movements in Latin America.
|
| 1824 |
The Dutch colonists staged the First Bone War and invaded Bone. The war halted in
the next year.
|
| 1824.3 |
Britain staged the First Burmese War and invaded Burma. On 1826.2.24 the two
countries signed the Treaty of Yandabu, by which Burma ceded Assam, Arakan and
Tenasserim to Britain.
|
| 1824.3.17 |
Britain and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of London to delineate their
respective spheres of interest in Southeast Asia: Malay Peninsula was included in the British
sphere of interest while the East Indies (i.e. present day Indonesia) were included in the Dutch
sphere of interest.
|
| 1824.7.2 |
The republicans of the northern provinces of Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco
and Ceara) declared independence from Brazil and founded the Confederation of the Equator
. On .11.29 of the same year the Confederation was dissolved by Brazil.
|
| 1825 |
| Prince Diponegoro of Jogjakarta started an anti-Dutch rebellion (the
Java War). In October of the same year, he founded the Javanese Sultanate. In
1830.3 the Dutch colonists captured Diponegoro and suppressed the rebellion. |
 |
Lavalleja started a revolt in the Cisplatine Province (the War of the Thirty-three
Immortals). On .8.25 of the same year the Cisplatine Province declared independence from
Brazil. After reverting to the name Province of Oriental del Rio de la Plata, the Province joined
the United Province of Rio de la Plata.
|
| 1825.5.13 |
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves was renamed the Kingdom of Portugal.
|
| 1825.8.11 |
Upper Peru declared independence from Spain and established the Republic of Bolivia,
which was named after Bolivar. All the major colonies in Latin America gained independence, thus
ending the Latin American War of Independence.
|
| 1825.12.26 |
The Northern Society of Russia staged a military uprising (Decembrists' Uprising
), which was soon crushed by the Government.
|
| c.1825 |
An internal conflict broke out between Soshangane and Zwangendaba, the two chiefs of the
Ngonis (a branch of the Bantus) in Southern Africa. After Soshangane defeated Zwangendaba, he
made himself King and founded the Kingdom of Gaza. Later his tribesmen were called the
Shanganas. Zwangendaba fled northwards and founded the Ngoni Kingdom in 1835.
|
| 1826 |
Britain united Pinang, Singapore and Malacca as the Straits Settlements.
Outbreak of the Second Russo-Iranian War between Russia and Persia. On 1828.2.22 the two
countries signed the Treaty of Turkmanchai, by which the region of Erivan in
Southern Caucasus was ceded to Russia.
Kebbi was renamed the Argungu Amirate.
The Fifth Ashante War broke out when Ashante attacked the Fantes, who formed a coalition
with the Akan states (including Akwamu, Akim and Denkera) and defeated Ashante. In 1831 Ashante
concluded peace with the British colonists and gave up its suzerainty over the Akan states and
the Fantes.
|
| 1826.1 |
Paez, a Venezuelan military officer, started the Venezuelan Independence Movement,
which aimed at securing the independence of Venezuela from Greater Colombia.
|
| 1828 |
Imam Ghazi Mohammed founded the Dagestan Imamate in Dagestan in the eastern part of
Northern Caucasus.
King Jatau of Zaria (Hausa Dynasty) changed his title to Amir of Abuja and founded the Abuja
Amirate.
|
| 1828.4.26 |
In contention for the Balkan area, Russia and the Osmanli Turks entered into the Seventh
Russo-Turkish War. On 1829.9.14 the two countries signed the Treaty of Adrianople
, by which Russia acquired important interests in Balkan, Caucasus and the Osmanli Regime,
while the Osmanli Regime was to recognize the autonomy of Serbia and Greece. The Treaty put to an
end to the Greek War of Independence.
|
| 1828.7.11 |
Miguel succeeded as King of Portugal and exercised absolute power. A civil war broke
out between the Absolutists (headed by Miguel) and the Constitutionalists (headed by the fomer
Queen Maria II and the former King Pedro IV). The civil war was called the Miguelite Wars
by historians.
|
| 1828.8.27 |
Rio de la Plata and Brazil signed the Treaty of Montevideo, by which they
halted the war between each other and recognized the independence of the Province of Oriental del
Rio de la Plata. On .12.1 of the same year the Province of Oriental del Rio de la Plata seceded
from the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata and established the State of Montevideo.
On 1830.7.18 the country's name was further changed to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.
|
| 1829.5.24 |
de Santa Cruz became President of Bolivia. During his tenure he tried to establish
his hegemony in the central part of South America.
|
| 1829.5.28 |
Holstein-Oldenburg was renamed the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg.
|
| 1830 |
Sayyid Ahmad founded the Kingdom of Asir ([South] Asir) in the Arabian Peninsula.
Outbreak of the Belgian Revolution. On .10.4 of the same year, the revolutionaries
declared the independence of Belgium from the Netherlands and established the Belgian Regime
.
France started the Algerian War and conquered Algeria on .7.5 of the same year.
The migrants from Madagascar founded the Moheli Sultanate on the Moheli Island of the
Comoros.
|
| 1830.1.13 |
Venezuela declared independence from Greater Colombia and established the Venezuelan
Regime. On .5.13 of the same year, Quito also declared independence from Greater Colombia
and established the State of Southern Colombia (on .9.22 the country was renamed the
Ecuador Regime). Thus only the region of Colombia remained in Greater Colombia. On
1831.11.21 it was renamed the New Granada Regime.
|
| 1830.7 |
The Centralist provinces of Rio de la Plata formed the Interior League and entered
into a civil war with the Federalist provinces. On .1.4 of the next year the Federalist provinces
united to form the Coastal League and established the Argentine Confederation.
In December the Coastal League defeated the Interior League and compelled the Centralist
provinces to join the Argentine Confederation. The United Provinces of Rio de la Plata was thus
dissolved.
|
| 1830.7.28 |
Outbreak of the July Revolution of France. On .8.2 of the same year, the Bourbon
Dynasty was overthrown. On .8.9 the Liberals installed Louis-Philippe as King of France
and established France (Orleans Dynasty).
|
| 1830.11.29 |
Outbreak of the First Polish Insurrection. An Insurrectionist Government was
established. On .9.26 of the next year, Russia crushed the Insurrection.
|
| 1831 |
| The Carbonari staged revolutions in Modena, Parma and Rome, which were
suppressed by Austria in March of the same year. Thereafter the Carbonari gradually lost its
influence. Mazzini, former member of the Carbonari, formed the Young Italy as
a new revolutionary organisation. |
 |
| Large groups of Whites migrated from USA to the east bank of River Mississipi and drove
away the Natives living there. In 1832 Black Hawk, Chief of the Native Americans, led
his people to return to the east bank. Conflict broke out between the Native Americans and the
USA army (the Black Hawk War, part of the Indian Wars). In September the Native
Americans were defeated and were forced to give up large parts of their settlements. |
 |
|
| 1831.1 |
A Constitution was granted in Hesse-Kassel, which then adopted a constiutional form of
government.
|
| 1831.2.7 |
A Constitution was granted in Belgium, which then adopted a constiutional form of government.
|
| 1831.4.7 |
The Brazilian populace rose against Emperor Pedro I, who was forced to abdicate. The First
Brazilian Empire came to an end. Pedro II succeeded to the throne and established the Second
Brazilian Empire.
|
| 1831.9.4 |
A Constitution was granted in Saxe-Wittenburg, which then adopted a constiutional form of
government.
|
| 1831.11 |
Outbreak of the First Workers' Insurrection in Lyons of France, which was soon
suppressed by the Government. Thereafter the socialist movements arose in France. There emerged a
number of secret societies such as Amis de Peuple, Families, etc.
|
| 1832 |
In contention for Syria, Egypt and the Osmanli Turks entered into the First Turko-
Egyptian War. On .4.8 of the next year, the two countries signed the Convention of
Kutahia, by which the Osmanli Turks ceded Syria to Egypt.
A Constitution was granted in Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, which then adopted a constiutional form of
government.
Abd al-Qadir rose against the French colonists. On .11.22 he estalished the Mascara
Emirate in northwestern Algeria.
|
| 1832.6.4 |
Britain enacted the Parliamentary Reform Bill, which disfranchised certain
"rotten boroughs" and enfranchised some industrial towns. The suffrage was also extended. Such is
the First British Parliamentary Reform.
|
| 1832.7 |
The Osmanli Turks recognized the independence of Greece.
|
| 1833 |
A Constitution was granted in Hanover, which then adopted a constiutional form of government.
Britain united two of its colonies in the Caribbean Sea - Saint Vincent Island and Grenada Island
as the British Windward Islands Colony. Later the islands of Barbados, British Dominica,
Saint Lucia and Tobago were also included.
|
| 1833.2.6 |
Othon became King of Greece and established Greece (Bavarian Dynasty), thus ending
the First Greek Republic.
|
| 1833.5.16 |
de Santa Ana became President of Mexico. Thereafter de Santa Ana ascended to the Presidency
of Mexico for several times. During his tenure he carried out dictatorial rule.
|
| 1833.9.29 |
Upon death of King Fernando VII, Isabel II succeeded to the throne. A power struggle emerged
between two factions of the royal members: the Cristinos (headed by the Regent Cristina) and the
Carlists (headed by Prince Carlos). On .10.1 of the same year, Carlos crowned himself King
(called Carlos V) and the First Carlist War broke out between the Carlists and the
Cristinos.
|
| 1834.4 |
Cristina, Regent of Spain, promulgated the Estatuto Real. A constitutional form of
government was adopted, but with stringent restrictions on the suffrage, which aroused popular
discontent. In July of the same year the Third Spanish Revolution broke out.
|
| 1834.4.9 |
Outbreak of the Second Workers' Insurrection in Lyons of France, which was
suppressed by the Government in the same month.
|
| 1834.4.22 |
Britain and France formed the Quadruple Alliance with the Constitutionalists of
Spain and Portugal in opposition to the Absolutists of Spain and Portugal.
|
| 1834.5.26 |
The Portuguese Constitutionalists defeated the Absolutists, thus ending the Miguelite War. In
September of the same year, Portugal readopted the Constitutional of 1826 and
reestablished the constitutional monarchical system.
|
| 1834.12.25 |
The Xhosas rose against the British colonists (the Sixth Kaffir War). In the next
year the British colonists attacked the Xhosas and forced them to cede large areas of
territories.
|
| 1835 |
Abdullah I founded the Jebel Shammar Amirate in the northern part of the Arabian
Peninsula.
A Constitution was granted in Serbia, which then adopted a constiutional form of government.
Oppressed by the British Colonial Government, the Boers in Cape Colony migrated northwards to the
north and west banks of the Orange River (the Great Trek of the Boers. In 1837 the Boers
started to build up a number of new colonies in Southern Africa, including the Free Province of
New Holland in Southeast Africa, Transorangia (later developed into the Orange River
Sovereignty), Winburg, Potchefstroom (later renamed Dutch Africa), Zoutpansberg, Ohrigstad (later
developed into Lijdenburg), Utrecht, Klipdrift, New Republic of South Africa (also called
Vijheid), Upingtonia (later renamed Lijdenrust) and the Commonwealth of the Little Republic, etc.
Pinto started the Farrapos Rebellion in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. On .11.6 of the
next year Rio Grande do Sul seceded from Brazil and established the Rio Grande Republic.
Bolivia invaded Peru. On .3.17 of the next year Bolivia partitioned Peru into two parts and
established the Southern Peruvian State in the southern part. On .8.11 the Northern
Peruvain State was established in the northern part. On .10.28 Bolivia formed the Peru-
Bolivian Confederation with Northern Peru and Southern Peru, with President de Santa Cruz of
Bolivia being the Protector of the Confederation. The establishment of the Confederation was
opposed by Chile and Argentina.
|
| 1835.4 |
de Rosas became Governor of Buenos Aires. During his tenure he controlled the
Argentine provinces and carried out dictatorial rule.
|
| 1835.9 |
Three cities of Costa Rica - Heredia, Alajuela and Cartago formed a league in opposition to
the Government in San Jose. The War of the League thus broke out. In October of the same
year San Jose defeated the army of the league and put an end to the war. San Jose was then
established as the capital of Costa Rica.
|
| 1835.12.28 |
Refusing to migrate, the Seminole Tribe in Florida rose against USA. The Second Seminole
War broke out. In 1842 the Seminole Tribe was defeated.
|
| 1836 |
Dost Mohammad, Regent of Afghanistan, made himself Amir and established Aghanistan
(Barakzai Dynasty).
Lovett, leader of the British workers' movement, formed the London Workingmen's Association and
demanded for democratic reforms. This marked the beginning of the Chartist Movement. On
1838.5.8 the London Workingmen's Association presented the People's Charter.
Prince Djibril Dodo of Sossebaki started to rule Badjia in southern Niger and founded the
Kingdom of Badjia.
|
| 1836.3.2 |
USA induced the American migrants in Texas of Mexico to secede from Mexico and established
the Republic of Texas.
|
| 1836.9.9 |
The leftist Portuguese Constitutionalists staged the September Revolution of Portugal
and overthrew the Government of the rightist Constitutionalists. Thereafter the Portuguese
Constitutionalists split into the radical Septembrists and the conservative Chartists.
|
| 1837 |
Kenesary, former Prince of Kazakh, rose against Russian rule and restored the
Kazakh Khanate in 1841. After Kenesary was killed by the Kirgizs in 1847, the rebellion was
crushed by Russia.
Sayyid Muhammad founded the Sanusi Order, an Islamic religious order, in Hijaz. In 1843
he established zawiyas (abbots) in Cyrenaica of Libya as his bases and formed the Sanusi
Order Regime.
|
| 1837.6.20 |
| Victoria became Queen of Britain. During her reign the power of
Britain rose to its apex. As the British colonies spread all over the world, Britain claimed to
be the "Empire without Sunset". |
 |
|
| 1838 |
Britain dispatched an army to help Shoja al-Molk, the former Afghan Amir, to attack
the capital Kabul in an attempt to restore him to the throne. The First Anglo-Afghan War
broke out. On 1839.5.8 Shoja al-Molk was restored to the throne and restored Afghanistan (Durrani
Dynasty). On .8.2 the British army toppled the Barakzai Dynasty.
Sebetwane, Chief of the Kololos, overthrew Barotse and founded the Kololo Kingdom. The
Mfacane War thus came to an end.
Carrera, leader of the Guatemalan Conservative Party, rebelled against the Federal
Government of Central America. On .4.30 of the same year, Nicaragua declared independence from
Central America and established the Nicaraguan Regime. On .10.26 Honduras declared
independence and established the Honduran Regime. On .11.15 Costa Rica declared
independence and established the Costa Rican Regime. On 1839.4.17 Guatemala declared
independence and established the Guatemalan Regime. Thus only the state of el Salvador
remained in Central America, which was then renamed the el Salvadoran Regime.
|
| 1838.8.25 |
The Republic of Peru was restored. In 1839 it reunified Peru. On .2.20 President
de Santa Cruz was defeated by Chile and was forced to step down. The Peru-Bolivian Confederation
was dissolved.
|
| 1838.10.12 |
The Free Province of New Holland in Southeast Africa, a Boer colony, established the
Republic of Natalia.
|
| c.1838 |
Jonker, Chief of the Oorlands founded the Oorland Kingdom in present day Namibia.
|
| 1839 |
Britain invaded Southern Yemen and occupied Port Aden. Thereafter Britain conquered the
native states of Southern Yemen and formed the Colony of Aden, the Eastern Aden
Protectorate (including Kathiri, Qishn and Suqutra Mahri, Wahidi, ash-Shihr and al-Mukalla,
etc.) and the Western Aden Protectorate (including Aqrabi, Lower Yafa, Lower Awlaqi,
Upper Awlaqi, Fadli, Hawshabi, Upper Yafa, Dathina, Bayhan, Dali, Awdhali, Lahej, Alawi, etc.).
Argentina intervened in the power struggle between the National Party and the Colorado Party. In
1843 Argentina started to beseige Montevideo, which was under the control of the Colorado Party.
Such is the Great War of Uruguay. In 1851 the Colorado Party allied with Brazil against
Argentina. In 1852 the coalition army expelled the Argentine army.
|
| 1839.2 |
The British Chartists convened the National Convention of Chartists. On .5.13 they
presented the first petition to the Parliament, but was rejected by the Parliament. Later the
movement developed into riots and was suppressed by the Government.
|
| 1839.2.15 |
Viet Nam was renamed the Dai Nam Empire.
|
| 1839.4 |
Outbreak of the Second Turko-Egyptian War between the Osmanli Turks and Egypt. On
.11.27 of the next year the two countries signed the Convention of Alexandria, by
which Egypt gave up Syria and Crete and recognized the Osmanli Regime as its suzerain, while the
Osmanli Regime recognized the hereditary rule of the Muhammad Ali Family over Egypt.
|
| 1839.4.1 |
USA united several of its colonies in Liberia (including Grand Bassa and Montserrado) as the
Commonwealth of Liberia, which was granted self rule.
|
| 1839.4.19 |
The Netherlands divided Limburg into two parts: one part was annexed into Belgium while the
other part became the Duchy of Limburg, with the Kings of Netherlands being the Dukes of
Limburg concurrently.
|
| 1839.5.12 |
Blanqui, leader of a French socialist organisation, plotted an uprising. He was
arrested after the plot was uncovered.
|
| 1839.7.1 |
Abdul-Mecid I succeeded as Osmanli Sultan. On .11.3 of the same year, he decreed the
Hatt-i Sherif of Gulhane and started the Tanzimat (= Reform) Movement to restore
the power of his country.
|
| 1839.8.31 |
Carlos V, head of the Spanish Carlists, was defeated and fled to France. The First Carlist
War was thus ended.
|
| 1840.1 |
The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico unilaterally declared independence from Mexico and
established the Yucatan Regime¡C
|
| 1840.5M |
The disputes over commerce and opium trade between the Qing Empire and Britain led to the
First Opium War (also called the Anglo-Chinese War). In 1842 the Qing Empire was
defeated. In the seventh lunar month the two countries signed the Treaty of Nanjing
, by which the Qing Empire was forced to open ports to foreign trade and cede Hong Kong
Island to Britain. China started to become a semi-colony.
|
| 1840.7 |
The British Chartists formed the National Charter Association and restarted the
Chartist Movement. On 1842.4.12 they presented the second petition to the Parliament and were
rejected again.
|
| 1840.11.18 |
Panama seceded from New Granada and established the Panama Regime. On .3.20 of the
next year the regime was renamed the State of the Isthmus. It was reincorporated into
New Granada on .12.31.
|
| 1841 |
Akbar Khan, a former Afghan Prince, rose against British rule. In 1842.12 he
expelled the British army and overthrew the Durrani Dynasty. Dost Muhammad, the former Amir,
restored the Barakzai Dynasty. The Firs Anglo-Afghan War was thus ended.
|
| 1841.9.24 |
Brunei installed James Brooke, a British colonist, as Provisional Raja of Sarawak and founded
the Kingdom of Sarawak in northern Kalimantan.
|
| 1842.7.17 |
el Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala formed the Confederation of Central
America in an attempt to reunify Central America. On 1844.12.1 the Confederation was
dissolved. Thereafter the Central American states formed confederations again in 1852, 1898 and
1921. But all were dissolved after existing for a brief period.
|
| 1843 |
Siam installed Sayyid Husain as King of Perlis and founded the Kingdom of Perlis in
the northern part of Malay Peninsula.
The Greek constitutional soldiers staged a military uprising. King Othon was forced to promulgate
the Fundamental Law and adopted a constitutional form of government.
After the French army captured Mascara, Abd al-Qadir, leader of the Algerian rebels, fled to the
Alawi Regime and continued his guerilla warfare. On 1844.8.6 France started the First Franco-
Moroccan War and invaded the Alawi Regime. In September Alawi signed the Treaty of
Tangier with France and ended the war. In 1847 France suppressed the rebellion of Abd
al-Qadir.
The Maoris in New Zealand rose against the British colonists (the Maori War). In 1847
Britain suppressed the uprising.
|
| 1843.7.30 |
Narvaez, a Spanish military officer, staged a coup and seized power. He abrogated
the democratic reforms and carried out dictatorial rule. The Third Spanish Revolution failed.
|
| 1844.2.27 |
Mella and Sanchez, leaders of the Trinitaria of Santo Domingo, rose against Haitian
rule. They declared the independence of Santo Domingo from Haiti and established the
Dominican Republic.
|
| 1844.6.4 |
Outbreak of the Silesian Weavers' Insurrection in Prussia, which was soon suppressed
by the Government.
|
| 1845 |
Britain started the First Sikh War and invaded Punjab. In 1846 Britain signed the
Treaty of Lahore with Punjab whereby Punjab became a British protectorate and
abandoned the Kashmir region. On .3.15 Britain passed the Kashmir region to Gulab Singh, a senior
official of Punjab and a local ruler of Jammu, who founded the State of Jammu and Kashmir
.
Seven Swiss Catholic cantons formed the Sonderbund and attempted to secede from
Switzerland. In 1847 the Sonderbund and the Protestant cantons entered into the War of the
Sonderbund, in which the Sonderbund was defeated and was forced to dissolve.
|
| 1845.2.28 |
The Rio Grande Republic concluded peace with Brazil and was reincorporated into Brazil.
|
| 1846 |
An anti-Austrian rebellion broke out in Cracow. On .2.22 of the same year Cracow was renamed
the Polish Republic. On .3.3 Austria suppressed the rebellion and annexed Cracow.
| Two German socialists, Marx and Engels, set up the Communist
Correspondence Committee and started the international socialist movement. In 1847 Marx and
Engels joined the League of the Just, which was renamed the Communist League in June.
In 1848.2 Marx and Engels published the Communist Manifesto, which laid the
theoretical foundation of Communism (also called Scientific Socialism or Marxism).
|
 |
To seize the Xhosas' lands, the British colonists started the Seventh Kaffir War. In the
next year the Xhosas were defeated.
Conflicts broke out between USA and the Native American Navajo Tribe residing in Arizona (the
Navajo War). In 1863 the USA army defeated the Navajo Tribe, who were then driven into
the reservation.
|
| 1846.2.19 |
USA annexed Texas, of which Mexico denied recognition. In March of the same year, the
American-Mexican War broke out between USA and Mexico. On .6.14 USA induced the American
migrants in Upper California of Mexico to secede from Mexico and established the California
Republic, which was annexed by USA on .7.9.
|
| 1846.6.15 |
Britain and USA concluded the Oregon Treaty whereby they partitioned the
Oregon territory.
|
| 1846.6.27 |
The Netherlands started the First Bali War (also called the Beleleng War) and
invaded the two states of Beleleng and Karang Asem on the Bali Island. On .7.9 the two states
were forced to recognize the suzerainty of the Netherlands.
|
| 1846.9.17 |
Jung Bahadur Rana, a Nepalese military officer, seized power in a coup and made
himself Chief Minister. Thereafter the Rana Family monopolized the position of Chief
Ministers of Nepal and held real power.
|
| 1847.3.1 |
Jose Tadeo Monagas became President of Venezuela. Thereafter the Monagas Family held power
for a long period and was called the "Monagas Dynasty".
|
| 1847.7 |
The Native Americans and Mestizos in Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico started a rebellion (the
Yucatan War, also called the Caste War). In 1905 the Mexican Government suppressed the
rebellion.
|
| 1847.7.26 |
The American Colonization Society unilaterally declared the independence of Liberia from USA
and established the First Republic of Liberia.
|
| 1848 |
The Sikhs in Punjab of India rose against the British colonists (the Second Sikh War
). On .2.22 of the next year Britain annihilated Punjab and thus conquered the whole of
India.
Sayyid Ali Mohammed, head of Babism in Persia, started the Babist Rebellion, which was
suppressed in 1851.
The British Chartists launched the signature campaign for the third petition. Thereafter the
Chartist Movement petered out.
The first Women's Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York of USA, which marked the
rise of the Women's Rights Movement and Feminism.
|
| 1848.1.12 |
With the outbreak of a rebellion in Sicily, the 1848 European Revolution started. In
the same year King Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies was forced to adopt a constitutional form
of government. On .4.13 the Sicilian rebels broke away from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and
established the Sicilian Regime. On .5.15 Ferdinando II suppressed the revolution in
Naples. On 1849.5.5 the rebellion in Sicily was finally crushed.
|
| 1848.1.24 |
A gold mine was discovered in Sacremento, capital of California of USA. The discovery led to
the Gold Rush among the Americans. Thereafter a large number of USA populace migrated
westward.
|
| 1848.2.2 |
USA and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which Mexico ceded
large areas of its territories to USA, thus ending the American-Mexican War.
|
| 1848.2.3 |
Outbreak of the February Revolution of France. When King Louis-Philippe was forced
to abdicate on ..24 of the same month, the Orleans Dynasty collapsed and the Second French
Republic was established. On .6.23 the workers in Paris staged the Insurrection of June
. Cavaignac, a military officer, suppressed the insurrection and carried out
dictatorial rule. On .12.20 Louis Napoleon became the President and the Government was
controlled by the Monarchists (also called the Order Party).
|
| 1848.2.17 |
A Constitution was granted in Tuscany, which then adopted a constiutional form of government.
In October of the same year, a revolution broke out. Montanelli seized power. After the
revolutionaries were suppressed on 1849.4.12, the absolute monarchy was restored.
|
| 1848.3 |
A revolution broke out in Denmark. On .6.5 of the next year, a Constitution was granted and a
constitutional form of government was adopted.
|
| 1848.3.1 |
A Constitution was granted in the Roman Papal States, which then adopted a constiutional form
of government. On .11.16 of the same year a rebellion broke out in Rome. On 1849.2.9 the
revolutionaries established the Roman Republic. On .7.4 France dispatched an army to
Rome to topple the Revolutionary Government and restore the absolute monarchy. Since then Rome
was occupied by France.
|
| 1848.3.4 |
A Constitution was granted in Sardinia, which then adopted a constiutional form of
government. On ..23 of the same month a war broke out between Sardinia and Austria (the First
Italian War of Independence). Sardinia was defeated on .3.23 of the next year.
|
| 1848.3.13 |
Outbreak of the March Revolution of Austria. Chancellor Metternich was forced to
step down. On ..20 of the same month Emperor Ferdinand I was forced to adopt a constiutional form
of government. On .10.31 Ferdiand I suppressed the Revolution.
|
| 1848.3.15 |
An anti-Austrian revolution broke out in Hungary. On ..22 of the same month a Revolutionary
Government was set up. In September Austria dispatched an army to suppress the revolution. Under
the leadership of Kossuth, the Hungarians rose against the Austrians. After the
Hungarians expelled the Austrian army, Russia intervened in the Hungarian Revolution, which was
finally suppressed on .8.13.
|
| 1848.3.18 |
Outbreak of the March Revolution of Prussia. On ..19 of the same month King
Friedrich Wilhelm IV was forced to adopt a constiutional form of government. On .12.5 Friedrich
Wilhelm IV dissolved the Constituent Assembly and the Revolution failed.
An anti-Austrian revolution broke out in Milan of Lombardy (the "Five Days of Milan").
On ..22 of the same month the Lombardy Regime was established. On .6.8 Sardinia annexed
Lombardy, which was reoccupied by Austria on .8.6.
|
| 1848.3.22 |
A revolution broke out in Venetia, where the revolutionaries set up the Venetian Regime
. On .8.7 Sardinia annexed Venetia. On .8.11 Manin started another revolution in
Venetia and restored the Venetian Regime. On 1849.8.24 Austria crushed the revolution and
reincorporated Venetia into the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
|
| 1848.5.18 |
A National Assembly was convened in Frankfurt of Germany (commonly called the Frankfurt
Parliament) to discuss the issue of German unification. The members of the Assembly split into
two factions: the Greater Germans (who advocated the unification of Germany by Austria)
and the Small Germans (who advocated the unification of Germany by Prussia). On .7.12
the Provisional Central Authorities were set up.
|
| 1848.6.8 |
Alleging that the Bali states violated the agreement, the Dutch colonists started the
Second Bali War (also called the First Jagaraga War) and attacked the states. On ..20 of the
same month the Dutch colonists were defeated.
|
| 1848.11.21 |
When a new Constitution took effect in Switzerland, a federal system under which the cantons
were annexed into a federation was adopted. (But the country's name remained "Swiss
Confederation".)
|
| 1849 |
France resettled the liberated black slaves in the coastal area of present day Gabon and
founded the city of Libreville, which developed into the colony of Gabon subsequently.
|
| 1849.3.28 |
The National Assembly in Frankfurt ratified the Constitution of the German Empire,
which was not supported by the monarchs of the German states. In 1849.5 a popular campaign for
the protection of the Constitution arose in Saxe-Wittenburg, Rhine and Baden. On .6.18 the
National Assembly was dissolved. On .12.20 the Provisional Central Authorities collapsed.
|
| 1849.4.15 |
The Dutch colonists started the Third Bali War (also called the Second Jagaraga War)
and defeated the Bali states on the next day. The Dutch colonists conquered Beleleng and Karang
Asem and partitioned their territories.
|
| 1849.5.14 |
A revolution broke out in Baden, where a Revolutionary Government was set up. On .6.25 of the
same year the revolution was crushed.
|
| 1849.8.26 |
President Soulouque of Haiti crowned himself Emperor (called Faustin).
|
| mid-19th Century |
Emergence of Mafia, a secret criminal organisation in Sicily. Thereafter Mafia
became the main secret criminal organisation in the Western countries.
|
| 1850.6.10 |
Urvina, leader of the Ecuador Liberal Party, seized power in a coup. During his
tenure he carried out liberal reforms.
|
| 1850.12 |
The Xhosas rose against the British rule (the Eighth Kaffir War). In 1853.2 Britain
suppressed their revolt.
|
| 1850.12M.10D |
| Hong Xiuquan, head of the Chinese God Worshippers Sect, started a
rebellion against the Qing Empire and established the Taiping Kingdom. |
 |
|
My homepage