| Date | Historical Event |
| 1901.1.1 |
The British colonies in Australia (including Western Australia, South Australia, New South
Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Queensland) were united as the Commonwealth of Australia,
a British dominion with a parliamentary cabinet system of government.
|
| 1901.3 |
USA passed the Platt Amendment, which granted to USA the right of intervening
in the internal affairs of Cuba. In June of the same year, USA compelled Cuba to incorporate the
Platt Amendment into its Constitution and made Cuba a dependent state of USA after
independence.
|
| 1901.9.14 |
Theodore Roosevelt succeeded as USA President. During his tenure he adopted the
"Big Stick Policy" and tried to establish USA's hegemony in America.
|
| 1902 |
de Castro started a rebellion against Bolivia in Acre and restored the Independent
State of Acre on 1903.1.15. On .11.17 Brazil and Bolivia signed the Treaty of Petropolis
, by which Bolivia sold Acre to Brazil while Brazil undertook to provide Bolivia with an
eastbound railway and a water outlet. On 1904.2.25 Brazil formally annexed Acre.
|
| 1902.1.30 |
Britain and Japan formed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
|
| 1902.5.20 |
The military rule of USA over Cuba ended with the establishment of the Republic of Cuba
, which remained under American control.
|
| 1902.12.11 |
The German and British armed forces imposed a blockade of the Venezuelan coast to compel the
latter to pay debts, which led to the Second Venezuelan Crisis. AFter the mediation of
USA, the countries concerned signed a protocol was signed to end the crisis.
|
| 1903 |
The Qing Government started to carry out modernization reforms (the Manchu Reforms).
The Dutch colonists conquered Aceh. But the Aceh people continued the resistance, which was not
completely suppressed until 1913, when the Aceh War finally ended.
|
| 1903.1.2 |
USA and Colombia signed the Hay-Herran Treaty whereby Colombia granted the
right of construction of the Panama Canal to USA and allowed USA to set up a Panama Canal
Zone. The Colombian Congress refused to ratify the treaty. On .11.4 of the same year, USA
induced Amador to launch an independence movement in Panama. He declared the independence of
Panama from Colombia and established the Republic of Panama. On ..17 of the same month,
Panama signed the USA-Panama Treaty with USA whereby Panama became a dependent
state of USA and ceded the Panama Canal Zone to USA.
|
| 1903.6.11 |
King Aleksandar of Serbia was assassinated, which marked the end of Serbia (Obrenovic
Dynasty). On ..15 of the same month Petar I succeeded to the throne and restored
Serbia (Karadjordjevic Dynasty).
|
| 1903.7.30 |
| The Social Democratic Labour Party of Russia held the Second Congress in
Brussels (moved to London later). The Party split into two factions: the Bolsheviks (=
Majority; led by Lenin) and the Mensheviks (= Minority). |
 |
|
| 1903.8.3 |
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization rebelled against Osmanli rule and founded
the Krushevo Republic. On ..13 of the same month the rebellion was crushed by the
Osmanli Turks.
|
| 1903.12 |
Britain started the Sceond Tibetan War and invaded Tibet. On .9.7 of the next year,
Britain forced the local government of Tibet to sign theTreaty of Llasa and made
Tibet a British sphere of interest, of which the Qing Empire denied recognition. On 1906.4.27 the
Qing Empire and Britain signed the Sino-British Follow-up Treaty on Tibet and India
, by which Britain recognized Qing Empire's sovereignty over Tibet but at the same time
acquired a lot of benefits in Tibet.
|
| 1904.2.8 |
In contention for Manchuria (i.e. Northeastern China) and Taehan, Japan and Russia entered
into the Russo-Japanese War. Russia was defeated in the next year. On .9.5 the two
countries signed the Peace of Portsmouth, by which Russia ceded southern Sakhalin
and parts of its interest in Manchuria to Japan and recognized Japan's supremacy in Taehan. Japan
thus became a power in East Asia.
|
| 1904.4.8 |
Britain and France concluded the Anglo-French Entente to resolve their
conflicts in their colonies all over the world.
|
| 1904.10.3 |
France and Spain signed the Franco-Spanish Treaty, which nominally assured
the independence and integrity of the Alawi Regime (i.e. Morocco), but in practice delineate
their respective spheres of interest in the Alawi Regime: the Mediterranean coastal area and the
southwestern part belonged to Spain while the remaining parts belonged to France.
|
| 1905 |
The Dutch colonists started the Third Bone War and invaded Bone. In 1906 the Dutch
colonists suppressed the resistance of the Bugis and Makassars.
A revolution broke out in Persia. On .10.7 of the next year the Government promulgated a
Constitution and adopted a constitutional form of government.
A popular uprising (the Maji Maji Uprising) broke out in German East Africa against the
German Colonial Government. The uprising was crushed in 1907.
|
| 1905.1.22 |
The Russian security force fired at a procession of petitioners (the Bloody Sunday).
Thereafter revolutions broke out throughout Russia (the 1905 Revolution of Russia). On
.10.30 Tsar Nikolai II issued the October Manifesto, in which he promised to
grant a Constitution, convene the State Duma and adopt a constitutional form of government.
Depending on their attitude towards the October Manifesto the Liberals split into two
factions: the moderate Octobrist Party and the radical Constitutional Democratic
Party.
|
| 1905.3.31 |
Germany announced that it would maintain the independence and integrity of the Alawi Regime,
which led to tension between Germany and France (the First Moroccan Crisis). On .1.16 of
the next year the powers convened the Algeciras Conference and passed the Act of Algeciras
, which recognized the independence of the Alawi Regime. But the Alawi police force was to be
controlled by France and Spain.
|
| 1905.6.7 |
Norway gained independence from Sweden. On .8.31 of the same year the Swedish-Norwegian Union
was dissolved. On .11.25 Prince Hakon VII of Denmark became King of Norway and established
Norway (Oldenburg Dynasty).
|
| 1905.8M |
| Sun Yixian founded the Alliance of Chinese Revolutionaries
in Japan and launched the revolution against the Qing Government. |
 |
|
| 1905.10.16 |
India partitioned Bengal into the eastern and western parts. The National Congress Party
launched the Anti-Partition Movement. In 1907.12 the National Congress Party split.
Tilak, leader of the Extremists, formed the Nationalist Party. In 1908 the British Colonial
Government suppressed the Movement.
|
| 1905.11.17 |
Japan and Taehan signed a treaty by which the foreign affairs of Taehan were to be guided by
the Japanese Resident-General. On 1910.8.22 Japan and Taehan signed the Japan-Korea
Annexation Treaty whereby Emperor Yi Chok of Taehan was forced to abdicate. On ..29
Japan annexed Taehan, which was then renamed Chosen (Korea).
|
| 1906 |
Min Chong Sik of Korea organised the Righteous Army to rebel against Japanese rule.
Thereafter a number of Righteous Armies appeared throughout the country (the Righteous Army
Movement). The Movement was crushed by the Japanese Colonial Government in 1910.
|
| 1906.7.4 |
Britain, France and Italy signed the Tripartite Pact to define their spheres
of interest in Ethiopia: the western and northwestern parts belonged to Britain; the eastern part
belonged to France and the northern part belonged to Italy.
|
| 1906.9 |
The Dutch colonists started the Fourth Bali War and subdued the states of Badung,
Tabanan, etc. on Bali. The southern part of Bali was thus conquered.
|
| 1906.12.30 |
The Indian Muslims formed the All-India Muslim League. Since then the nationalist
movement of India split into two camps: the Hinduists and the Muslims.
|
| 1907.3 |
France started the Second Franco-Moroccan War and invaded the Alawi Regime.
|
| 1907.6.1 |
Foundation of the Central Office of International Associations (renamed Union of
International Associations in 1910) as a coordinating organisation of the non-governmental
international organisations. Thereafter large number of non-governmental international
organisations emerged in the world.
|
| 1907.6.15 |
44 countries held the Second Hague Peace Conference and signed the Hague
Convention, which contained more provisions about the international laws on warfare.
|
| 1907.6.16 |
Tsar Nikolai II of Russia dissolved the second State Duma, increased the seats of
representatives of the priviledged and suppressed the revolutionary movements. Such events were
called the "June 3rd Coup" by historians.
|
| 1907.7.30 |
Japan and Russia signed the Russo-Japanese Agreement, by which both parties
recognized the colonial interests of each other and divided Manchuria into the southern and
northern parts, which became the spheres of interest of Japan and Russia, respectively.
|
| 1907.8.31 |
Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Entente, which settled their
conflicts in Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet and defined their spheres of interest in Persia.
Britain thus abandoned its policy of "Splendid Isolation" and formed the Triple Entente
with France and Russia in opposition to the Triple Alliance.
|
| 1907.9.26 |
The British dependencies of Newfoundland in North America and New Zealand in Oceania gained
dominion status and established the the Dominion of Newfoundland (according to another
source, Newfoundland gained the dominion status on 1931.12.11) and the Dominion of New
Zealand, respectively. Both dominions adopted a parliamentary cabinet system of government.
|
| 1907.12.17 |
Ugyen Wangchuk, head of the Wangchuk Clan of Bhutan, abolished the dual ruling system of the
religious leader and temporal ruler. He made himself King with supreme political and religious
powers and established Bhutan (Wangchuk Dynasty).
|
| 1908 |
The Dutch colonists annihilated Klungkung, the suzerain of the Bali states, and conquered the
whole of Bali.
|
| 1908.6 |
King Mohammad Ali of Persia staged a coup. He then abrogated the Constitution and restored
the absolute monarchy.
|
| 1908.7.13 |
The Young Turks of the Osmanli Region launched a revolution and forced Sultan Abdul-
Hamid II to restore the Constitution.
|
| 1908.10.5 |
Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria proclaimed complete independence from the Osmanli Regime. He
changed his title to Emperor (Tsar) and established the Third Bulgarian Empire.
|
| 1908.10.6 |
Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, which stirred up nationalist sentiment among the
Yugoslavs (the Bosnian Crisis).
|
| 1908.10M.21D |
| Upon death of Zaitian, the Qing Emperor, Puyi succeeded to the
throne. On the next day Dowager Empress Nalananer died.
|
 |
|
| 1908.11.15 |
Belgium abolished the Independent State of the Congo, which then came under the
administration of the Belgian Government and was renamed Belgian Congo.
|
| 1908.12.19 |
Gomez, a Venezuelan military officer, seized power in a coup and exercised
dictatorial rule. He was nicknamed the "Tyrant of the Andes".
|
| 1909.4.6 |
Peary, a USA explorer, reached the North Pole.
|
| 1909.4.13 |
A coup opposing the rule of the Young Turks broke out in Constantinople. On ..24 of the same
month the Young Turks suppressed the coup. On ..27 the Young Turks deposed Sultan Abdul-Hamid II
and replaced him with Mehmed V. Real power was thus held by the Young Turks.
|
| 1910.1.15 |
France united its colonies in Central Africa (including Gabon, Middle Congo (also called
French Congo), Ubanghi-Shari and Chad) as French Equatorial Africa.
|
| 1910.5.31 |
Britain united its four colonies in Southern Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and Orange
Free State) as the Union of South Africa, a British dominion with a parliamentary
cabinet system of government.
|
| 1910.7.12 |
The American states held the Fourth Pan-American Conference, on which they resolved to
reorganise the International Union of American Republics as the Union of American Republics
. The International Bureau of the American Republics was also reorganised as the
Pan-American Union.
|
| 1910.10 |
| Madero, leader of the Mexican Liberal Party, launched the Mexican
Revolution in opposition to President Diaz. In the same year Zapata and Villa also started
peasant uprisings. |
 |
|
| 1910.10.4 |
The Republican Party of Portugal launched a revolt. On the next day, they overthrew
King Manuel II and established the First Portuguese Republic.
|
| 1911 |
Monaco gained independence. It promulgated a Constitution and became a constitutional
monarchy.
|
| 1911.5.8 |
The Qing Empire abolished the traditional government system and adopted the modern cabinet
system following the Western line. Yikuang was appointed as the Prime Minister. As the
majority of the cabinet members were royal members, the cabinet was called the em>Royal Cabinet
.
|
| 1911.5.21 |
A tribal revolt broke out in the Alawi Regime. A French army was dispatched to its capital
Fez. Germany showed disapproval of the French military action by dispatching an army, which led
to the Second Moroccan Crisis. On .11.4 of the same year, France and Germany concluded
the Franco-German Convention whereby Germany agreed to leave France a free hand in the
Alawi Regime while France ceded parts of the African dependencies to Germany.
|
| 1911.5.25 |
The Mexican revolutionary army overthrew President Diaz. But the civil war continued. On
.11.6 of the same year Madero succeeded as President.
|
| 1911.9 |
To seize Libya, Italy started the Italo-Turkish War (also called the Tripolitan
War). On .11.5 of the same year, Italy declared Libya to be its dependency. The Sanusi Order in
Cyrenaica rose against the Italian invasion. On 1912.10.18 Italy signed the Treaty of
Laussanne with the Osmanli Turks whereby Italy acquired the region of Tripoli from the
Osmanli Turks.
|
| 1911.10.10 |
The Alliance of Chinese Revolutionaries instigated an anti-Qing uprising in Hubei, which
marked the beginning of the 1911 Revolution. On ..11 of the same month, the Hubei
Military Government of the Republic of China was established. Thereafter 15 provinces
(including Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Anhui,
Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong and Sichuan) declared independence from the Qing Empire
successively. On .11.16 Yuan Shikai was appointed as the Prime Minister by the Qing
Government.
|
| 1911.12.1 |
A Russian troop entered Outer Mongolia (also called Khalka Mongolia) and induced Bogdo-gegen
(Jabzandamba Hutagt VIII), religous leader of Outer Mongolia, to declare independence of Outer
Mongolia. He made himself King (Khan) of Mongolia and established the Mongolian Regime.
In 1915 China, Russia and Mongolia concluded an agreement by which Mongolia repealed the
declaration of independence and became an autonomous government under China on .6.7 of the same
year.
|
| 1911.12.14 |
Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, reached the South Pole.
|
| 1912 |
Joao Maria, leader of a herectic sect in Contestado in southern Brazil, started a revolt (the
Contestado Holy War. On 1915.3.31 the Brazilian Government suppressed the revolt.
|
| 1912.1.1 |
The Military Governments of the Chinese provinces jointly established the Provisional
Gvoernment and chose Sun Yixian as the Provisional President. On .2.12 of the same year, Yuan
Shikai forced Puyi to abdicate. On .3.10 Yuan Shikai declared submission to the Republic of China
and became the Provisional President, which marked the end of the Qing Empire. On .3.11 the
Provisional Constitution was promulgated as a constitutional law prior to the
enactment of the formal Constitution.
|
| 1912.3.13 |
Bulgaria and Serbia formed an alliance against the Osmanli Turks. In the same year, Bulgaria
also allied with Greece and Montenegro and thus formed the Balkan League. On .10.18 the
First Balkan War broke out between the Balkan League and the Osmanli Turks. On 1913.5.30
the belligerents signed the Treaty of London, by which the Osmanli Turks were to give up
almost all its territories in the Balkan Peninsula while Bulgaria acquired the majority of
Macedonia. Serbia was discontented with the result as it did not obtain an outlet to the Adriatic
Sea. Cleavages arose among members of the Balkan League.
|
| 1912.3.30 |
France compelled the Alawi Regime to sign the Treaty of Fez and made the majority of
Morocco became a French protectorate. The Second Franco-Moroccan War ended. On .11.27 of the same
year, Frane and Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid whereby France granted the Mediterranean
coastal region in northern Morocco and the regions of Tarfaya and Ifni in southern Morocco to
Spain, while Tangier was designated as an international condominium. Morocco was thus divided
into three parts: French Morocco, Spanish Morocco and Tangier.
|
| 1912.8.25 |
The Alliance of Chinese Revolutionaries was reorganised as the Nationalist Party in
opposition to Yuan Shikai. In 1913.7 the Nationalist Party launched the Second Revolution
, but was crushed by Yuan Shikai in September. On .10.10 Yuan Shikai became the President
and established the Beiyang Government.
|
| 1912.10.28 |
Britain induced Tibet to secede from China and became a semi-independent polity since then.
|
| 1912.11.28 |
Albania declared independence from the Osmanli Regime and established the Albanian Regime
. On 1914.3.7 Wilhelm became Prince of Albania and adopted a constitutional form of
government.
|
| 1913.2 |
The Constitutional Nationalist Party and the Friends of Constitutional Government of Japan
launched the First Constitution Protection Movement and joined hands to oppose the
dictatorship of the former fief lords and warlords. On ..12 of the same month Prime Minister
Katsura Taro was forced to resign.
|
| 1913.2.10 |
Hoang Hoa Tham, head of the Dai Nam rebels, was killed. The rebellion was crushed by the
French Colonial Government.
|
| 1913.2.19 |
Huerta, leader of the Mexican Constitutionalist Party, overthrew President Madero in
a coup and made himself Interim President. Carranza rose against Huerta and organised
the Constitutionalist Army later.
|
| 1913.5.24 |
Salim ibn Rashid al-Kharusi instigated an anti-Muscat rebellion among the tribes in the
mountain areas of Oman and founded the Islamic Imamate of Oman in opposition to Muscat.
In 1920 Britain, Muscat and Oman signed the Treaty of Seeb, which recognzied the
independence of the Islamic Imamate of Oman.
|
| 1913.6.1 |
Serbia and Greece allied against Bulgaria. Later Romania also joined the alliance. On ..29 of
the same month Bulgaria entered into the Second Balkan War with the other Balkan states.
The Osmanli Turks also joined the war against Bulgaria. On .8.10 the belligerents signed the
Treaty of Bucharest whereby Romania acquired northern Dobruja and Macedonia was divided into
three parts: Vardar Macedonia belonged to Serbia; Pirin Macedonia belonged to
Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia belonged to Greece.
|
| 1914.1.1 |
Britain united Southern Nigeria and Northern Nigeria as the Colony and Protectorate of
Nigeria.
|
| 1914.5.12 |
Johore became a British protectorate and was called the Unfederated Malay States
with the other four British protectorates (Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perlis). Britain
thus conquered the entire Malay Peninsula. The Straits Settlement, Federated Malay States and
Unfederated Malay States were collectively called British Malaya.
|
| 1914.6.28 |
Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria, was assassinated by a Serb in Sarajevo, capital of
Bosnia. On .7.28 of the same year, Austria declared war on Serbia, which marked the beginning of
the First World War. The war quickly developed into a war between the Triple Alliance
(renamed the Central Powers later, composed of Germany and Austria. Later the Osmanli
Turks and Bulgaria also joined) and the Triple Entente (renamed the Allied Powers
later).
|
| 1914.7.3 |
Britain signed the Treaty of Simla with the Tibetan Government whereby Tibet
was divided into Inner Tibet and Outer Tibet and a large area of territory was ceded to Britain.
The Chinese Government denied recognition of the Treaty.
|
| 1914.8.2 |
Germany occupied Luxembourg. On ..4 of the same month Germany invaded Belgium. On .10.8
Germany conquered Belgium. The Belgian Government fled to France.
|
| 1914.8.13 |
The Mexican Constitutionalist Army overthrew the Government of the Constitutionalist Party.
On ..20 of the same month, Carranza, Commander of the Constitutionalist Army, became Chief of
State (he became the President on 1917.5.1).
|
| 1914.12.18 |
Britain declared the secession of Egypt from the Osmanli Regime. Egypt formally became a
British protectorate. On the next day Britain deposed Abbas II, Khedive of Egypt and installed
Kamil as King (Sultan).
|
| 1915 |
Britain and Russia concluded another agreement on the partition of Persia and occupied the
southern and northern parts of Persia, respectively.
|
| 1915.1 |
Sam, leader of the Cacos rebels in northern Haiti, seized power and led to civil
disorder. In July of the same year, USA occupied Haiti.
|
| 1915.1.18 |
Japan presented the Twenty-One Demands to China and requested to succeed the
German rights in the Shandong Province and exercise control over various aspects of the Chinese
internal affairs. On .5.9 of the same year, the Beiyang Government decided to accept the
Twenty-One Demands.
|
| 1915.5 |
Germany occupied the Baltic region.
|
| 1915.5.23 |
Italy joined the Allied Powers in the First World War.
|
| 1915.7.9 |
South Africa seized Southwest Africa from Germany.
|
| 1915.8.5 |
Germany and Austria occupied Poland and overthrew Russian rule over Poland. On 1917.1.14 the
two countries installed a Provisional Government.
|
| 1915.9 |
A New Culture Movement took place in China.
The left wings of the Socialist Parties of various countries held a conference in Zimmerwald of
Switzerland to oppose the First World War. They became known as the Zimmerwald Left. The
International Socialist Movement started to split into factions.
|
| 1915.11 |
Austria and Germany jointly conquered Serbia.
|
| 1915.12.11 |
President Yuan Shikai organised the National Conference to support his monarchist campaign.
On ..25 of the same month, Cai E, a military officer in Yunnan, rebelled against Yuan Shikai. On
1916.1.1 Yuan Shikai formally assumed the title of Emperor and adopted the reign title of
Hongxian (Hongxian Empire). Cai E formed the Nation Protection Army against Yuan Shikai
(the Nation Protection Movement). On .3.23 Yuan Shikai renounced his imperial title and
resumed the presidency. On .6.6 Yuan Shikai died. Thereafter the Beiyang warlords split into
three cliques: the Zhili Clique (headed by Feng Guozhang), the Anhui Clique
(headed by Duan Qirui) and the Fengtian Clique (headed by Zhang Zuolin), which contended
for the control of the Central Government.
|
| 1916.4.24 |
The Irish Republican Brotherhood launched the Easter Uprising and established the
Irish Regime. On ..29 Britain crushed the uprising.
|
| 1916.4.26 |
Britain, France and Russia concluded an agreement on the partition of the Osmanli territories
in Asia.
|
| 1916.6.10 |
The Emirate of Mecca was renamed the Kingdom of Hejaz (Hashimite Dynasty).
|
| 1916.7.17 |
An anti-Russian national revolt broke out in Central Asia. The revolt was suppressed in
October of the same year.
|
| 1916.9.1 |
The plutocrats of the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Ecuador started to control
the political scene of Ecuador.
|
| 1916.10.12 |
Beginning of the rule of the Radical Civic Union in Argentina. During their rule the
party carried out democratic policies.
|
| 1917 |
Kuchik started an anti-British revolt in the Gilan region of Persia and organised the
Jangal Movement.
|
| 1917.1 |
With the ratification of a democratic constitution in Mexico, the Mexican Revolution came to
an end.
|
| 1917.3.8 |
The February Revolution of Russia broke out. On ..12 of the same month, the
Bolsheviks formed the Soviet (i.e. Council) of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in the
captial Petrograd. When Tsar Nikolai II was forced to abdicate on ..15, the Romanov-Holstein-
Gottorp Dynasty collapsed. On ..16 the Mensheviks, Constiutional Democratic Party and Octobrist
Party jointly formed the Provisional Government. But the Soviet denied recognition of the
Provisional Government. A situation of dual governments thus appeared in Petrograd.
|
| 1917.3.26 |
Finland established a National Government and formally declared independence from
Russia on .12.6 of the same year.
|
| 1917.4.6 |
USA joined the Allied Powers in the First World War.
|
| 1917.5 |
A power struggle occurred between President Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan Qirui of China. On
..29 of the same month Duan Qirui induced several provinces to rebel against Li Yuanhong. On .7.1
Zhang Xun, a military officer of Anhui, and Kang Youwei put the former Qing Emperor Puyi back to
the throne and restored the Qing Empire (Zhang Xun Restoration). On ..12 of the same
month Duan Qirui defeated Zhang Xun and overthrew the Qing Empire again. Thereafter the Anhui
Clique warlords seized control of the Beiyang Government. On .9.1 Sun Yixian, leader of the
Chinese Revolutionary Party (formerly the Nationalist Party), launched the First Constitution
Protection Movement in opposition to the Beiyang Government and established the Military
Government for Constitution Protection in Guangzhou.
|
| 1917.7.17 |
The Bolsheviks organised a large scale anti-governmental demonstration. The Provisional
Government suppressed the Bolsheviks and purged the Bolshevik elements in the Soviet (the
"July Incident").
|
| 1917.9.7 |
Kornilov, a Russian military officer, rebelled in an attempt to seize power. The
Bolsheviks organised a popular campaign to oppose Kornilov. On ..12 of the same month, Kornilov
was arrested.
|
| 1917.11 |
The Azerbaijani Bolshevils launched a revolution in Baku and established the Baku Commune
, which was overthrown by the Equality Party in 1918.
|
| 1917.11.6 |
The Bolsheviks launched the October Revolution of Russia. On ..8 of the same month,
they overthrew the Provisional Government and established the Soviet Government, which
promulgated a Decree on Peace to propose ending the war and implemented the policy of
mationalization and collectivization (the "Militant Communism" Policy). In the same
month Kornilov fled to the Caucasian region, where he oganised the White Army with
Denikin in opposition to the Bolsheviks.
|
| 1917.11.8 |
Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, issued the Balfour Declaration, which
agreed to build up a Jewish national home in Palestine, and thus lent support to the Zionist
Movement.
|
| 1917.11.20 |
The Ukrainian nationalists convened the Central Rada (i.e. Council), on which they declared
the independence of Ukraine from Russia and established the Ukrainian Regime (Rada
Government). On .12.25 of the same year, the Bolsheviks in Eastern Ukraine established
Ukraine (Soviet Government) in opposition to the Rada Government.
|
| 1917.12.12 |
Khokand seceded from Russia and established the Turkestan Republic (commonly called
the Khokand Autonomous Government).
|
| 1917.12.15 |
Bessarabia seceded from Russia and established the Moldavian Democratic Republic.
|
| 1918 |
Peasant riots broke out throughout Japan in opposition to the rice vendors who stockpiled the
rice and led to sharp increase of the price of rice (the Rice Riot) In the same year the
Government enacted law to regulate the supply of rice and pacify the riots.
|
| 1918.1.8 |
USA President Wislon presented the "Fourteen Points", which set forth certain
principles of the post-war international relation. The principles were called the New
Diplomacy.
|
1918.1.28 |
The Finnish Communist Party launched a revolution in the capital Helsinki and established
Finland (Soviet Government) in opposition to the National Government. On .4.13 of the
same year, the National Government recaptured Helsinki. On ..25 it annihilated the Soviet
Government. On .5.15 the revolution was suppressed.
|
| 1918.2.4 |
Omsk and Tomsk in Siberia declared independence from Russia and established the Siberian
Republic.
|
| 1918.2.16 |
Germany installed the Lithuanian Regime. On .2.24 of the same year, Estonia declared
independence from Russia and established the First Republic of Estonia. On .4.12 in the
same year Germany occupied Livonia, Estonia, Riga, Osel and Kurland and united these regions as
the Baltic State. In November the German army withdrew from the Baltic Region. On ..2
the First Republic of Lithuania was established. On ..11 Estonia regained independence.
On ..18 Livonia, Riga, Osel and Kurland were united as the First Republic of Latvia. On
..28 the Baltic State disintegrated.
|
| 1918.2.28 |
Russia captured Khokand and annihilated the Turkestan Republic. Thereafter the Basmachi
feudal armed forces united with the White Army in the rebellion against Russia and the various
soviet republics (Basmachi Movement), which was not completely suppressed until 1933.
|
| 1918.3 |
The Bolsheviks were reorganised as the Communist Party (Bolshevik) and carried out
one-party rule in Russia. On ..3 of the same month, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
with the Central Powers whereby Russia recognized the occupation of Poland and the
Baltic Region by Germany and withdrew from the First World War. On .7.19 the name of the country
became Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which was nominally a federative
republic but in practice under the tight control of the Central Government monopolized by the
Communist Party. Thereafter the left wings of the Western socialist parties were renamed
Communist Parties successively.
|
| 1918.3.9 |
The Allied army landed in Mormansk of Russia and started to intervene in the Russian
Revolution. The Russian Civil War thus broke out. On .4.5 of the same year Japan invaded
the Far East region of Russia. On .5.24 the Allies instigated an anti-Soviet revolt of the
Czechoslovak Legions in Russia.
The Byelorussian nationalists convened the Rada, on which they declared the independence of
Byelorussia and established the Byelorussian Regime (Rada Government). On .1.1 of the
next year the Communist Party toppled the Rada Government and established Byelorussia (Soviet
Government).
|
| 1918.3.16 |
Russia established the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the
southern part of Central Asia (Turkestan), an autonomous republic under Russia.
|
| 1918.4.22 |
The Equality Party of Azerbaijan, the Social Democratic Worker's Party of Georgia and the
Armenian Revolutionary Federation united to establish the Democratic Federative Republic of
Transcaucasia. On .5.26 of the same year, Transcaucasia disintegrated. The Social Democratic
Worker's Party of Georgia founded the Georgian Regime. On ..28 the Equality Party of
Azerbaijan founded the Azerbaijani Regime. On ..30 the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
founded the Armenian Regime.
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| 1918.5.4 |
Sun Yixian, Generalissimo of the Chinese Military Government for Constitution Protection, was
edge out by the Guangxi warlords and was forced to leave Guangzhou. The First Constitution
Protection Movement thus failed.
|
| 1918.9 |
Daskalov, leader of the Bulgarian Peasant People's League, revolted in Radomir and
established the Radomir Republic on ..27 of the same month. The revolt was suppressed by
the Bulgarian Government on ..29.
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| 1918.9.30 |
Syria declared independence from the Osmanli Regime and established the Syrian Regime
.
|
| 1918.10.17 |
Hungary declared secession from Austria. The Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated. On ..30
of the same month, a revolution broke out in Hungary. On .11.13 Hungary formally declared
independence from Austria. On ..16 the monarchy was abolished and the First Hungarian
Republic was established.
|
| 1918.10.28 |
The Czechoslovak National Council declared the independence of Bohemia from Austria and the
annexation of Bohemia with Moravia, Austrian Silesia and Slovakia (under Hungarian rule) to form
the Czechoslovak Regime.
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| 1918.10.29 |
Croatia declared independence from Hungary and established the State of Slovenes, Croats,
and Serbs. On .11.1 of the same year the Austrian and German armies were expelled from
Serbia. The Kingdom of Serbia was thus restored.
|
| 1918.10.30 |
The Osmanli Regime signed the Armistice of Mudros and surrendered to the
Allies. Thereafter the Allies occupied the territories of the Osmanli Regime.
|
| 1918.11.1 |
Western Ukraine seceded from Austria and established the Western Ukrainian Regime.
On .1.22 of the next year Western Ukraine was annexed by Ukraine (Rada Government).
|
| 1918.11.3 |
The November Revolution of Germany broke out. On ..9 of the same month, Emperor
Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate. On ..10 the right wing and left wing (including the
Independent Social Democratic Party and the Spartacist Group) of the Social Democratic Party set
up two Governments in opposition to each other. On .11 Germany surrendered to the Allies, which
marked the end of the First World War. On 1919.2.6 the Government of the Leftist Social
Democratic Party collapsed.
|
| 1918.11.11 |
Emperor Karl of Austria was forced to abdicate. On ..12 of the same month, the Republic
of German-Austria was set up. On 1919.10.21 the name of the country was changed to the
Republic of Austria.
The German armies withdrew from Belgium and Luxembourg. The Kingdom of Belgium was thus restored.
|
| 1918.11.12 |
Bukovina in northern Romania declared independence from Austria and established the
Bukovina Regime, which was annexed into Romania on .12.31 of the same year.
|
| 1918.11.13 |
| Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist, launched a nationalist movement. In
the next year Zaghlul founded the Nationalist Party (also called the Wafd Party). |
 |
|
| 1918.11.16 |
The chieftains and nobles of the tribes in Tripoli revolted against Italian rule and
established the Tripolitanian Republic, which was annihilated by Italy on 1922.11.12.
|
| 1918.11.18 |
Kolchak, a former Russian military officer, seized power in Siberia. Since then he
became the main force in the resistance against the Russian Communist Party.
|
| 1918.11.29 |
The Estonian Communists established Estonia (Soviet Government). On .12.16 of the
same year, the Lithuanian Communists established Lithuania (Soviet Government). On ..17
the Latvian Communists established Latvia (Soviet Government).
|
| 1918.12.1 |
Transylvania declared independence from Hungary and established the Transylvanian Regime
, which was annexed into Romania on .1.11 of the next year.
Serbia, Montenegro and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs united to form the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which adopted a constitutional form of government. King Petar I
of Serbia became King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Denmark implemented the Act of Union and established the Icelandic Regime, with
the King of Denmark being the King of Iceland concurrently. A constitutional form of government
was adopted. Iceland remained under Danish control.
|
| 1919.1.18 |
The Allies convened the Paris Peace Conference to discuss the peace settlements
after war.
|
| 1919.1.19 |
de Paiva Couceiro, leader of the Portuguese royalists, started a revolt in Porto and
restored the Kingdom of Portugal. On .2.13 of the same year, the Government of the Portuguese
Republic suppressed the revolt.
|
| 1919.1.21 |
The Sinn Fein Party of Ireland unilaterally declared the independence of Ireland
from Britain and reestablished the Irish Regime.
|
| 1919.2.27 |
Lithuania (Soviet Government) and Byelorussia (Soviet Government) united to form the
Lithuania-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was centred in Lithuania. Later the
Soviet Governments of Estonia, Lithuania-Byelorussia and Latvia collapsed successively.
|
| 1919.2.28 |
Amanullah Khan became Amir of Afghan. Real power was held by the Young Afghan
Party, who launched an independence movement. On .5.8 of the same year, Britain started the
Third Anglo-Afghan War. On .8.8 the two countries signed the Treaty of Rawalpindi
, by which Britain recognized the independence of Afghanistan.
|
| 1919.3.1 |
Mass campaigns opposing Japanese rule broke out throughout Korea. Later the mass campaigns
developed into rebellions (the "March 1st Rebellion"), which were suppressed by Japan in
April of the same year.
|
| 1919.3.2 |
The Communist Parties of various countries formed the Communist International
(COMINTERN; also called the Third International) in Moscow.
|
| 1919.3.4 |
The Allies induced Siberia to attack the Soviet Government from the Ural region of Russia
(the First Armed Intervention). In August of the same year, the Soviet Government
occupied the Ural region. The First Armed Intervention failed.
|
| 1919.3.8 |
The Egyptian Colonial Government arrested Zaghlul, leader of the Nationalist Party, which led
to the March Rebellion of Egypt. Britain suppressed the rebellion.
|
| 1919.3.21 |
The Hungarian Communist Party seized power in a revolution and set up Hungary (Soviet
Government) in conjunction with the Social Democratic Party, with real power held by the
Communists. Romania intervened in the Hungarian Revolution and installed a Governing Council in
opposition to the Soviet Government. On .8.1 the Interventionist Army toppled the Soviet
Government. On ..6 the Governing Council was reorganised as Hungary (Regency), which
marked the end of the First Hungarian Republic.
|
| 1919.4.7 |
The German Communist Party started a rebellion in Munich and established the Bavarian
Soviet Republic in conjunction with the Leftist Social Democratic Party. On .5.1 the German
Government crushed the rebellion.
|
| 1919.4.13 |
In a mass demonstration in Amritsar of India, the British colonial army massacred the
demonstrators (the Amritsar Massacre). Since then anti-British movements spread all over
India.
|
| 1919.4.28 |
The Paris Peace Conference ratified the Covenant of the League of Nations. On
.1.10 of the next year the League of Nations was founded.
|
| 1919.5.4 |
Opposing the Allies' decision to pass the German rights in Shandong to Japan, the Chinese
populace launched the "May 4th Movement".
|
| 1919.5.6 |
The Supreme Council of the Allies arranged for the former German colonies all over the world
to be governed by other powers as mandates, thus establishing the Mandate System.
|
| 1919.5.15 |
With the support of the Allies, Greece invaded the Osmanli Regime, which led to the
Second Greco-Turkish War.
|
| 1919.5.19 |
| Kemal, an Osmanli military officer, launched a nationalist movement
(called the Kemalist Revolution by historians) in opposition to the Allied occupation.
On .9.4 of the same year he founded the Nationalist Party. On 1920.4.23 the Nationalist
Party convened the Grand National Assembly in Ankara and established the Provisional Government.
|
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|
| 1919.6.16 |
The Hungarian Red Army established the Slovak Soviet Republic in Presov of
Czechoslovakia. On .7.7 of the same year, the Republic was toppled by Czechoslovakia.
|
| 1919.6.28 |
The Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which imposed
cessation of territories, reparations and disarmament on Germany. Alsace and Lorraine were to be
returned to France. Saarland was to be governed by the League of Nations. Rhineland was to be
under Allied occupation and a part of it was to be demilitarized. The Versailles System
was thus formed.
France and Britain partitioned Cameroon: France acquired East Cameroon (also called
French Cameroun) while Britain acquired West Cameroon (also called British Cameroon).
|
| 1919.7.3 |
The Allies induced Denikin, head of the White Army in the Caucasian region, to attack Russia
(Soviet Government) (the Second Armed Intervention). In early 1920 the Soviet Government
defeated Denikin and conquered the Caucasian region. On .3.13 the Soviet Government captured
Mormansk. The Second Armed Intervention failed.
|
| 1919.7.4 |
Leguia, former President of Peru, seized power in a coup and established dictatorial
rule.
|
| 1919.8.9 |
Britain and Persia signed the Anglo-Iranian Agreement, by which Britain
nominally recognized the independence of Persia. But Britain retained the right to interfere with
the internal affairs of Persia.
|
| 1919.8.11 |
Germany implemented a new Constitution (commonly called the Weimar Constitution
), which adopted the parliamentary cabinet system. Beginning of the Period of Weimar
Republic of Germany.
|
| 1919.9.10 |
The Allies signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria whereby Austria
was to cede southern Tyrol, Trieste and Istria to Italy and cede Bukovina to Romania.
|
| 1919.9.14 |
D'Annunzio, an Italian nationalist, occupied Fiume (i.e. present day Rijeka of
Croatia) and established the Fiume Regime. On 1924.3.16 Italy and Serbia signed a treaty
whereby Fiume was annexed to Italy.
|
| 1919.10 |
Prince Faysal of Hejaz occupied Syria. On 1920.3.8 he made himself King and established
Syria (Hashemite Dynasty). On .7.28 France overthrew Faysal.
|
| 1919.11.27 |
The Allies signed the Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria whereby Bulgaria was to
cede territories and pay reparations.
|
| 1919.12.13 |
The Byelorussian Rada restored Byelorussia (Rada Government), which was toppled by Russia on
1920.7.11. On .8.1 the Byelorussian Communists restored Byelorussia (Soviet Government).
|
| 1920 |
The USA army suppressed the Cacos rebels in northern Haiti.
|
| 1920.1.6 |
Russia annihilated the Siberian Republic. On .4.6 of the same year, Russia established the
Far Eastern Republic in eastern Siberia as its vassal state as well as buffer zone
between Russia and Japan.
|
| 1920.1.10 |
Memel, originally under East Prussia of Germany, came under Allied administration.
|
| 1920.2.1 |
Russia toppled Khiva (Inak Dynasty). On the next day the Young Khiva Party
(reorganised as the Communist Party later) was put to power. On .4.30 Khiva was reorganised as
the Khwarizm Regime.
|
| 1920.3.1 |
Horthy became Regent of Hungary and exercised dictatorial power.
|
| 1920.3.13 |
Kapp, head of the German royalists, started a revolt and established Germany (Royalist
Government) in an attempt to restore the monarchical system (Kapp Putsch). On ..17
of the same month the Government of the Weimar Republic crushed the royalist revolt. On ..19 the
Spartacist Group started an uprising in the Ruhr mining districts. On .4.3 the German Government
crushed the uprising.
|
| 1920.3.19 |
The USA Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and prevented USA from
joining the League of Nations, which marked the rise of Isolationism in USA.
|
| 1920.4.9 |
The Zhili and Fengtian Cliques of the Chinese warlords formed a league against the Anhui
Clique. On .7.12 the league started the Zhili-Anhui War with the Anhui Clique. After the
Anhui Clique was defeated on ..18 of the same month, its power was weakened.
Obregon, a Mexican military officer, revolted against President Carranza, who was
overthrown on .5.21 of the same year. On .12.1 Obregon succeeded as President. Thereafter the
Mexican political situation was stabilized.
|
| 1920.4.25 |
The Supreme Council of the Allies arranged for the Osmanli territory in Iraq-Syria to be
governed by other powers as mandates: Syria became a French mandate; Iraq, Palestine and
Transjordan became British mandates.
The Allies induced Poland to attack Russia, which led to the Soviet-Polish War. Later
they also induced Wrangel, leader of the White Army in Crimea, to attack the Soviet
Government (the Third Armed Intervention). When the Soviet Government defeated Wrangel
on .11.11 of the same year, the Third Armed Intervention failed. On 1921.3.18 Russia and Poland
signed the Treaty of Riga whereby Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were to come under
Polish rule. The Soviet-Polish War ended.
|
| 1920.4.28 |
Russia toppled Azerbaijan (Equality Party Government) and installed Azerbaijan (Soviet
Government).
|
| 1920.6 |
The Allies signed the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary whereby Hungary was to
cede Transylvania to Romania.
|
| 1920.6.4 |
Opposing British rule, the Iraqi populace started the Iraqi Revolt, which was
crushed in October of the same year.
|
| 1920.6.5 |
The Persian Jangal Movement and Communist Party jointly established the Gilan Soviet
Republic in Gilan. Later internal struggle arose between the two factions. In 1921.10 the
Persian Government toppled the Republic.
|
| 1920.8 |
Sun Yixian, leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, directed Chen Jiongming, a Guangdong
warlord, to launch the Guangdong-Guangxi War against he Guangxi warlords. In October of
the same year, Chen Jiongming captured Guangzhou. On .11.9 Sun Yixian reestablished the Military
Government for Constitution Protection and launched the Second Constitution Protection
Movement. On .12.1 the Chinese Revolutionary Party was reorganised as the Nationalist
Party.
|
| 1920.8.1 |
| Gandhi, leader of the Indian National Congress Party, launched the
First Non-Cooperation Movement against British colonial rule. Later the movement
developed into riots. On 1922.2.10 Gandhi proclaimed suspension of the movement. |
 |
|
| 1920.8.10 |
The Allies signed the Treaty of Sevres with the Osmanli Royal Government
whereby the Osmanli territories were divided. The Osmanli Provisional Government denied
recognition of the Treaty of Sevres.
|
| 1920.8.26 |
Russia established the Kirghiz Automomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the northern
part of Central Asia (the Kazakh region) as its automomous republic. (At that time Russia
mistakenly called the Kazakhs as "Kirghiz". Kirghiz was not renamed Kazakh until 1925.4.19.
|
| 1920.9.1 |
France started to partition Syria and separated the State of Great Lebanon from Syria. On
.12.1 the remaining part of Syria was divided into the State of Aleppo and State of Damascus.
Subsequently the State of Souaida (renamed Jebel Druze State later) and the Alawite State
(renamed the State of Latakia later) were also separated from Syria.
|
| 1920.9.2 |
Russia supplanted Bukhara (Haidar Dynasty) with Bukhara (Soviet Government).
|
| 1920.10.12 |
Poland occupied Vilnius of Lithuania and established the Central Lithuanian Regime.
On 1922.3.24 Poland annexed Vilnius and annihilated Central Lithuania.
|
| 1920.11.11 |
Britain established the Iraqi Regime. On .8.23 of the same year, Britain installed
faysal, the former King of Syria, as King of Iraq (called Faysal I) and established Iraq
(Faysal Dynasty).
|
| 1920.11.15 |
The League of Nations declared that Danzig of Poland was to be under its protection and
established the Free City of Danzig.
|
| 1920.11.17 |
Russia united several areas in northern Caucasus (including Alan (also called Northern
Ossetia), Kabardin-Balkar, Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan and Karachay-Cherkess as the Mountain
People's Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was an autonomous republic under
Russia. On 1924.6.7 USSR dissolved the Republic. Thereafter a number of national autonomous units
were established in northern Caucasus.
|
| 1920.11.20 |
Russia installed Armenia (Soviet Government) and toppled Armenia (Government of the
Revolutionary Federation) on .12.2 of the same year.
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