| Date | Historical Event |
| 1981.1.1 |
USA granted the autonomy to Palau Islands, one of its trust territories and established the
Republic of Palau (also called the Republic of Belau).
|
| 1981.1.20 |
Reagan succeeded as USA President. During his presidency he adotped the
neo-conservative policies based on the "Supply-Side Economics", which came to be known as
Reaganism. On the same day, the USA hostages in the USA embassy in Iran were released.
|
| 1981.3 |
Several military officers of the former Nicaraguan Government formed the Democratic Front
. In 1982 the Democratic Front started anti-governmental activities. The Nicaraguan Civil
War was thus restarted. In September Pastora, one leader of the Sandinist National Liberation
Front, organised the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance to oppose the Government of the Sandinist
National Liberation Front.
|
| 1981.5.21 |
| Mitterand, leader of the French Socialist Party, succeeded as
President and ended the prolonged rule of the rightist parties.
|
 |
|
| 1981.5.25 |
Six coastal countries along the Persian Gulf of the Arabian Peninsula formed the
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.
|
| 1981.6.27 |
Hu Yaobang succeeded as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist
Party, while real power was held by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Central Military Committee.
Thereafter Deng Xiaoping began to suppress the Beijing Spring Movement. On .8.26 of the same
year, Deng Xiaoping proposed the idea of "One Country, Two Systems" as a solution to the
unification problem of China.
|
| 1981.8.24 |
Under the pretext of combating the South West African guerillas in Angola, South Africa
invaded Angola.
|
| 1981.9.1 |
Kolingba, a Central African military officer, staged the September Coup of
Central Africa to overthrow President Dacko and seize power.
|
| 1981.9.21 |
Belize gained independence from Britain and established the Dominion of Belize.
|
| 1981.11.1 |
Antigua gained independence from Britain and established the Dominion of Antigua and
Barbuda.
|
| 1981.12.4 |
South Africa proclaimed the independence of the black homeland Ciskei and established the
Republic of Ciskei without international recognition.
|
| 1981.12.13 |
The Polish Government proclaimed military rule and suppressed the workers' movement, which
resulted in an even stronger Solidarity. The military rule was ended on 1983.7.22.
|
| 1982 |
Anti-governmental armed activities against President Siyad appeared in Somalia. The
Somali Civil War broke out. Subsequently there emerged several rebellious forces.
|
| 1982.1.8 |
An administrative reform was carried out in Andorra. The executive power was passed from the
Parliament to the Cabinet.
|
| 1982.2 |
The guerilla groups of Guatemala united to form the National Revolutionary Union.
|
| 1982.2.1 |
Senegal and the Gambia united to form the Confederation of Senegambia.
|
| 1982.3.24 |
Ershad, a Bangladesh military officer, seized power in a coup.
|
| 1982.4.2 |
The Argentine troops occupied Falkland Islands (also called Islas Malvinas), a British
dependency on the Atlantic Ocean. The Falkland Islands War broke out. On .6.14 the
British troops recovered Falkland Islands and ended the war. On ..18 the Argentine military
government collapsed.
|
| 1982.4.30 |
The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea endorsed the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, which included provisions pertaining to issues such as
the territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, etc. When the Convention took effect on
1994.11.16, the International Seabed Authority was established.
|
| 1982.6.6 |
The Second Israeli Invasion of Lebanon took place. The Israeli troops occupied
Southern Lebanon and organised a South Lebanese Army to control the region. In August of
the same year, Israel expelled the Palestinian guerillas from Lebanon. The Palestinian Liberation
Organisation moved its headquarters to Tunisia.
|
| 1982.7.9 |
Three anti-Vietnames groups of Cambodia (Khmer Rouge, the United National Front for an
Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia (commonly called the FUNCINPEC) led
by Sihanouk and the Khmer People's National Liberation Front led by Son Sann) set up a
coalition government to jointly resist the Vietnamese invaders.
|
| 1982.8.12 |
Mexico proclaimed its inability to pay debts. Thereafter a number of Latin American countries
also proclaimed their inability to pay debts, leading to the Latin American Debt Crisis.
On 1984.6.21 the Latin American countries held a conference in Cartagena to dicuss the debt issue
and thus formed the Cartagena Group.
|
| 1982.10.10 |
Military rule was ended in Bolivia. Thereafter democracy was gradually restored.
|
| 1983.1.8 |
Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama held a conference in Contadora of Panama in an attempt
to resolve the Central American Crisis and formed the Contadora Group. On 1985.7.29
Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay formed the Lima Group to support the efforts of the
Contadora Group. On 1986.12.18 the two Groups were united as the Rio Group to jointly
promote peace in Central America.
|
| 1983.3.23 |
USA proclaimed the planned implementation of a Strategic Defense Initiative called "Star
War" to develop an anti-ballistic missile system.
|
| 1983.6 |
The [East] Sudanese Government abolished the autonomy of Southern Sudan. In September of the
same year, the Southern Sudanese guerilla revolted. The Second Sudanese Civil War broke
out.
|
| 1983.6.24 |
The conservative political parties of various countries established the International
Democratic Union.
|
| 1983.7.23 |
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam of Sri Lanka started a rebellion. The Sri Lankan
Civil War broke out.
|
| 1983.8 |
Noriega, a Panamanian military officer, came to power. Thereafter conflicts arose
between Noriega and the civilian government.
|
| 1983.8.4 |
Sankara, an Upper Volta military officer, launched the "August 4th Revolution"
and seized power.
|
| 1983.9.19 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis gained independence from Britain and established the Federation of
Saint Kitts and Nevis, which was a British dominion.
|
| 1983.10.18 |
Members of the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa established a larger economic
bloc - the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) with other Central
African countries.
|
| 1983.10.19 |
Power struggle broke out within the New Jewel Movement of Grenada. Military officer
Austin staged a coup to overthrow Prime Minister Bishop and seize power. On ..25 of the same
month, USA organised a multinational troops composed of troops from the Caribbean countries to
invade Grenada and topple the Government of the New Jewel Movement.
|
| 1983.12.10 |
Military rule was end and democracy was restored in Argentina.
|
| 1983.12.31 |
Buhari, a Nigerian military officer, staged a coup to overthrow the Second Republic.
|
| 1984.1.1 |
Brunei declared independence from Britain.
|
| 1984.4.3 |
Conte, a military officer of Guinea, staged the April Coup of Guinea to
overthrow the Government of the Democratic Party and established his personal dictatorship.
|
| 1984.8.4 |
Upper Volta was renamed as the Burkina Faso Regime.
|
| 1984.9 |
The Ethiopian armed forces established the Workers' Party to carry out one-party
rule.
|
| 1984.12.12 |
Taya, former Premier of Mauritania, seized power in a coup and started his prolonged
rule.
|
| 1984.12.19 |
China and Britain concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration, by which Britain was
to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.
|
| 1985 |
A sharp rise in the real estate and stock prices began in Japan, culminating in a Bubble
Economy, which crashed in 1990 and led to stagnation of the Japanese economy.
|
| 1985.3.11 |
| Gorbachev succeeded as General Secretary of the USSR Communist Party.
During his tenure he carried out the Perestroika (= New Thinking) Reforms. |
 |
|
| 1985.4.6 |
ad-Dahab, an [East] Sudanese military officer, staged the April Coup of [East]
Sudan to overthrow President Nimeiry. Since then [East] Sudan was torn by political turmoil.
A series of coups took place in [East] Sudan, which came under prolonged military rule.
|
| 1985.4.22 |
Military rule ended and democracy was restored in Brazil, which then entered the Period
of the "New Republic".
|
| 1985.5 |
Seven Sunni Mujahideen organisations united to form the Mujahideen Alliance in
Pakistan. In 1987.8 eight Shiah Mujahideen organisations united to form the Islamic Party
in Iran.
|
| 1985.8.27 |
Babangida, a Nigerian military officer, staged a coup to overthrown Buhari, Chairman
of the Supreme Military Council and seize power.
|
| 1985.12.8 |
Seven South Asian countries formed the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC).
|
| 1986.1 |
Power struggle within the [Southern] Yemen Socialist Party led to the replacement of Ismail,
General Secretary of the Socialist Party by Ali Nasser, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
People's Council. On ..13 of the same month, faction struggle broke out between Ali Nasser and
Ismail ("January 13th Bloody Incident of Aden"). Ismail was killed. On .2.6 of the same
year, Ali Nasser was expelled from the Socialist Party. al-Baidh succeeded as General
Secretary of the Socialist Party.
Several East African countries established the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and
Development (IGADD).
|
| 1986.1.1 |
Aruba separated from Netherlands Antilles and became a self-governing country of the
Netherlands.
|
| 1986.1.20 |
Lekhanya, military officer of Lesotho, staged a coup to overthrow Prime Minister
Jonathan and seize power. Since then Lesotho came under military rule.
|
| 1986.1.26 |
| Museveni, Commander of the National Resistance Army, captured the
capital Kampala and seized power. On ..29 of the same month, he made himself President and
started his prolonged rule. In December of the same year, rebellious armed forces appeared and
the civil war continued. |
 |
|
| 1986.2.7 |
The "Storm of February of Haiti" led to the overhtrow of the Duvalier Family. But
Haiti remained under military rule thereafter.
|
| 1986.2.15 |
After President Marcos of the Philippines won the election by bribery, a "People's Power
Revolution" broke out against Marcos. After Marcos was forced to step down on ..25 of the
same month, democracy was restored in the Philippines.
|
| 1986.3.20 |
The French rightists won the parliamentary elections. Chirac, leader of the Rally
for the Republic, became the Premier, thus creating the situation of "Political Cohabition"
in which the posts of President and Premier were occupied by the leftist and rightist,
respectively.
|
| 1986.3.24 |
Conflicts broke out between USA and Libya in Sidra Bay. On .4.15 of the same year, USA
conducted an air-raid on Libya.
|
| 1986.8 |
The National Party of Venda established one-party rule in the regime.
|
| 1986.10.21 |
Marshall Islands became an associated state of USA. On .11.3 of the same year, Micronesia
also became an associated state of USA. The American Pacific Islands Trust Territory was thus
dissolved.
|
| 1986.11.13 |
President Reagan of USA admitted that USA had sold weapons to Iran to exchange for Iran's
assistance to release the USA hostages in Lebanon and then used the profits gained in the weapon
sale to support the Nicaraguan rightist guerillas. The news aroused public condemnation and came
to be known as the "Irangate Scandal".
|
| 1986.12 |
The Chinese students launched a liberalization movement. On .1.16 of the next year, General
Secretary Hu Yaobang of the Communist Party was forced to step down owing to his inability to
suppress the students' movement. Thereafter the Communist Party launched the Anti-Bourgeois
Liberalization Campaign to suppress the students' movement.
|
| 1987.4.13 |
China and Portugal concluded the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, which
provided that Portugal shall return Macau to China in 1999.
|
| 1987.5.14 |
Rabuka, a military officer of Fiji, seized power in coup. On .10.7 of the same year,
he proclaimed the end of Fiji's dominion status and the establishment of a republic.
|
| 1987.7.15 |
China (Taiwan Government) terminated the martial law that had been in effect for 38 years and
actually ended the one-party rule. But the prohibition on party activities was not formally
withdrawn until 1989.1.
|
| 1987.8.7 |
Five Central American countries concluded the Procedures for the Establishment of a
Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America in Guatemala City to resolve the Central
American Crisis.
|
| 1987.9.3 |
Buyoya, a Burundian military officer, staged a coup to overthrow President Bagaza
and seize power.
|
| 1987.10.15 |
Compaore, a military officer of Burkina Faso, staged the October Coup of Burkina
Faso to overthrow Sankara, Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council. Compaore
organised the em>Popular Front and started his prolonged rule.
|
| 1987.11.7 |
Premier Ali of Tunisia staged a "palace coup" to depose President Bourguiba.
|
| 1987.12.8 |
Yassin, a Palestnian religious leader, established the Islamic Resistance Movement
(commonly called Hamas) in the areas occupied by Israel and started terrorist attacks on Israel.
USA and USSR concluded the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and
Shorter-Range Missiles, which provided for the elimination of all intermediate-range
and shorter-range missiles within 3 years. The Treaty marked a major progress in arms reduction.
|
| 1988.2.25 |
President Chun Doo Hwan of [South] Korea stepped down and was succeeded by Roh Tae Woo
, thus ending the military rule.
Power struggle arose between President Delvalle of Panama and Noriega, the de facto
ruler.
|
| 1988.5.10 |
After President Mitterand of France won the presidential election, Preimer Chirac resigned
and was succeeded by Rocard of the Socialist Party, thus ending the situation of
political cohabitation.
|
| 1988.7 |
Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous oblast under the Soviet union republic of Azerbaijan,
unilaterally proclaimed incorporation into Armenia, another union republic. Conflicts arose
immediately with the Azerbaijani Government. The Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out.
|
| 1988.7.16 |
| A pro-democracy movement broke out in Burma. On ..23 of the same month,
Ne Win, Chairman of the Party of the Socialist Programme, was forced to resign. In September
Aung San Suu Kyi formed the National League for Democracy and requested the Government to
carry out democratic reforms. On .9.11 the Party of the Socialist Programme was compelled to
abandon one-party rule. On .9.18 military officer Saw Maung staged the "September 18th Coup
. After seizing power, he established a military dictatorship and suppressed the
pro-democracy movement.
|
 |
|
| 1988.8 |
The Iran-Iraq War ended.
|
| 1988.8.17 |
President Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan died in an air crash. On .12.2 of the same year, party
politics was restored in Pakistan, with the People's Party and the Muslim League ruling
alternately.
|
| 1988.11.14 |
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation proclaimed the establishment of the
Government-in-Exile of the State of Palestine.
|
| 1988.12.22 |
Angola, Cuba and South Africa reached an agreement which provided for the withdrawal of the
Cuban troops from Angola and the independence of South West Africa from South Africa.
|
| 1989 |
The Ethiopian rebellious armed forces united to form the People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front. The Ethiopian Civil War broke out.
|
| 1989.2.3 |
Rodriguez, a Paraguayan military officer, staged a coup to overthrow President
Stroessner.
|
| 1989.2.15 |
The USSR troops completely withdrew from Afghanistan, which marked the end of the
Soviet-Afghan War. But the Afghan Civil War ensued. On .2.23 of the same year, the
Mujahideen organisations established Afghanistan (Islamic Gvoernment) in opposition to
Afghanistan (Government of the People's Democratic Party).
|
| 1989.2.17 |
Five countries of the Maghreb region established the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU).
|
| 1989.3.10 |
The Algerian fundamentalists established the Islamic Front for Salvation. In July of
the same year, the Front for National Liberation abandoned one-party rule and adopted a
multi-party system. Since then Algeria was torn by political unrest.
|
| 1989.4.7 |
The Polish United Workers' Party abandoned one-party rule and adopted a multi-party system,
which marked the beginning of the Peaceful Evolution of USSR and East Europe. In June of
the same year, a multi-party election was held and was won by the Solidarity. On .8.24 the
Solidarity replaced the United Workers' Party as the ruling party. On .12.30 the Third Polish
Republic was established.
|
| 1989.4.15 |
Hu Yaobang, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, died. Subsequently the
popular mourning activities gradually developed into the 1989 Pro-Democracy Movement of China
. On .6.19 of the same year, General Secretary Zhao Ziyang of the Communist Party lost power
owing to his sympathy with the Pro-Democracy Movement. On .6.4 the Government suppressed the
Pro-Democracy Movement ("June 4th Tiananmen Square Incident").
|
| 1989.5.29 |
Yeltsin, a radical reformist of USSR, was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the
Russian Supreme Soviet and became a counter to Gorbachev.
|
| 1989.6.3 |
Khomeini, Rahbar of Iran, died. On the next day, President Khamenei succeeded as
Rahbar. On .8.3 Rafsanjani, leader of the reformists, succeeded as President. During his
presidency he adopted moderate policies.
|
| 1989.6.30 |
al-Bashir, a military officer of [East] Sudan, staged the June Coup of [East]
Sudan to seizd power.
|
| 1989.9.20 |
de Klerk succeeded as President of South Africa. During his presidency he carried
out reforms and abandoned the racist policies.
|
| 1989.9.30 |
The Confederation of Senegambia was dissolved.
|
| 1989.10 |
The Panamanian military men staged a coup in an attempt to overthrow the de facto ruler
Noriega, but failed. On .12.20 of the same year, USA invaded Panama and deposed Noriega.
|
| 1989.10.7 |
The Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party was reorganised as the Socialist Party. The one-party
system was replaced by a multi-party system. On ..23 the Third Hungarian Republic was
established.
A pro-democracy movement sprang up in [East] Germany. On ..18 of the same month, General
Secretary Honecker of the Socialist Unity Party was forced to step down. On .11.10 the populace
started to demolish the Berlin Wall. On .11.13 the Socialist Unity Party was compelled to form a
coalition government with non-party members, thus ending their one-party rule. On .12.16 the
Socialist Unity Party was renamed the Socialist Unity Party-Party of Democratic Socialism. On
1990.2.4 it was further renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism.
|
| 1989.10.21 |
A pro-democracy movement sprang up in Bulgaria. On .11.10 of the same year, General Secretary
Zhivkov of the Communist Party was forced to step down.
|
| 1989.11.6 |
12 Asia-Pacific countries established the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
in Canberra, capital of Australia.
|
| 1989.11.17 |
The "Velvet Revolution" broke out in Czechoslovakia. On ..29 of the same month, the
Communist Party proclaimed end of the one-party system and the introduction of a multi-party
system. On .12.29 Havel, leader of the Civic Forum, succeeded as President.
|
| 1989.12 |
The National Patriotic Front of Liberia started a rebellion against President Doe. The
Liberian Civil War broke out. On .9.9 of the next year, the National Patriotic Front
overthrew Doe. But then they split into several factions and the Civil War continued.
|
| 1989.12.16 |
Anti-governmental demonstrations broke out in Timisoara, a city in western Romania and spread
throughout the country subsequently. On ..21 of the same month a popular uprising broke out (
December Incident of Romania). On ..22 President Ceausescu was overthrown. The rebels set up
the National Salvation Front and put an end to the one-party system. On ..25 Ceausescu
was executed.
|
| 1990.1.15 |
In contention for Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia and Azerbaijan entered into a war.
|
| 1990.2 |
The First Popular Movement arose in Nepal. On .4.8 of the same year, King Birendra
was compelled to agree to the abolition of the panchayat system and the restoration of the
multi-party system. On .11.9 a Constitution was promulgated in Nepal, which then adopted a
constitutional form of government.
|
| 1990.2.7 |
The Communist Party of USSR proclaimed the end of the one-party system and the introduction
of a multi-party system.
|
| 1990.3 |
In a multi-party election held in [East] Germany, the Alliance for Germany (formed by
rightist parties such as Christian Democratic Union, Social Union, etc.) won. On .4.12 of the
same year, the Alliance for Germany replaced the Party of Democratic Socialism as the ruling
party.
|
| 1990.3.11 |
Lithuania unilaterally declared independence from USSR and established the Second
Republic of Lithuania, which triggered the independence movements in the Soviet union
republics.
Aylwin succeeded as President of Chile, in which civilian rule was restored. But
Pinochet continued to hold the military power.
|
| 1990.3.16 |
A pro-democracy student movement arose in Taiwan (March Student Movement of Taiwan).
In July of the same year the Government decided to carry out democratic reforms.
|
| 1990.3.21 |
South West Africa declared independence and established the Republic of Namibia,
thus ending the Namibian War of National Liberation. The South West African People's Organization
started their prolonged rule.
|
| 1990.4 |
In a multi-party election held in Hungary, the Democratic Forum won. On .5.3 of the
same year the Democratic Forum replaced the Socialist Party as the ruling party.
|
| 1990.4.3 |
The Bulgarian Communist Party was renamed the Socialist Party. In a multi-party
election held in Bulgaria in June of the same year, the Socialist Party won and continued to be
the ruling party. Thereafter Bulgaria was basically under the alternate rule of the leftist
(Socialist Party) and the rightist (Union of Democratic Forces).
|
| 1990.4.20 |
Czechoslovakia was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic.
|
| 1990.4.25 |
de Chamorro, leader of the Nicaraguan National Opposition Union, succeeded as
President. As the Sandinist National Liberation Front stepped down, democracy was gradually
restored in Nicaragua.
|
| 1990.5.10 |
The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party declared the end of the one-party system and the
introduction of a multi-party system. In a multi-party election held in Mongolia in August of the
same year, the People's Revolutionary Party won and continued to be the ruling party.
|
| 1990.5.17 |
The Bougainville Revolutionary Army unilaterally declared the independence of the
Bougainville Island from Papua New Guinea and established the Republic of Bougainville
and the Provisional Government.
|
| 1990.5.18 |
[West] Germany and [East] Germany concluded the Treaty on Monetary, Economic and
Social Union, by which the two countries achieved unification in the monetary, economic
and social systems. On .8.31 of the same year, they concluded the Unification Treaty
, by which the five states in [East] Germany joined [West] Germany. On .9.12 the four powers
signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany with the two
Germanys to finally settle the problem of German unification. On .10.3 [East] Germany was
reunited with [West] Germany, with the country's name being the Federal Republic of Germany.
|
| 1990.5.22 |
[Northern] Yemen and [Southern] Yemen were united as the Republic of Yemen.
|
| 1990.5.26 |
The League of Yugoslav Communists held a special conference. Owing to serious disagreement
within the League, the Central Committee and the Presidium were dissolived. The League of
Yugoslav Communists disintegrated. On .7.25 of the same year, a multi-party system was introduced
in Yugoslavia.
|
| 1990.8 |
The African National Union of South Africa proclaimed abandonment of armed struggle and
adoption of a policy of peaceful struggle.
|
| 1990.8.2 |
Iraq invaded Kuwait and led to the Gulf War. On ..4 of the same month Iraq isntalled
a Free Kuwait Government. On ..8 Iraq proclaimed annexation of Kuwait. USA organised a
coalition army under the name of the United Nations against Iraq.
|
| 1990.8.19 |
Gagauz, a region under the Soviet union republic of Moldova, unilaterally declared
secession from Moldova and became a union republic of USSR. On .9.2 of the same year, the
Transdniester region (i.e. the east bank of Dniester River) also unilaterally declared
secession from Moldova and became a union republic of USSR.
|
| 1990.9.20 |
South Ossetia, an autonomous oblast under the Soviet union republic of Georgia,
unilaterally declared secession from Georgia and became a union republic of USSR. On 1991.1.5 the
First South Ossetia War broke out between South Ossetia and Georgia.
|
| 1990.10 |
The Rwandan Patriotic Front started a rebellion. The Rwandan Civil War
broke out.
|
| 1990.11 |
A multi-party system was introduced in Mozambique.
|
| 1990.11.19 |
The European and North American countries held the Paris Summit of the Conference on Security
and Cooperation in Europe, on which NATO and WTO concluded the Treaty on Conventional
Armed Forces in Europe and agreed to reduce the conventional armed forces. On ..21 of
the same month, the participating countries concluded the Paris Charter for a New Europe
, which formally ended the Cold War.
|
| 1990.12.2 |
Deby, head of the Chadian Patriotic Salvation Movement, seized power. After
introducing a multi-party system, he succeeded in ending the civil war gradually.
|
| 1990.12.11 |
The Albanian Workers' Party proclaimed the end of the one-party system and the introduction
of a multi-party system.
|
| 1990.12.22 |
Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia declared independence from USA.
|
| 1990.12.24 |
The Lebanese Civil War came to an end.
|
| 1991.1.27 |
The United Somali Congress overthrew President Siyad. But then Somalia came under rule of the
regional warlords and the civil war continued.
|
| 1991.2.7 |
Aristide succeeded as President of Haiti and ended Haiti's military rule. On .9.30
of the same year, military officerCedras staged a coup to overthrow Aristide and put
Haiti under military rule again.
|
| 1991.2.11 |
A number of organisations of nations without a sovereign state founded the Unrepresented
Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) in the Hague.
|
| 1991.2.23 |
Sunthorn and Suchinda, military officers of Thailand, seized power in a
coup. On .4.7 of the next year, Suchinda made himself Prime Minister. In May a pro-democracy
movement broke out in Thailand. On ..24 Suchinda was forced to resign. Thereafter democracy was
gradually established in Thailand.
|
| 1991.2.24 |
The United Nations armies launched a major offensive against Iraq and expelled the Iraqi
troops from Kuwait on ..26 of the same month. On ..28 Iraq accepted the resolution of the United
Nations, thus ending the Gulf War.
|
| 1991.3 |
In a multi-party election held in Albania, the Workers' Party won and continued to be the
ruling party.
|
| 1991.3.20 |
Civilian rule was restored in Bangladesh. A referendum held on .9.15 of the same year
endorsed the adoption of the parliamentary cabinet system.
|
| 1991.3.23 |
The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone started a rebellion. The Sierra Leone
Civil War broke out.
|
| 1991.3.26 |
Amadou Toumani Toure, a military officer of Mali, staged the March Coup of Mali
to overthrow President Traore and introduce a multi-party system.
Four South American countries signed the Treaty of Asuncion and established the
Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR; also called the Southern Cone Common Market).
|
| 1991.4 |
USA economy entered a period of continuous growth for 114 consecutive months until 2000.9.
This phenomenon came to be known as the New Economy.
|
| 1991.4.9 |
Georgia declared independence from USSR and established the Georgian Regime.
Gamsakhurdia became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet with dictatorial power. On ..14 of
the same month, Gamsakhurdia changed his title to President. Mass campaign broke out in the same
year and developed into the Georgian Civil War later.
|
| 1991.5.18 |
The Somali National Movement controlled northern Somalia. On ..24 of the same month, they
established the Republic of Somaliland, but without international recognition.
|
| 1991.5.21 |
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front attacked Addis Ababa. The Government of
the Workers' Party collapsed. On ..24 of the same month, the Eritrean People's Liberation
Front controlled Eritrea and established the Eritrean Regime. On ..28 the People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front seized power in Ethiopia, thus ending the Ethiopian Civil War.
|
| 1991.6.25 |
Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia and established the Republic
of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia. The Slovene War and the
Croatian War broke out between the two newly independent countries and Yugoslavia.
|
| 1991.6.28 |
The COMECON was dissolved. On .7.1 of the same year, WTO was also dissolved.
|
| 1991.7.18 |
The First Ibero-American Summit Meeting was held between Spain, Portugal and 19
Latin American countries to strengthen the tie between Spain, Portugal and Latin America.
|
| 1991.7.31 |
USA and USSR signed the First Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I),
which provided for the reduction of the strategic nuclear arms of both countries.
|
| 1991.8.19 |
The Soviet conservatives staged the "August 18th Coup" and put Gorbachev under house
arrest. Under the leadership of Yeltsin, leader of the radical reformists, the populace opposed
the conservatives. On ..22 of the same month the coup failed. On ..23 Yeltsin came to power and
deprived the Communist Party of its power. An Anti-Communist Movement arose throughout
the country. On ..24 Ukraine declared independence from USSR and established the Ukrainian
Regime. On ..25 Byelorussia declared independence from USSR and established the Belarus
Regime.
|
| 1991.8.20 |
Estonia unilaterally declared independence from USSR and established the Second Republic
of Estonia. On ..21 of the same month, Latvia also unilaterally declared independence from
USSR and established the Second Republic of Latvia.
|
| 1991.8.27 |
Moldova declared independence from USSR and established the Republic of Moldova. In
December of the same year, conflicts broke out between Transdniester and the army of the Moldovan
Government. In June next year, the Russian troop stationed in Transdniester supported the
independence movement of Transdniester and led to the deterioration of the relation between
Russia and Moldova. On .7.21 Moldova and Russia reached an agreement to cease the conflicts. But
Transdniester maintained its semi-independent status.
|
| 1991.8.30 |
Azerbaijan declared independence from USSR and established the Republic of Azerbaijan
. On .9.3 of the same year, Nagorno-Karabakh declared independence from Azerbaijan and
established the Armenian Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.
|
| 1991.8.31 |
Kyrgyzstan (formerly called Kirghiz) and Uzbek declared independence from USSR and
established the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan,
respectively. On .9.9 of the same year, Tadzikh declared independence from USSR and established
the Republic of Tajikistan. On .10.27 Turkmen declared independence from USSR and
established the Republic of Turkmenistan. On .12.16 Kazakhstan (formerly called Kazakh)
declared independence from USSR and established the Republic of Kazakhstan.
|
| 1991.9.6 |
Morocco and the Polisario ceased fire and ended the Western Saharan War. But the two parties
failed to settle the issue of the sovereignty of Western Sahara.
|
| 1991.9.18 |
Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia and established the Republic of Macedonia
.
|
| 1991.9.23 |
Armenia declared independence from USSR and established the Republic of Armenia.
|
| 1991.10.15 |
The Bosnian Parliament endorsed the Memorandum of Sovereignty and proclaimed that
Bosnia was going to separate from Yugoslavia. The Serbs in Bosnia denied recognition of the
document and established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina (commonly called the
Srpska Republic).
|
| 1991.10.19 |
The Autonomous Province of Kosovo under Serbia of Yugoslavia declared independence from
Yugoslavia and established the Republic of Kosovo.
|
| 1991.10.23 |
The various factions of Cambodia concluded the Cambodian Peace Accord in
Paris. On .11.20 of the same year, the Resistance Government and the Government of People's
Revolutionary Party of Cambodia jointly established the Supreme National Council as the
nominal supreme authority of Cambodia. But both Governments retained their powers. Sihanouk
became the Chairman of the Supreme National Council.
|
| 1991.10.26 |
The Slovene War ended with the withdrawal of the Yugoslav troops from Slovenia.
|
| 1991.10.30 |
The Middle East Peace Conference held in Madrid of Spain commenced the peace
process of Middle East.
|
| 1991.11.1 |
The National Congress of the Chechen People led by Dudayev unilaterally declared
the independence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic from Russia and established the
Chechen Republic.
|
| 1991.12.19 |
Krajina, Slavonia and Branaja, Serb autonomous regions under Croatia, seceded from Croatia
and established the Serb Republic of Krajina in opposition to the Croatian Government.
|
| 1991.12.20 |
The NATO formed the North Atlantic Cooperation Council with USSR and a number of
East European countries and established a cooperative relation with USSR and East Europe.
|
| 1991.12.21 |
South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence from Georgia.
11 former Soviet union republics held a summit meeting in Alamut, capital of Kazakhstan and
formally established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), an international
organisation whose member states retained their independent status. Russia thus gained
independence from USSR and established the Russian Regime. On ..25 of the same month,
USSR was formally dissolved. On ..27 Russia took over USSR's seat in the United Nations.
|
| 1992.1.6 |
When the Georgian rebellious army captured the capital Tbilisi, Gamsakhurdia fled to the
western frontier and continued his resistance. After he died on 1993.11.6, the Georgian Civil War
was ended.
|
| 1992.1.16 |
The Salvadorian Government concluded peace with the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front
in Mexico City, thus ending the civil war.
|
| 1992.2.7 |
The EC countries signed the Treaty of Maastricht in Maastricht of the
Netherlands whereby the member states were to unite as an economic and monetary union. On .1.1 of
the next year the member states established the European Single Market.
|
| 1992.2.26 |
The Crimean Oblast under Ukraine unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of the Crimean
Autonomous Republic. Subsequently an independence movement arose in Crimea. In the same
year, under the pressure of the Ukrainian Central Government, Crimea abandoned the pursuit of
independence.
|
| 1992.3 |
The opposition parties of Tajikistan (later united as the United Tajik Opposition)
started anti-governmental activities, which led to the Tajik Civil War in May of the
same year.
|
| 1992.3.3 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia and established the Republic
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On ..27 of the same month, the Srpska Republic declared
independence from Bosnia. The Bosnian War thus broke out. On .7.4 the Croats in Bosnia
also declared independence from Bosnia and established the Herceg-Bosna Regime. Bosnia
was thus left with the area occupied by the Muslims (also called the Bosniacs).
|
| 1992.3.4 |
The Algerian Government outlawed the Islamic Front for Salvation, who then started a
rebellion and led to the Algerian Civil War.
|
| 1992.3.12 |
Mauritius ended its dominion status and established the Republic of Mauritius.
|
| 1992.3.21 |
Tatarstan, a constituent republic of Russia, unilaterally declared independence from Russia
and established the Republic of Tatarstan.
|
| 1992.3.31 |
The Russian Federal Government and the constituent republics concluded the Federal
Treaty, which defined the relationship between the Federal Government and the
constituent republics.
|
| 1992.4.5 |
President Fujimori of Peru staged a self-coup. By suspending the Constitution, he
established a personal dictatorship.
|
| 1992.4.16 |
Afghanistan (Islamic Government) captured Kabul and overthrew the Government of People's
Democratic Party. But them conflicts broke out between the Mujahideen Alliance and the Islamic
Party. The civil war continued.
|
| 1992.4.27 |
A new Constitution was ratified in Yugoslavia, which was then reorganised as the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia composed of two constituent republics: Serbia and Montenegro.
|
| 1992.4.29 |
Strasser, a military officer of Sierra Leone, staged the "April 29th Coup".
On the next day he toppled the Government of the All People's Congress. Sierra Leone entered a
period of political unrest in which military coups occurred frequently and the country came under
military rule.
|
| 1992.6 |
The countries in the world held the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (commonly called the First Earth Summit) to discuss
the issue of environment and sustainable development.
Georgia ceased fire with South Ossetia. But South Ossetia continued to be a semi-independent
entity.
|
| 1992.6.15 |
Gaidar became the Acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia and started
a radical economic reform (the Shock Therapy).
|
| 1992.6.28 |
Amato, leader of the Italian Socialist Party, succeeded as Premier. The Christian
Democratic Party lost its dominant status in the political scene.
|
| 1992.7.23 |
The Abkhazian Autonomous Republic under Georgia unilaterally declared independence from
Georgia and established the Republic of Abkhazia. The Abkhazian War thus broke
out immediately between Abkhazia and the Georgian Government. The War gradually subsided in 1996.
But Abkhazia continued to be a semi-independent entity.
|
| 1992.8.17 |
The Southern African Development Coordination Conference was reorganised as the Southern
African Development Community (SADC).
|
| 1992.8.27 |
USA, Britain and France designated the southern Iraq as a non-flight zone and
prohibited the entrance of any Iraqi aircraft into the zone.
|
| 1992.8.31 |
Lissouba, leader of the Union for Development and Social Progress of [West] Congo,
succeeded to the presidency, thus ending the prolonged rule of the Labour Party.
|
| 1992.9.22 |
The United Nations suspended the membership of Yugoslavia.
|
| 1992.10.9 |
The Mozambique National Resistance concluded peace with the Central Government, thus ending
the civil war and dissolving the National Resistance Government.
|
| 1992.12.9 |
The United Nations dispatched multinational peace-keeping troops (mainly made up of the USA
troops) to Somalia to carry out a humanitarian assistance operation named the United Nations
Operation in Somalia. In 1993 conflicts broke out between Muhammad Farah Aydid, a Somali
warlord, and the UN troops. On 1995.3.2 the United Nations was forced to pull out its troops
from Somalia.
|
| 1992.12.17 |
Three North American countries signed the North American Free Trade Agreement. On
1994.1.1 the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) was formally set up.
|
| 1993.1.1 |
Czech and Slovakia split into two states with the establishment of the Czech Republic
and the Slovak Republic.
|
| 1993.1.3 |
USA and USSR concluded the Second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II),
which provided for the elimination of 2/3 nuclear warheads within 10 years.
|
| 1993.1.13 |
More than a hundred countries signed the Chemical Weapons Convention in
Paris, which provided for the total prohibition of chemical weapons. The Convention took effect
on 1997.4.29.
|
| 1993.1.20 |
Clinton succeeded as USA President. During his presidency he advocated the
neo-liberal values.
|
| 1993.2.1 |
The Central American countries established the Central American Integration System
(SICA) to restart the regional integration progress.
|
| 1993.2.6 |
A federal system was adopted in Belgium, which was divided into the Flemish (Dutch), Walloon
(French) and Brussels regions.
|
| 1993.3.12 |
[North] Korea proclaimed that it would withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons and led to the Korean Nuclear Crisis. On .10.21 of the next year,
USA and [North] Korea concluded a Framework Agreement in Geneva, which provided that
[North] Korea shall suspend its nuclear scheme while USA shall help [North] Korea develop
peaceful use of nuclear energy. Thereafter disputes about [North] Korea's nuclear facilties
continued to occur between the two parties.
|
| 1993.3.14 |
A new Constitution was promulgated in Andorra, which then established a democratic system.
|
| 1993.3.29 |
As the rightists of France won the parliamentary elections, President Mitterand appointed
Balladur, leader of the Rally for the Republic, as Premier. The second "Political
Cohabitation" occurred in France.
|
| 1993.4.8 |
Macedonia joined the United Nations in the name of the "Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia" owing to Greece's objection to the use of the name "Macedonia".
|
| 1993.4.27 |
Eritrea formally declared independence from Ethiopia, thus ending the Eritrean War.
|
| 1993.6.14 |
The Resistance Government and the Government of People's Revolutionary Party were dissolved
and united as the National Unification Government. The Supreme National Council was thus
dissolved and the Third Indochina War came to an end. Sihanouk became the Head of state of
Cambodia. On .7.2 the FUNCINPEC and the People's Party (previously the People's Revolutionary
Party) formed a coalition government. Heads of the two parties, Ranariddh and Hun
Sen, became Prime ministers simultaneously. On .9.21 Ranariddh and Hun Sen changed their
titles to First Prime minister and Second Prime minister, respectively. On ..24 the monarchical
system was restored in Cambodia.
|
| 1993.8 |
The Rwandan Government concluded peace with the Patriotic Front and thus stopped the civil
war.
|
| 1993.8.9 |
Hosokawa Morihiro, leader of the Japanese New Party, succeeded as Prime Minister,
thus ending the prolonged rule of the Liberal Democratic Party.
|
| 1993.9.13 |
Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation concluded the Declaration of
Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements in Washington, which provided for
the mutual recognition of the two parties and the self-government of Gaza Strip and Jericho by
Palestinians.
|
| 1993.9.21 |
Conflicts broke out between Russian President Yeltsin and the conservatives in the
Federal Assembly. Yeltsin proclaimed dissolution of the Assembly while the Assembly proclaimed
deposition of Yeltsin. On .10.4 of the same year, Yeltsin ordered the armed forces to enter the
Assembly to arrest the conservatives (October Incident of Russia). On .12.12 a new
Constitution which expanded the President's power was ratified in Russia.
|
| 1993.11.1 |
The European Community was renamed the European Union (EU).
|
| 1994 |
The peasants of the Chiapas State of Mexico started a rebellion and organised the
Zapatista National Liberation Army.
|
| 1994.1 |
The NATO launched the Partnership for Peace Programme to absorb the former USSR
union republics and East European countries as "partner countries" and thus commenced the
strategy of "Eastward Expansion".
|
| 1994.1.1 |
The 12 EU member states and the five EFTA member states formed the European Economic
Area.
|
| 1994.2.15 |
By signing the Federal Treaty, Tatarstan abandoned the independent status and reverted
to the status of a Russian constituent republic.
|
| 1994.4 |
| The first multi-racial election was held in South Africa. On ..27 of the same
month, the four black homeland regimes of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei lost their
independent status and were reincorporated into South Africa. The six remaining black homelands
were also abolished. On .5.1 Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, succeeded
as President, which marked the end of the White racist rule and the commencement of the Black
majority rule. |
 |
|
| 1994.4.6 |
President Habyarimana of Rwanda and President Ntaryamire of Burundi were killed in an air
crash caused by an assault. Thereafter the Hutus and Tutsis in both countries entered into armed
conflicts and the Rwandan Civil War restarted. On .7.4 of the same year, the Rwandan Patriotic
Front captured the capital Kigali. On ..19 they established a Government and ended the Civil War.
|
| 1994.5.21 |
al-Baidh, General Secretary of the Yemeni Socialist Party controlled southern Yemen and
established the Democratic Republic of Yemen ([Southern] Yemen). The North-South War
of Yemen broke out. On .7.7 of the same year [Southern] Yemen was annihilated by the
Republic of Yemen.
|
| 1994.5.31 |
The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Herceg-Bosna united to form the Federation of
Bosnia and Hercegovina (commonly called the Muslim-Croat Federation), in which power was
shared by the two nationalities.
|
| 1994.6.29 |
The Japanese Socialist Party and the Liberal Democratic Party formed a coalition government
with Murayama Tomiichi, leader of the Socialist Party, as the Prime Minister.
Thereafter the Socialist Party was torn by internal strife. Its status as the major opposition
party was replaced by the other rightist parties. The Japanese political scene was thus
monopolised by the rightists.
|
| 1994.7.5 |
Israel set up two self-governing areas in Gaza Strip and Jericho. The Government-in-Exile of
the State of Palestine was thus reorganised as the Palestinian National Authority under
Israel with autonomous power. Arafat became the President of the Authority. On 1995.12.25 the
self-governing areas were extended to the whole territory of West Bank.
|
| 1994.7.8 |
Upon death of Kim Il Song, State Chairman of [North] Korea and General Secretary of the
Workers' Party, his son Kim Jong Il became de facto leader of the Workers' Party, thus
forming the "Communist Dynasty".
|
| 1994.7.11 |
The Khmer Rouge sezied control of northern Cambodia in opposition to the National Unification
Government.
|
| 1994.7.22 |
Jammeh, a military officer of the Gambia, staged the "July 22nd Coup" to
overthrow President Jawara and seize power.
|
| 1994.7.25 |
The ASEAN and a number of Asia-Pacific countries established the ASEAN Regional Forum
to foster dialogue on political and security issues of the Asia-Pacific Region.
|
| 1994.8 |
Azerbaijan and Armenia ceased fire and ended the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
|
| 1994.9 |
China established a "constructive partnership" with Russia. Thereafter different types of
"partnership" were established among the major powers and groups of nations.
|
| 1994.9.19 |
USA dispatched troops to Haiti to force the resignation of the military government. On .10.10
of the same year, Cedras, dictator of Haiti, was forced to step down. On .10.12 former President
Aristide returned to Haiti to resume power.
|
| 1994.10.1 |
Palau gained independence from USA.
|
| 1994.12 |
Russian launched the First Chechen War and attacked Chechen.
|
| 1995.1 |
Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan formed the Commonwealth of Independent States Customs
Union.
|
| 1995.1.1 |
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was set up to promote economic globalization
.
The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was renamed the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
|
| 1995.4 |
Papua New Guinea established the Bougainville Transitional Government in opposition
to the Government of the Republic of Bougainville.
|
| 1995.5.17 |
Chirac, former Premier of France, succeeded as President, thus ending the Political
Cohabitation.
|
| 1995.6.19 |
Gagauz submitted to the authority of the Moldovan Central Government and became an autonomous
region of Moldova.
|
| 1995.8.7 |
Croatia annihilated Krajina and occupied the western part controlled by the regime. But the
Srem-Baranja Region (also called Eastern Slavonia) in the east remained independent. In November
of the same year, the Croatian Government concluded peace with Srem-Baranja, thus ending the
Croatian War. From 1996.1.15 onwards Srem-Baranja was under the supervision of the United
Nations.
|
| 1995.12.14 |
The Srpska Republic and Muslim-Croat Federation of Bosnia concluded the Dayton
Agreement in Paris whereby the two regimes were to form a Bosnian state with two
political entities.
|
| 1996.2.13 |
The Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist) launched an anti-governmental insurgency, thus starting
the Nepalese Civil War.
|
| 1996.3.1 |
25 Asian and European countries held the First Euro-Asian Summit in Bangkok.
|
| 1996.3.10 |
The Andean Group was reorganised as the Andean Community of Nations (CAN).
|
| 1996.3.13 |
The First Anti-Terrorist Summit was convened in Cairo.
|
| 1996.3.21 |
The Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development was reorganised as the
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).
|
| 1996.4.21 |
President Dudayev of Chechen was killed in a battle. In August of the same year, Russia
ceased fire with Chechen. In November the Russian troops withdrew from Chechen, thus ending the
First Chechen War. But conflicts continued to occur between the two parties.
|
| 1996.4.26 |
China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening
Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai of China, thus forming the Shanghai Five
Group. When Uzbekistan also joined the Treaty on 2001.6.15, the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) was established.
|
| 1996.7.25 |
Buyoya, former President of Burundi, staged a coup to seize power again and make himself
Provisional President.
|
| 1996.8.6 |
Eight Arctic states held a meeting to discuss the establishment of an Arctic Council,
which was formally established in the next year.
|
| 1996.9.10 |
The General Assembly of the United Nations endorsed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty, which provided for the total prohibition of nuclear tests.
|
| 1996.9.27 |
The Afghan Koran Students (commonly called the Taliban) captured Kabul. After
seizing power, they established a theocracy. The political factions of the former government fled
to the frontiers to oppose the Taliban Government. Later they formed the United Islamic and
National Front for Salvation of Afghanistan (commonly called the Anti-Taliban Alliance).
|
| 1996.10.5 |
The Muslim-Croat Federation and the Srpska Republic united to form the Bosnia and
Herzegovina Regime, which was a confederation. The position of chief of state was to be
rotated among the Serbs, Croats and Muslims. The two constituent states retained their autonomy.
The Bosnian War came to an end.
|
| 1996.12.29 |
The Guatemalan Government concluded peace with the National Revolutionary Union, thus ending
the civil war.
|
| 1997.2.6 |
The South Pacific Commission was renamed the Pacific Community (PC).
|
| 1997.2.14 |
The International Arbitration Panel decided to put Brcko of Bosnia under international
supervision. On 2000.3.8 the District of Brcko was created and became the third
political entity of Bosnia.
|
| 1997.3.5 |
14 countries on the Indian Ocean Rim founded the Indian Ocean Rim Association for
Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).
|
| 1997.4.2 |
Russia and Belarus formed the Russo-Belarus Union.
|
| 1997.5.2 |
| Blair, leader of the British Labour Party, succeeded as Prime
Minister. During his tenure he proposed the "Third Way" to realize social democracy.
|
 |
|
| 1997.5.17 |
The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo led by Laurent-Desire
Kabila captured Kinshasa and overthrew President Mobutu. The country was then renamed the
Democratic Republic of the Congo ([East] Congo) and came under one-party rule.
|
| 1997.5.25 |
Koroma, a military officer of Sierra Leone, staged the "May 25th Coup" to
seize power. On .2.12 of the next year, the ECOWAS organised a peace-keeping troop led by Nigeria
to overthrow Koroma and restore civilian rule.
|
| 1997.5.30 |
The North Atlantic Cooperation Council was reorganised as the Euro-Atlantic Partnership
Council.
|
| 1997.6 |
Sassou-Nguesso, former President of [West] Congo, rose against President Lissouba.
On .10.15 he overthrew Lissouba and regained power.
|
| 1997.6.3 |
As the Socialist Party of France won the parliamentary elections, President Chirac appointed
Jospin, leader of the Socialist Party, as Premier, thereby creating the third "Political
Cohabitation" of France.
|
| 1997.7 |
Financial crisis broke out in Thailand and spread to other East Asian countries subsequently,
leading to economic depression of these countries. The crisis came to be known as the Asian
Financial Turmoil.
|
| 1997.7.1 |
Britain returned Hong Kong to China. Hong Kong then became a special administrative region
under China.
|
| 1997.7.4 |
Western Samoa was renamed the Independent State of Samoa.
|
| 1997.7.6 |
Power struggle arose between the First Prime Minister Ranariddh and Second Prime Minister Hun
Sen, resulting in Ranariddh's failure and dismissal. On ..16 of the same month, Hun Sen installed
Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister, with real power held by Hun Sen, who succeeded as
Prime Minister on 1998.11.30.
|
| 1997.7.8 |
[North] Korea proclaimed the adoption of the "Juche" Era, which started in 1912, the
year of Kim Il Song's birth. On .10.8 of the same year, Kim Jong Il formally succeeded as the
General Secretary of the Workers' Party.
|
| 1997.10.11 |
Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldolva formed the GUAM Alliance. (When Uzbekistan
joined the Alliance in 1999.4, the Alliance was renamed the GUUAM Alliance). The Alliance adopted
a pro-Western policy and drift apart from Russia.
|
| 1997.11.3 |
Iraq denied admission of USA experts to Iraq for weapon inspection and led to the Iraqi
Weapon Inspection Crisis. Thereafter disputes over weapon inspection continued to occur
between Iraq and the United Nations. On 1998.12.17 USA and Britain conducted an air-raid on Iraq.
|
| 1997.12 |
The anti-governmental guerilla groups of Nicaragua concluded peace with the Government and
ended the civil war.
|
| 1997.12.9 |
[North] Korea, [South] Korea, China and USA started to hold Four-Party Talks on the
Korean Peninsula regularly to foster consultation on the issue of [North] Korea's nuclear
weapons.
|
| 1998.1.15 |
Srem-Baranja was reincorporated into Croatia.
|
| 1998.1.22 |
The Government of the Republic of Bougainville concluded peace with the Papua New Guinea
Government and the Bougainville Transitional Government and ended the conflicts. Bougainville was
reincorporated into Papua New Guinea.
|
| 1998.2 |
Conflicts between Kosovo and Yugoslavia led to the Kosovo War.
|
| 1998.4.10 |
Britain, [Southern] Ireland and the political factions of Northern Ireland signed the
Northern Ireland Peace Accord, which provided for power sharing among the Protestants
and Catholics in Northern Ireland.
|
| 1998.4.15 |
Upon death of Pol Pot, head of the Khmer Rouge, the Cambodian Government army struck
a hard blow at Khmer Rouge. In February next year the remnants of the Khmer Rouge surrendered to
the Cambodian Government.
|
| 1998.5 |
A pro-democracy movement broke out in Indonesia. On ..21 of the same month, President
Soeharto was forced to step down. Thereafter democracy was gradually established in Indonesia.
|
| 1998.5.11 |
India commenced a series of nuclear tests. On ..28 of the same month, Pakistan also commenced
a series of nuclear tests. Henceforth, India and Pakistan became nuclear nuclear weapon
possessing states, leading to a nuclear arms race in South Asia.
|
| 1998.6 |
Mane, a military officer of Guinea-Bissau, started a rebellion. The
Guinea-Bissau Civil War broke out. On 1999.5.7 Mane overthrew President Vieira and seized
power. On 2000.2.17 Iala succeeded as President. Conflicts soon broke out between Iala
and Mane. The Civil War ended after Mane was killed on .11.30.
|
| 1998.8 |
The [East] Congolese Rally for Democracy started a rebellion in the eastern part of [East]
Congo and led to a civil war. The intervention of various countries in central and southern
Africa in the civil war led to international conflicts (commonly called the First African War
). Later the Rally for Democracy split into several factions and occupied Kisangani and
Goma.
|
| 1999.1.1 |
Several EU member states formed a monetary union and prepared for the use of a single
currency Euro, which started to circulate on 2002.1.1.
|
| 1999.2.2 |
Chavez, head of the Venezuelan Movement for the Fifth Republic, succeeded as
President, thus ending the alternate rule of the Democratic Action and the Social Christian
Party.
|
| 1999.3.24 |
The NATO conducted an air-raid on Yugoslavia. On .6.10 of the same year, Yugoslavia was
compelled to withdraw its troops from Kosovo. On ..12 the United Nations took over administration
of Kosovo. On 2000.2.1 Kosovo recognized the administration of the United Nations and became an
autonomous region under the protection of the United Nations.
|
| 1999.4.30 |
Azali, a military officer of Comoros, seized power in a coup.
|
| 1999.6.28 |
The First European Union-Latin America and Caribbean Summit Meeting was held between
EU members and Latin American countries.
|
| 1999.8.7 |
Basayevm, former Premier of Chechen, started a revolt and occupied Karamakhi in Dagestan,
where he established the Islamic Republic of Dagestan. In September of the same year,
Russia crushed the revolt and launched an attack against Chechen. The Second Chechen War
thus broke out. On 2000.2.6 the Russian troops captured Grozny, capital of Chechen and
annihilated the Chechen Republic.
|
| 1999.8.30 |
A plebiscite held in East Timor ratified the independence of East Timor from Indonesia. Civil
strife broke out in the same year. On .9.21 the international peace-keeping troops entered East
Timor. On .10.25 Indonesia handed over East Timor to the United Nations.
|
| 1999.9.1 |
27 East Asian, Oceanian and Latin American countries established the East Asia-Latin
America Forum to strengthen the cooperation between East Asia, Oceania and Latin America.
|
| 1999.10.12 |
Musharraf, a Pakistani military officer, seized power in a coup. Pakistan thus came
under military rule again.
|
| 1999.11 |
During a conference of the World Trade Organisation held in Seattle of USA,
anti-globalization organisations throughout the world organised large scale demonstrations, which
set off a new upsurge of the Anti-Globalization Movement.
|
| 1999.12.20 |
Portugal returned Macau to China. Macau then became a special administrative region under
China.
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| 1999.12.24 |
Guei, a military officer of Ivory Coast, staged a coup to overthrow the Government
of the Democratic Government and seize power.
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| 1999.12.31 |
Panama resumed administration of the Canal Zone.
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| 2000.5.20 |
Chen Shui-bian, leader of the Democratic Progressive Party of China (Taiwan),
succeeded as President, thus ending the prolonged rule of the Nationalist Party.
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| 2000.5.22 |
The Israeli troops completely withdrew from Lebanon. The South Lebanese Army was
dissolved.
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| 2000.10.5 |
Anti-governmental activities sprang up in Yugoslavia. On ..7 of the same month,
President Milosevic was forced to step down and was succeeded by Kostunica.
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| 2000.10.25 |
President Guei of Ivory Coast fled abroad because of popular opposition. On the next
day Gbagbo succeeded as President and civilian rule was restored in Ivory Coast.
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| 2000.12.1 |
Fox, leader of the Mexican National Action Party, succeeded as President,
thus ending the prolonged rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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