Encoding is the process of transforming information from one format into another. 
The opposite operation is called decoding. This is often used in many digital devices

Encoding (in cognition) is a basic perceptual process of interpreting incoming stimuli; technically speaking, 
it is a complex, multi-stage process of converting relatively objective sensory input 
(e.g., light, sound) into subjectively meaningful experience. 

A content format is a specific encoding format for converting a specific type of data to information. 

In Biology and Genetics, genes are said to encode RNA transcripts or proteins. (See genetic code.) 

Character encoding is a code that pairs a set of natural language characters (such as an alphabet or syllabary) 
with a set of something else, such as numbers or electrical pulses. 

Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure 
and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers. (See also Text Encoding Initiative.) 

Semantics encoding of formal language A in formal language B is a method of representing all terms 
(e.g. programs or descriptions) of language A using language B. 

Electronic encoding transforms a signal into a code optimized for transmission or storage, generally done with a codec. 

Neural encoding is the way in which information is represented in neurons. 

Memory encoding is the process of converting sensations into memories. 

Encryption transforms information for secrecy. 

Television encoding: NTSC, PAL and SECAM