Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ é©áÈ¿¡ °üÇÑ æÚϼ
(A Study on Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost)
A B S T R A C T
A Study on the Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost
Sang-kuk Park
Major in English
Language Education
Graduate School of Educaton
Chung-ang University
Directed by Prof. Chang-kuk Lee
This study has been conducted on the basis that author attempted to solve the ultimate problem of man as the Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost. Though many critics have studied Milton's works from the religious and philosophical viewpoints, the purpose of this paper is to study this poem from the viewpoint of Secularistic Non-Christian Elements, human point of view and to reassess Milton's central concerns and to show the various elements with the unique style in his great epic Paradise Lost.
Through the Free Will in human beings, Milton believed that he could overcome the limited capabilities of Man, thought not only that all human sufferings could be overcome only within the unity of Man and Nature but also that in this course man could struggle to overcome all existing human problems with Free Will and Reason.
Though Adam fell for committing the impious sin of eating the forbidden fruit, he did so through his own free will and reason, and at the moment of his fall he emphasized his Non-Christian Elements, human love toward Eve.
In the course of Re-created Satan, Milton showed the various humanistic heroes, frauds, arrogant or coward actions , envy, temptations and jealousy etc.
His very situation as the fearless antagonist of Omnipotence makes him either a fool or a hero, and Milton is far indeed from permitting us to think him a fool.
About concern of Adam and Eve, Milton maintained, they were deprived of a free and just will on account of his fall, he considered Adam's fall as an impulse toward restoring the lost freedom of Man and creating a new world.
And after his fall, Adam came to recognize human conditions such as death, providing a sacrifice for Adam, as well as the passage of time. In this way Adam could be able to create a genuine human world, and finally, to become a member of mankind himself.
Milton stressed that by Satan we could come to realize the nature of Man's existence and life through his features of heroes and folly in Book¥°.¥±.¥² and ¥³. And he continued showing his understanding of secularistic life of Man for heaven and paradise in Book¥´¡¥¹¥±. He also showed himself to be a genuine humanist by adding his own private philosophy and experiences. He hold by the representative of humanism in period of conflict and upheaval. He was the greatest poet in whom the intellectual and a sensitive enthusiasms of the Renaissance, the moral forces of the Reformation, and the fever of a patriotic love of liberty met and dwelt together.
Finally, Adam and Eve, though they fell in Eden, came to believe that they achieved the triumph of all mankind through a belief in the humanism which would guide the new world in a genuine human life. Thus all human sufferings could be overcome both death and woe by human free will.
¥°. ßí Öå · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · 2
¥±. á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼ÀÇ Satan · · · · · · ·· ··12
¥². á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼ÀÇ Adam°ú Eve · ··· · ··· 28
¥³. ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ ÛÎÌØ · · · · · · · · · · · ·42
¥´. Ì¿ Öå · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
¥°. ßí Öå
Paradise Lost¸¦ °ú°Å¿¡´Â Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ã̶ó´Â à»ìýÊïÀ» °®°í ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ßö¸¦ À籸¼ºÇϰí, ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ À̳äÀ» ÁÖÁö½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼ö¸¹Àº ÝëøÄµéÀÌ ÀϰüµÇ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ¿Â °¨ÀÌ ¾øÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº Arthur E. Barker¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×´ë·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µíÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÌ µç´Ù.
Paradise Lost was always meant to be a poem whose beginning is disobedience, whose middle is woe, and whose ultimate end is restoration.1)
±×·¯³ª ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ̸ú°´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ÞÖÍÅÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²ã¼ ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ð«ÍêÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Until now the story and the events of the poem have been mostly concerned with God, the Son of God, Satan, and the angels in Heaven and necessarily the reader feels some distance from them. We have seen the various ways in which Milton treats them, with admirable success. Through various narrators we have learned that we should not be truly serious about them in spite of the serious and grave posture or stance of the narratorial voice. Often stance or the posture of the narrator serves to enhance the comic effect and aspect of the poem.2)
õ±¹¿¡¼ÀÇ God, Son of God, Satan, Adam, Eve, AngelµîÀº ÔÁíº¿¡°Ô »ó´çÇÑ °Å¸®°¨À» ´À³¢°Ô ÇÏÁö¸¸, MiltonÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁøÁöÇÏ°í ½É°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½É°¢ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÄÚ¹Í È¿°ú(Comic effect)¸¦ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù.
¹°·Ð Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ é©áȵéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Â÷Áö ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±× ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀÇ À̾߱â¿Í »îÀ» ÁÖÁ¦·Î ÇÑ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »ýȰÀÇ Àü°³°¡ ¼ö¾øÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÛǰ ¼ÓÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ìÑÚª ¹¦»ç¿¡¼ Àΰ£ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â µíÀÌ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº Ç¥¸éÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê°í, ³»¸éÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤°ú á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄµéÀÌ ¼ö¾øÀÌ Ò®î¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. SatanÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ MiltonÀº ´ç½ÃÀÇ »óȲ°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇеéÀ» µå·¯³»°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Àι°µé°ú °ü·ÃµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ³»¿ëÀ» ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀ̰í, ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ³Ö°í °í·ÁÇϰíÀÚ Çϸç ìÑÊàñéãýÀÇ À̾߱â·Î ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. MiltonÀº Àΰ£À» Á¦ÇÑµÈ ´É·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÏ´Â ³°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼ Àΰ£°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ Çϳª·Î °áÇÕµÉ ¶§ ¿ì¸®Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¿Â°® ½Ã·ÃÀº ±Øº¹µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ù¶íº´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© á¦áÔîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼Òµé¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾î MiltonÀÇ ðóÎç èâîÜÀÎ ÛÎÌØµéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇØ º¼ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÞÖß̵éÀ» °íÂûÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ÁÖÀåÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö é©áȵéÀ» °í·ÁÇØ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ, ±×´Â SatanÀ̶ó´Â Àι°À» î¢óÜðãÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¶§·Î´Â ê©íàÇϰí çÈê©îÜÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ðµç ¸éÀ» °í·ç °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î Âø°¢À» ÇϰԵµ ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¸ðµç ÇൿÀÌ »ç±â¿Í ±â¸¸À¸·Î °¡µæ Âù ºñõÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î PassionÀÇ ßÚó£À¸·Î ±×·È´Ù. SatanÀÌ Eve¸¦ ë¯ûãÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¿Â°® ¾ÆÃ·°ú Âù»ç·Î »ó´ë¹æÀ» ºÎÃß±â´Â °ÍÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡µµ ±×´ë·Î Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆíÀÇ À¯È¤ÀÇ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¾î´À ³¯ °©ÀÚ±â Son of GodÀÇ ÔôíÞÀ¸·Î Àڽſ¡°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â Ø¡íÞ¿¡¼ ìÛÒ±ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¹Ý¿ªÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Çϴÿ¡¼ÀÇ ÀüÅõ¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô¼ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ßæüÀÛ°ãÒ ±× ÀÚü¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Adam°ú Eve´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®µé ¼Ó¿¡ ±×´ë·Î »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ ±× ÀÚü·Î º¸°í, »îÀÇ Èñ¸Á°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ºñ±ØÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ °®°í ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Satan¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ À¯È¤¿¡ ºüÁ® Á˸¦ Áþ´Â EveÀÇ °æ¿ìº¸´Ù´Â EveÀÇ ãý×âßÒ÷¾¿Í ßæüÀ¼Ó¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϰíÀÚ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑÀÌ ¼·Î ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇßÀ» ¶§ ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Àü°¡Çϱ⵵ Çϰí, ¼·Î¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇÑÆí Eve´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×°í ³ª¸é AdamÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Eve¿Í Ì¿ûæÇÏ¿© ú¹ÜØÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°£´Ù´Â ¿©¼ºÀ¸·Î¼ ¸¶À½°ú ÁöÇýÀÇ °úÀÏÀ» ¸Ô°í ¼ø°£ÀûÀ̳ª¸¶ Adamº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇØÁö°í ½ÍÀº Ãæµ¿À» °®´Â °Íµµ ¿ì¸®°¡ ´õ¿í °¡±õ°Ô ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë¸ñÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ìÑÊàîÜÀÎ ö°ØüÀ» ÍÅóÌÇϰí, ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ Á߽ɿ¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ±× ¹Ù±ùÀ» µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î °í·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Son of GodÀÌ ±×·¸°í, Satanµµ Àΰ£À» ¶°³ª¼ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Àι°·Î ±×¸®Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Adam°ú EveÀÇ »ýȰ¹æ½Ä°ú »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀÌ Àΰ£À» ¶°³ ½Åºñ·Î¿î Á¸Àç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áö±ØÈ÷ ÞªðóÎçîÜÀÎ é©áȵé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã±â, ÁúÅõ, ÀÚ¸¸, ¿µ¿õ½É¸®, ºñ°ÌÇÔ, ±³¸¸ µîÀÌ µÚ¼¯ÀÎ ÇÑÆíÀÇ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í ÍÅÕçÇÏ°í °íÂûÇØ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Õ¿¡¼µµ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ Áö±Ý±îÁö MiltonÀÇ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀΠϰà÷°ú ñ«ð¹¿¡ ÁýÁßµÇ¾î ¿Â °æÇâÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ҮǾî ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »îÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» Ê×ΦÇÏ°í ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ ¸ð½À¸¸ ÍÅóÌÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ÌèÀ» ´ëÇÏ´Â µíÀÌ ½Å¼º½Ã ÇØ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Joan M. Webber´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»·Î ¼»ç½ÃÀÇ ºñÆòÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
"ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàÀº ¸ðµÎ ¹«ÇÑ´ë·Î È®´ëµÇ¾î ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¿µ¿ø¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ°í, ±ØÀû ¹è°æÀº õ±¹Àº ¹°·Ð, Áö¿Á¿¡±îÁö È®´ëµÈ´Ù. ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ Æø°ú ±íÀ̰¡ ½Ç·Î °ÅâÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Ã°£Àû Á¦¾àÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ¼»ç½Ã Áß¿¡¼ ´Ü¿¬ µ¶º¸ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ» ÀÌ·é °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."3)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´°í, R. J. Rees´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ¾´ Àǵµ°¡ "Àڱ⠳ª¶ó¿¡°Ô ¿µ±¤À» ÀÚÁ®¿À´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¾±³Àû, öÇÐÀû ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ GodÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ à¼°ú îïÒöÇÏ´Ù¸é ¿Ö ¼¼»óÀº äÂÀ¸·Î °íÅëÀ» ¹Þ°í Àִ°¡? ¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀϺΠëòÓñµµ ÀÖ´Ù"°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Beside his intention of writing something which would bring glory to his own country. Milton had a religious and philosophical purpose which was, as he said, 'to justify the ways of God to men'; in other words, to answer the old question which all Christians must answer: namely, if God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there suffering and evil in the world?4)
¶ÇÇÑ ±è¿ëÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼¿¡¼ "¸¸ÀÏ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ÀºÃÑÀÌ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î GodÀÇ ÀÚÀÇÀû ÇàÀ§¶ó´Â Á¡À» ´©±¸µçÁö È®½Å¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´õ ÀÌ»ó Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö´Â »ý±æ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.5)¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸»·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ú°àãßö·Î Âø°¢À» Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿© ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Ê×ΦµÇ°Å³ª ¼ÒȦÈ÷ ´Ù·ç¾îÁ® ¿Ô´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
À̸¦Å×¸é ±× µ¿¾È Milton¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ À§¿Í °°ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ Á¾±³Àû, öÇÐÀû Ãø¸é¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ¿Ô´ø °ÍÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ñ«ð¹¸¦ ¹àÈù °á°ú, ¸¶Ä¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçãÌîÜÀÎ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ºñÄ£ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ºñÆòÀ¸·Î Àϰü µÈ µíÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÌ´Ù.
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the word, and all our woe,
······················
············ what in me is dark
Illumine, what is low raise and support;
That to the highth of this great argument
I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.
(P. L. ¥°.1¡26)
½ÅÀÇ ±æ°ú çµêÀÀÇ àî×⸦ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¹Ù¸£°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¹°·Ð ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÝëøÄÖåÙþµéÀÌ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ºñÆòÇü½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀϰüµÇ¾î Áö³ ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È æÚϼµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆí¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ´Â Scott¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷Àº "MiltonÀÇ Paradise Lost´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶(human drama)¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °á°ú°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ±×°¡ ÀǵµÇÑ °ÍÀº Satanµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Ñâê®ÀÇ Çູµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¾Æ´ã°ú À̺êÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ »ý°Ü³ °íÅëÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» µ¹¸®·Á´Â õ±¹ÀÇ Çູ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÑÀâûµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù."6)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ Paradise Lost¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »î ¼ÓÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÊïàõîÜ ìï÷ ¹× ÝÕùê×âÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Èñ¸ÁÀ» Ž»öÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áï ¸ðµç ÔôíÞìÑÚªµéÀÇ Êïàõ°ú ìµàõÀÌ »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î õÎßÚîÜÀÎ ¾îÈֵ鵵 ëôìÑûù½ÃÄÑ »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ðóÎçîÜ ìÑÚª·ÎºÎÅÍ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àι°·Î º¯ÈÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£ÈµÈ ¾ÇÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ SatanÀÇ ºñ°ÌÇÔÀ» µå·¯³»±â À§Çؼ ¾î´À ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÜôðëÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¿ôÀ½À» ÀھƳ»°Ô ÇÏ´Â ëôÞÄçÈê©îÜ Àι°·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ëõ»ç¿¡¼ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â Serpent·Î ï®ÕªÇÏ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°µéÀÇ ÙÒժΦïïÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇØµµ °ú¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Adam°ú EveÀÇ »ýȰµµ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆìº¸¸é Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£ÀûÀ̰í á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹þ¾î³ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼·Î°¡ ¾ÖÁõÀÌ ±³Â÷Çϱ⵵ Çϰí Eve°¡ Adamº¸´Ù ¿µ¸®ÇØÁö°í ½ÍÀº Ãæµ¿µµ º¸¿©ÁÜÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
»ç½Ç AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°è¾ß¸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÷òÏÑÀÌ ÀϾ´Â Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ´Â AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ °¥µî, ÁÖüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î½á AdamÀÇ Å¸¶ô, ±× °á°ú Eve¿Í ÇÔ²² Àΰ£¼¼°èÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àڷμ, AdamÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§¿¡¾ß ÀÌÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.7) µû¶ó¼ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ×âàõîÜ ±³ÈÆÀ» Ž»öÇÏ´Â Ãø¸éµµ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.
Anthony Wittreich´Â "Spenser ¿Í MiltonÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Àΰ£ ³»ÀûÀÎ »ýȰ°ú ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§¿¡ Áø½ÇÀ» µå·¯³»¾î ±³À°ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù."8)¶ó°í ÑÀâûÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Hunter´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ "Àå¾öÇÑ ½ÅÈÀÇ ¿øÇü°ú Àΰ£ óÁöÀÇ ÀüÇü"À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.9)
B. K. Lewalsky´Â "MiltonÀº îî÷ÖßóÞÀã̸¦ ×Ã×âùÊ, ïÙö½ùÊ, ÕöÞÈ, ãêùÊîÜÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ ºñÆòÀ» Çϰí, µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» ±³À°ÇÏ´Â íþãÌÀÇ °úÁ¤À» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ðóÎçèâîÜÀÎ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »îÀÇ Ã¼ÇèÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Milton has, moreover, transformed their conventional epic speeches into substantive comments on ethics, politics, history, and theology. With these generic strategies he begins the poem-long process of educating the reader to make complex discriminations about the use and perversions of language.10)
±×¸®°í MiltonÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ìÑßæÌèúÐÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ »ó´çºÎºÐÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ é©áȵéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç½Ã ÀλýüÇè ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³íÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.
unchanged
To hoarse or mute, though fall'n on evil days,
On evil days though fall'n, and evil tongues;
In darkness, and with dangers compassed round,
And solitude;
(P. L. ¥¶.24¡28)
µû¶ó¼ ±×´Â Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô SatanÀÇ Æí11)À» µé¾î ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç õ»çº¸´Ù SatanÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ºô¸° ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÷á篽ÃÄÑ »ó´çÈ÷ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Adam°ú Eve¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿øÀ» Çϸé¼, Àΰ£ÈµÈ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð½À¿¡¼ à¼ëò¿Í äÂëò¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ³ªÅ¸³»µµ·Ï ÇÏ¿© ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ é©áÈÀÎ á¦áÔàõÀ» °¡¹Ì½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº HomerÀÇ Iliad ¿Í Odyssey, VirgilÀÇ Aeneid, ±×¸®°í DanteÀÇ Divine Comedyµî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ±³À°Àû °úÁ¤À» °è¼ÓÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í B. K. Lewalski´Â ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
He(Milton)continues that educative process by inviting us to measure the speech and song of hell against the norms and best models of such language from classical times onward. Some such reference points are the notable Homeric and Virgilian models of epic speech and the great tragic soliloquies of the Elizabethan stage. Others are the norms and prescriptions for rhetoric as defined by Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and others, as well as the political speeches attributed to various historical personages by the great classical historians, Herodotus, Thucydides, Sallust, and Livy.12)
Paradise Lost´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÁýÇʵǾú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í MiltonÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¸¶À½À» °Á¶Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ìÑÊà Ø¿ÞÀ´Â ¸¶À½¿¡¼ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ºñ·ÔµÇ°í, ±× ¼Ó¿¡¼ õ±¹µµ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í Áö¿Áµµ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
A mind not to be changed by place or time.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a heav'n of hell, a hell of heav'n.
(P. L. ¥°. 251¡253)
ù¶íº´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ô¸Ïаú ò¢è«°ú Ñâê®ÀÇ Á¸À縦 Àΰ£ÀûÀ̰í ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ö°ØüÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ ßÌßÀîÜÀÎ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£µµ ÃÊ¿ùÇϱâ´Â ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ³¡¾øÀÌ à¼°ú äÂÀÌ ½Î¿ì°í çé鯰ú öÒï×ÀÌ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ìµàõ°ú æðï×ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¶ó Ç¥ÃâµÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ìÑÊàÞÀÀÌ´Ù.
MiltonÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óÀ» Paradise Lost¿¡¼ "¿µÈ¥Àº °Å±â¿¡¼ À̼ºÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í, À̼ºÀº Ãß·ÐÀûÀÌ°Ç Á÷°üÀûÀÌ°Ç ¿µÈ¥ ±× ÀÚüÀÌ´Ù. Ãß·ÐÀº ±×´ëÀÇ °ÍÀ̰í Á÷°üÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ GodÀº ±×´ë(Adam)¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸³ª ºÒº¯À¸·Î´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. à¼ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÁö¸¸ °ßµð´Â °ÍÀº AdamÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù."¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ GodÀÌ ¶óÆÄ¿¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÈÆ°èÇÏ´Â ¸»Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î MiltonÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °Á¶Çϰí Àִ°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
whence the soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive, or intuitive; discourse
Is oftest yours, the latter most is ours,
(P. L. ¥´. 486¡489)
God made thee perfect, not immutable;
And good he made thee, but to persevere
He left it in thy power, ordained thy will
By nature free, ···········
(P. L. ¥´.524¡527)
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ìµàõ°ú í»ë¦ëòò¤¿¡ µû¸£´Â °ÍÀº ¸¶À½¿¡¼ ¿ì·¯³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù.
±×·¡¼ º» ³í¹®Àº Áö±Ý±îÁö Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø ÙíùÚÇÑ ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàîÜÀÎ °³³äÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ Êïï×, ÞÖÍÅÖÅæ´À» ìéöȽÃÄÑ Paradise Lost¿¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î Àִ°¡? ¸¦ Paradise LostÀÇ ê«Ùþ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇϰíÀÚ Çϸç, ƯÈ÷ îïø¹¿¡ È帣°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤ ¹× Ò®ØüîÜ á¦Í£ÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ »îÀÇ é©áȵéÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸´Â °ÍÀ» ÙÍîÜÀ¸·Î ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
¥°Àå¿¡¼´Â ßíÖåÀ» Àü°³Çϰí, ¥±Àå¿¡¼´Â á¦áÔîÜ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼ Human ComedyÀÇ ñ«æµÀÎ SatanÀ», ¥²Àå¿¡¼´Â Àΰ£ »îÀÇ ´ë¸®Àڷμ Adam°ú EveÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ »î°ú Èñ¸ÁÀ», ¥³Àå¿¡¼´Â MiltonÀÌ ¿µÇâ¹ÞÀº ãêü¥îÜ ¹è°æ°ú ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ôÉùʵé, ëôìÑûùµÈ Ç¥ÇöµéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇÏ¿© ¹®ÇÐÀû Ãø¸éÀÇ Ëûù¸¦, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¥´Àå¿¡¼´Â °á·ÐÀ» ¸ÎÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¥±. á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼ÀÇ Satan
Paradise Lost¿¡¼ ýô·ÝèмîÜÀÎ ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°·Î¼ SatanÀÇ æµùÜÀ» »©°í´Â ¹®ÇÐÀû Á¸Àç ÀÌÀ¯°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇØµµ Å©°Ô Ʋ¸° ¸»Àº ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Samuel JohnsonÀº MiltonÀÌ ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â Àι°ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ¸é¼ °¡Àå °í¹ÎÇÑ Àι°ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ SatanÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.13) SatanÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ ¿õÀåÇϰí Àå¾öÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¸¹Àº µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ SatanÀ» ÁÖÀΰøÃ³·³ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÇÁ¦·Î 19C¿Í 20CÃʹݿ¡´Â SatanÀ» Paradise Lost¿¡¼ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³í¶õµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ½À» ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼ º¸¸é ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
As we all know, it was fashionable for a time to maintain that Satan was really the hero of Paradise Lost. ------ this should be so if we remember that some of those who held various Satanist positions were poets of the caliber of Dryden, Blake, and Shelley.14)
MiltonÀÇ »ó»ó·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ âÁ¶µÈ SatanÀº ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼ ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇßÀ» ¶§ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Ò½ÕôΦïïÀ» Book ¥°¿¡¼ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÀοëÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌâ±¹ ±³¼ö´Â MiltonÀÇ SatanÀ» ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¸é¿¡¼ °íµµÀÇ dramatic poemÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° Áß¿äÀι°·Î¼ °ü½É°ú ĪÂùÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Indeed, Milton's Satan in Paradise Lost attracts, in many ways, attention and admiration as the first major character in this highly dramatic poem. He is the first major dramatic character we encounter in the poem, and his heroic as well as tragic qualities are strong enough to capture our imagination. In many ways and aspects, he resembles Aeneas in Vergil's Aeneid as an epic hero of the traditional sort. Like Aeneas in the flames of Troy, Satan fights for his homeland; he loses; he is forced into exile. Like Aenesa, he rallies his forces and with great courage he leads them through hardships and adventures.15)
¶ÇÇÑ Walter Raleigh´Â SatanÀÇ ãÌîÜ ¿ªÇÒÀ» »ìÆìº¸¸é ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µÎ·Á¿ò ¾ø´Â Àü´ÉÇÑ Àû´ëÀڷμ Prometheus¸¦ ¿¬»ó½Ã۸ç, ¾î¸®¼®À½°ú çÈê©îÜ é©áȸ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, MiltonÀº SatanÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¾î¸®¼®°Ô »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
"Satan", wrote Sir Walter Raleigh, "unavoidably reminds us of Prometheus, and although there are essential differences, we are not made to feel them essential. His very situation as the fearless antagonist of Omnipotence makes him either a fool or a hero, and Milton is far indeed from permitting us to think him a fool."16)
½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ SatanÀº ¿µ¿õÀûÀ̸鼵µ îØÓßíºÀÎ ºñ±ØÀû Hero·Î¼ ¾ç¸éÀûÀ̰í, °¡Àå Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» °í·ç °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Satan¿¡°Ô »ó´çÇÑ ºñÁßÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â BlakeÀÇ ¸»À» EmpsonÀº ±×ÀÇ Milton's God¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀοëÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Recent studies have made clear that Blake meant the whole thing by such utterances, not merely that Milton's Satan was good but also that his God was bad; but the Victorians took him to mean that Satan had a sort of double-talk virtue, as an artist or something.17)
MiltonÀº °¡Àå Satan´Ù¿î ¶Ç´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®´Ù¿î ¸é¸ð¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼ À¯°¨¾øÀÌ ¹ßÈÖÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÏÀÌ ¿Ç°í ±×¸§¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ºÎÇϵéÀ» µ¶·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
"Fall'n Cherub, to be weak is miserable
Doing or suffering: but of this be sure,
To do aught good never will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight,
As being the contrary to his high will
Whom we resist. If then his providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good,
Our labor must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil;
(P. L. ¥°. 157¡165)
¶ÇÇÑ Çϴÿ¡¼ÀÇ îú÷ã¿¡¼ ÆÐÇÑ SatanÀº ÝÕÏÝÀÇ ëòò¤¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÆÐ¹èÇÑ ºÎÇÏµé ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÝÕØþÀÇ ¿¬¼³·Î °Ý·ÁÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ °íÅë°ú ÁÂÀý ¼Ó¿¡ Àç±âÀÇ ëòò¤¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ µå°ñÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º°¡ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ Á¡·É´çÇÏÀÚ ¸Á¸íÇÑ ÈÄ "ÇÁ¶û½º´Â îú÷ã¿¡´Â Á³Áö¸¸ îú¡´Â ÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎÀº ¾îµð¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö ³ªÀÇ ±ê¹ß ¾Æ·¡ ´Ü°áÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù."¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¿¬¼³°ú ´à¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇÁ·©Å¬¸° ·ç½ºº§Æ®°¡ "¿ì¸®°¡ ¿À·ÎÁö µÎ·Á¿ö ÇØ¾ßÇÒ °ÍÀº µÎ·Á¿ò ±× ÀÚü"¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸»°ú °°ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ýñØÐ°ú é¸Ñ¨¸¦ ºÏµ¸À» ¶§¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ±¤°æÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
And shook his throne. What though the field be lost?
All is not lost; the unconquerable will,
And study of revenge. immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield:
And what is else not to be overcome?
That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deify his power
Who from the terror of this arm so late
Doubted his empire, that were low indeed,
That were an ignominy and shame beneath
This downfall;
(P. L. ¥°.105¡116)
SatanÀº À§´ëÇÑ îØíâÀ¸·Î¼ °í±ÍÇÑ ÷åòõ, ÖÅÓôÕô, õ÷ãùàõ, æ½ÌÑ ¼ÓÀÇ ìÛÒ±Õô, ±ÁÈú ÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â ¿ë±â¿Í Ź¿ùÇÑ ÓÞÓÅàõÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ·Î Æò°¡¹Þ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.18) SatanÀÌ Áö¿Á¿¡¼ ȸÀǸ¦ ¸¶Ä¡°í ³ª¿À´Â ¸ð½ÀÀº È¥ÀÚ¼µµ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Àû¼ö°¡ µÉ¸¸Çϰí, Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹«¼¿î Á¦¿ÕÀÌ µÉ¸¸ÇÔ°ú À§¾öÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °íÀÇ·Î GodÀ» °Å¿ªÇÏ·Á´Â SatanÀÇ ëòÓñ°¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù.
The stygian council thus dissolved: and forth
In order come the ground internal peers:
Midst came their mighty paramount, and seemed
Alone th' antagonist of heaven, nor less
Than hell's dread emperor with pomp supreme,
And God-like imitated state;
(P. L. ¥±. 506¡511)
Satan¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ º»·¡ ¹¦»çµÇ±â´Â Archangel·Î¼ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ÓÞô¸ÞÅ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ´ëõ»ç°¡ God¿¡°Ô Úãæ½ÇÑ ÈÄ ¾Ç¸¶·Î º¯¸ðµÈ ¸ð½ÀÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. SatanÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼ º¸¸é 'Lucifer'¶ó°í ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀº º° ÁßÀÇ º°, ȤÀº ±Ý¼ºÀ¸·Î ºû³ª´Â Á¸Àç¶ó°í ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ º» ³í¹®¿¡¼´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçÀÎ äÂÀÇ È½ÅÀ¸·Î ÍÅÕçÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
Lucifer from heaven
(So call him, brighter once amidst the host
Of angels, than that star the stars among)
(P. L. ¥¶. 132¡134)
as the morning star that guides
The starry flock, allured them,
(P. L. ¥´. 708¡709)
MiltonÀÌ SatanÀ» Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ìéØü(¾ÇÀÇ ßÚó£)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Áß¿äÇÑ Àι°·Î µîÀå½ÃŰ¸é¼ ¹¦»çÇϱ⸦ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ »ó»óÀû ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í öåÕªÇÏ¿© º¯¸ðµÈ ÀÌÈÄ º¯ÀåÀÌ ´ÉÇϰí Hell, Chaos, Paradise µîÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Þ«ú¼ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ùíû¡ÀÇ û¡ô÷¸¦ °®´Â µî ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Çü»óÀ¸·Î Çʿ信 µû¶ó º¯ÇÏ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤Âûº´, Æ÷½ÄÇÏ´Â µ¶¼ö¸®, ¸ÔÀÌÅ͸¦ ã¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Â ´Á´ë, µµµÏ, °¡¸¶¿ìÁö, µÎ²¨ºñ·Î ÝïêçµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ MiltonÀÇ ë¯ûãíº´Â ¾Ç¸¶, ¹ìÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥, ¹ìÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª±â Àü¿¡´Â Cherubim, Tiger, Rising Mist, snake µîÀÇ ¾Ç¸¶·Î ÁÖ·Î êÊíûÀ» ½ÃÄÑ µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±³È°Çϰí, ±â¸¸À» Àß Çϸç, úÈêÊîÜÀ̰í, °ÅÁþ¸»ÀïÀ̸ç, °£°è°¡ ½ÉÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ´ë°³ ºñõÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ï®Õª½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù.
Tempter·Î¼ ¾ÇÀÇÀÇ º¹¼ö½ÉÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ̸ç, Áï Adam°ú EveÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ¸®ÀâÀº ¾ç¸éÀûÀΠ༰ú äÂÁß¿¡¼ ìéØüÀ» ´ã´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ë¯ûãíº´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ºÎºÎÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ºÎºÎ¾Ö(conjugal love)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎ·¯¿ò°ú ½Ã±â½ÉÀÇ ÀϸéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
With kisses pure: aside the devil turned
For envy, yet with jealous leer malign
Eyed them askance, and to himself thus plained.
(P. L. ¥³. 502¡504)
SatanÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯½ÅÀ» ÅëÇÑ, äÂÀÇ È½ÅÀ̸ç, äÂÀÇ »ó¡ÀÓÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ »ç¶÷Àº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ïñãêîÜ ¾ÇÀÇ Çü»ó°ú ³Ê¹«³ª ´à¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ Ç×»ó ༰ú äÂÀÇ ´ë°áÀÌ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡ äÂÀº Á¤ÇØÁø û¡ô÷µµ ¾ø°í °¡Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î º¯¸ðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í "¾ÇÀº ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª ¶Ç´Â ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼³ª Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÇÁö¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Á˸¦ ¼º¸³½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁË ±× ÀÚü´Â ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ±×º¸´Ù´Â Á˸¦ Áþ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ±Ùº»À̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."19) Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» ë¯ûãÇϰí ÇàÀ§ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ñªëòãÛ¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ¼ÓÀÇ ÀϺÎÀ̸ç, ÀüºÎ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯ Çö´ëÀÎÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ SatanÀû ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ Çü½ÄÀÌ°í ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ úÞÓÛÞäü带 ÝèκîÜ ãÊÊÆÀ¸·Î º¸¸é SatanÀ» ¿µ¿õ½ÃÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù½Ã »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é SatanÀÌ ¿µ¿õÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¸¦ ÝÕÙýÇϰí¶óµµ Paradise Lost¿¡¼ MiltonÀº Satan¿¡ °üÇÑ Àι°¹¦»ç¸¦ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ãÌîÜ à÷ö¦·Î º¸°í, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÀǽÄÀûÀÌµç ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ̵ç SatanÀ» ĪÂù°ú µ¿Á¤ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï Àΰ£Á¸ÀçÀÇ ½Çü·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù°í Lewis´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
In the same way, the proposition that Milton's Satan is a magnificent character may bear two senses. It may mean that Milton's presentation of him is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admiration of the reader.
On the other hand, it may mean that the real being (if any) when Milton is depicting, or real human being in so far as he resembles Milton's Satan is or ought to be an object of admiration and sympathy, conscious or unconscious, on the part or his readers or both.20)
MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ SatanÀÇ À§ Àο뱸¹®°ú ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °¡Áö ¸éÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àִµ¥, Çϳª´Â Satan¿¡°Ô °íÀü¼»ç½ÃÀÇ heroes°¡ °¡Áö´Â ¸ðµç »ç½ÇÀ» ´Ù ºÎ¿©ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú°í, ±×¸¦ 'Classical heroes'¿Í ´ëµîÇÑ Àι°·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ÀÌ·± heroesÀÇ ÷åó£ µÚ¿¡ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Â ¾î¸®¼®À½(folly)°ú »ç¾Ç(wickedness)ÇÔÀÌ SatanÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.
îñíº´Â ßóÞÀãÌ(epic poem)À̰í, ýíº´Â ßóÞÀÝèм(epic tragedy)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¸¦ ¾È´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ìÑ×¾ öåÕªÀÇ ¿øÀΰú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ Àΰ£³»¸éÀÇ ¹Ì´öÀ» Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãâ¹ßÁ¡ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ¿õº¯À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ¾î´À Àι°¹¦»çº¸´Ù ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¸é¸ð¸¦ º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÇ ÇѰ迡 ´ëÇÑ áôé»îÜÀΠŵµ¸¦ ÃëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ìµàõÀº God°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù°í ¹ÏÁö¸¸ Èû¿¡ À־ ºÎÁ·ÇÔÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â IronicalÇÑ ÝèмîÜÀÎ ìéØüµµ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
"Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,"
Said then the lost Archangel,"this the seat
That we must change for heav'n, this mournful gloom
For that celestial light? Be it so, since he
Who now is sovran can dispose and bid
What shall be right: farthest from him is best
Whom reason hath equaled, force hath made supreme
Above his equals. Farwell happy fields
Where joy for ever dwells: hail horrors, hail
Infernal world, and thou profoundest hell
Receive thy new possessor:
(P. L. ¥°. 242¡252)
MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡µµ í»ë¦ëòò¤¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ Èñ±¸ÀǽÄÀÌ ÍìðíÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ÔÁíº·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ Satan¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »ç¶ûÀÌ ÚãÀ¯ÅäÇǾÆÀÇ Çã»óÀÎ ±³¸¸°ú ¹«Áú¼¸¸À» ³º°Ô ÇÒ»ÓÀ̶ó°í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Hadst thou the same free will and power to stand?
Thou hadst. Whom hast thou or what to accuse,
But Heav'n's free love dealt equally to all?
Be then his love accurst, since love or hate,
To me alike, it deals eternal woe.
(P. L. ¥³. 66¡70)
ÇÑÆí Satan¿¡°Ô´Â ½º½º·Î ¾àÇÑ ¸éÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¡µµ Ü×ðôº¸´Ù´Â ´Ù½º¸®´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®´Ù¿î ¼º°ÝÀ» ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, Ëíº¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â å°íµé Áß¿¡¼ ÏÖ×üÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ Çö´ëÀεéÀÇ Àΰ£´Ù¿î ÀϸéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.
Here we may reign secure, and in my choice
To reign is worth ambition though in hell:
Better to reign in hell, than serve in heav'n.
(P. L. ¥°. 261¡263)
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÌ ýô·ÝèмîÜ Àι°·Î¼ ¿õº¯Àº Áö¿Á¿¡ ¶³¾îÁø ¹«¸®µéÀ» Àϱú¿ì´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼ ´õ¿í ¼±µ¿ÀûÀ̰í, ¸¶Ä¡ ͯÓÛ îú÷ã¿¡¼ ÆÐÇÑ Àå¼ö°¡ ºÎÇϵéÀ» ûÜÖµÇÏ¸ç ½É¿¬ÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ¸Á¿¬ÀÚ½ÇÇÏ°Ô Å¸¶ôÇÑ ø¨îúÞ͵鿡°Ô ´õ¿í ½ÉÇÑ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µû¸£°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¶Ù¾î³ æðܪÀ» Åä·ÎÇÏ´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼ ´õ¿í ºûÀ» ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
He called so loud, that all the hollow deep
Of hell resounded. "Princes, Potentates,
Warriors, the flow'r of heav'n, once yours, now lost,
If such astonishment as this can seize
Eternal Spirits: or have ye chos'n this place
After the toil of battle to repose
Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find
To slumber here, as in the vales of heav'n?
·····················
Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n."
(P. L. ¥°. 314¡330)
MiltonÀÇ SatanÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Ç×»ó ÆÄ±« º»´ÉÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â GodÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¹°Àº ¹«¾ùÀ̳ª ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â º»´ÉÀÌ à¼ú¼À̹ǷΠÀ¯È¤°ú ÆÄ±«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¸ê¸Á½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿© SadistÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ´ë¸®ÀûÀÎ ÆÄ±«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Äè°¨À» ´À³¢´Â ½É¸®Àû ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»½Éµµ °ú¿¬ º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î à¼ÇÑÁö äÂÇÑÁö´Â ͯÕκÎÅÍ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â Öåì¡ÀÇ ÓßßÚÀÌÁö¸¸, »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº ÆÄ±«º»´É°ú SatanÀûÀÎ ¾ÇÇÑ ÜâÒöÀ» Ÿ°í³´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼ MiltonÀº ´õ¿í Îýô÷ûùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
either with hell fire
To waste his whole creation, or possess
All as our own, and drive as we were driven,
The puny habitants, or if not drive,
Seduce them to our party, that their God
May prove their foe, and with repenting hand
Abolish his own works. This would surpass
Common revenge, and interrupt his joy
In our confusion, and our joy upraise
In his disturbance; when his darling sons
Hurled headlong to partake with us, shall curse
Their frail original, and faded bliss,
Faded os soon.
(P. L. ¥±. 364¡376)
ÇÑÆí SatanÀº ¿µ¿õ½Éµµ Àִ°¡ ÇÏ¸é ±³È°ÇÑ Àϸ鵵 ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î âÁ¶µÇ´Â ßæÚªô÷¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ¿© Ÿ¶ôÀ¸·Î À̲ô´Â üåì¡¿¡¼, ¾î·Á¿î ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¿Ï¼öÇÒ ÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼, °Å´ëÇÑ ºÒÀÇ µµ°¡´Ï¸¦ Áý¾î»ïų µíÀÌ ±¤ºÐÇϸç, ¾ÆÈ©°ãÀ¸·Î ¿¡¿ö½Î¿© ºÒŸ´Â ±Ý°¾ÏÀÇ ´ë¹®µéÀÌ À§·Î ´ÝÇôÀÖ´Â ¾î·Á¿î °úÁ¤À» ¶Õ°í ³ª°¡¾ßÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«°¡ Àڽſ¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ¿Ã °ÍÀ» »·È÷ ¾Ë¸é¼ ÀåȲÇÏ°Ô È¸ÀǸ¦ ÁøÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÓ¹«°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª çÈê©îÜÀÎ ÀÏÀΰ¡¸¦ ñ²ò±½ÃŰ´Â ÀϸéÀÌ Àִ°¡ Çϸé, ´õ ÀÌ»ó Àڽſ¡ ¹ö±Ý°¡´Â ¿µ¿õÀû ¹ß¾ðÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ¹Ì¸® ÀÏüÀÇ ÀÀ´äÀ» Â÷´ÜÇÏ´Â ±³È°ÇÔÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»¸é ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Êïï×îÜ ÓßëëÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
while I aborad
Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek
Deliverance for us all: this enterprise
None shall partake with me." Thus saying rose
The monarch, and prevented all reply,
Prudent, lest from his resolution raised
Others among the chief might offer now
(Certain to be refused) what erst they feared;
(P. L. ¥±. 463¡470)
SatanÀÌ Ãµ½Å¸¸°í ³¡¿¡ Paradise¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿© Û¯ÕÈÀÇ Þ«ú¼À» ¸¶Ä¡°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÍÈ÷Ô°ú ÝèäîÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ̸ç, ³¡ÀÌ µÉ À¯È¤À» ÇÏ´Â ±¤°æ¿¡¼ À¯È¤ÀÇ ±âº»Á¶°ÇÀÎ º¯½ÅÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© È·ÁÇÑ ¸ð½À°ú ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¼ÓÀÌ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸® Àΰ£Àº Æò¹üÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ À¯È¤À» ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó öÀúÇÑ Ñ§Ø¾°ú ܨíûÀ¸·Î À¯È¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
But first he casts to change his proper shape,
Which else might work him danger or delay:
And now a stripling Cherub he appears,
Not of the prime, yet such as in his face
Youth smiled celestial, and to every limb
Suitable grace diffused, so well he feigned;
(P. L. ¥². 634¡639)
Áö±ØÈ÷ ¾Ç¸¶ÀûÀÎ Satanµµ ¼ø°£ÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ º»´ÉÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾Ç¸¶Àû º»´ÉÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸¶Áö¸· ÇÑ °ÉÀ½¸¸ ´õ ¿À¸£¸é God°ú °°Àº ò¸ÍÔÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¿å¸ÁÀ» °®°í ÀüÀï(º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼´Â ìÑÊàÒ®ØüÀÇ à¼°ú äÂÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î ÍÅÕçÇϰí ÀÖÀ½)À» ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ ÆÐÇÏ¿© Ÿ¶ôÇÏÁö¸¸, ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óÀ» ½±°Ô ±Øº¹Çϱâ¶õ Áö±ØÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÏ°í ±Þº¯ÇÏ´Â Çö´ëÀÇ Àΰ£»çȸ¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óµéÀº ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº °íÅë°ú °í³À» °Þ°í ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ¾î´À ³¯ °©Àڱ⠵îÀåÇÏ´Â Son of GodÀ» ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î µû¸£±â¶õ ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ SatanÀº Úãæ½À» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀÌ ô¸Ïп¡¼ÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ̶ó°í º¸±âº¸´Ù´Â ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼ ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â Çö»óÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ¿ÇÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¾ÇÀÇ È½ÅÀÎ Satanµµ ÀڽŰú´Â öÀúÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ Ñâꮿ¡¼ »õ·Î¿î Á¸Àç(Àΰ£ÀÇ »î)¸¦ º¸°í Àá½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ÇÑźÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ Àΰ£µéÀÌ ñªëòãÛù»¿¡¼ í»Î×Êï¿¡ ºüÁú ¶§ÀÇ ï¾Ð£¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àý¹¦ÇÑ ãÌú¼ÀÌ´Ù.
Me miserable! which way shall I fly
Infinite wrath, and infinite despair?
Which way I fly is hell; myself am hell;
And in the lowest deep a lower deep
Still threat'ning to devour me opens wide,
To which the hell I suffer seems a heav'n.
(P. L. ¥³. 73¡78)
SatanÀº ±³È°ÇÔÀÌ ÇÑÃþ µå·¯³ª´Â Ê£Øü ¼ÓÀÇ Áø½ÇÀÎ ºÐ³ë, ÁúÅõ, Àý¸Á µîÀÇ õÝäÂÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³»¸éÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨Ãß°í êÊíûÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Satan¿¡°Ôµµ ìµàõÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À§¾öÀº Á¡Á¡ »ç¶óÁö°í Àΰ£ÈµÈ µ¶¹éÀ» ÅëÇØ Àڱ⼺Âû ³»Áö ÀÚ±âÆò°¡¸¦ Çϸ鼵µ äÂÀÇ È½ÅÀ¸·Î¼ à¼À» ÇàÇÏ´Â º¹¼ö½É¿¡ ºÒŸ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¼ºÀÚ´Ù¿î °Ñ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ¼û±â±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ äÂìÑÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ÀÖ´Â µíÇÑ ´À³¦À» Áֱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.
Thus while he spake, each passion dimmed his face
Thrice changed with pale, ire, envy and despair,
Which marred his borrowed visage, and betrayed
Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld.
For heavenly minds from such distempers foul
Are ever clear. Whereof he soon aware,
Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm,
Artificer of fraud; and was the first
That practised falsehood under saintly show,
Deep malice to conceal, couched with revenge:
(P. L. ¥³. 114¡123)
¾î¸®¼®°í °Å¸¸ÇÑ ¾ß½É°¡ÀÎ SatanÀÌ ±â»Ý°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ ÀÜÄ¡¿¡ ´Ã °°Àº ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¼·Î ¸¸³µ´ø õ»çµé°ú õ»óÀÇ ÀüÅõ¿¡¼ °Ý·ÄÇÑ ½Î¿òÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â µ¥, äÂÀÇ È·ÁÇÑ À§¾ö°ú Âù¶õÇÔÀº ¸¶Ä¡ à¼À» ¾ÐµµÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°Àº ±äÀå°¨ÀÌ °¨µ¹Áö¸¸, °á±¹Àº Son of GodÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ Á¦¾ÐµÇ´Â úÈêÊÀÇ Á¸Àç·Î ÝèмîÜÀÎ çÈê©À» ÇÑÃþ À§¾ö ÀÖ°Ô ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù.
High in the midst exalted as a god
Th' Apostate in his sum-bright chariot sat
Idol of majesty divine, enclosed
With flaming Cherubim, and golden shields;
Then lighted from his gorgeous throne, for now
(P. L. ¥µ. 99¡103)
ÇÑÆí SatanÀÌ Eve¿¡°Ô Áý¿äÇÏ°Ô ¾ÆÃ·ÇÏ¸é¼ À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¿Â°® µè±â ÁÁÀº ¸»À» ¸ðµÎ µ¿¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù."°Å·èÇÏ°í ½½±â·Ó°í ÁöÇý¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ³ª¹«¿©, Áö½ÄÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿©, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¿©¿ÕÀÌ¿©, Áü½Â¿¡°Ô ¿¸° °ÍÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´ÝÈ÷¸®¿ä, ³» ºÐ¼öº¸´Ù ³ôÀº °Í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿©, ¿î¸íÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ »ý¸íÀ» ¾ò¾ú³ªÀÌ´Ù. GodÀÌ »ç¼ÒÇÑ ÁË¿¡ ³ë¿©¿òÀ» øúúÞÇϰڴ°¡? Á×À½ÀÇ °íÅ뺸´Ùµµ ÇູÇÑ »ýÀ¸·Î À̲ô´Â à¼äÂÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ» ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦ ..."µîµî°ú °°ÀÌ À¯È¤À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÇ°í ³ ÀÌÈÄ Ã¹ À¯È¤¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â Àå¸éÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ź»ý¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ Á×À½¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ³¡¾øÀÌ À̾îÁö´Â À¯È¤°ú Á¶±Ýµµ ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ À¯È¤ÀÇ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
To happier life, knowledge of good and evil;
Of good, how just? Of evil, if what is evil
Be real, why not known, since easier shunned?
God therefore cannot hurt ye, and be just;
Not just, not God; not feared then, nor obeyed:
Your fear itself of death removes the fear.
Why then was this forbid? Why but to awe,
Why but to keep ye low and ignorant,
His worshipers; he knows that in the day
Ye eat thereof, your eyes that seem so clear,
Yet are but dim, shall prefectly be then
Opened and cleared, and ye shall be as gods,
Knowing both good and evil as they know.
·············and freely taste."
(P. L. ¥¸. 697¡732)
MiltonÀº ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¼º¼Àû ±¸¼ºÀ» ÅëÇÑ »ïÀ§ÀÏü·Î °áÇÕ½ÃÄÑ ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Adam°ú Eve¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇÑ SatanÀº ½Â¸®¿¡ µµÃëµÇ°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÇÀÎÈµÈ ±×ÀÇ µþ°ú ¾ÆµéÀÎ Sin°ú Death°¡ Áï½Ã ¼º°øÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À̰ÍÀº äÂÀÇ ß²êÈìéô÷°¡ Ì¿ùêÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
°á±¹ SatanÀÇ À¯È¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÑ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£Àº äÂÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¼÷¸íÀûÀÎ ÁË¿Í Á×À½À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ "Mine with this glorious work, and made one realm / Hell and this world, one realm, one continent / Of easy thoroughfare./(P. L. ¥¹. 391¡393)¿¡¼ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, SatanÀº äÂÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÎ Sin°ú Death¿¡°Ô îïÏíÀ» Çà»çÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ ¸¸¹°ÁßÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ò¨ÛÕÏíÀ» Çà»çÇϸç, ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µé°í ðûØÇ¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Á×À̶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀÇ ºñ±ØÀº ³¡¾øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÑÆí SatanÀÌ ½Â¸®¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î ½ÂÀüº¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡¸é¼ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Çã¶ôµÇ¾î ³²Àº ¿µ±¤°ú Âù¶õÇÔÀº À¯ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸, úÈêÊÀÇ ç´Îðú ºû¿¡ ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ȯȣ ¼Ò¸® ³ôÀº °¡¿îµ¥ ³ªÅ¸³ª Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÖ¾ú´ø Ù³úÏîÜÀÎ ÕéïïÀ» ¿õÀåÇÑ ¿¬¼³·Î ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿õÀåÇÑ ÀÏÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ°ú ³¡Àº Þñѧ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾î Áø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ȯȣ¿Í °¥Ã¤¼Ò¸®¸¦ ±â´ëÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ¾ßÀ¯¿Í °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ ºñ³¼Ò¸®¸¸ÀÌ °¡µæÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î Satan ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´õ¿í ³î¶ó¸é¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¸ðµç öåÕªíºµéÀÌ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í ±â±«ÇÑ ¹ìµéÀÇ Çü»óÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¯¸ðÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare,
his arms clung to his ribs, his legs entwining
Each other, till supplanted down he fell
A monstrous serpent on his belly prone,
Reluctant, but in vain, a greater power
Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned,
According to his doom: he would have spoke,
But hiss for hiss returned with forkèd tongue
To forkèd tongue, for now were all transformed
Alike, to serpents all as accessories
To his bold riot: dreadful was din
Of Hissing through the hall, thick swarming now
·······················
Cerastes horned, hydrus, and ellops drear,
(P. L. ¥¹. 511¡525)
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡¼ SatanÀº äÂÀÇ È½ÅÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â õ»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Î¿ò, Áö¿Á¿¡¼ÀÇ üå졸¦ ÁÖÀçÇÏ¸é¼ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿¬¼³°ú ÁÖÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç Ñâê®ÀÇ ¿¡µ§µ¿»ê¿¡¼ Adam°ú Eve¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼ »ç°ÇÀº °¢±â SatanÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ º»Áú°ú ¿ªÇÒÀ» ½Ã»çÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼º°Ý°ú ÇüŸ¦ ´Þ¸®ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀº »óÀÌÇÑ ¼¼ ÍöÊà, Heaven, Hell, Eden¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ Àü¼úÇÑ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ äÂÀÇ ´ë¸í»çÀÎ SatanÀº Sin, Death¿Í ß²êÈìéô÷¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â îØÓßíºÀ̸鼵µ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ÓÞô¸ÞÅ·Î Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¿ÕÀÚ·Î, ¶ÇÇÑ ò¢ß¾ÀÇ ë¯ûãíº·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, MiltonÀº SatanÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾ÇÀÇ È½ÅÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â ³í¸®·Î ¾ÇÀÇ Á¸À縦 µå·¯³»¾î ¼±À» ÇÑÃþ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. º»·¡ äÂÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ༵µ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ MiltonÀÌ äÂÀÇ Á¸À縦 ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº à¼À» ´õ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¥². á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼ÀÇ Adam°ú Eve
Àΰ£ »îÀÇ ÓÛ×âíºÀÎ Adam°ú Eve°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȸ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ °úÁ¤µéÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î Àִ°¡¸¦ Ž»öÇØ º¸°íÀÚÇϸç, AdamÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ´ëÇÏ´Â EdenÀº »ê°ú °ñÂ¥±â ±×´ÃÁø ½£, ¹àÀº ºû³ª´Â µéÆÇÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ½Ã³Á¹°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¹«ÇÑÇÑ õæÜؼӿ¡ ÀÖ´Â ³«¿øÀÇ ú¹ÜØÇÑ »ýȰÀ» ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Adam's first view of the world in which he finds himself before being taken up to Eden is a delightful scene of "Hill, Dale, and shady Woods, and sunny Plains / And liquid Lapse of murmuring Streams" (P. L. ¥·. 262¡263)21)
À§ ãÌú¼À¸·Î º¸¾Æ ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ Àü°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀº Áñ°Ì°í ÇູÇÑ »ýȰÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ MiltonÀº À§¿Í °°Àº EdenÀ» ¹¦»çÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÚ¿¬°ú Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ±¤°æÀÌÁö¸¸, Adam°ú Eve°¡ »ç´Â ±×°÷ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ°ú µ¿¶³¾îÁö°Ô ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Milton was so careful and insinuating in his introduction of Adam and Eve to us that we do not find much difficulty in receiving them as our equals in our everyday life in spite of the special and the particular situation in which they are placed.22)
MiltonÀÌ SatanÀÇ Àι°Ã¢Á¶¿¡ ½ÉÇ÷À» ±â¿ï¿´Áö¸¸ Adam¿¡ ºñÇÏ¸é ½Ãµé¾î °¡´Â Á¸Àç·Î ãÌÀÇ ÁøÇà°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.23) ÇÏÁö¸¸ AdamÀº ºÒº¹Á¾À¸·Î¼ ¸ô¶ô¿¡ ºüÁö´Â °á°ú°¡ ºú¾îÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ºÒº¹Á¾À̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ìµàõ(Reason)ÀÌ æðï×(Passion)¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â Ÿ¶ôÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, æðï×Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ìµàõÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡¼¸¸ÀÌ à¼À» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ MiltonÀº Adam°ú Eve°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î ¾¾»Ñ¸®°í ³ó»çÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â Æò¹üÇÑ »îÀ» ±×¸®¸ç, ³«¿øÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµµ "overabundance"ÀÌ¸ç ±× °á°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°á ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Adam°ú EveÀÇ ³ëµ¿(labour)Àº Á¤¿øÀ» ¼ÕÁúÇÏ´Â "Gardening"À̸ç ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ºñ±³Àû ½±°í °£´ÜÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ "Gardening"Àº Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À̸ç, ´ëÈÀÇ Å¹ÝÀÌ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀÇ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
We must risen
And at our pleasant labour, to reform
Yon flowery arbours, yonder alleys green,
Our walk at noon, with branches overgrown,
That mock our scant manuring, and require
More hands than ours to lop their wanton growth:
these blossoms also, and those dropping gums,
That lie bestrown unsightly and unsmooth,
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease
(P. L. ¥³. 624¡632)
¿©±â¼ "overgrown", "unsightly", "unsmooth"¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î º¸¾Æ¼ paradise´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ¼öÇ®ÀÌ ¿ì°ÅÁö°Å³ª, ¸ð¾çÀÌ ÈäÄ¢ÇÏ°Ô º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÏÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ³«¿øÀ» º¸´Ù ´õ »ì±â ÁÁ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϰí ÀεµÇÏ´Â æµùÜÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¸¸¾à¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÏÇϱ⸦ ±×¸¸ µÎ¸é ³«¿ø ¿Ü°ûÀº ´ýºÒ½£(thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild[¥³, 136])¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ħÅõ ´çÇÒ °¡´É¼ºµµ ÀÖ´Ù. µÚ¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°Ô µÉ Á¦ 9±Ç¿¡¼ ÝÂåöÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ÀÏÀÇ ´É·üÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑÀÌ °°ÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ÁÖ°í¹Þ´Â ½Ã¼±°ú Àâ´ãÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀÏ¿¡ ÁöÀåÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ°í ¾îÁß°£ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ½Ä¹°ÀÇ °úÀ×¼ºÀåÀ» ´õ¿í ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ±¸½ÇÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.24) ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ À̵éÀÇ »ýȰÀº ¾îµð±îÁö³ª Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ±× ÀÚü¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »ýȰÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ EveÀÇ ¸»À» ÅëÇØ¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
"Adam, well may we labor still to dress
This garden, still to tend plant, herb and flow'r,
Our pleasant task enjoined, but till more hands
Aid us, the work under our labor grows,
Luxurious by restraint; what we by day
Lop overgrown, or prune, or prop, or bind,
One night or two with wanton growth derides,
Tending to wild.
(P. L. ¥¸. 205¡212)
Eve´Â ¿©¼º ƯÀ¯ÀÇ Áö·çÇÔ°ú »ýȰÀÇ º¯È¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϸç Adam¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇϰí, Àڽŵµ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í Adam¿¡°Ô ²ÙÁØÇÏ°Ô ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ýȰ °¡¿îµ¥ »õ·Î¿î Ȱ·ÂÀ» °¡Á®¿À°í ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Áö·çÇϰųª ±ÇÅ·οòÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸± ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¼·Î¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀÇ ´É·üÀ» ¸ð»öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡ À̵鿡°Ô´Â ¾î¸° ½ÃÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¼úÀº ¾ø°í ´ÜÁö ¼ºÀÎÀÇ »óÅ·θ¸ ¹¦»çµÇ¾î íþãÌ¿¡¼ µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ±ÇÅ·ο︸ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼ µÑ °ü°è¿¡ »ýȰÀÇ º¯È°¡ ¸ð»öµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Thou therefore now advise
Or hear what to my mind first thoughts present,
Let us divide our labors, thou where choice
Leads thee, or where most needs, whether to wind
The woodbine round this arbor, or direct
The clasping ivy where to climb, while I
In yonder spring of roses intermixed
With myrtle, find what to redress till noon:
For while so near each other thus all day
Our task we choose, what wonder if so near
Looks intervene and smiles, or object new
Casual discourse draw on, which intermits
Our day's work brought to little, though begun
Early, and th' hour of supper comes unearned."
(P. L. ¥¸. 213¡225)
Eve´Â Á˸¦ ¹üÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ´©°¡ º¸°Ú´Â°¡? ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¾Æ¹«µµ º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¸¶À½À» °¡Áö°í ¿ì¸®Àΰ£ÀÌ Á˸¦ ¹üÇÒ ¶§¿Í °°Àº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸éÀ» º¸¿© ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ÇÑÃþ µ¶ÀÚ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý °¡±õ°Ô ´À³¢°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Heav'n is high,
High and remote to see from thence distinct
Each thing on earth; and other care perhaps
May have diverted from continual watch
Our great Forbidder, safe with all his spies
About him.
(P. L. ¥¸. 811¡816)
Eve´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹Ì¹¦ÇÏ°í º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¿°·ÁÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¿©¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×°í ³ª¸é AdamÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿© ÇູÇÑ »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¾ÖŸ´Â ¿©¼ºÀÇ ½ÉÁ¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
And death ensue? Then I shall be no more,
And Adam wedded to another Eve,
Shall live with her enjoying, I extinct;
A death to think.
(P. L. ¥¸. 827¡830)
±×·¯³ª MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ íþãÌ¿¡¼ À§¿Í °°Àº ¸é À̿ܿ¡µµ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿õÀåÇÔ°ú ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¹¦»ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ ÙÒÕª(ìµàõÀÌ æðï׿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â ßÒüÏ)À» ´Ù·ç´Â Àå¸éÀ» º¸¸é, Eve°¡ ±ÝÁöµÈ °ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϱâ Àü ¸Á¼³À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¶Áö¸· ÇൿÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô æðï×(Passion)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ìµàõ(Reason) ÀÌ Áö¹èµÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤À» "±×³à´Â °úÀÏ¿¡ ´êµµ·Ï ¼ÕÀ» »¸Ãưí, ¸Ô´Â´Ù: ´ëÁö´Â »óÇØ¸¦ ´À³¢°í, ÀÚ¿¬Àº ±× ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼ ¸¸¹°À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ź½ÄÇϸç, ÀÏü »ó½ÇÇß´Ù´Â °í³úÀÇ Ç¥½Ã µå·¯³½´Ù."·Î °£´Ü¸í·áÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿© µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» ´çȲÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× À̿ܿ¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¸»ÀÌ ´õ µé¾î°¡¸é ÞïðëÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ý¹æ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù.
So saying, her rash hand in evil hour
Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she ate:
Earth felt the wound, and anture from her seat
Sighing through all her works gave signs of woe,
(P. L. ¥¸. 780¡783)
ÇÑÆí ¿å¸Á°ú ¿Á¤¿¡ ºüÁö¸é Á¤½Å¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿© ³¡³»´Â µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ°¡ µÇ°í ¸¶´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Eveµµ ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾î¼ ÇÑ ¹ø ¸Ô¾îº» °úÀÏÀÇ ¸À ¶§¹®¿¡ Á×À½À» ¸Ô´ÂÁö ¸ð¸£°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¸Ô°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
In fruit she never tasted, whether true
Or fancied so through expectation high
Of knowledge, nor was Godhead from her thought.
Greedily she engorged without restraint,
And knew not eating death:
(P. L. ¥¸. 788¡792)
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÙÒÕªÀÇ ±æ·Î µé¾î¼± Eve¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Adam ¿ª½Ã Ð×òµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿Á¤ÀÌ À̼ºÀ» ¾ÐµµÇÏ¿© ¹ø¹ÎÇϸé¼, Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ç¶û°ú ¿åÁ¤(lust)À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ±¼º¹ ´çÇϸç öåÕªÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ °ÝÁ¤°ú Á˾ǿ¡ ºüÁú ¶§ÀÇ ±× ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ù·Î úÞî¤ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ "»îÀÇ ÇÑ ÙþùÊîÜ À帣"¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Á˸¦ ¸ð¸¦ ¶§ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÔ°ú´Â ´Þ¸® Eve¿¡°Ô¼ ëâ÷¹, ï×é°, õÕ÷î, ¸¶À½ÀÇ ýôÖç, ºÎ²ô·¯¿ò, óÞÜþ, µîÀÇ È½ÅÀ¸·Î º¯ÈµÈ´Ù. Adam ¿ª½Ã Eve¿Í °°ÀÌ ë¿é¯À» ºÒÅ¿ì°í, ëâÕ¯ÇÑ ½Ã¼±À» Eve¿¡°Ô ´øÁö¸ç ýôÖçÇÏ¸é¼ À¯È¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
So said he, and forbore not glance or toy
Of amorous intent, well understood
Of Eve, whose eye darted contagious fire.
Her hand he seized, and to a shady bank,
Thick overhead with verdant roof embow'red
He led her nothing loath;
(P. L. ¥¸. 1034¡1039)
Adam°ú Eve°¡ Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿© óÀ½À¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ÇൿÀÌ ï×é¯À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼ ìµàõÀº æðï׿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰͵µ Àá½Ã ¼·ÎÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡´Â »ç³ª¿î øïù¦, ÝÉÒÁ, ñóç÷, ÝÕãá, úîë÷, ÝÕûúµîÀÇ Ìï×ÀÌ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°Ô µÇ¾î ¼ø¼öÇßÀ» ¶§ÀÇ Åµµ¿Í´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ º¯ÇÏ¿© ¼·Î¸¦ ÞªÑñÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
To whom soon moved with touch of blame thus Eve.
"What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe,
Imput'st thou that to my default, or will
Of wand'ring, as thou call'st it, which who knows
But might as ill have happened thou being by,
Or to thyself perhaps:
(P. L. ¥¸. 1143¡1148)
Àΰ£ÀÌ Á˸¦ Áþ´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£ ÀÚü°¡ ìµàõÀ» Ÿ°í³ª±âµµ ÇßÁö¸¸, ³¡¾ø´Â ¿Á¤µµ °°ÀÌ Å¸°í³ª±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¶À½¼ÓÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Å¾ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ¿¹°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» MiltonÀº á¡ßö¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ë·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ öåÕªÀº ë¯ûãíº(äÂÀÇ È½Å)°¡ Áö¿ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ä¢æÐÀ» °Ç³ÔÀ» ¶§ ¿¹¾ðµÇ¾ú¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ½Â¸®ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î ¾ÇÀÇ »ç¸íÀ» ´ÙÇϰí à÷ö¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, Àΰ£Àº À¯È¤°ú ¾ÆÃ·¿¡ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Àذí, âÁ¶ÁÖ¸¦ °Å½º¸£´Â úÈåëÀ» ¹ÏÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, GodÀº ÜâÕÎÀÇ ¶æ(à¼ëò)Àº ±×µéÀ» Ÿ¶ô½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ½À» ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù.
And flattered out of all, believing lies
Against his Maker; no decree of mine
Concurring to necessitate his fall,
Or touch with lightest moment of impulse
His free will, to her own inclining left
In even scale. But fall'n he is, and now
What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass
On his transgression, death denounced that day,
Which he presumes already vain and void,
Because not yet inflicted, as he feared,
By some immediate stroke; But soon shall find
Forbearance no acquittance ere day end.
(P. L. ¥¹. 42¡53)
±×·¯³ª À§¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ¸ô¶ôÀ» Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ Á×À½ÀÇ ¼±°í°¡ ³»·ÁÁö°í Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á×À½ÀÌ ³»·ÁÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Æµµ ÀÌ¹Ì Á×À½ÀÇ ¹úÀº ¹Þµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÉÆÇÀ» ÇÏ´Ã, Áö¿Á, ¶¥, ¾îµð¼³ª ¸ðµç ½ÉÆÇÀ» ´ë¸®ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±â¸ç, Áï Àΰ£ÀÇ Ä£±¸, ÁßÀçÀÚ, ÓÛáÛíºÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Ïðíº·Î¼ Èñ¸ÁÀÇ ¸Þ¼¼Áö¸¦ ÀüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇÑÆí Adam°ú Eve´Â ºñÂüÇÑ Çö½Ç°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í Á×À½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ÁýÇàµÇ±â¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®¸ç µÎ·Á¿î ¸¶À½À» °®°í ±×µéÀÇ °íÇâÀÎ ÈëÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ MiltonÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
who knows
But I shall die a living death? O thought
Horrid, if true! Yet why? It was but breath
Of life that sinned; what dies but what had life
And sin? the body properly hath neither.
All of me then shall die: let this appease
The doubt, since human reach on further know.
(P. L. ¥¹. 787¡793)
MiltonÀº AdamÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ³¡¾øÀÌ ¼÷¸íÀûÀÎ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹ø¹ÎÇÏ¸é¼ "ÀǽÄÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å¸°ÝÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̳¯ºÎÅÍ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÇѾø´Â ºñÂüÇÔÀ» ´À³¢¸ç ³» ¼Ó¿¡¼µµ ¶Ç ³» ¹Û¿¡¼µµ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¸Ö¸® ¿µ¿ø¿¡±îÁö ¿¬ÀåµÊÀ» ³» ´À³¢¿À. ¾Æ, ±× °øÆ÷°¡ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ Çõ¸íÀÇ ÃµµÕ¼Ò¸®·Î ³» ¹æºñ ¾ø´Â ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ´Ù°¡¿À¿À. ³ªµµ Á×À½µµ ¾çÆíÀÌ ´Ù ¿µ¿øÀÌ¿ä, ¾çÆíÀÌ Ùíû¡ô÷·ÎµÇ ³»Æí¿¡´Â È¥ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»°Ô´Â ÀÚ¼Õ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀúÁÖ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù."(P. L. ¥¹. 809¡818)¶ó°í Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ³¡¾ø´Â ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¼÷Á¦¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
½ÇÁ¦·Î Àΰ£ÀÌ¸é ´©±¸³ª ±×°¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçìÑÀ̵ç ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçìÑÀ̵ç Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ È¥ÀÚ ÀÖ´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡ »ý°¢ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦, Çü½ÄÀÌ¾ß ´Ù¸£°ÚÁö¸¸, Milton°ú °°ÀÌ Á¾Á¾ °¡Á® º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ AdamÀÌ ¼Ò¸® ³ôÀÌ ÇÑźÇÏ¸ç ¹ãÀ» Áö»õ´Â ¹ø¹ÎÀº ±×°¡ Àΰ£À̰í, ÈëÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¹ø³úÀ̸ç, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼´Â Paradise Lost ÀÚü°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̾߱âÀ̸ç, Àΰ£Àû »îÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀû °í¹éÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí Adam°ú Eve´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ »óŰ¡ ¹Ù²î¾î ß¿ãýÇÏ°í ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Ÿ¶ôÀÇ ±«·Î¿òÀ» ï®ÊªÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ¸éµµ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Eve°¡ Adam¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹ö¸®Áö ¸»¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ãÌú¼À¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼ AdamÀÌ Eve¿¡°Ô °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÉÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
He added not, and from her turned, but Eve
Not so repulsed, with tears that ceased not flowing,
And tresses all disordered, at his feet
Fell humble, and embracing them, besought
His peace, and thus proceeded in her plaint.
"Forsake me not thus, Adam, witness Heav'n
What love sincere, and reverence in my heart
I bear thee, and unweeting have offended,
Unhappily deceived; thy suppliant
I beg, and clasp thy knees; bereave me not,
Whereon I live, thy gentle looks, thy aid,
Thy counsel in this uttermost distress,
My only strength and stay: forlorn of thee,
Whither shall I betake me, where subsist?
(P. L. ¥¹. 909¡922)
ÇÏÁö¸¸ µÑÀº ¼·Î ¾î·Á¿î óÁö¿¡¼ ¾ÆÇÄÀ» Ä¡·áÇϰí ªÀ¸³ª¸¶ »ç´Â µ¿¾È Æòȸ¦ ¿øÇϸç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¸Ã±â·Î ÀÚûÇÏ¸é¼ ûúú°¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ °¨Á¤À» µÇ»ì¸®¸ç ½½ÇÄÀ» ³ª´²¼ ¼·ÎÀÇ ÁüÀ» ¹þÀ» °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¸Áö¸¸ ±×µéÀº Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ý½ÉÇÑ Àý¸Á°ú Íðø×·ÎºÎÅÍ ½±»ç¸® ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Eve´Â µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡ ¶³°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Eve¸¦ AdamÀÌ ´Þ·¡¸é¼ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ Á×À½ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ±×´ë¿¡°Ô´Â À×ÅÂ¿Í Ãâ»êÀÇ °íÅë°ú ³»°Ô´Â ¶¥¿¡ ¶³¾îÁ® ¾Ö¸¦ ½á¼ ¾ç½ÄÀ» ¾ò´Â ¹úÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼ ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ³¯À» ±â´Ù¸®ÀÚ´Â Èñ¸ÁÀûÀÎ À§·ÎÀÇ ¸»·Î öåÕªÇÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÚÀÎ Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¸Á¸í°´À¸·Î Àý¸Á¸¸ÀÌ ³²¾Æ Àִ°¡? MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ Ú±ÕÎÞÀ¸¦ Àü°³ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ Ò½ÕôÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ Paradise¸¦ ´Ù½Ã °Ç¼³ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ú¾÷À¸·Î ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±âº»°úÁ¦ÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹«ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ À̳äÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ÁËÀÇ ¼º¸³, ó¹ú, ¿µ¿øÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÇ ±æ¸¶Àú ¸ðµÎ°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòÞÖ¿¡ ¸Ã±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦à¾åëßö¿Í °°°í í»ë¦ÀÇ ßóÞÀãÌ¿Í °°´Ù. ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ö³ÀÇ ±ØÇÑ¿¡¼ ¿ì·¯³ Àηù¾Ö¿Í Çö½Ç±Øº¹ÀÇ ¿°¿øÀÌ ³ÑÃÄÈ帣°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Àΰ£ Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸Ã°ÜÁø °ú¾÷ÀÌ¸ç ¹«ÇÑÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶Çϰí öâëÏÀ̳ª ëîö⸦ öÀúÈ÷ ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù.
¾Õ¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ìÑÊà Ø¿ÞÀ´Â ¸¶À½¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø "¸¶À½Àº ±× ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ¾È½Äó, ¸¶À½ ½º½º·Î°¡ Áö¿ÁÀ» õ±¹À¸·Î, õ±¹À» Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù" (P. L. ¥°. 251¡253)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ Çõ¸íÁ¤½Å°ú ½ÇÁ¸Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÔÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ¿Í ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î CalvinÀº MiltonÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ º¸À̰í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.
All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and accordingly as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death.25)
ÇÑÆí MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼ öåÕªÇϰí Ãß¹æµÇ±â±îÁö GodÀÇ ÞÅíº¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½Ã¸é¼, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀÌ ¹èÁ¦µÈ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹ýÄ¢À» ÁؼöÇÏ°í ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ» ºÐº°ÇÏ¿© Áø¸®¸¦ ¼öÈ£Ç϶ó°í Adam¿¡°Ô ÀüÇÏÀÚ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ´ÙÁüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Henceforth I learn, that to obey is best,
And love with fear the only God, to walk
As in his presence, ever to observe
His providence, and on him sole depend,
Merciful over all his works, with good
Still overcoming evil, and by small
Accomplishing great things, by things deemed weak
Subverting worldly strong, and worldly wise
By simply meek; that suffering for truth's sake
Is fortitude to highest victory,
And to the faithful death the gate of life;
Taught this by his example whom I now
Acknowledge my Redeemer ever blest."
(P. L. ¥¹¥±561¡573)
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÁüÀ» Çϸ鼵µ, MiltonÀº Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼µµ öÀúÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀϰüÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÏüÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ ÅëÇÑ º¹Á¾À» ¿ä±¸Çϸç Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ Milton¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ í»ë¦Îº°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç»ó¿¡ °üÇØ¼µµ ³íÀǰ¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Å丶½º ¸ð¾î´Â ¼ø¼öÇÑ (¸¶À½)¸¸À» °Á¶ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®ÀÇ Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ(antinomianism)À» °æ°íÇѹ٠ÀÖ´Ù.26) ±×·¸Áö¸¸ MiltonÀº Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸ÀδÙ.
for I will clear their senses dark,
What may suffice, and soften stony hearts
To pray, repent, and bring obedience due.
To prayer, repentance, and obedience due,
Though but endeavored with sincere intent,
Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not shut.
(P. L. ¥². 188¡193)
John S. Bennett¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé MiltonÀº È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ(Humanist antinomianism)ÀÇ °æÇâÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Christian humanismÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Bennett´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
I should, then, identify two different strains of seventeenth century English antinomianism, I offer, first, the term "voluntarist antinomianism" to describe that branch to which the Calvinists Saltmarsh and Dell belong; we may recognize Ranterism as an aberrational offshoot of this branch. The second term, "humanist antinomianism", I use to characterize John Godwin and John Milton and to indicate that these thinkers descend in the Christian humanist line that reaches from Saint Thomas Aquinas through Richard Hooker into the seventeenth century, where, with these thinkers, the traditional beliefs were radicalized.27)
È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(law of nature)À» ½ÅºÀÇÏ¿© Ư¼öÇÑ »óȲ¿¡ óÇÒ ¶§ ÃëÇØ¾ßÇÒ ×Ã×âîÜ Èñ¸ÁÀº ÀÚ¿¬¹ýÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó Áú¼¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î MiltonÀº È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸¸ç, ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö(free will)¸¦ öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Â Adam°ú Eve°¡ Á×À½º¸´Ù °¡È¤ÇÑ Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±«·Î¿ò°ú ½½ÇÄ¿¡ ½Î¿© ÀÖÀ» ¶§ õ»ç´Â "ìÑßæÀº Íöâ¢ÕÎ Íöâ¢ËÛ" ¶ó´Â Àǹ̰¡ ´ã±ä ¸»·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ À§·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
"Lament not Eve, but patiently resign
What justly thou hast lost; nor set thy heart,
Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine;
Thy going is not lonely, with thee goes
Thy husband, him to follow thou art bound;
Where he abides, think there thy native soil."
(P. L. ¥¹¥°. 287¡292)
Àΰ£Àº ü³äÇÒ °ÍÀº °ú°¨ÇÏ°Ô Ã¼³äÇϰí Áö³ªÄ£ ¿å½ÉÀ» ³»Áö ¸»±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ´õºÒ¾î »ì¾Æ °¥ ¶¥ÀÌ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àΰ£Àû »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæ°í¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °¡¿îµ¥ Adam°ú Eve´Â ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀº »ó½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¸ Èļ¼·Î À̾îÁö´Â Àΰ£µé°ú ÆòµîÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »î ¼Ó¿¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÈ´Ù°í Ãæ°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ Àΰ£µéÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °úÁ¦µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×·¸´Ù. »î°ú Á×À½µµ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡¼ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ »ì¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, »î ÀÚü°¡ Á×À½Àϼöµµ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ °¡Á® ¿ÔÁö¸¸ Á×À½°ú äÂÀº ༿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±«¸êµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ðÁ¦³ª »î ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ³«¿øÀÇ ÇູÀº ¸Ö¾îÁ³Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ¼·Î °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×À½¸¶Àúµµ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×µéÀÇ ½½ÇÄÀ» Ä¡À¯ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ÇູÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.28)
Adam°ú Eve°¡ EdenÀ» ÇÏÁ÷Çϸé¼, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àΰ£³»¸éÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ Edenº¸´Ù ´õ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ³«¿øÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
The soul
Of all the rest: then wilt thou not be loath
To leave this Paradise, but shalt possess
A paradise within thee, happier far.
Let us descend now therefore from this top
Of speculation;
(P. L. ¥¹¥±. 584¡589)
±×µéÀº Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª±â ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´õ¿í ÇູÇÑ Paradise¸¦ ±×µé ³»¸éÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àý¸Á ¼Ó¿¡µµ »îÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´À³¢°í ¶°³ª´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Èñ¸ÁÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÓÛ×âíºîÜ Àι°ÀÎ Adam°ú Eve´Â Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª¸é¼ À§´ëÇÑ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶ÀÎ ´ë ¼»ç½Ã´Â ±â»Ý°ú ½½ÇÄÀ» °£Á÷ÇÑ Ã¤ ³«¿øÀ» ¶°³´Ù.
¥³. ÞªðóÎçîÜÀÎ ÛÎÌØ
MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡ ÇÊ»ýÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ª»ç»ó çÈåÞ·Î ¾²¿©Áø ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ» óÜíÂÇÏ·Á´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Æ÷ºÎ¸¦ ǰ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. îñâûÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ "ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàÀº Á¦¾àÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ¼»ç½Ã Áß¿¡¼ ´Ü¿¬ µ¶º¸ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ» ÀÌ·é °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù." ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ºñÆòÀ¸·Î ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Ê×ΦµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̿ʹ ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î ñ«ð¹¿Í ÝÕÜ×ðôÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Á˸¦ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÌ Å¸¶ôÇÑ Ãµ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Ÿ¶ôÇÏ°í ±¸¿ø¹Þ´Â ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾ø°í ³î¶ó¿ï °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù°í Samuel JohnsonÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ ȤÆòÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
But these truths are too important to be new; they have been taught to our infancy; they have mingled with our solitary thoughts and familiar conversation, and are habitually interwoven with the whole texture of life. Being therefore not new, they raise no unaccustomed emotion in the mind; what we knew before, we cannot learn; what is not unexpected, cannot surprise.29)
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ȤÆòµéÀÌ Àֱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸, MiltonÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º°ú ¹è°æÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ íþã̸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡´Â »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ é©áȰ¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¿Í ´ç½ÃÀÇ »çȸ, Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀǰßÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅÈÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ¼º¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÀ¯Çϱ⵵ Çϰí, ´ëÁ¶¹ýÀ» ¾²±âµµ ÇÏ¿© "ÁË, Á×À½, ¸¶À½, ½Ã°£, È¥µ·¿Õ, ¿ì¾ÆÇÔ" µîÀÇ Ãß»ó¸í»ç¸¦ ÀÇÀÎȽÃÄÑ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â µî ¸¶Ä¡ ¼¼ú±â¹ýÀÇ Þöîð°ú °°ÀÌ ÒýåÆÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í MiltonÀÌ ßóÞÀã̸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ °£°úÇØ¼´Â ¾ÈµÉ ºÎºÐÀº ͯîðÙþùʰú ãêü¥, ôÉùʵîÀ» »ó´çºÎºÐ ó¨éÄÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Homer¿Í Virgil¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ¼»ç½Ã°¡ MiltonÀÇ ¼»ç½Ã¿¡ À̸£´Â µ¿¾È Áú°ú ¾çÀÇ ¸é¿¡¼ ÀǽÄ(consciousness)ÀÇ º¯È°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» ¼¼úÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡µµ º¯È°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ßóÞÀãÌ´Â ãêü¥¸¦ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°¿¡°Ô Àû¿ë½ÃŰ´Â Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ª»çÀû »ç½ÇÀ» ½ÅÈÀÇ ÀϺηΠ»ï¾Æ¼ Ç¥ÇöÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» ½É¾îÁÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ½ÅÈÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ºô¾î¼ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ±â´Éµµ Áö³æ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ¼»ç½Ã¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ÃÊ¿¬ÇÑ VisionÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ MiltonÀÇ ¼»ç½Ã¿¡¼ °íÀüÀû ½Åȸ¦ »ìÆìº¼ ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Áß¿äÇÑ »ç½ÇµéÀ» °íÂûÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.30)
µû¶ó¼ MiltonÀÌ ßóÞÀãÌ¿¡ ½Åȸ¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô Â÷¿ëÇϰí Àִ°¡¸¦ »ìÆìº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
In whirlwind; hell scarce holds the wild uproar.
As when Alcides from Oechalia crowned
With conquest, felt th' envenomed robe, and tore
Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines,
And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw
Into th' Euboic sea.
(P. L. ¥±. 541¡546)
ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº Áö¿Á¿¡¼ ȸÀǰ¡ ³¡³ª°í Satan°ú ±× ÀÏ´çµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ó´çÇÑ ÈûÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ¹¦»çÇϸé¼, ãêü¥¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ÁÖüÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Àå¸éÀÌ´Ù. Áö¿ÁÀÇ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ¸é¼ Å¸¶ôÀº Ç߾, ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Àΰ£À» öåÕª½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÀÓ¹«°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, MiltonÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ SatanÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¼ÒÁø»óŰ¡ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ½ÅÈÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµéÀ» µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ³»¿ëÀ» ÇöÀå°¨ ÀÖ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§Çؼ Alcides(Hercules 1 °¡ ãîúÇÏ°í ³ ÈÄ ºÎÀÎÀÌ »ç¶ûÀ» ½ÃÇèÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© µ¶ ¹¯Àº ¿ÊÀ» º¸³»¼ ÀÔ°í, °íÅë¿¡ ¸ø ÀÌ°Ü ÀåÀÛºÒ¿¡ ½º½º·Î Ÿ ¿¬±â°¡ µÇ¾î ½ÂõÇß´Ù°í ÇÔ)¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ãîú(SatanÀº ø¨îúÇÑ »óȲ)À» ÇÏ¿© °¡¶àÀ̳ª ÈûÀÌ ¼Ú´Â »óÅÂÀÌÁö¸¸ µ¶¾à¿¡ Áßµ¶ µÇ¾î ÁÖüÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÈûÀ» ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ºÎºÐÀº ±×¸®½º, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Æ¯È÷ °ü½ÉÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °¡Á³´ø ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Of good and evil much they argued then,
Of happiness and final misery,
Passion and apathy, and glory and shame,
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy:
(P. L. ¥±. 562¡565)
¿ª½Ã Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÌ ³íÇÏ´Â ñ«ð¹µéÀÌ ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ÇãÀ§ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» µå·¯³»±â À§Çؼ apathy(Äè¶ôÀÌ°Ç °íÅëÀÌ°Ç ÀÏüÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«°¨°¢ÇÑ ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀÌ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ºñÀ¯)¸¦ µé¾î³»¾î ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ³íÇß´ø °Í°ú ´ëÄ¡½ÃÄÑ ³íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ºÅ侯 öÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû ̸ú°µµ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¹®Àå¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ MiltonÀº ƯÈ÷ ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀ» ºÎÀÎÇßÀ½À» ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Milton rejects as Stoic deception man's employment of natural virtues merely to project his image well before the community for its social approval.31)
¶ÇÇÑ Áö¿ÁÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ³× °³ÀÇ °ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µ¥, À̰ÍÀ» MiltonÀº ±×¸®½º ãêü¥¿¡¼ Áö¿Á°ú °æ°è¸¦ ´«¹°ÀÇ °, Áõ¿ÀÀÇ °, ºñźÀÇ °, ºÒÀÇ °À¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Four ways their flying march, along the banks
Of four infernal rivers that disgorge
Into the burning lake their baleful streams:
Abhorrèd Styx the flood of deadly hate,
Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep;
Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.
Far off from these a slow and silent steam,
(P. L. ¥±. 574¡581)
±×¸®°í Á¦¿ì½º½ÅÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÀ» ´©¼³ÇÑ Á˷Πȣ¼ö ¼Ó¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø ä °¥ÁõÀÇ °íÅëÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã·Á°í ÇÏ¸é ¹°ÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¾î ¸¶½Ç ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â Tantalus¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ, Áö¿ÁÀÇ Satan ÀÏ´çµéÀÇ ¾µ¾µÇÑ Ç౺°ú °øÆ÷¿¡ ½×ÀÌ´Â ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ÇѲ¯ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù.
Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards
The ford, and or itself the water flies
All taste of living wight, as once it fled
The lip of Tantalus.
(P. L. ¥±. 611¡614)
±×¸®½º ½Åȸ¦ ÀοëÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SinÀÇ Åº»ý°úÁ¤À» ¹¦»çÇÒ ¶§ SatanÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼ ¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Athene°¡ ZeusÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â ±×¸®À̽º ½Åȸ¦ SinÀÇ Åº»ý°ú °áºÎ½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÇýÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ SinÀÌ Åº»ýÇÑ °Í¸¸ ´Ù¸£°í °úÁ¤Àº ¶È°°Àº Çü½ÄÀ» ÃëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Then shining heav'nly fair, a goddess armed
Out of thy head I sprung: amazement seized
All th' host of heav'n; back they recoiled afraid
At first, and called me Sin, and for a sign
Portentous held me; but familiar grown,
(P. L. ¥±. 756¡760)
MiltonÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ Èñ¶ø ¹®¸íÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ±×¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó °¨¼ºÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§ MiltonÀº ¿·ÄÇÑ Ã»±³µµÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̹ǷΠ°¡Àå ¹Ý Èñ¶øÀûÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Èñ¶øÀÇ ´ë¼»ç½ÃÀÎÀÎ Homer¿Í´Â °¡Àå ¹Ý HomerÀûÀ̸鼵µ ±×ÀÇ Paradise Lost¿Í Comus¿¡¼ HomerÀûÀÎ ¾Ï½Ã°¡ Á¾ÇÕÀû·±¸Á¶Àû·ÁÖÁ¦Àû ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª Homer°¡ Milton¿¡°Ô ¾ð¾îÀû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î·Î µÈ Ãʱâ ÀÛǰ¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.
then he would have been a match for Ionian Homre (Eligia ¥°. 23)
...or Creon's palace atones for incestuous ancestors. (Elegia ¥°. 46)
...with the help of divine Moly. (Elegia ¥°.88)
ƯÈ÷ ÃʱâÀÛǰ¿¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹Àºµ¥, Elegia ¥³¿¡¼ Virgil»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Èñ¶ø°íÀüÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¸¶Àúµµ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ßñï×ãÌÀÎ L'allegro¿¡¼ VirgilÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹¦»çÇÑ CerberusÀÇ Stygianµ¿±¼À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Hence loathed Melancholy
Of Cerberus, and blackest Midnight born,
In Stygian cave forlorn
'Mongst horrid shapes, and shrieks, and sights
unholy,
Find out some uncouth cell, (L'allegro, 1¡5)
ÀÌ °°Àº VirgilÀÇ ¸ð¹æÀº Paradise Lost Á¦¥°±Ç¿¡¼ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ Ãµ»ç¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼µµ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples the upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for thou know'st;
(P. L. ¥°. 12¡19)
ÀÌ»ó°ú °°ÀÌ ÒýåÆÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡, º» ³í¹®¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¸¹Àº ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º» ³í¹®¿¡¼´Â ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ» °íÂûÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â MiltonÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀº /To leave this Paradise, but shalt posess/ A paradise within thee, happier far./(P. L. ¥¹¥±.586¡587)¿¡¼ º¸´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ Àΰ£ ¸¶À½¼ÓÀÇ Ãµ±¹À» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß µÇ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Àΰ£Àû ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Paradise Lost¿¡¼ MiltonÀº ¸ðµç ÇÇÁ¶¹°Àº à¼Çϸç, µû¶ó¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î äÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¾ÇÀº à¼ú¼À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ è¦éĵǴ °ÍÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Satanµµ ´ëõ»ç¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Ç¿¡ ºüÁø °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí, Paradise·Î ¿©ÇàÀ» ¶°³ª¸é¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µ¶¹éÀ» ÇÏ¸é¼ ½º½º·Î ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
So farewell hope, and with hope farewell fear,
Farewell remorse : All good to me is lost ;
Evil, be thou my good;
(P. L. ¥³. 108¡110)
ÇÑÆí ¾ç½ÉÀ̳ª ȤÀº ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Reason¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú´Â Àΰ£ ¼Ó¿¡ à¼ÀÇ Á¸À縦 È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎ ¹Ý¸é, Passion ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ Reason¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÅëÁ¦µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§´Â ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ²ø·Á°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ °°Àº °ü³äÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡¼ SatanÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ±âÃʸ¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£ Ÿ¶ôÀº ReasonÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼± PassionÀÇ »ç·ÊÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Adam°ú Eve´Â Ð×òÀÇ ¿¸Å¸¦ ¸Ô°í ×Ã×âîÜ ÝÕÜ×ðôÀÎ Passion¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ÐµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. MiltonÀº Plato¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁÖâµÈ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¹Ì´öÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ ÀýÁ¦¿¡ µ¿Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼ Adam°ú Eve¸¦ ¿¬°ü½ÃŲ ³²³à °ü°è¿Í Satan¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â InvocationÀ» Àΰ£°ú God¿¡ ¿¬°ü½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ» °ÇÏ°Ô ¶ì´Â á¦áÔîÜ(Secularistic) ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ Milton ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ æðØÐÀ̳ª ãýï×À» ³ªÅ¸³»·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ ¼¼¼ÓÁÖÀÇ´Â ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿¬°ü¼º Áß¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȰ¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ Áø½Ç°ú ¿¸ÁÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °è±â°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
MiltonÀÌ ºñ·Ï Paradise Lost¿¡¼ GodÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ½Çü·Î °£ÁÖÇß´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °Þ¾ú´ø üÇèÀû ¿ä¼Ò¿Í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£Àû ¼º°ÝÀÌ ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ÅõÀ﵃ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ °¥±¸¿Í ¿°¿øÀ» áÈî§·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇϸ鼵µ GodÀ» Àΰ£»ýȰÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ñ«î¥íº·Î¼ ±×¸®·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª GodÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÑ µµ´öµµ Àΰ£¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º£Ç®¾îÁ®¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ½ÃÀÎÀÚ½ÅÀÇ á¦áÔîÜ ìããÛ°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÌ ½Ã¿¡¼ á¦áÔñ«ëù°¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¾ç»óÀ¸·Î Àü°³µÈ´Ù.
MiltonÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿°¿øÀ» ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ È¯Èñ¸¦ Àϱú¿òÀ¸·Î½á ìÑÊààõÀÇ î¢ßæÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÌ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Á³À½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ½º½º·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºÀÂøÇÑ ³°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥À» ÅëÇØ¼¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ MiltonÀÇ Godµµ ¹Ù·Î ùÚïÒµÈ ´É·ÂÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù.
MiltonÀº ¼µÎ¿¡¼ God¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È®°íÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» ¹àÈ÷°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¿øÁ˸¦ »ó±â½ÃŰ¸é¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌ ½ÃÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¶ó°í ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖÁö¸¸(P. L. ¥°. 1¡26)"32) ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ºô·Á (P. L. ¥°. 251¡255)Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ ¸¶À½À» °Á¶Çϰí GodÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©ÇØ ÁØ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ëòò¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ À̼º¿¡ µû¶ó Á˸¦ Áþ±âµµ Çϰí Ÿ¶ôÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Çü½Ä°ú ÀǽÄÀÌ ¹èÁ¦µÇ´Â û±³µµÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ» °í¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ´ç½Ã·Î¼´Â (P. L. ¥¹¥±. 507¡514)¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ªµíÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ òäÜÆîÜÀ̰í Ýë÷÷îÜÀÎ °ßÇØ¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÁËÀÇ Åº»ý¿¡¼ º¸¸é ±×¸®½º ½ÅÈ¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â Athene°¡ ZeusÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀü¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ¼Ò¸®Áö¸£¸ç Æ¢¾î ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ÀÇÀÎȽÃÄÑ (P. L. ¥±. 756¡760)á¡ÌèèâîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ÷°¡ÇÏ¸é¼ Sin°ú DeathÀÇ À̹ÌÁ®¸®¸¦ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á á¡ßö¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ãêü¥¿¡¼ ó¨éÄÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÇÑÆí MiltonÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Æò»ýµ¿¾È °ÞÀº Á¤Ä¡Àû, »çȸÀû È¥¶õ°ú °¥µîÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ ¿©·¯ ±ºµ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áö¿Á¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾Ç¸¶ÀÇ ¹«¸®µéµµ ³ª¸§´ë·Î ȸÀǸ¦ Çϰí Áú¼¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥ ¹ÝÇÏ¿©, ¿ÀÁ÷ Àΰ£µé¸¸ÀÌ ÈÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·çÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ç½Ã Á¤Ä¡Àû È¥¶õ±â¿¡ ½Ã´ë»óȲÀÌ Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ÐáòäîÜÀÎ ôèÎçÓù·Î¼ °¥µîÀ» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø »óȲÀ¸·Î ±âÁ¸ Á¾±³¿¡ üãë÷¸¦ ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Áö³ ¼¼±âºÎÅÍ À̾îÁ® ¿Â ðóÎçËÇúÔê¡ÔÑÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, Ρùʰú Àΰ£Àû »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄµéÀÌ ±ÞÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â À§´ëÇÑ 16, 17C¶ó°í ÀÏÄþîÁú Á¤µµ·Î îï á¦ÑºîÜÀÎ Àüȯ±âÀÇ è¾ñé¿¡¼ ƯÈ÷ Á¾±³Àû, Á¤Ä¡Àû °¥µîÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°Ú´Ù.
O shame to men! Devil with devil damned
Firm concord holds, men only disagree
Of creatures rational, though under hope
Of heavenly grace: and God proclaiming peace,
Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife
···················
That day and night for his destruction wait.
(P. L. ¥±. 496¡505)
MiltonÀº ´ç½Ã »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ ÀºÀ¯ÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Parsdise Lost¿¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» °íÂûÇϸé, °áÈ¥ÀÇ ¼ø¼ö¼º°ú ´ç½Ã »çȸÀÇ ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» ÀÏüÀÇ ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϰí, ¼ø¼öÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ çßÛȸ¸À» Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â Ì¿ûæÎºÀ» Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀüÅë ¿µ±¹ ¼º°øÈ¸¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¿¾ ½º½Â Thomas Young µîÀÌ ³íÀïÇÑ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯ÀÇ Áö³ªÄ£ Çü½Ä¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹Ý¹ßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
This said unanimous, and other rites
Observing none, but adoration pure
Which God likes best, into their inmost bow'r
Handed they went; and eased the putting off
These troublesome disguises which we wear,
Straight side by side were laid, nor turned I ween
Adam from his fair spouse, nor Eve the rites
Mysterious of connubial love refused:
(P. L. ¥³. 736¡744)
¶ÇÇÑ Chales ¥±ÀÇ ±ÃÁß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °£Á¢Àû ºñ³°ú ±ÍÁ·µéÀÇ ¿¬È¸°¡ ¼ºÇàÇϴµ¥ ´ëÇÑ Ã»±³µµ·Î¼ ½ÉÇÑ ¹Ý°¨À» µå·¯³» º¸À̱⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.
Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile
Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendeared,
Casual fruition, nor in court amours,
Mixed dance, or wanton masque, or midnight ball,
Or serenate, which the starved lover sings
To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain.
(P. L. ¥³. 765¡770)
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼´Â ¿ÕÁ¤º¹°í µÚ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ã³ÇÑ »óȲ°ú ½Ã·ÂÀ» »ó½ÇÇÑ ¾îµÎ¿î Àå·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.
Yet not for thy advice or threats I fly
These wicked tents devoted, lest the wrath
Impendent, raging ito sudden flame
··················
When who can uncreate thee thou shalt know.'
(P. L. ¥µ. 889¡895)
±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý°ú ·Î¸¶±³È¸ÀÇ ¸éÁ˺Î, ±âŸ À¯¹°·¹Ì½Å·¿¹Àü·Àü¼³ µîÀ» µé¾î »ó´çÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀ» ¿¬»óÇÏ°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
They die; but in their room, as they forewarn,
Wolves shall succeed for teachers, grievous wolves,
Who all the sacred mysteries of heav'n
To their own vile advantages shall turn
Of lucre and ambition, and the truth
With superstitions and traditions taint,
Left only in those written records pure,
Though not but by the Spirit understood.
(P. L. ¥¹¥±. 507¡514)
¶ÇÇÑ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸ MiltonÀº ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ñ«íå°ú ÞÖßÌÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ¹àÈûÀ¸·Î¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±æÀ» ¹àÇôÁشٴ Ȯ°íÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °íÅ뽺·´°í ¾î·Æ´Ù. À̸¦ MiltonÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÍµÔ¼ÊïÀ» µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
" 'Servant of God, well done, well hast thou fought
The better fight, who single hast maintained
Against revolted multitudes the cause
Of truth, in word mightier than they in arms;
And for the testimony of truth hast borne
Universal reproach, far worse to bear
Than violence: for this was all thy care
To stand approved in sight of God, though worlds
(P. L. ¥µ. 29¡36)
MiltonÀº ¸¸³â¿¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °íÅë Áß¿¡¼ ÅëdzÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ °Ý½ÉÇÑ °íÅë¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·È°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ãÌú¼¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
But pain is perfect misery, the worst
Of evils, and excessive, overturns
All patience.
(P. L. ¥µ. 462¡465)
±×¸®°í MiltonÀº Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ³²¼º éÐêÆÖåÀÌ °Çϸç, ¿©¼ºÀº GodÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÒ ¶§¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼º½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "He for God only, She for God in him:"(P. L. ¥¸. 229)¶ó´Â ºÎºÐ¿¡¼´Â EveÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ AdamÀ» ÅëÇØ¼¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ¿©¼ºÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¹«½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº á¡ßö¿¡ µû¸¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÃÀÎÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ç½Ã MiltonÀÇ ÞÖÍſ͵µ ÙíμÇÏ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÞÖß̰ú ¹èÄ¡µÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é »ý·«À» ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¿Ï°îÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¸® Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, MiltonÀº Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ³²¼º ¿ì¿ù·ÐÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
MiltonÀÌ »ì´ø ´ç½Ã·Î¼´Â ÐáòäîÜÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶û°ú °áÈ¥»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌ»ó°ú Çö½ÇÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¸øÇϰí, »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î °íÅëÀÌ µÚµû¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼ Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
By a far worse, or if she love, withheld
by parents, or his happiest choice too late
Shall meet, already linked and wedlock-bound
To a fell adversary, his hate or shame:
(P. L. ¥¹. 903¡906)
MiltonÀÇ Ñûàõ éÐêÆÖåÀº ¿©±â¼ ±×Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Adam°ú EveÀÇ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»À» ÅëÇØ¼µµ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. "GodÀº ±×´ë(Adam)ÀÇ ¹ýÀ̰í, ±×´ë´Â ³ªÀÇ ¹ýÀ̸ç, ¿©ÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå ÇູÇÑ ò±ãÛÀº Ùíò±¶ó°í ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©ÀÚÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °ú½ÅÇÏ¿© ±× ëòÞÖ´ë·Î ¸Ã°ÜµÎ¸é î¬ÑñÀÌ ÀϾÀ» ¶§ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ³²ÀÚÀÇ °ü¿ëÀ» Ã¥¸ÁÇÑ´Ù"´Â ¿©¼º°üÀº ´ç½ÃÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¿©¼º°üÀ̾ú´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¦ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
"My author and disposer, what thou bidd'st
Unargued I obey; so God ordains,
God is thy law, thou mine: to know no more
Is woman's happiest knowledge and her praise.
(P. L. ¥³. 635¡638)
Thus it shall befall
Him who to worth in women overtrusting
Lets her will rule; restraint she will not brook,
And left to herself , if evil thence ensue,
She first his weak indulgence will accuse."
(P. L. ¥¸. 1182¡1186)
MiltonÀÌ ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£Àº À°Ã¼¿Í ¿µÈ¥À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ º¹ÇÕÀû Á¸Àç´Ù. ƯÈ÷ GodÀÇ Çü»óÀº À°Ã¼¿¡µµ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â God ¸ð½À ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ìµàõÀÌ´Ù. MiltonÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ìµàõ¿¡ ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
But god left free the Will, for what obeys
Reason, is free, and Reason he made right,
But bid her well beware, and still erect,
Lest by some fair appearing good surprised
She dictate false, and misinform the will
To do what God expressly hath forbid.
(P. L. ¥¸. 351¡356)
Paradise Lost´Â ͯÓÛÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ÚÅðé ¶Ç´Â ðúðéîÜ ¿µ¿õÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ´Ù·é ¼»ç½Ã°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¾±³Àû ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ °¡Áö°í á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ´«°ú °¨°¢À» ÅëÇØ¼ ³¡¾øÀÌ Å½±¸ÇÏ°í ºñÀ¯, ´ëºñ, Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ÀÇÀÎȸ¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼¼úÇØ ³ª°¬´Ù. ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÇàÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¾±³ÀûÀÌµç ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀ̵ç Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÀÇÀιýµéÀ» °íÂûÇØ º¸±â À§Çؼ ¿ì¸®¸»°ú ê«ÙþÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. "µåµð¾î ¾ÆÄ§Àº ¼øÈ¯ÀÇ ½Ã°£¿¡°Ô ÀáÀÌ ±ú¾î Àå¹Ì ºû ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ºûÀÇ ¹®À» ¿¬´Ù. ãêߣ¼Ó ¿ÁÁ °¡±îÀÌ µ¿±¼ÀÌ Çϳª ÀÖ´Ù. ºû°ú ¾îµÒÀÌ çµêÀ¼Ó¿¡¼ µ¹¸ç ±³´ë·Î ¸Ó¹°´Ù ³ª°¬´Ù ÇÑ´Ù."
···till Morn,
Waked by the circling Hours, with rosy hand
Unbarred the gates of light. There is a cave
Within the mount of God, fast by his throne,
Where light and darkness in perpetual round
Lodge and dislodge by turns,
(P. L. ¥µ. 2¡7)
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥Çö¹æ¹ýÀº Homer°¡ Áñ°Ü »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹ãÀÌ °¡°í ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» Àý¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ëôìÑûù½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í SatanÀÌ Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹®À» ³ª¼¸é¼ ¹®À» Áö۰í ÀÖ´Â Sin°úÀÇ ´ëÈ¿¡¼ SinÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎȵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. "óÀ½¿¡ ³ª¸¦ Á˶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í, ºÒ±æÇÑ Â¡Á¶·Î ¿©°åÁö¸¸, Â÷Â÷ Ä£±ÙÇØÁöÀÚ ¸ðµÎ ³ª¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß°í, ¸ÅȤÀûÀÎ Ú¸¿¡, °¡Àå ½ÈÀº ÀÚµµ ²ø·È¾ú´Ù."
At first, and called me; Sin and for sign
Portentous held me; but familiar grown,
I pleased, and with attractive graces won
The most averse, thee chiefly who full oft
(P. L. ¥±. 760¡763)
´ÙÀ½Àº SatanÀÌ Áö¿ÁÀ» ³ª¼¸é¼ È¥µ·¿¡ À̸£·¯ È¥µ¿¿ÕÀÌ ÀÇÀÎȵǾî ÅëÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. "È¥µ·ÀÌ ½ÉÆÇ°üÀ¸·Î ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÆÇ°á·Î¼ È¥¶õÀº ´õÇϰí È¥¶õÀ¸·Î½á ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³ôÀº °áÀç±ÇÀڷμ ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ´Ù½º¸°´Ù."
Chaos umpire sits,
And by decision more embroils the fray
By which he reigns: next him high arbiter
Chance govern all.
(P. L. ¥±. 909¡910)
MiltonÀÌ °¥¸ÁÇÏ´Â Àý¹ÚÇÑ »óȲÀ¸·Î GodÀÇ ¸Þ¼¼ÁöÀ̸ç Çü»óÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºûÀ» °£ÀýÈ÷ ±â¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "±â»Ú´Ù, ¼º½º·± ºûÀÌ¿© ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Ã¹ ź»ýÀÚ¿© ȤÀº ¿µ¿øÇÑ ºÐ°ú °øÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ºûÀ̶ó°í ³Ê¸¦ ºÎ¸§ÀÌ ¿ÇÀº°¡? GodÀº ºûÀ̹ǷÎ, çµêÀÀÌ·¡ ´Ù¸¸ °¡±îÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºû ±×´ë ¼Ó¿¡¼ »ç¼Ì´Ù."
Hail holy Light, offspring of Heav'n first-born
Or of th' Eternal coeternal beam
May I express thee unblamed? Since God is light,
And never but in unapproachèd light
Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee,
(P. L. ¥². 1¡5)
ÀÌ´Â Milton ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ØîìÑÀ¸·Î¼ ºû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¹Ì¸¦ ÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´õ¿í´õ óÀýÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ëôìÑûù½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. "¸¶Ä¡ Àº¹ÐÇÑ ½£ ¼Ó¿¡ ¼û¾î ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡ ³ë·¡Çϸç, ¹ãÀÇ °îÁ¶ ÀھƳ»´Â ¹ã»õó·³. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼¼¿ù°ú ´õºÒ¾î °èÀýÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾îµµ ³»°Õ ³·À̳ª ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â±¸³ª"
as the wakeful bird
Sings darkling , and in shadiest covert hid
Tunes her nocturnal note. Thus with the year
Seasons return, but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach or ev'n or morn,
(P. L. ¥². 38¡42)
¶ÇÇÑ "ÁöÇý´Â ÀÚÁÖ ±ú¾î À־ ë÷ãýÀº ÁöÇýÀÇ ¹®Åο¡¼ Àáµé¾î, Á¦ Ã¥¹«¸¦ ´Ü¼ø¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±â°í, ¶ÇÇÑ à¼ëò´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¾È º¸ÀÌ¸é ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"
And oft though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps
At wisdom's gate, and to simplicity
Resigns her charge, while goodness thinks no ill
Where no ill seems:
(P. L. ¥². 686¡689)
´ÙÀ½ ãÌÏ£´Â ´õ¿í ¹ãÀÌ °¡°í ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ÚÁö°Ô ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "ÀÌÁ¦ ¹ãÀº ±æÀ» ¶°³ª Çϴÿ¡ ¾îµÒÀ» ²ø¾îµéÀ̰í, Áñ°Å¿î ÈÞÀü°ú Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î½á Áõ¿À½º·± ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼ÒÀ½À» µ¤´Â´Ù"
Now night her course began, and over heav'n
Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed,
And silence on the odious din of war:
(P. L. ¥µ. 406¡408)
±×¸®°í ÁöÇý¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "¿µ¿øÀÇ ÁöÇý, ±×´ëÀÇ ÀÚ¸ÅÀÎ ÁöÇý¿Í ±³Á¦ÇÏ¿© ÇÔ²² Àü´ÉÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¾Õ¿¡¼, ³ë´Ò°í, ±×´ë Çϴóª¶óÀÇ ³ë·¡·Î½á ±×ºÐÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇØµå·È´Ù"
Thou with eternal wisdom didst converse,
Wisdom thy sister, and with her didst play
In presence of th' Almighty Father, pleased
With thy celestial song.
(P. L. ¥¶. 9¡12)
"ȤÀº Àú³á¿¡ º°°ú ´ÞÀÌ, ´ç½Å À̾߱⸦ µéÀ¸·¯ ¼µÑ·¯ ¿À¸é, ¹ãÀº ħ¹¬À» µ¥·Á ¿À°í ÀáÀº ´«¶ß°í ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ±Í±â¿ïÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù"
Or if the star of evening and the moon
Haste to thy audience, night with her will bring
Silence, and sleep list'ning to thee will watch,
(P. L. ¥¶. 104¡106)
´ÙÀ½Àº ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "¿©¿Õó·³ ±×³à´Â ¸Å·Â ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀÇ Çà·ÄÀÌ µû¸£°í, ¸ö ÁÖº¯¿¡¼± ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ´«¿¡ º¸°í½ÍÀº ¼Ò¿øÀÇ È»ì ½î¾Æ, ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×³à¸¦ º¸°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù"
for on her as queen
A pomp of winning Graces waited still;
And from about her shot darts of desire
Into all eyes to wish her still in sight.
(P. L. ¥·. 60¡63)
½Ã°£Àº Sin°ú Death°¡ ÀÇÀÎȵǾî SinÀÌ Death¿¡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "õÇÑ À½½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÇ ³´ÀÌ º£´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ ¸Ô¾î¶ó µåµð¾î ³ª´Â ´ë´ë¼Õ¼Õ Àΰ£ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¸é¼ ±× »ç»ó, ¾ó±¼, ¾ð¾î, Çൿ¿¡ ¸ðµÎ µ¶À» ÁÖ¾î ¸À µ¸¿ì¾î ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ¸ÔÀÌ·Î Çϸ®¶ó"
No homely morsels, and whatever thing
Thy scythe of Time mows down, devour unspared,
Till I in man residing through the race,
His thoughts, his looks, words, actions all infect,
And season him thy last and sweetest prey.
(P. L. ¥¹. 605¡609)
"Áø¸®´Â ºñ¹æÀÇ Ã¢À» ¸Â¾Æ ¹°·¯¼°í, ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ °ú¾÷Àº ã¾Æº¸±â ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù"
Truth shall retire
Bestuck with slad'rous darts, and works of faith
Rarely be found:
(P. L. ¥¹¥±.535¡537)
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÈ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ MiltonÀÇ ¹è°æÀ» °íÂûÇØ º¸¾Ò°í, ëôìÑûùµÈ Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ìÆìº¸¾ÒÁö¸¸ »õ»ï ¸ÚÀÌ Àִ ǥÇö ¹æ¹ýµéÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. À̿ܿ¡µµ ±×¸®½º, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ãêü¥³ª ôÉùÊîÜ ÀοëÀº îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Àü°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¥´. Ì¿ Öå
ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Àι°µéÀº ±× ÀÚü°¡ á¡ßö¿¡¼ ¿Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹è°æ°ú ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¸ðµÎ °Å±â¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Paradise Lost¸¦ Àд ÔÁíºµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ßö¸¦ Àд °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Âø°¢À» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÐñÔ½ÎçìѵéÀº ´õ¿í´õ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ÜØëåßö·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ºñÆòµéµµ ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðµç ¹®ÇÐÀÛǰµéÀÌ ±¸¼º°ú ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³Á¤µÆ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØ°¡ µÈ´Ù¸é ±× ÀÛǰÀÇ ³»¸éÀû °¡Ä¡°¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Ê×ΦµÇ°í ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ ºñÆò¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼´Â Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȵéÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÍÅóÌÇØº¸¾Ò°í, ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. Paradise Lost¿¡¼ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ºÎºÐÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±³¸®µµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼·¸®¸¦ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ÀÚü¸¦ µå·¯³»¾î ±× »î ¼Ó¿¡ ³»¸éÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ µå·¯³»°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Àΰ£Àº ´©±¸³ª ¿µ¿øÇÑ »î°ú ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁö±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö¸¸ ž¸é¼ºÎÅÍ Á×À½°ú ¾Ç¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Adam°ú Eveµµ Á×À½°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »î ¼Ó¿¡ Ç×»ó ðíî¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº »óȲ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¼·Î »ç¶ûÇÏ°í °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ½½ÇÄÀ» Ä¡À¯ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î °ø°£ÀÎ ³«¿øÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇູÀ» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ ¶§ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡ ºüÁ³´ø MiltonÀº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¿øÇß°í Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸ÀδÙ.
±×·¡¼ ÇÑÃþ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ìµàõ¿¡ ʤö·¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϰí À̼ºÀÇ ¸¶ºñÇö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¸¦ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ReasonÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ PassionÀ» ñª¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ãËúÐÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù½Ã »ç¶û°ú ÈÇÕÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇູÇÑ »îÀ» ȸº¹ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº Àΰ£À» Á¦ÇÑµÈ ´É·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÏ´Â ³°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼ Àΰ£°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ Çϳª·Î °áÇÕµÉ ¶§ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¿Â°® ½Ã·ÃÀº ±Øº¹µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í SatanÀÇ ìÑÊàûù¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µå·¯³»°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£µéÀÇ çÈê©ãý, í»Ø·, ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö, ½Ã±â, ÁúÅõ, ºñ°ÌÇÔ, ¾î¸®¼®À½, ÎöØ·, ÎêüÂÇÔ, ë¯ûã, óÆÞö, êÊíûµîÀ» µå·¯³»¾î á¦áÔàõÀ» °¡¹Ì½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çµÇ±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼ö¸¹Àº ܨãó°ú êÊíûÀ» °ÅÃÄ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â Serpent·Î ï®ÕªÇÏ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°µéÀÇ ÙÒժΦïïÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£µéÀÇ Þ÷äÂÇÔµµ SatanÀÇ º¯½Å°úÁ¤°ú ¶È°°À½À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°è¾ß¸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÷òÏÑÀÌ ÀϾ´Â Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ´Â AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ °¥µî, ÁÖüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î½á AdamÀÇ Å¸¶ô, ±× °á°ú Eve¿Í ÇÔ²² Àΰ£¼¼°èÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àڷμ, AdamÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§¿¡¾ß ÀÌÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Eve°¡ À¯È¤À» ¹Þ°í ìµàõÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ æðï׿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô Á˸¦ ¹üÇÏÁö¸¸, AdamÀº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿Á¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏ¿© Á˸¦ ¹üÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½Çµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã õ±¹¿¡¼¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ÅÀϰú °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀϺÎÀ̸ç ÀüºÎ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ø¼öÇßÀ» ¶§¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ìµàõ¿¡ ´«¶ß°í´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°í, °íÅë°ú ½½ÇÄ¿¡ ºüÁ® ¼·Î ºñ³Çϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£ÈµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ °« ž ÀüÇô ¹«ÁöÀÇ »óÅÂÀÎ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¼ø°£ÀÌ Áö³ª°í À̼º¿¡ ´«¶ß´Â µíÇÑ º¯È¸¦ Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô¼ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
»ç½Ç AdamÀº ¿¸Å¸¦ ¸ÔÀ½À¸·Î½á Eve¸¦ Á»´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, Àû±ØÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ AdamÀÇ Åµµ°¡ ½º½º·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ °æÁö·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡°Ô ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î »î°ú ¼¼°è¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¸¸µé°í °Å±â¿¡ ¸íĪÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ AdamÀº Àΰ£ ½ÇÁ¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý°í Á×À½°ú ½Ã°£ÀÇ º¯È µî Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Çµµ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
³«¿ø¿¡¼ Ãß¹æµÈ ÈÄ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖüÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î ÁÖº¯¼¼°è¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Àΰ£¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â Áö½ÄÀ» ¾ò°ÔµÇ°í ½ÇÁ¸Àû Àΰ£À¸·Î¼ Àΰ£ÀûÀÌ°í ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í º»´Ù.
Ì¿ÖåîÜÀ¸·Î º» ³í¹®Àº Áö±Ý±îÁö Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø °³³äÀ» Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ Êïï×, ÞÖÍÅÖÅæ´À» ìéöȽÃÄÑ Paradise Lost¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ê«ÙþÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î °íÂûÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ îïø¹¿¡ È帣°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤ ¹× Ò®ØüîÜ á¦Í£ÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ »îÀÇ é©áȵéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀΠöÇеéÀÌ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î Àִ°¡¸¦ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î °íÂûÇØ º¸¾ÒÁö¸¸, îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ßäÀ» Áö¿ì±â´Â ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
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1) Ralph Waterbury Condee(1974). Structure in Milton's Poetry From the Foundation to the Pinnacles. Pennsylvania: Penn. State Univ. p. 6.
2) ÀÌâ±¹(1987). Miltonic Humor: The Comic Vision in Paradise Lost. ¼°´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p. 102.
3) Joan M. Webber(1979). Milton and His Epic Tradition. Seattle and London: Univ. of Washington p.211.
4) J. Rees(1973). English Literature: An Introduction for Foreign Readers The Macmillan. p. 31.
5) ±è ¿ë(1996). ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ³«¿ø°ú À¯ÅäÇǾÆ. ¼¿ï: ÇѽŹ®È»ç. p. 261.
6) E.M.W.Tillyard(1930). PARADISE LOST: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MEANINGS
Edited by James Thorpe.(1965).MILTON CRITICISM. Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd. London. p.178.
7) ÚÓßÓæï(1994). John MiltonÀÇ ³«¿ø. ºÎ»ê: °æ¼º´ë ÃâÆÇºÎ. p. 36.
8) Joseph Anthony Wittreich, Jr. by Edited(1975). Milton and the Line of Vision. The University of Wisconsin Press. P. 33.
9) William B. Hunter(1986). Milton's English Poetry: Being Entries from A milton Encyclopedia. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, p. 150.
10) B. K. Lewalski(1985). Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms. New Jersey: Princeton Univ. p. 80
11) W. H. Stevenson(1971). William Blake. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell in The Poems of William Blake, ed. London: Longman Group, p. 107.
12) Ibid. Lewalski. p. 80
13) A. E. Dyson and Julian Lovelock(1973). The Lives of the English Poets from. Paradise Lost, ed. London: Macmillan, p. 410.
14) Ibid. Ralph Waterbury Condee. p. 7.
15) ÀÌâ±¹(1991). Milton Studies. Çѱ¹¹ÐÅÏÇÐȸ. ¼¿ï p. 166.
16) A. A. Paperback(1967). Paradise Lost and the Seventeenth Century Reader. First edition. Michigan Univ. Press. p. 93.
17) William Empson(1981). MILTON'S GOD. London: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 18.
18) R. J. Werblowsky(1952).Lucifer and Prometheus: A Study of Milton's Satan. London: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 3.
19) ³²¹Ì¿µ(1993). Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ MiltonÀÇ ÁË¿Í Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ. Ãæ³²´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®. p. 8.
20) C. S. Lewis(1956). A Preface to Paradise Lost. London: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 92.
21) John R. Knott, Jr.(1971). MILTON'S PASTORAL VISION. Chicago Univ. p. 60.
22) ¾ÕÀÇ ³í¹®. ÀÌâ±¹. p. 102.
23) Ibid. Ralph Waterbury Condee. p. 7.
24) ¹Ú¿¬¼º. ã÷Ñâꮿ¡ ³ªÅ¸³ MiltonÀÇ Ñâê®Îº. ¼¿ï´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®. 18¡21.
25) W. M. B. Eerdmans(1964). John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion Vol 2. Michigan : p. 206.
26) Christopher Hill(1977). Milton and the English Revolution. New York : The Viking Press, p.304.
27) John S. Bennett(1983), "Go:" Milton's Antinomianism and the Separation scene in Paradise Lost", Book 9, P.M.L.A. May p. 390.
28) ¾ÕÀÇ Ã¥. ÚÓßÓæï p.80
29) Samuel Johnson.(1779). Edited by James Thorpe.(1965). MILTON CRITICISM Selections from Four Centuries. Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd. London. p. 80.
30) ÃÖÁ¤¿î(1992). Paradise LostÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ¼»ç½ÃÀû ÀüÅë ¿¬±¸. ´Ü±¹´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p 27¡28.
31) W. J Grace(1968). IDEAS IN MILTON. Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame press. p.32
32) ÚÓßÓæï(1990). Paradise LostÀÇ Secularism æÚϼ. ¿µ³²´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p.8-10