Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ é©áÈ¿¡ °üÇÑ æÚϼ

(A Study on Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost)

 

A B S T R A C T

 

A Study on the Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost

 

 

Sang-kuk Park

Major in English

Language Education

Graduate School of Educaton

Chung-ang University

Directed by Prof. Chang-kuk Lee

 

 

This study has been conducted on the basis that author attempted to solve the ultimate problem of man as the Non-Christian Elements in Paradise Lost. Though many critics have studied Milton's works from the religious and philosophical viewpoints, the purpose of this paper is to study this poem from the viewpoint of Secularistic Non-Christian Elements, human point of view and to reassess Milton's central concerns and to show the various elements with the unique style in his great epic Paradise Lost.  

Through the Free Will in human beings, Milton believed that he could overcome the limited capabilities of Man, thought not only that all human sufferings could be overcome only within the unity of Man and Nature but also that in this course man could struggle to overcome all existing human problems with Free Will and Reason.

Though Adam fell for committing the impious sin of eating the forbidden fruit, he did so through his own free will and reason, and at the moment of his fall he emphasized his Non-Christian Elements, human love toward Eve.

In the course of Re-created Satan, Milton showed the various humanistic heroes, frauds, arrogant or coward actions , envy, temptations and jealousy etc.

His very situation as the fearless antagonist of Omnipotence makes him either a fool or a hero, and Milton is far indeed from permitting us to think him a fool.

About concern of Adam and Eve, Milton maintained, they were deprived of a free and just will on account of his fall, he considered Adam's fall as an impulse toward restoring the lost freedom of Man and creating a new world.

And after his fall, Adam came to recognize human conditions such as death, providing a sacrifice for Adam, as well as the passage of time. In this way Adam could be able to create a genuine human world, and finally, to become a member of mankind himself.

Milton stressed that by Satan we could come to realize the nature of Man's existence and life through his features of heroes and folly in Book¥°.¥±.¥² and ¥³. And he continued showing his understanding of secularistic life of Man for heaven and paradise in Book¥´¡­¥¹¥±. He also showed himself to be a genuine humanist by adding his own private philosophy and experiences. He hold by the representative of humanism in period of conflict and upheaval. He was the greatest poet in whom the intellectual and a sensitive enthusiasms of the Renaissance, the moral forces of the Reformation, and the fever of a patriotic love of liberty met and dwelt together.

Finally, Adam and Eve, though they fell in Eden, came to believe that they achieved the triumph of all mankind through a belief in the humanism which would guide the new world in a genuine human life. Thus all human sufferings could be overcome both death and woe by human free will.

  

¥°. ßí   Öå   · · · · ·  ·  · · ·· · · · · 2  

¥±. á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼­ÀÇ Satan · · · · · · ·· ··12  

¥². á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼­ÀÇ Adam°ú Eve · ··· · ··· 28

¥³. ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ ÛÎÌØ · · · · · · · · · · · ·42

¥´. Ì¿   Öå · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··61

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

 

¥°. ßí   Öå

 

Paradise Lost¸¦ °ú°Å¿¡´Â Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ã̶ó´Â à»ìýÊïÀ» °®°í  ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ßö¸¦ À籸¼ºÇϰí, ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ À̳äÀ» ÁÖÁö½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼ö¸¹Àº ÝëøÄµéÀÌ ÀϰüµÇ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ¿Â °¨ÀÌ ¾øÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº Arthur E. Barker¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×´ë·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µíÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÌ µç´Ù.

 

Paradise Lost was always meant to be a poem whose beginning is disobedience, whose middle is woe, and whose ultimate end is restoration.1)

 

±×·¯³ª ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ̸ú°´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ÞÖÍÅÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²ã¼­ ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ð«ÍêÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Until now the story and the events of the poem have  been mostly concerned with God, the Son of God, Satan, and the angels in Heaven and necessarily the reader feels some distance from them. We have seen the various ways in which Milton treats them, with admirable success. Through various narrators we have learned that we should not be truly serious about them in spite of the serious and grave posture or stance of the narratorial voice. Often stance or the posture of the narrator serves to enhance the comic effect and aspect of the poem.2)

 

õ±¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ God, Son of God, Satan, Adam, Eve, AngelµîÀº ÔÁíº¿¡°Ô »ó´çÇÑ °Å¸®°¨À» ´À³¢°Ô ÇÏÁö¸¸, MiltonÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁøÁöÇÏ°í ½É°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ½É°¢ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÄÚ¹Í È¿°ú(Comic effect)¸¦ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù.

¹°·Ð Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ é©áȵéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Â÷Áö ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±× ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀÇ À̾߱â¿Í »îÀ» ÁÖÁ¦·Î ÇÑ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »ýȰÀÇ Àü°³°¡ ¼ö¾øÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÛǰ ¼ÓÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ìÑÚª ¹¦»ç¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â µíÀÌ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº Ç¥¸éÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê°í, ³»¸éÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤°ú á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄµéÀÌ ¼ö¾øÀÌ Ò®î¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. SatanÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ MiltonÀº ´ç½ÃÀÇ »óȲ°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇеéÀ» µå·¯³»°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Àι°µé°ú °ü·ÃµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ³»¿ëÀ» ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀ̰í, ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ³Ö°í °í·ÁÇϰíÀÚ Çϸç ìÑÊàñéãýÀÇ À̾߱â·Î ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. MiltonÀº Àΰ£À» Á¦ÇÑµÈ ´É·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÏ´Â ³­°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Àΰ£°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ Çϳª·Î °áÇÕµÉ ¶§ ¿ì¸®Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¿Â°® ½Ã·ÃÀº ±Øº¹µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¡¼­ ù¶íº´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© á¦áÔîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼Òµé¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾î MiltonÀÇ ðóÎç èâîÜÀÎ ÛÎÌØµéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇØ º¼ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÞÖß̵éÀ» °íÂûÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ÁÖÀåÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö é©áȵéÀ» °í·ÁÇØ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ, ±×´Â SatanÀ̶ó´Â Àι°À» î¢óÜðãÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¶§·Î´Â ê©íàÇϰí çÈê©îÜÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ðµç ¸éÀ» °í·ç °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î Âø°¢À» ÇϰԵµ ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¸ðµç ÇൿÀÌ »ç±â¿Í ±â¸¸À¸·Î °¡µæ Âù ºñõÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î PassionÀÇ ßÚó£À¸·Î ±×·È´Ù. SatanÀÌ Eve¸¦  ë¯ûãÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¿Â°® ¾ÆÃ·°ú Âù»ç·Î »ó´ë¹æÀ» ºÎÃß±â´Â °ÍÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡µµ ±×´ë·Î Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆíÀÇ À¯È¤ÀÇ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¾î´À ³¯ °©ÀÚ±â Son of GodÀÇ ÔôíÞÀ¸·Î Àڽſ¡°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â Ø¡íÞ¿¡¼­ ìÛÒ±ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¹Ý¿ªÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Çϴÿ¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÅõ¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô¼­ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ßæüÀÛ°ãÒ ±× ÀÚü¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  

Adam°ú Eve´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®µé ¼Ó¿¡ ±×´ë·Î »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ ±× ÀÚü·Î º¸°í, »îÀÇ Èñ¸Á°ú Á×À½ÀÇ ºñ±ØÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ °®°í ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Satan¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À¯È¤¿¡ ºüÁ® Á˸¦ Áþ´Â EveÀÇ °æ¿ìº¸´Ù´Â EveÀÇ ãý×âßÒ÷¾¿Í ßæüÀ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϰíÀÚ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑÀÌ ¼­·Î ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇßÀ» ¶§ ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Àü°¡Çϱ⵵ Çϰí, ¼­·Î¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí Eve´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×°í ³ª¸é AdamÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Eve¿Í Ì¿ûæÇÏ¿© ú¹ÜØÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°£´Ù´Â ¿©¼ºÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸¶À½°ú ÁöÇýÀÇ °úÀÏÀ» ¸Ô°í ¼ø°£ÀûÀ̳ª¸¶ Adamº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇØÁö°í ½ÍÀº Ãæµ¿À» °®´Â °Íµµ ¿ì¸®°¡ ´õ¿í °¡±õ°Ô ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë¸ñÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ìÑÊàîÜÀÎ ö°ØüÀ» ÍÅóÌÇϰí, ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ Á߽ɿ¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ±× ¹Ù±ùÀ» µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î °í·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Son of GodÀÌ ±×·¸°í, Satanµµ Àΰ£À» ¶°³ª¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Àι°·Î ±×¸®Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Adam°ú EveÀÇ »ýȰ¹æ½Ä°ú »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀÌ Àΰ£À» ¶°³­ ½Åºñ·Î¿î Á¸Àç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áö±ØÈ÷ ÞªðóÎçîÜÀÎ é©áȵé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã±â, ÁúÅõ, ÀÚ¸¸, ¿µ¿õ½É¸®, ºñ°ÌÇÔ, ±³¸¸ µîÀÌ µÚ¼¯ÀÎ ÇÑÆíÀÇ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í ÍÅÕçÇÏ°í °íÂûÇØ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Õ¿¡¼­µµ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ Áö±Ý±îÁö MiltonÀÇ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀΠϰà÷°ú ñ«ð¹¿¡ ÁýÁßµÇ¾î ¿Â °æÇâÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ҮǾî ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »îÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» Ê×ΦÇÏ°í ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ ¸ð½À¸¸ ÍÅóÌÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ÌèÀ» ´ëÇÏ´Â µíÀÌ ½Å¼º½Ã ÇØ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Joan M. Webber´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»·Î ¼­»ç½ÃÀÇ ºñÆòÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

"ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàÀº ¸ðµÎ ¹«ÇÑ´ë·Î È®´ëµÇ¾î ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¿µ¿ø¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ°í, ±ØÀû ¹è°æÀº õ±¹Àº ¹°·Ð, Áö¿Á¿¡±îÁö È®´ëµÈ´Ù. ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ Æø°ú ±íÀ̰¡ ½Ç·Î °ÅâÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Ã°£Àû Á¦¾àÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼­»ç½Ã Áß¿¡¼­ ´Ü¿¬ µ¶º¸ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ» ÀÌ·é °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."3)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´°í, R. J. Rees´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ ¾´ Àǵµ°¡ "Àڱ⠳ª¶ó¿¡°Ô ¿µ±¤À» ÀÚÁ®¿À´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¾±³Àû, öÇÐÀû ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ GodÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ à¼°ú îïÒöÇÏ´Ù¸é ¿Ö ¼¼»óÀº äÂÀ¸·Î °íÅëÀ» ¹Þ°í Àִ°¡? ¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀϺΠëòÓñµµ ÀÖ´Ù"°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Beside his intention of writing something which would bring glory to his own country. Milton had a religious and philosophical purpose which was, as he said, 'to justify the ways of God to men'; in other words, to answer the old question which all Christians must answer: namely, if God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there suffering and evil in the world?4)

 

¶ÇÇÑ ±è¿ëÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼­¿¡¼­ "¸¸ÀÏ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ÀºÃÑÀÌ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î GodÀÇ ÀÚÀÇÀû ÇàÀ§¶ó´Â Á¡À» ´©±¸µçÁö È®½Å¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´õ ÀÌ»ó Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö´Â »ý±æ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.5)¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸»·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ú°àãßö·Î Âø°¢À» Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿© ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Ê×ΦµÇ°Å³ª ¼ÒȦÈ÷ ´Ù·ç¾îÁ® ¿Ô´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

À̸¦Å×¸é ±× µ¿¾È Milton¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ À§¿Í °°ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ Á¾±³Àû, öÇÐÀû Ãø¸é¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ¿Ô´ø °ÍÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ñ«ð¹¸¦ ¹àÈù °á°ú, ¸¶Ä¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçãÌîÜÀÎ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ºñÄ£ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ºñÆòÀ¸·Î Àϰü µÈ µíÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÌ´Ù.

 

Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste

Brought death into the word, and all our woe,

······················

············ what in me is dark

Illumine, what is low raise and support;

That to the highth of this great argument

I may assert Eternal Providence,

And justify the ways of God to men.

                         (P. L. ¥°.1¡­26)

½ÅÀÇ ±æ°ú çµêÀÀÇ àî×⸦ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¹Ù¸£°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¹°·Ð ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÝëøÄÖåÙþµéÀÌ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ºñÆòÇü½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀϰüµÇ¾î Áö³­ ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È æÚϼµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆí¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ´Â Scott¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷Àº "MiltonÀÇ Paradise Lost´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶(human drama)¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °á°ú°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ±×°¡ ÀǵµÇÑ °ÍÀº Satanµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Ñâê®ÀÇ Çູµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¾Æ´ã°ú À̺êÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ »ý°Ü³­ °íÅëÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» µ¹¸®·Á´Â õ±¹ÀÇ Çູ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÑÀâûµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù."6)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »î ¼ÓÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÊïàõîÜ ìï÷­ ¹× ÝÕùê×âÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Èñ¸ÁÀ» Ž»öÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áï ¸ðµç ÔôíÞìÑÚªµéÀÇ Êïàõ°ú ìµàõÀÌ »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î õÎßÚîÜÀÎ ¾îÈֵ鵵 ëôìÑûù½ÃÄÑ »ì¾Æ ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ðóÎçîÜ ìÑÚª·ÎºÎÅÍ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àι°·Î º¯È­ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£È­µÈ ¾ÇÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ SatanÀÇ ºñ°ÌÇÔÀ» µå·¯³»±â À§Çؼ­ ¾î´À ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÜôðëÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¿ôÀ½À» ÀھƳ»°Ô ÇÏ´Â ëôÞÄçÈê©îÜ Àι°·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ëõ»ç¿¡¼­ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â Serpent·Î ï®ÕªÇÏ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°µéÀÇ ÙÒժΦïïÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇØµµ °ú¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Adam°ú EveÀÇ »ýȰµµ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆìº¸¸é Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£ÀûÀ̰í á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹þ¾î³­ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼­·Î°¡ ¾ÖÁõÀÌ ±³Â÷Çϱ⵵ Çϰí Eve°¡ Adamº¸´Ù ¿µ¸®ÇØÁö°í ½ÍÀº Ãæµ¿µµ º¸¿©ÁÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

»ç½Ç AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°è¾ß¸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÷òÏÑÀÌ ÀϾ´Â Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ´Â AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ °¥µî, ÁÖüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î½á AdamÀÇ Å¸¶ô, ±× °á°ú Eve¿Í ÇÔ²² Àΰ£¼¼°èÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àڷμ­, AdamÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§¿¡¾ß ÀÌÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.7) µû¶ó¼­ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ×âàõîÜ ±³ÈÆÀ» Ž»öÇÏ´Â Ãø¸éµµ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.

Anthony Wittreich´Â "Spenser ¿Í MiltonÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Àΰ£ ³»ÀûÀÎ »ýȰ°ú ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§¿¡ Áø½ÇÀ» µå·¯³»¾î ±³À°ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù."8)¶ó°í ÑÀâûÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Hunter´Â Paradise Lost¸¦ "Àå¾öÇÑ ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ¿øÇü°ú Àΰ£ óÁöÀÇ ÀüÇü"À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.9)

B. K. Lewalsky´Â "MiltonÀº îî÷ÖßóÞÀã̸¦ ×Ã×âùÊ, ïÙö½ùÊ, ÕöÞÈ, ãêùÊîÜÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼­ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ ºñÆòÀ» Çϰí, µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» ±³À°ÇÏ´Â íþãÌÀÇ °úÁ¤À»  ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ðóÎçèâîÜÀÎ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »îÀÇ Ã¼ÇèÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Milton has, moreover, transformed their conventional epic speeches into substantive comments on ethics, politics, history, and theology. With these generic strategies he begins the poem-long process of educating the reader to make complex discriminations about the use and perversions of language.10)

 

±×¸®°í MiltonÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ìÑßæÌèúÐÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ »ó´çºÎºÐÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ é©áȵéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç½Ã ÀλýüÇè ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³íÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.

 

                                unchanged

To hoarse or mute, though fall'n on evil days,

On evil days though fall'n, and evil tongues;

In darkness, and with dangers compassed round,

And solitude;

                           (P. L. ¥¶.24¡­28)

µû¶ó¼­ ±×´Â Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô SatanÀÇ Æí11)À» µé¾î ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç õ»çº¸´Ù SatanÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ºô¸° ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÷á篽ÃÄÑ »ó´çÈ÷ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Adam°ú Eve¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿øÀ» Çϸ鼭, Àΰ£È­µÈ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð½À¿¡¼­ à¼ëò¿Í äÂëò¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ³ªÅ¸³»µµ·Ï ÇÏ¿© ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜ é©áÈÀÎ á¦áÔàõÀ» °¡¹Ì½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº HomerÀÇ Iliad ¿Í Odyssey, VirgilÀÇ Aeneid, ±×¸®°í DanteÀÇ Divine Comedyµî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ ±³À°Àû °úÁ¤À» °è¼ÓÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í B. K. Lewalski´Â ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

He(Milton)continues that educative process by inviting us to measure the speech and song of hell against the norms and best models of such language from classical times onward. Some such reference points are the notable Homeric and Virgilian models of epic speech and the great tragic soliloquies of the Elizabethan stage. Others are the norms and prescriptions for rhetoric as defined by Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and others, as well as the political speeches attributed to various historical personages by the great classical historians, Herodotus, Thucydides, Sallust, and Livy.12)

 

Paradise Lost´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÁýÇʵǾú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í MiltonÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¸¶À½À» °­Á¶Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ìÑÊà Ø¿ÞÀ´Â ¸¶À½¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ºñ·ÔµÇ°í, ±× ¼Ó¿¡¼­ õ±¹µµ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í Áö¿Áµµ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í  ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.   

 

A mind not to be changed by place or time.

The mind is its own place, and in itself

Can make a heav'n of hell, a hell of heav'n.

                           (P. L. ¥°. 251¡­253)

ù¶íº´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ô¸Ïаú ò¢è«°ú Ñâê®ÀÇ Á¸À縦 Àΰ£ÀûÀ̰í ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ö°ØüÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ ßÌßÀîÜÀÎ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£µµ ÃÊ¿ùÇϱâ´Â ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ³¡¾øÀÌ à¼°ú äÂÀÌ ½Î¿ì°í çé鯰ú öÒï×ÀÌ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ìµàõ°ú æðï×ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¶ó Ç¥ÃâµÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ìÑÊàÞÀÀÌ´Ù.

MiltonÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óÀ» Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ "¿µÈ¥Àº °Å±â¿¡¼­ À̼ºÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í, À̼ºÀº Ãß·ÐÀûÀÌ°Ç Á÷°üÀûÀÌ°Ç ¿µÈ¥ ±× ÀÚüÀÌ´Ù. Ãß·ÐÀº ±×´ëÀÇ °ÍÀ̰í Á÷°üÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ GodÀº ±×´ë(Adam)¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸³ª ºÒº¯À¸·Î´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. à¼ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÁö¸¸ °ßµð´Â °ÍÀº AdamÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù."¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ GodÀÌ ¶óÆÄ¿¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÈÆ°èÇÏ´Â ¸»Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÇൿÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î MiltonÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °­Á¶Çϰí Àִ°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                          whence the soul

Reason receives, and reason is her being,

Discursive, or intuitive; discourse

Is oftest yours, the latter most is ours,

                           (P. L. ¥´. 486¡­489)

God made thee perfect, not immutable;

And good he made thee, but to persevere

He left it in thy power, ordained thy will

By nature free, ···········

                           (P. L. ¥´.524¡­527)

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ìµàõ°ú í»ë¦ëòò¤¿¡ µû¸£´Â °ÍÀº ¸¶À½¿¡¼­ ¿ì·¯³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù.

±×·¡¼­ º» ³í¹®Àº Áö±Ý±îÁö Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø ÙíùÚÇÑ ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàîÜÀÎ °³³äÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ Êïï×, ÞÖÍÅÖÅæ´À» ìéöȽÃÄÑ  Paradise Lost¿¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î Àִ°¡? ¸¦ Paradise LostÀÇ ê«Ùþ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇϰíÀÚ Çϸç, ƯÈ÷ îïø¹¿¡ È帣°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤ ¹× Ò®ØüîÜ á¦Í£ÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ »îÀÇ é©áȵéÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸´Â °ÍÀ» ÙÍîÜÀ¸·Î ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

¥°Àå¿¡¼­´Â ßíÖåÀ» Àü°³Çϰí, ¥±Àå¿¡¼­´Â á¦áÔîÜ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ Human ComedyÀÇ ñ«æµÀÎ SatanÀ», ¥²Àå¿¡¼­´Â Àΰ£ »îÀÇ ´ë¸®Àڷμ­ Adam°ú EveÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ »î°ú Èñ¸ÁÀ», ¥³Àå¿¡¼­´Â MiltonÀÌ ¿µÇâ¹ÞÀº ãêü¥îÜ ¹è°æ°ú ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ôÉùʵé, ëôìÑûùµÈ Ç¥ÇöµéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇÏ¿© ¹®ÇÐÀû Ãø¸éÀÇ Ë­ûù¸¦, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¥´Àå¿¡¼­´Â °á·ÐÀ» ¸ÎÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

¥±. á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼­ÀÇ Satan

 

Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ ýô·ÝèмîÜÀÎ ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°·Î¼­ SatanÀÇ æµùÜÀ» »©°í´Â ¹®ÇÐÀû Á¸Àç ÀÌÀ¯°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇØµµ Å©°Ô Ʋ¸° ¸»Àº ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Samuel JohnsonÀº MiltonÀÌ ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â Àι°ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» âÁ¶Çϸ鼭 °¡Àå °í¹ÎÇÑ Àι°ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ SatanÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.13) SatanÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ ¿õÀåÇϰí Àå¾öÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¸¹Àº µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ SatanÀ» ÁÖÀΰøÃ³·³ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÇÁ¦·Î 19C¿Í 20CÃʹݿ¡´Â SatanÀ» Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³í¶õµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ½À» ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

As we all know, it was fashionable for a time to maintain that Satan was really the hero of Paradise Lost. ------ this should be so if we remember that some of those who held various Satanist positions were poets of the caliber of Dryden, Blake, and Shelley.14)

 

MiltonÀÇ »ó»ó·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ âÁ¶µÈ SatanÀº ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼­ ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ óÇßÀ» ¶§ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Ò½ÕôΦïïÀ» Book ¥°¿¡¼­ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÀοëÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌâ±¹ ±³¼ö´Â MiltonÀÇ SatanÀ» ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¸é¿¡¼­ °íµµÀÇ dramatic poemÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° Áß¿äÀι°·Î¼­ °ü½É°ú ĪÂùÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 

Indeed, Milton's Satan in Paradise Lost attracts, in many ways, attention and admiration as the first major character in this highly dramatic poem. He is the first major dramatic character we encounter in the poem, and his heroic as well as tragic qualities are strong enough to capture our imagination. In many ways and aspects, he resembles Aeneas in Vergil's Aeneid as an epic hero of the traditional sort. Like Aeneas in the flames of Troy, Satan fights for his homeland; he loses; he is forced into exile. Like Aenesa, he rallies his forces and with great courage he leads them through hardships and adventures.15)

 

¶ÇÇÑ Walter Raleigh´Â SatanÀÇ ãÌîÜ ¿ªÇÒÀ» »ìÆìº¸¸é ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µÎ·Á¿ò ¾ø´Â Àü´ÉÇÑ Àû´ëÀڷμ­ Prometheus¸¦ ¿¬»ó½Ã۸ç, ¾î¸®¼®À½°ú çÈê©îÜ é©áȸ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, MiltonÀº SatanÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¾î¸®¼®°Ô »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

"Satan", wrote Sir Walter Raleigh, "unavoidably reminds us of Prometheus, and although there are essential differences, we are not made to feel them essential. His very situation as the fearless antagonist of Omnipotence makes him either a fool or a hero, and Milton is far indeed from permitting us to think him a fool."16)

 

½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ SatanÀº ¿µ¿õÀûÀ̸鼭µµ îØÓßíºÀÎ ºñ±ØÀû Hero·Î¼­ ¾ç¸éÀûÀ̰í, °¡Àå Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» °í·ç °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Satan¿¡°Ô »ó´çÇÑ ºñÁßÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â BlakeÀÇ ¸»À» EmpsonÀº ±×ÀÇ Milton's God¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀοëÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Recent studies have made clear that Blake meant the whole thing by such utterances, not merely that Milton's Satan was good but also that his God was bad; but the Victorians took him to mean that Satan had a sort of double-talk virtue, as an artist or something.17)

 

MiltonÀº °¡Àå Satan´Ù¿î ¶Ç´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®´Ù¿î ¸é¸ð¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼­ À¯°¨¾øÀÌ ¹ßÈÖÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÏÀÌ ¿Ç°í ±×¸§¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ºÎÇϵéÀ» µ¶·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.   

 

  "Fall'n Cherub, to be weak is miserable

Doing or suffering: but of this be sure,

To do aught good never will be our task,

But ever to do ill our sole delight,

As being the contrary to his high will

Whom we resist. If then his providence

Out of our evil seek  to bring forth good,

Our labor must be to pervert that end,

And out of good still to find means of evil;

                            (P. L. ¥°. 157¡­165)

¶ÇÇÑ Çϴÿ¡¼­ÀÇ îú÷ã¿¡¼­ ÆÐÇÑ SatanÀº ÝÕÏÝÀÇ ëòò¤¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÆÐ¹èÇÑ ºÎÇÏµé ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ÝÕØþÀÇ ¿¬¼³·Î °Ý·ÁÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ °íÅë°ú ÁÂÀý ¼Ó¿¡ Àç±âÀÇ ëòò¤¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ µå°ñÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º°¡ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ Á¡·É´çÇÏÀÚ ¸Á¸íÇÑ ÈÄ "ÇÁ¶û½º´Â îú÷ã¿¡´Â Á³Áö¸¸ îú¡´Â ÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎÀº ¾îµð¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö ³ªÀÇ ±ê¹ß ¾Æ·¡ ´Ü°áÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù."¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¿¬¼³°ú ´à¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇÁ·©Å¬¸° ·ç½ºº§Æ®°¡ "¿ì¸®°¡ ¿À·ÎÁö µÎ·Á¿ö ÇØ¾ßÇÒ °ÍÀº µÎ·Á¿ò ±× ÀÚü"¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸»°ú °°ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ýñØÐ°ú é¸Ñ¨¸¦ ºÏµ¸À» ¶§¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ±¤°æÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

And shook his throne. What though the field be lost?

All is not lost; the unconquerable will,

And study of revenge. immortal hate,

And courage never to submit or yield:

And what is else not to be overcome?

That glory never shall his wrath or might

Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace

With suppliant knee, and deify his power

Who from the terror of this arm so late

Doubted his empire, that were low indeed,

That were an ignominy and shame beneath

This downfall;

                       (P. L. ¥°.105¡­116)

SatanÀº À§´ëÇÑ îØíâÀ¸·Î¼­ °í±ÍÇÑ ÷åòõ, ÖÅÓôÕô, õ÷ãùàõ, æ½ÌÑ ¼ÓÀÇ ìÛÒ±Õô, ±ÁÈú ÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â ¿ë±â¿Í Ź¿ùÇÑ ÓÞÓÅàõÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ·Î Æò°¡¹Þ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.18) SatanÀÌ Áö¿Á¿¡¼­ ȸÀǸ¦ ¸¶Ä¡°í ³ª¿À´Â ¸ð½ÀÀº È¥ÀÚ¼­µµ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Àû¼ö°¡ µÉ¸¸Çϰí, Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹«¼­¿î Á¦¿ÕÀÌ µÉ¸¸ÇÔ°ú À§¾öÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °íÀÇ·Î GodÀ» °Å¿ªÇÏ·Á´Â SatanÀÇ ëòÓñ°¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù.

 

The stygian council thus dissolved: and forth

In order come the ground internal peers:

Midst came their mighty paramount, and seemed

Alone th' antagonist of heaven, nor less

Than hell's dread emperor with pomp supreme,

And God-like imitated state;

                              (P. L. ¥±. 506¡­511)

Satan¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ º»·¡ ¹¦»çµÇ±â´Â Archangel·Î¼­ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ÓÞô¸ÞÅ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ´ëõ»ç°¡ God¿¡°Ô Úãæ½ÇÑ ÈÄ ¾Ç¸¶·Î º¯¸ðµÈ ¸ð½ÀÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. SatanÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼­ º¸¸é 'Lucifer'¶ó°í ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀº º° ÁßÀÇ º°, ȤÀº ±Ý¼ºÀ¸·Î ºû³ª´Â Á¸Àç¶ó°í ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçÀÎ äÂÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î ÍÅÕçÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

                     Lucifer from heaven

(So call him, brighter once amidst the host

Of angels, than that star the stars among)

                             (P. L. ¥¶. 132¡­134)

                   as the morning star that guides

The starry flock, allured them,

                             (P. L. ¥´. 708¡­709)

MiltonÀÌ SatanÀ» Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ìéØü(¾ÇÀÇ ßÚó£)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Áß¿äÇÑ Àι°·Î µîÀå½ÃŰ¸é¼­ ¹¦»çÇϱ⸦ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ »ó»óÀû ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í öåÕªÇÏ¿© º¯¸ðµÈ ÀÌÈÄ º¯ÀåÀÌ ´ÉÇϰí Hell, Chaos, Paradise µîÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Þ«ú¼ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ùíû¡ÀÇ û¡ô÷¸¦ °®´Â µî ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Çü»óÀ¸·Î Çʿ信 µû¶ó º¯ÇÏ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤Âûº´, Æ÷½ÄÇÏ´Â µ¶¼ö¸®, ¸ÔÀÌÅ͸¦ ã¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Â ´Á´ë, µµµÏ, °¡¸¶¿ìÁö, µÎ²¨ºñ·Î ÝïêçµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ MiltonÀÇ ë¯ûãíº´Â ¾Ç¸¶, ¹ìÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥, ¹ìÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª±â Àü¿¡´Â Cherubim, Tiger, Rising Mist, snake µîÀÇ ¾Ç¸¶·Î ÁÖ·Î êÊíûÀ» ½ÃÄÑ µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±³È°Çϰí, ±â¸¸À» Àß Çϸç, úÈêÊîÜÀ̰í, °ÅÁþ¸»ÀïÀ̸ç, °£°è°¡ ½ÉÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ´ë°³ ºñõÇÑ Á¸Àç·Î ï®Õª½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù.

Tempter·Î¼­ ¾ÇÀÇÀÇ º¹¼ö½ÉÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ̸ç, Áï Adam°ú EveÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ¸®ÀâÀº ¾ç¸éÀûÀΠ༰ú äÂÁß¿¡¼­ ìéØüÀ» ´ã´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ë¯ûãíº´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ºÎºÎÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ºÎºÎ¾Ö(conjugal love)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎ·¯¿ò°ú ½Ã±â½ÉÀÇ ÀϸéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

With kisses pure: aside the devil turned

For envy, yet with jealous leer malign

Eyed them askance, and to himself thus plained.

                                (P. L. ¥³. 502¡­504)

SatanÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯½ÅÀ» ÅëÇÑ, äÂÀÇ È­½ÅÀ̸ç, äÂÀÇ »ó¡ÀÓÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ »ç¶÷Àº ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ïñãêîÜ ¾ÇÀÇ Çü»ó°ú ³Ê¹«³ª ´à¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ Ç×»ó ༰ú äÂÀÇ ´ë°áÀÌ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡ äÂÀº Á¤ÇØÁø û¡ô÷µµ ¾ø°í °¡Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î º¯¸ðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í "¾ÇÀº ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª ¶Ç´Â ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­³ª Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÇÁö¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Á˸¦ ¼º¸³½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁË ±× ÀÚü´Â ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ±×º¸´Ù´Â Á˸¦ Áþ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ±Ùº»À̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."19)  Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» ë¯ûãÇϰí ÇàÀ§ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ñªëòãÛ¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ¼ÓÀÇ ÀϺÎÀ̸ç, ÀüºÎ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¿À´Ã³¯ Çö´ëÀÎÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ SatanÀû ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ Çü½ÄÀÌ°í ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ úÞÓÛÞäü带 ÝèκîÜ ãÊÊÆÀ¸·Î º¸¸é SatanÀ» ¿µ¿õ½ÃÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù½Ã »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é SatanÀÌ ¿µ¿õÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¸¦ ÝÕÙýÇϰí¶óµµ Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ MiltonÀº Satan¿¡ °üÇÑ Àι°¹¦»ç¸¦ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ãÌîÜ à÷ö¦·Î º¸°í, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÀǽÄÀûÀÌµç ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ̵ç SatanÀ» ĪÂù°ú µ¿Á¤ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï Àΰ£Á¸ÀçÀÇ ½Çü·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù°í Lewis´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

In the same way, the proposition that Milton's Satan is a magnificent character may bear two senses. It may mean that Milton's presentation of him is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admiration of the reader.

On the other hand, it  may mean that the real being (if any) when Milton is depicting, or real human being in so far as he resembles Milton's Satan is or ought to be an object of admiration and sympathy, conscious or unconscious, on the part or his readers or both.20)

 

MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ SatanÀÇ À§ Àο뱸¹®°ú ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °¡Áö ¸éÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àִµ¥, Çϳª´Â Satan¿¡°Ô °íÀü¼­»ç½ÃÀÇ heroes°¡ °¡Áö´Â ¸ðµç »ç½ÇÀ» ´Ù ºÎ¿©ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú°í, ±×¸¦ 'Classical heroes'¿Í ´ëµîÇÑ Àι°·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ÀÌ·± heroesÀÇ ÷åó£ µÚ¿¡ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Â ¾î¸®¼®À½(folly)°ú »ç¾Ç(wickedness)ÇÔÀÌ SatanÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

îñíº´Â ßóÞÀãÌ(epic poem)À̰í, ý­íº´Â ßóÞÀÝèм(epic tragedy)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¸¦ ¾È´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ìÑ×¾ öåÕªÀÇ ¿øÀΰú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ Àΰ£³»¸éÀÇ ¹Ì´öÀ» Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãâ¹ßÁ¡ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ¿õº¯À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ¾î´À Àι°¹¦»çº¸´Ù ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ åÆßÓÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¸é¸ð¸¦ º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÇ ÇѰ迡 ´ëÇÑ áôé»îÜÀΠŵµ¸¦ ÃëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ìµàõÀº God°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù°í ¹ÏÁö¸¸ Èû¿¡ À־´Â ºÎÁ·ÇÔÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â IronicalÇÑ ÝèмîÜÀÎ ìéØüµµ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

  "Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,"

Said then the lost Archangel,"this the seat

That we must change for heav'n, this mournful gloom

For that celestial light? Be it so, since he

Who now is sovran can dispose and bid

What shall be right: farthest from him is best

Whom reason hath equaled, force hath made supreme

Above his equals. Farwell happy fields

Where joy for ever dwells: hail horrors, hail

Infernal world, and thou profoundest hell

Receive thy new possessor:

                              (P. L. ¥°. 242¡­252)

MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡µµ í»ë¦ëòò¤¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ Èñ±¸ÀǽÄÀÌ ÍìðíÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ÔÁíº·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ Satan¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »ç¶ûÀÌ ÚãÀ¯ÅäÇǾÆÀÇ Çã»óÀÎ ±³¸¸°ú ¹«Áú¼­¸¸À» ³º°Ô ÇÒ»ÓÀ̶ó°í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Hadst thou the same free will and power to stand?

Thou hadst. Whom hast thou or what to accuse,

But Heav'n's free love dealt equally to all?

Be then his love accurst, since love or hate,

To me alike, it deals eternal woe.

                               (P. L. ¥³. 66¡­70)

ÇÑÆí Satan¿¡°Ô´Â ½º½º·Î ¾àÇÑ ¸éÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¡µµ Ü×ðôº¸´Ù´Â ´Ù½º¸®´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®´Ù¿î ¼º°ÝÀ» ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, Ë­íº¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â å°í­µé Áß¿¡¼­ ÏÖ×üÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ Çö´ëÀεéÀÇ Àΰ£´Ù¿î ÀϸéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

 

Here we may reign secure, and in my choice

To reign is worth ambition though in hell:

Better to reign in hell, than serve in heav'n.

                              (P. L. ¥°. 261¡­263)

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ SatanÀÌ ýô·ÝèмîÜ Àι°·Î¼­ ¿õº¯Àº Áö¿Á¿¡ ¶³¾îÁø ¹«¸®µéÀ» Àϱú¿ì´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ¼±µ¿ÀûÀ̰í, ¸¶Ä¡ ͯÓÛ îú÷ã¿¡¼­ ÆÐÇÑ Àå¼ö°¡ ºÎÇϵéÀ» ûÜÖµÇÏ¸ç ½É¿¬ÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­ ¸Á¿¬ÀÚ½ÇÇÏ°Ô Å¸¶ôÇÑ ø¨îúÞ͵鿡°Ô ´õ¿í ½ÉÇÑ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µû¸£°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¶Ù¾î³­ æðܪÀ» Åä·ÎÇÏ´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ºûÀ» ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

He called so loud, that all the hollow deep

Of hell resounded. "Princes, Potentates,

Warriors, the flow'r of heav'n, once yours, now lost,

If such astonishment as this can seize

Eternal Spirits: or have ye chos'n this place

After the toil of battle to repose

Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find

To slumber here, as in the vales of heav'n?

·····················

Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n."  

                                    (P. L. ¥°. 314¡­330)

MiltonÀÇ SatanÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Ç×»ó ÆÄ±« º»´ÉÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â GodÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¹°Àº ¹«¾ùÀ̳ª ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â º»´ÉÀÌ à¼ú¼À̹ǷΠÀ¯È¤°ú ÆÄ±«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¸ê¸Á½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿© SadistÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ´ë¸®ÀûÀÎ ÆÄ±«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Äè°¨À» ´À³¢´Â ½É¸®Àû ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»½Éµµ °ú¿¬ º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î à¼ÇÑÁö äÂÇÑÁö´Â ͯÕκÎÅÍ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â Öåì¡ÀÇ ÓßßÚÀÌÁö¸¸, »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº ÆÄ±«º»´É°ú SatanÀûÀÎ ¾ÇÇÑ ÜâÒöÀ» Ÿ°í³­´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼­ MiltonÀº ´õ¿í Îýô÷ûùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

             either with hell fire

To waste his whole creation, or possess

All as our own, and drive as we were driven,

The puny habitants, or if not drive,

Seduce them to our party, that their God

May prove their foe, and with repenting hand

Abolish his own works. This would surpass

Common revenge, and interrupt his joy

In our confusion, and our joy upraise

In his disturbance; when his darling sons

Hurled headlong to partake with us, shall curse

Their frail original, and faded bliss,

Faded os soon.

                                 (P. L. ¥±. 364¡­376)

ÇÑÆí SatanÀº ¿µ¿õ½Éµµ Àִ°¡ ÇÏ¸é ±³È°ÇÑ Àϸ鵵 ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î âÁ¶µÇ´Â ßæÚªô÷¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ¿© Ÿ¶ôÀ¸·Î À̲ô´Â üåì¡¿¡¼­, ¾î·Á¿î ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¿Ï¼öÇÒ ÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­, °Å´ëÇÑ ºÒÀÇ µµ°¡´Ï¸¦ Áý¾î»ïų µíÀÌ ±¤ºÐÇϸç, ¾ÆÈ©°ãÀ¸·Î ¿¡¿ö½Î¿© ºÒŸ´Â ±Ý°­¾ÏÀÇ ´ë¹®µéÀÌ À§·Î ´ÝÇôÀÖ´Â ¾î·Á¿î °úÁ¤À» ¶Õ°í ³ª°¡¾ßÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«°¡ Àڽſ¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ¿Ã °ÍÀ» »·È÷ ¾Ë¸é¼­ ÀåȲÇÏ°Ô È¸ÀǸ¦ ÁøÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÓ¹«°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª çÈê©îÜÀÎ ÀÏÀΰ¡¸¦ ñ²ò±½ÃŰ´Â ÀϸéÀÌ Àִ°¡ Çϸé, ´õ ÀÌ»ó Àڽſ¡ ¹ö±Ý°¡´Â ¿µ¿õÀû ¹ß¾ðÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ¹Ì¸® ÀÏüÀÇ ÀÀ´äÀ» Â÷´ÜÇÏ´Â ±³È°ÇÔÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»¸é ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Êïï×îÜ ÓßëëÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                      while I aborad

Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek

Deliverance for us all: this enterprise

None shall partake with me." Thus saying rose

The monarch, and prevented all reply,

Prudent, lest from his resolution raised

Others among the chief might offer now

(Certain to be refused) what erst they feared;

                          (P. L. ¥±. 463¡­470)

SatanÀÌ Ãµ½Å¸¸°í ³¡¿¡ Paradise¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿© Û¯ÕÈÀÇ Þ«ú¼À» ¸¶Ä¡°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÍÈ÷Ô°ú ÝèäîÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ̸ç, ³¡ÀÌ µÉ À¯È¤À» ÇÏ´Â ±¤°æ¿¡¼­ À¯È¤ÀÇ ±âº»Á¶°ÇÀÎ º¯½ÅÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© È­·ÁÇÑ ¸ð½À°ú ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¼ÓÀÌ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸® Àΰ£Àº Æò¹üÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ À¯È¤À» ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó öÀúÇÑ Ñ§Ø¾°ú ܨíûÀ¸·Î À¯È¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

But first he casts to change his proper shape,

Which else might work him danger or delay:

And now a stripling Cherub he appears,

Not of the prime, yet such as in his face

Youth smiled celestial, and to every limb

Suitable grace diffused, so well he feigned;

                           (P. L. ¥². 634¡­639)

Áö±ØÈ÷ ¾Ç¸¶ÀûÀÎ Satanµµ ¼ø°£ÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ º»´ÉÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾Ç¸¶Àû º»´ÉÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸¶Áö¸· ÇÑ °ÉÀ½¸¸ ´õ ¿À¸£¸é God°ú °°Àº ò¸ÍÔÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¿å¸ÁÀ» °®°í ÀüÀï(º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼­´Â ìÑÊàÒ®ØüÀÇ à¼°ú äÂÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î ÍÅÕçÇϰí ÀÖÀ½)À» ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ ÆÐÇÏ¿© Ÿ¶ôÇÏÁö¸¸, ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óÀ» ½±°Ô ±Øº¹Çϱâ¶õ Áö±ØÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÏ°í ±Þº¯ÇÏ´Â Çö´ëÀÇ Àΰ£»çȸ¿¡¼­µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óµéÀº ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº °íÅë°ú °í³­À» °Þ°í ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ¾î´À ³¯ °©Àڱ⠵îÀåÇÏ´Â Son of GodÀ» ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î µû¸£±â¶õ ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ SatanÀº Úãæ½À» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀÌ ô¸Ïп¡¼­ÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ̶ó°í º¸±âº¸´Ù´Â ìÑÊàÞÀ¿¡¼­ ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â Çö»óÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ¿ÇÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¾ÇÀÇ È­½ÅÀÎ Satanµµ ÀڽŰú´Â öÀúÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ Ñâꮿ¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î Á¸Àç(Àΰ£ÀÇ »î)¸¦ º¸°í Àá½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ÇÑźÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ Àΰ£µéÀÌ ñªëòãÛù»¿¡¼­ í»Î×Êï¿¡ ºüÁú ¶§ÀÇ ï¾Ð£¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àý¹¦ÇÑ ãÌú¼ÀÌ´Ù.

 

Me miserable! which way shall I fly

Infinite wrath, and infinite despair?

Which way I fly is hell; myself am hell;

And in the lowest deep a lower deep

Still threat'ning to devour me opens wide,

To which the hell I suffer seems a heav'n.

                           (P. L. ¥³. 73¡­78)

SatanÀº ±³È°ÇÔÀÌ ÇÑÃþ µå·¯³ª´Â Ê£Øü ¼ÓÀÇ Áø½ÇÀÎ ºÐ³ë, ÁúÅõ, Àý¸Á µîÀÇ õÝäÂÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³»¸éÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨Ãß°í êÊíûÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Satan¿¡°Ôµµ ìµàõÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À§¾öÀº Á¡Á¡ »ç¶óÁö°í Àΰ£È­µÈ µ¶¹éÀ» ÅëÇØ Àڱ⼺Âû ³»Áö ÀÚ±âÆò°¡¸¦ Çϸ鼭µµ äÂÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­ à¼À» ÇàÇÏ´Â º¹¼ö½É¿¡ ºÒŸ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¼ºÀÚ´Ù¿î °Ñ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ¼û±â±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ äÂìÑÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í  ÀÖ´Â µíÇÑ ´À³¦À» Áֱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Thus while he spake, each passion dimmed his face

Thrice changed with pale, ire, envy and despair,

Which marred his borrowed visage, and betrayed

Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld.

For heavenly minds from such distempers foul

Are ever clear. Whereof he soon aware,

Each  perturbation smoothed with outward calm,

Artificer of fraud; and was the first

That practised falsehood under saintly show,

Deep malice to conceal, couched with revenge:

                              (P. L. ¥³. 114¡­123)

¾î¸®¼®°í °Å¸¸ÇÑ ¾ß½É°¡ÀÎ SatanÀÌ ±â»Ý°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ ÀÜÄ¡¿¡ ´Ã °°Àº ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¼­·Î ¸¸³µ´ø õ»çµé°ú õ»óÀÇ ÀüÅõ¿¡¼­ °Ý·ÄÇÑ ½Î¿òÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â µ¥,  äÂÀÇ È­·ÁÇÑ À§¾ö°ú Âù¶õÇÔÀº ¸¶Ä¡ à¼À» ¾ÐµµÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°Àº ±äÀå°¨ÀÌ °¨µ¹Áö¸¸, °á±¹Àº Son of GodÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ Á¦¾ÐµÇ´Â úÈêÊÀÇ Á¸Àç·Î ÝèмîÜÀÎ çÈê©À» ÇÑÃþ À§¾ö ÀÖ°Ô ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

High in the midst exalted as a god

Th' Apostate in his sum-bright chariot sat

Idol of majesty divine, enclosed

With flaming Cherubim, and golden shields;

Then lighted from his gorgeous throne, for now

                              (P. L. ¥µ. 99¡­103)

ÇÑÆí SatanÀÌ Eve¿¡°Ô Áý¿äÇÏ°Ô ¾ÆÃ·Çϸ鼭 À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¿Â°® µè±â ÁÁÀº ¸»À» ¸ðµÎ µ¿¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù."°Å·èÇÏ°í ½½±â·Ó°í ÁöÇý¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ³ª¹«¿©, Áö½ÄÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿©, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¿©¿ÕÀÌ¿©, Áü½Â¿¡°Ô ¿­¸° °ÍÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´ÝÈ÷¸®¿ä, ³» ºÐ¼öº¸´Ù ³ôÀº °Í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿©, ¿î¸íÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ »ý¸íÀ» ¾ò¾ú³ªÀÌ´Ù. GodÀÌ »ç¼ÒÇÑ ÁË¿¡ ³ë¿©¿òÀ» øúúÞÇϰڴ°¡? Á×À½ÀÇ °íÅ뺸´Ùµµ ÇູÇÑ »ýÀ¸·Î À̲ô´Â à¼äÂÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ» ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦ ..."µîµî°ú °°ÀÌ À¯È¤À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

À̰ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÇ°í ³­ ÀÌÈÄ Ã¹ À¯È¤¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â Àå¸éÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ź»ý¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Á×À½¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ³¡¾øÀÌ À̾îÁö´Â À¯È¤°ú Á¶±Ýµµ ´Ù¸§ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ À¯È¤ÀÇ µå¶ó¸¶¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

To happier life, knowledge of good and evil;

Of good, how just? Of evil, if what is evil

Be real, why not known, since easier shunned?

God therefore cannot hurt ye, and be just;

Not just, not God; not feared then, nor obeyed:

Your fear itself of death removes the fear.

Why then was this forbid? Why but to awe,

Why but to keep ye low and ignorant,

His worshipers; he knows that in the day

Ye eat thereof, your eyes that seem so clear,

Yet are but dim, shall prefectly be then

Opened and cleared, and ye shall be as gods,

Knowing both good and evil as they know.

·············and freely taste."

                           (P. L. ¥¸. 697¡­732)

MiltonÀº ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¼º¼­Àû ±¸¼ºÀ» ÅëÇÑ »ïÀ§ÀÏü·Î °áÇÕ½ÃÄÑ ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Adam°ú Eve¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇÑ SatanÀº ½Â¸®¿¡ µµÃëµÇ°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÇÀÎÈ­µÈ ±×ÀÇ µþ°ú ¾ÆµéÀÎ Sin°ú Death°¡ Áï½Ã ¼º°øÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À̰ÍÀº äÂÀÇ ß²êÈìéô÷°¡ Ì¿ùêÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

°á±¹ SatanÀÇ À¯È¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÑ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£Àº äÂÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¼÷¸íÀûÀÎ ÁË¿Í Á×À½À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» MiltonÀº SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ "Mine with this glorious work, and made one realm / Hell and this world, one realm, one continent / Of easy thoroughfare./(P. L. ¥¹. 391¡­393)¿¡¼­ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, SatanÀº äÂÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÎ Sin°ú Death¿¡°Ô îïÏíÀ» Çà»çÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.

ƯÈ÷ ¸¸¹°ÁßÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ò¨ÛÕÏíÀ» Çà»çÇϸç, ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µé°í ðûØÇ¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Á×À̶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀÇ ºñ±ØÀº ³¡¾øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí SatanÀÌ ½Â¸®¿¡ µµÃëµÇ¾î ½ÂÀüº¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡¸é¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Çã¶ôµÇ¾î ³²Àº ¿µ±¤°ú Âù¶õÇÔÀº À¯ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸, úÈêÊÀÇ ç´Îðú ºû¿¡ ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ȯȣ ¼Ò¸® ³ôÀº °¡¿îµ¥ ³ªÅ¸³ª Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÖ¾ú´ø Ù³úÏîÜÀÎ ÕéïïÀ» ¿õÀåÇÑ ¿¬¼³·Î ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿õÀåÇÑ ÀÏÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ°ú ³¡Àº Þñѧ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾î Áø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ȯȣ¿Í °¥Ã¤¼Ò¸®¸¦ ±â´ëÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ¾ßÀ¯¿Í °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ ºñ³­¼Ò¸®¸¸ÀÌ °¡µæÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î Satan ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´õ¿í ³î¶ó¸é¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¸ðµç öåÕªíºµéÀÌ ½ÉÆÇ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í ±â±«ÇÑ ¹ìµéÀÇ Çü»óÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¯¸ðÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare,

his arms clung to his ribs, his legs entwining

Each other, till supplanted down he fell

A monstrous serpent on his belly prone,

Reluctant, but in vain, a greater power

Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned,

According to his doom: he would have spoke,

But hiss for hiss returned with forkèd tongue

To forkèd tongue, for now were all transformed

Alike, to serpents all as accessories

To his bold riot: dreadful was din

Of Hissing through the hall, thick swarming now

·······················

Cerastes horned, hydrus, and ellops drear,

                        (P. L. ¥¹. 511¡­525)

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ SatanÀº äÂÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â õ»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Î¿ò, Áö¿Á¿¡¼­ÀÇ üå졸¦ ÁÖÀçÇϸ鼭 ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿¬¼³°ú ÁÖÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç Ñâê®ÀÇ ¿¡µ§µ¿»ê¿¡¼­ Adam°ú  Eve¸¦ À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼ »ç°ÇÀº °¢±â SatanÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ º»Áú°ú ¿ªÇÒÀ» ½Ã»çÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼º°Ý°ú ÇüŸ¦ ´Þ¸®ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀº »óÀÌÇÑ ¼¼ ÍöÊà, Heaven, Hell, Eden¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Àü¼úÇÑ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ äÂÀÇ ´ë¸í»çÀÎ SatanÀº Sin, Death¿Í ß²êÈìéô÷¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â îØÓßíºÀ̸鼭µµ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ÓÞô¸ÞÅ·Î Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¿ÕÀÚ·Î, ¶ÇÇÑ ò¢ß¾ÀÇ ë¯ûãíº·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, MiltonÀº SatanÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾ÇÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀÌ ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â ³í¸®·Î ¾ÇÀÇ Á¸À縦 µå·¯³»¾î ¼±À» ÇÑÃþ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. º»·¡ äÂÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ༵µ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ MiltonÀÌ äÂÀÇ Á¸À縦 ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº à¼À» ´õ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.   

 

¥². á¦áÔîÜ Àι°·Î¼­ÀÇ Adam°ú Eve

 

Àΰ£ »îÀÇ ÓÛ×âíºÀÎ Adam°ú Eve°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȸ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ °úÁ¤µéÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î Àִ°¡¸¦ Ž»öÇØ º¸°íÀÚÇϸç, AdamÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ´ëÇÏ´Â EdenÀº »ê°ú °ñÂ¥±â ±×´ÃÁø ½£, ¹àÀº ºû³ª´Â µéÆÇÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ½Ã³Á¹°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¹«ÇÑÇÑ õæÜؼӿ¡ ÀÖ´Â ³«¿øÀÇ ú¹ÜØÇÑ »ýȰÀ» ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Adam's first view of the world in which he finds himself before being taken up to Eden is a delightful scene of "Hill, Dale, and shady Woods, and sunny Plains / And liquid Lapse of murmuring Streams" (P. L. ¥·. 262¡­263)21)

 

À§ ãÌú¼À¸·Î º¸¾Æ ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ Àü°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀº Áñ°Ì°í ÇູÇÑ »ýȰÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ MiltonÀº À§¿Í °°Àº EdenÀ» ¹¦»çÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÀÚ¿¬°ú Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ±¤°æÀÌÁö¸¸, Adam°ú Eve°¡ »ç´Â ±×°÷ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ°ú µ¿¶³¾îÁö°Ô ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Milton was so careful and insinuating in his introduction of Adam and Eve to us that we do not find much difficulty in receiving them as our equals in our everyday life in spite of the special and the particular situation in which they are placed.22)

 

MiltonÀÌ SatanÀÇ Àι°Ã¢Á¶¿¡ ½ÉÇ÷À» ±â¿ï¿´Áö¸¸ Adam¿¡ ºñÇÏ¸é ½Ãµé¾î °¡´Â Á¸Àç·Î ãÌÀÇ ÁøÇà°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.23) ÇÏÁö¸¸ AdamÀº ºÒº¹Á¾À¸·Î¼­ ¸ô¶ô¿¡ ºüÁö´Â °á°ú°¡ ºú¾îÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ºÒº¹Á¾À̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ìµàõ(Reason)ÀÌ æðï×(Passion)¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â Ÿ¶ôÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, æðï×Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ìµàõÀÇ Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡¼­¸¸ÀÌ à¼À» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ MiltonÀº Adam°ú Eve°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î ¾¾»Ñ¸®°í ³ó»çÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â Æò¹üÇÑ »îÀ» ±×¸®¸ç, ³«¿øÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµµ "overabundance"ÀÌ¸ç ±× °á°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°á ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Adam°ú EveÀÇ ³ëµ¿(labour)Àº Á¤¿øÀ» ¼ÕÁúÇÏ´Â "Gardening"À̸ç ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ºñ±³Àû ½±°í °£´ÜÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ "Gardening"Àº Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À̸ç, ´ëÈ­ÀÇ Å¹ÝÀÌ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀÇ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                          We must risen

And at our pleasant labour, to reform

Yon flowery arbours, yonder alleys green,

Our walk at noon, with branches overgrown,

That mock our scant manuring, and require

More hands than ours to lop their wanton growth:

these blossoms also, and those dropping gums,

That lie bestrown unsightly and unsmooth,

Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease

                               (P. L. ¥³. 624¡­632)

¿©±â¼­ "overgrown", "unsightly", "unsmooth"¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î º¸¾Æ¼­ paradise´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ¼öÇ®ÀÌ ¿ì°ÅÁö°Å³ª, ¸ð¾çÀÌ ÈäÄ¢ÇÏ°Ô º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÏÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ³«¿øÀ» º¸´Ù ´õ »ì±â ÁÁ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϰí ÀεµÇÏ´Â æµùÜÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

¸¸¾à¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÏÇϱ⸦ ±×¸¸ µÎ¸é ³«¿ø ¿Ü°ûÀº ´ýºÒ½£(thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild[¥³, 136])¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ħÅõ ´çÇÒ °¡´É¼ºµµ ÀÖ´Ù. µÚ¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°Ô µÉ Á¦ 9±Ç¿¡¼­ ÝÂåöÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ÀÏÀÇ ´É·üÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑÀÌ °°ÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ÁÖ°í¹Þ´Â ½Ã¼±°ú Àâ´ãÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀÏ¿¡ ÁöÀåÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ°í ¾îÁß°£ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ½Ä¹°ÀÇ °úÀ×¼ºÀåÀ» ´õ¿í ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ±¸½ÇÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.24) ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ À̵éÀÇ »ýȰÀº ¾îµð±îÁö³ª Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ±× ÀÚü¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, á¦áÔîÜÀÎ »ýȰÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ EveÀÇ ¸»À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

  "Adam, well may we labor still to dress

This garden, still to tend plant, herb and flow'r,

Our pleasant task enjoined, but till more hands

Aid us, the work under our labor grows,

Luxurious by restraint; what we by day

Lop overgrown, or prune, or prop, or bind,

One night or two with wanton growth derides,

Tending to wild.

                              (P. L. ¥¸. 205¡­212)

Eve´Â ¿©¼º ƯÀ¯ÀÇ Áö·çÇÔ°ú »ýȰÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϸç Adam¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇϰí, Àڽŵµ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í Adam¿¡°Ô ²ÙÁØÇÏ°Ô ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ýȰ °¡¿îµ¥ »õ·Î¿î Ȱ·ÂÀ» °¡Á®¿À°í ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô Áö·çÇϰųª ±ÇÅ·οòÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸± ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀÇ ´É·üÀ» ¸ð»öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡ À̵鿡°Ô´Â ¾î¸° ½ÃÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¼úÀº ¾ø°í ´ÜÁö ¼ºÀÎÀÇ »óÅ·θ¸ ¹¦»çµÇ¾î íþãÌ¿¡¼­ µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ±ÇÅ·ο︸ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ µÑ °ü°è¿¡ »ýȰÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¸ð»öµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

               Thou therefore now advise

Or hear what to my mind first thoughts present,

Let us divide our labors, thou where choice

Leads thee, or where most needs, whether to wind

The woodbine round this arbor, or direct

The clasping ivy where to climb, while I

In yonder spring of roses intermixed

With myrtle, find what to redress till noon:

For while so near each other thus all day

Our task we choose, what wonder if so near

Looks intervene and smiles, or object new

Casual discourse draw on, which intermits

Our day's work brought to little, though begun

Early, and th' hour of supper comes unearned."

                              (P. L. ¥¸. 213¡­225)

Eve´Â Á˸¦ ¹üÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ´©°¡ º¸°Ú´Â°¡? ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¾Æ¹«µµ º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¸¶À½À» °¡Áö°í ¿ì¸®Àΰ£ÀÌ Á˸¦ ¹üÇÒ ¶§¿Í °°Àº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸éÀ» º¸¿© ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ÇÑÃþ µ¶ÀÚ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý °¡±õ°Ô ´À³¢°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                     Heav'n is high,

High and remote to see from thence distinct

Each thing on earth; and other care perhaps

May have diverted from continual watch

Our great Forbidder, safe with all his spies

About him.

                            (P. L. ¥¸. 811¡­816)

 Eve´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹Ì¹¦ÇÏ°í º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¿°·ÁÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¿©¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á×°í ³ª¸é AdamÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿©ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿© ÇູÇÑ »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¾ÖŸ´Â ¿©¼ºÀÇ ½ÉÁ¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

And death ensue? Then I shall be no more,

And Adam wedded to another Eve,

Shall live with her enjoying, I extinct;

A death to think.

                                  (P. L. ¥¸. 827¡­830)

±×·¯³ª MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ íþãÌ¿¡¼­ À§¿Í °°Àº ¸é À̿ܿ¡µµ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿õÀåÇÔ°ú ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ¹¦»ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ ÙÒÕª(ìµàõÀÌ æðï׿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â ßÒüÏ)À» ´Ù·ç´Â Àå¸éÀ» º¸¸é, Eve°¡ ±ÝÁöµÈ °ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϱâ Àü ¸Á¼³À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¶Áö¸· ÇൿÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô æðï×(Passion)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ìµàõ(Reason) ÀÌ Áö¹èµÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤À» "±×³à´Â °úÀÏ¿¡ ´êµµ·Ï ¼ÕÀ» »¸Ãưí, ¸Ô´Â´Ù: ´ëÁö´Â »óÇØ¸¦ ´À³¢°í, ÀÚ¿¬Àº ±× ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼­ ¸¸¹°À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ź½ÄÇϸç, ÀÏü »ó½ÇÇß´Ù´Â °í³úÀÇ Ç¥½Ã µå·¯³½´Ù."·Î °£´Ü¸í·áÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿© µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» ´çȲÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× À̿ܿ¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¸»ÀÌ ´õ µé¾î°¡¸é ÞïðëÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ý¹æ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

So saying, her rash hand in evil hour

Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she ate:

Earth felt the wound, and anture from her seat

Sighing through all her works gave signs of woe,

                                (P. L. ¥¸. 780¡­783)

ÇÑÆí ¿å¸Á°ú ¿­Á¤¿¡ ºüÁö¸é Á¤½Å¾øÀÌ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿© ³¡³»´Â µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ°¡ µÇ°í ¸¶´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Eveµµ ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾î¼­ ÇÑ ¹ø ¸Ô¾îº» °úÀÏÀÇ ¸À ¶§¹®¿¡ Á×À½À» ¸Ô´ÂÁö ¸ð¸£°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¸Ô°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

In fruit she never tasted, whether true

Or fancied so through expectation high

Of knowledge, nor was Godhead from her thought.

Greedily she engorged without restraint,

And knew not eating death:

                               (P. L. ¥¸. 788¡­792)

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÙÒÕªÀÇ ±æ·Î µé¾î¼± Eve¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Adam ¿ª½Ã Ð×ò­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿­Á¤ÀÌ À̼ºÀ» ¾ÐµµÇÏ¿© ¹ø¹ÎÇϸ鼭, Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ç¶û°ú ¿åÁ¤(lust)À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ±¼º¹ ´çÇϸç öåÕªÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ °ÝÁ¤°ú Á˾ǿ¡ ºüÁú ¶§ÀÇ ±× ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ù·Î úÞî¤ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ "»îÀÇ ÇÑ ÙþùÊîÜ À帣"¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Á˸¦ ¸ð¸¦ ¶§ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÔ°ú´Â ´Þ¸® Eve¿¡°Ô¼­ ëâ÷¹, ï×é°, õÕ÷î, ¸¶À½ÀÇ ýôÖç, ºÎ²ô·¯¿ò, óÞÜþ, µîÀÇ È­½ÅÀ¸·Î º¯È­µÈ´Ù. Adam ¿ª½Ã Eve¿Í °°ÀÌ ë¿é¯À» ºÒÅ¿ì°í, ëâÕ¯ÇÑ ½Ã¼±À» Eve¿¡°Ô ´øÁö¸ç ýôÖçÇϸ鼭 À¯È¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

  So said he, and forbore not glance or toy

Of amorous intent, well understood

Of Eve, whose eye darted contagious fire.

Her hand he seized, and to a shady bank,

Thick overhead with verdant roof embow'red

He led her nothing loath;

                         (P. L. ¥¸. 1034¡­1039)

Adam°ú Eve°¡ Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿© óÀ½À¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ÇൿÀÌ ï×é¯À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ìµàõÀº æðï׿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰͵µ Àá½Ã ¼­·ÎÀÇ ³»¸é¿¡´Â »ç³ª¿î øïù¦, ÝÉÒÁ, ñóç÷, ÝÕãá, úîë÷, ÝÕûúµîÀÇ Ì­ï×ÀÌ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°Ô µÇ¾î ¼ø¼öÇßÀ» ¶§ÀÇ Åµµ¿Í´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ º¯ÇÏ¿© ¼­·Î¸¦ ÞªÑñÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

  To whom soon moved with touch of blame thus Eve.

"What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe,

Imput'st thou that to my default, or will

Of wand'ring, as thou call'st it, which who knows

But might as ill have happened thou being by,

Or to thyself perhaps:

                                 (P. L. ¥¸. 1143¡­1148)

Àΰ£ÀÌ Á˸¦ Áþ´Â °ÍÀº Àΰ£ ÀÚü°¡ ìµàõÀ» Ÿ°í³ª±âµµ ÇßÁö¸¸, ³¡¾ø´Â ¿­Á¤µµ °°ÀÌ Å¸°í³ª±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¶À½¼ÓÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Å¾ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ¿¹°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» MiltonÀº á¡ßö¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ë·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ öåÕªÀº ë¯ûãíº(äÂÀÇ È­½Å)°¡ Áö¿ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ä¢æÐÀ» °Ç³ÔÀ» ¶§ ¿¹¾ðµÇ¾ú¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ½Â¸®ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î ¾ÇÀÇ »ç¸íÀ» ´ÙÇϰí à÷ö¦ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, Àΰ£Àº À¯È¤°ú ¾ÆÃ·¿¡ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Àذí, âÁ¶ÁÖ¸¦ °Å½º¸£´Â úÈåëÀ» ¹ÏÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, GodÀº ÜâÕÎÀÇ ¶æ(à¼ëò)Àº ±×µéÀ» Ÿ¶ô½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ½À» ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

And flattered out of all, believing lies

Against his Maker; no decree of mine

Concurring to necessitate his fall,

Or touch with lightest moment of impulse

His free will, to her own inclining left

In even scale. But fall'n he is, and now

What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass

On his transgression, death denounced that day,

Which he presumes already vain and void,

Because not yet inflicted, as he feared,

By some immediate stroke; But soon shall find

Forbearance no acquittance ere day end.

                                 (P. L. ¥¹. 42¡­53)

±×·¯³ª À§¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ¸ô¶ôÀ» Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ Á×À½ÀÇ ¼±°í°¡ ³»·ÁÁö°í Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á×À½ÀÌ ³»·ÁÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Æµµ ÀÌ¹Ì Á×À½ÀÇ ¹úÀº ¹Þµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÉÆÇÀ» ÇÏ´Ã, Áö¿Á, ¶¥, ¾îµð¼­³ª ¸ðµç ½ÉÆÇÀ» ´ë¸®ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±â¸ç, Áï  Àΰ£ÀÇ Ä£±¸, ÁßÀçÀÚ, ÓÛáÛíºÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Ï­ð­íº·Î¼­ Èñ¸ÁÀÇ ¸Þ¼¼Áö¸¦ ÀüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí Adam°ú Eve´Â ºñÂüÇÑ Çö½Ç°ú ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í Á×À½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ÁýÇàµÇ±â¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®¸ç µÎ·Á¿î ¸¶À½À» °®°í ±×µéÀÇ °íÇâÀÎ ÈëÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ MiltonÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                                  who knows

But I shall die a living death? O thought

Horrid, if true! Yet why? It was but breath

Of life that sinned; what dies but what had life

And sin? the body properly hath neither.

All of me then shall die: let this appease

The doubt, since human reach on further know.

                               (P. L. ¥¹. 787¡­793)

MiltonÀº AdamÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ³¡¾øÀÌ ¼÷¸íÀûÀÎ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹ø¹ÎÇϸ鼭 "ÀǽÄÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å¸°ÝÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̳¯ºÎÅÍ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÇѾø´Â ºñÂüÇÔÀ» ´À³¢¸ç ³» ¼Ó¿¡¼­µµ ¶Ç ³» ¹Û¿¡¼­µµ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¸Ö¸® ¿µ¿ø¿¡±îÁö ¿¬ÀåµÊÀ» ³» ´À³¢¿À. ¾Æ, ±× °øÆ÷°¡ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ Çõ¸íÀÇ ÃµµÕ¼Ò¸®·Î ³» ¹æºñ ¾ø´Â ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ´Ù°¡¿À¿À. ³ªµµ Á×À½µµ ¾çÆíÀÌ ´Ù ¿µ¿øÀÌ¿ä, ¾çÆíÀÌ Ùíû¡ô÷·ÎµÇ ³»Æí¿¡´Â È¥ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»°Ô´Â ÀÚ¼Õ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀúÁÖ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù."(P. L. ¥¹. 809¡­818)¶ó°í Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ³¡¾ø´Â ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¼÷Á¦¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

½ÇÁ¦·Î Àΰ£ÀÌ¸é ´©±¸³ª ±×°¡ ÐñÔ½ÎçìÑÀ̵ç ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçìÑÀ̵ç Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ È¥ÀÚ ÀÖ´Â Á¶¿ëÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡ »ý°¢ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦, Çü½ÄÀÌ¾ß ´Ù¸£°ÚÁö¸¸, Milton°ú °°ÀÌ Á¾Á¾ °¡Á® º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ AdamÀÌ ¼Ò¸® ³ôÀÌ ÇÑźÇÏ¸ç ¹ãÀ» Áö»õ´Â ¹ø¹ÎÀº ±×°¡ Àΰ£À̰í, ÈëÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¹ø³úÀ̸ç, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­´Â Paradise Lost ÀÚü°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̾߱âÀ̸ç, Àΰ£Àû »îÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀû °í¹éÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí Adam°ú Eve´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ »óŰ¡ ¹Ù²î¾î ß¿ãýÇÏ°í ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô Ÿ¶ôÀÇ ±«·Î¿òÀ» ï®ÊªÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ¸éµµ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Eve°¡ Adam¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹ö¸®Áö ¸»¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ãÌú¼À¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼­ AdamÀÌ Eve¿¡°Ô °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÉÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

  He added not, and from her turned, but Eve

Not so repulsed, with tears that ceased not flowing,

And tresses all disordered, at his feet

Fell humble, and embracing them, besought

His peace, and thus proceeded in her plaint.

  "Forsake me not thus, Adam, witness Heav'n

What love sincere, and reverence in my heart

I bear thee, and unweeting have offended,

Unhappily deceived; thy suppliant

I beg, and clasp thy knees; bereave me not,

Whereon I live, thy gentle looks, thy aid,

Thy counsel in this uttermost distress,

My only strength and stay: forlorn of thee,

Whither shall I betake me, where subsist?

                           (P. L. ¥¹. 909¡­922)

ÇÏÁö¸¸ µÑÀº ¼­·Î ¾î·Á¿î óÁö¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÇÄÀ» Ä¡·áÇϰí ªÀ¸³ª¸¶ »ç´Â µ¿¾È ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¿øÇϸç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¸Ã±â·Î ÀÚûÇϸ鼭 ûúú°¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ °¨Á¤À» µÇ»ì¸®¸ç ½½ÇÄÀ» ³ª´²¼­ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÁüÀ» ¹þÀ» °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

±×·¸Áö¸¸ ±×µéÀº Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ý½ÉÇÑ Àý¸Á°ú Íðø×·ÎºÎÅÍ ½±»ç¸® ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Eve´Â µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡ ¶³°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Eve¸¦ AdamÀÌ ´Þ·¡¸é¼­ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ Á×À½ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ±×´ë¿¡°Ô´Â À×ÅÂ¿Í Ãâ»êÀÇ °íÅë°ú ³»°Ô´Â ¶¥¿¡ ¶³¾îÁ® ¾Ö¸¦ ½á¼­ ¾ç½ÄÀ» ¾ò´Â ¹úÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­ ½ÉÆÇÀÇ ³¯À» ±â´Ù¸®ÀÚ´Â Èñ¸ÁÀûÀÎ À§·ÎÀÇ ¸»·Î öåÕªÇÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÚÀÎ Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¸Á¸í°´À¸·Î Àý¸Á¸¸ÀÌ ³²¾Æ Àִ°¡? MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ Ú±ÕÎÞÀ¸¦ Àü°³ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ Ò½ÕôÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ Paradise¸¦ ´Ù½Ã °Ç¼³ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ú¾÷À¸·Î ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±âº»°úÁ¦ÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹«ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ À̳äÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ÁËÀÇ ¼º¸³, ó¹ú, ¿µ¿øÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÇ ±æ¸¶Àú ¸ðµÎ°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòÞÖ¿¡ ¸Ã±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦à¾åëßö¿Í °°°í í»ë¦ÀÇ ßóÞÀãÌ¿Í °°´Ù. ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ö³­ÀÇ ±ØÇÑ¿¡¼­ ¿ì·¯³­ Àηù¾Ö¿Í Çö½Ç±Øº¹ÀÇ ¿°¿øÀÌ ³ÑÃÄÈ帣°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Àΰ£ Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸Ã°ÜÁø °ú¾÷ÀÌ¸ç ¹«ÇÑÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶Çϰí öâëÏÀ̳ª ëîö⸦ öÀúÈ÷ ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù.

¾Õ¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ìÑÊà Ø¿ÞÀ´Â ¸¶À½¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã Çѹø "¸¶À½Àº ±× ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ¾È½Äó, ¸¶À½ ½º½º·Î°¡ Áö¿ÁÀ» õ±¹À¸·Î, õ±¹À» Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù" (P. L. ¥°. 251¡­253)¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ Çõ¸íÁ¤½Å°ú ½ÇÁ¸Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÔÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ¿Í ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î CalvinÀº MiltonÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿Í´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ º¸À̰í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

 

All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and accordingly as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death.25)

 

ÇÑÆí MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ öåÕªÇϰí Ãß¹æµÇ±â±îÁö GodÀÇ ÞÅíº¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½Ã¸é¼­, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀÌ ¹èÁ¦µÈ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹ýÄ¢À» ÁؼöÇÏ°í ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ» ºÐº°ÇÏ¿© Áø¸®¸¦ ¼öÈ£Ç϶ó°í Adam¿¡°Ô ÀüÇÏÀÚ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ´ÙÁüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Henceforth I learn, that to obey is best,

And love with fear the only God, to walk

As in his presence, ever to observe

His providence, and on him sole depend,

Merciful over all his works, with good

Still overcoming evil, and by small

Accomplishing great things, by things deemed weak

Subverting worldly strong, and worldly wise

By simply meek; that suffering for truth's sake

Is fortitude to highest victory,

And to the faithful death the gate of life;

Taught this by his example whom I now

Acknowledge my Redeemer ever blest."

                              (P. L. ¥¹¥±561¡­573)

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÁüÀ» Çϸ鼭µµ, MiltonÀº Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­µµ öÀúÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀϰüÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÏüÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ ÅëÇÑ º¹Á¾À» ¿ä±¸Çϸç Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ Milton¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ í»ë¦Îº°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç»ó¿¡ °üÇØ¼­µµ ³íÀǰ¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Å丶½º ¸ð¾î´Â ¼ø¼öÇÑ (¸¶À½)¸¸À» °­Á¶ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®ÀÇ Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ(antinomianism)À» °æ°íÇѹ٠ÀÖ´Ù.26) ±×·¸Áö¸¸ MiltonÀº Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸ÀδÙ.

 

for I will clear their senses dark,

What may suffice, and soften stony hearts

To pray, repent, and bring obedience due.

To prayer, repentance, and obedience due,

Though but endeavored with sincere intent,

Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not shut.

                             (P. L. ¥². 188¡­193)

 John S. Bennett¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé MiltonÀº È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ(Humanist antinomianism)ÀÇ °æÇâÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ  Christian humanismÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Bennett´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

I should, then, identify two different strains of seventeenth century English antinomianism, I offer, first, the term "voluntarist antinomianism" to describe that branch to which the Calvinists Saltmarsh and Dell belong; we may recognize Ranterism as an aberrational offshoot of this branch. The second term, "humanist antinomianism", I use to characterize John Godwin and John Milton and to indicate that these thinkers descend in the Christian humanist line that reaches from Saint Thomas Aquinas through Richard Hooker into the seventeenth century, where, with these thinkers, the traditional beliefs were radicalized.27)

 

È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(law of nature)À» ½ÅºÀÇÏ¿© Ư¼öÇÑ »óȲ¿¡ óÇÒ ¶§ ÃëÇØ¾ßÇÒ ×Ã×âîÜ Èñ¸ÁÀº ÀÚ¿¬¹ýÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó Áú¼­¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î MiltonÀº È޸ӴϽºÆ®Àû Çü½ÄÆÄ±âÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸¸ç, ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö(free will)¸¦ öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  

ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Â Adam°ú Eve°¡ Á×À½º¸´Ù °¡È¤ÇÑ Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±«·Î¿ò°ú ½½ÇÄ¿¡ ½Î¿© ÀÖÀ» ¶§ õ»ç´Â "ìÑßæÀº Íöâ¢ÕÎ Íöâ¢ËÛ" ¶ó´Â Àǹ̰¡ ´ã±ä ¸»·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ À§·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

"Lament not Eve, but patiently resign

What justly thou hast lost; nor set thy heart,

Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine;

Thy going is not lonely, with thee goes

Thy husband, him to follow thou art bound;

Where he abides, think there thy native soil."

                           (P. L. ¥¹¥°. 287¡­292)

Àΰ£Àº ü³äÇÒ °ÍÀº °ú°¨ÇÏ°Ô Ã¼³äÇϰí Áö³ªÄ£ ¿å½ÉÀ» ³»Áö ¸»±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ´õºÒ¾î »ì¾Æ °¥ ¶¥ÀÌ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àΰ£Àû »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæ°í¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °¡¿îµ¥ Adam°ú Eve´Â ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀº »ó½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¸ Èļ¼·Î À̾îÁö´Â Àΰ£µé°ú ÆòµîÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »î ¼Ó¿¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÈ´Ù°í Ãæ°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ Àΰ£µéÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °úÁ¦µµ ¿ª½Ã ±×·¸´Ù. »î°ú Á×À½µµ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ »ì¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, »î ÀÚü°¡ Á×À½Àϼöµµ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ °¡Á® ¿ÔÁö¸¸ Á×À½°ú äÂÀº ༿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±«¸êµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ðÁ¦³ª »î ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ³«¿øÀÇ ÇູÀº ¸Ö¾îÁ³Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ¼­·Î °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×À½¸¶Àúµµ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×µéÀÇ ½½ÇÄÀ» Ä¡À¯ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ÇູÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.28)

Adam°ú Eve°¡ EdenÀ» ÇÏÁ÷Çϸ鼭, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àΰ£³»¸éÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ Edenº¸´Ù ´õ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ³«¿øÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

                                   The soul

Of all the rest: then wilt thou not be loath

To leave this Paradise, but shalt possess

A paradise within thee, happier far.

Let us descend now therefore from this top

Of speculation;

                            (P. L. ¥¹¥±. 584¡­589)

±×µéÀº Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª±â ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´õ¿í ÇູÇÑ Paradise¸¦ ±×µé ³»¸éÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àý¸Á ¼Ó¿¡µµ »îÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ´À³¢°í ¶°³ª´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Èñ¸ÁÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÓÛ×âíºîÜ Àι°ÀÎ Adam°ú Eve´Â Paradise¸¦ ¶°³ª¸é¼­ À§´ëÇÑ ÈÞ¸Õ µå¶ó¸¶ÀÎ ´ë ¼­»ç½Ã´Â ±â»Ý°ú ½½ÇÄÀ» °£Á÷ÇÑ Ã¤ ³«¿øÀ» ¶°³­´Ù.

 

¥³. ÞªðóÎçîÜÀÎ ÛÎÌØ

 

   MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡ ÇÊ»ýÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ª»ç»ó çÈåÞ·Î ¾²¿©Áø ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ» óÜíÂÇÏ·Á´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Æ÷ºÎ¸¦ ǰ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. îñâûÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ "ãÁÊà°ú ÍöÊàÀº Á¦¾àÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼­»ç½Ã Áß¿¡¼­ ´Ü¿¬ µ¶º¸ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ» ÀÌ·é °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù." ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ºñÆòÀ¸·Î ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Ê×ΦµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̿ʹ ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î ñ«ð¹¿Í ÝÕÜ×ðôÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Á˸¦ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÌ Å¸¶ôÇÑ Ãµ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ÿ¶ôÇÏ°í ±¸¿ø¹Þ´Â ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾ø°í ³î¶ó¿ï °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù°í Samuel JohnsonÀº Áö±ØÈ÷ ȤÆòÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

But these truths are too important to be new; they have been taught to our infancy; they have mingled with our solitary thoughts and familiar conversation, and are habitually interwoven with the whole texture of life. Being therefore not new, they raise no unaccustomed emotion in the mind; what we knew before, we cannot learn; what is not unexpected, cannot surprise.29)

 

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ȤÆòµéÀÌ Àֱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸, MiltonÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º°ú ¹è°æÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ íþã̸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡´Â »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ á¦áÔîÜÀÎ é©áȰ¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¿Í ´ç½ÃÀÇ »çȸ, Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀǰßÀÌ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅÈ­ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ¼º¼­ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÀ¯Çϱ⵵ Çϰí, ´ëÁ¶¹ýÀ» ¾²±âµµ ÇÏ¿© "ÁË, Á×À½, ¸¶À½, ½Ã°£, È¥µ·¿Õ, ¿ì¾ÆÇÔ" µîÀÇ Ãß»ó¸í»ç¸¦ ÀÇÀÎÈ­½ÃÄÑ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â µî ¸¶Ä¡ ¼­¼ú±â¹ýÀÇ Þöîð°ú °°ÀÌ ÒýåÆÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸®°í MiltonÀÌ ßóÞÀã̸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ °£°úÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÉ ºÎºÐÀº ͯîðÙþùʰú ãêü¥, ôÉùʵîÀ» »ó´çºÎºÐ ó¨éÄÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Homer¿Í Virgil¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ¼­»ç½Ã°¡ MiltonÀÇ ¼­»ç½Ã¿¡ À̸£´Â µ¿¾È Áú°ú ¾çÀÇ ¸é¿¡¼­ ÀǽÄ(consciousness)ÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» ¼­¼úÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡µµ º¯È­°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ßóÞÀãÌ´Â ãêü¥¸¦ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°¿¡°Ô Àû¿ë½ÃŰ´Â Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ª»çÀû »ç½ÇÀ» ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ÀϺηΠ»ï¾Æ¼­ Ç¥ÇöÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» ½É¾îÁÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ» ºô¾î¼­ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ±â´Éµµ Áö³æ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¼­»ç½Ã¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ÃÊ¿¬ÇÑ VisionÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ MiltonÀÇ ¼­»ç½Ã¿¡¼­ °íÀüÀû ½ÅÈ­¸¦ »ìÆìº¼ ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Áß¿äÇÑ »ç½ÇµéÀ» °íÂûÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.30)

µû¶ó¼­ MiltonÀÌ ßóÞÀãÌ¿¡ ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô Â÷¿ëÇϰí Àִ°¡¸¦  »ìÆìº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

In whirlwind; hell scarce holds the wild uproar.

As when Alcides from Oechalia crowned

With conquest, felt th' envenomed robe, and tore

Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines,

And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw

Into th' Euboic sea.

                               (P. L. ¥±. 541¡­546)

ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº Áö¿Á¿¡¼­ ȸÀǰ¡ ³¡³ª°í Satan°ú ±× ÀÏ´çµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ó´çÇÑ ÈûÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ¹¦»çÇϸ鼭, ãêü¥¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ÁÖüÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Àå¸éÀÌ´Ù. Áö¿ÁÀÇ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ¹¦»çÇϸ鼭 Ÿ¶ôÀº Ç߾, ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Àΰ£À» öåÕª½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÀÓ¹«°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, MiltonÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ SatanÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¼ÒÁø»óŰ¡ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµéÀ» µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ³»¿ëÀ» ÇöÀå°¨ ÀÖ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§Çؼ­ Alcides(Hercules 1 °¡ ã­îúÇÏ°í ³­ ÈÄ ºÎÀÎÀÌ »ç¶ûÀ» ½ÃÇèÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© µ¶ ¹¯Àº ¿ÊÀ» º¸³»¼­ ÀÔ°í, °íÅë¿¡ ¸ø ÀÌ°Ü ÀåÀÛºÒ¿¡ ½º½º·Î Ÿ ¿¬±â°¡ µÇ¾î ½ÂõÇß´Ù°í ÇÔ)¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ ã­îú(SatanÀº ø¨îúÇÑ »óȲ)À» ÇÏ¿© °¡¶àÀ̳ª ÈûÀÌ ¼Ú´Â »óÅÂÀÌÁö¸¸ µ¶¾à¿¡ Áßµ¶ µÇ¾î ÁÖüÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÈûÀ» ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ºÎºÐÀº ±×¸®½º, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Æ¯È÷ °ü½ÉÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °¡Á³´ø ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Of good and evil much they argued then,

Of happiness and final misery,

Passion and apathy, and glory and shame,

Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy:

                            (P. L. ¥±. 562¡­565)

¿ª½Ã Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀÌ ³íÇÏ´Â ñ«ð¹µéÀÌ ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ÇãÀ§ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» µå·¯³»±â À§Çؼ­ apathy(Äè¶ôÀÌ°Ç °íÅëÀÌ°Ç ÀÏüÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«°¨°¢ÇÑ ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀÌ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ºñÀ¯)¸¦ µé¾î³»¾î ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ³íÇß´ø °Í°ú ´ëÄ¡½ÃÄÑ ³íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ºÅ侯 öÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû ̸ú°µµ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ MiltonÀº ƯÈ÷ ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀ» ºÎÀÎÇßÀ½À» ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Milton rejects as Stoic deception man's employment of natural virtues merely to project his image well before the community for its social approval.31)

 

¶ÇÇÑ Áö¿ÁÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ³× °³ÀÇ °­ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µ¥, À̰ÍÀ» MiltonÀº ±×¸®½º ãêü¥¿¡¼­ Áö¿Á°ú °æ°è¸¦ ´«¹°ÀÇ °­, Áõ¿ÀÀÇ °­, ºñźÀÇ °­, ºÒÀÇ °­À¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Four ways their flying march, along the banks

Of four infernal rivers that disgorge

Into the burning lake their baleful streams:

Abhorrèd Styx the flood of deadly hate,

Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep;

Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon

Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.

Far off from these a slow and silent steam,

                               (P. L. ¥±. 574¡­581)

±×¸®°í Á¦¿ì½º½ÅÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÀ» ´©¼³ÇÑ Á˷Πȣ¼ö ¼Ó¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø ä °¥ÁõÀÇ °íÅëÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã·Á°í ÇÏ¸é ¹°ÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¾î ¸¶½Ç ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â Tantalus¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ, Áö¿ÁÀÇ Satan ÀÏ´çµéÀÇ ¾µ¾µÇÑ Ç౺°ú °øÆ÷¿¡ ½×ÀÌ´Â ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ÇѲ¯ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards

The ford, and or itself the water flies

All taste of living wight, as once it fled

The lip of Tantalus.

                          (P. L. ¥±. 611¡­614)

±×¸®½º ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ÀοëÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SinÀÇ Åº»ý°úÁ¤À» ¹¦»çÇÒ ¶§ SatanÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼­ ¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Athene°¡ ZeusÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â ±×¸®À̽º ½ÅÈ­¸¦ SinÀÇ Åº»ý°ú °áºÎ½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÇýÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ SinÀÌ Åº»ýÇÑ °Í¸¸ ´Ù¸£°í °úÁ¤Àº ¶È°°Àº Çü½ÄÀ» ÃëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.  

 

Then shining heav'nly fair, a goddess armed

Out of thy head I sprung: amazement seized

All th' host of heav'n; back they recoiled afraid

At first, and called me Sin, and for a sign

Portentous held me; but familiar grown,

                          (P. L. ¥±. 756¡­760)

MiltonÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ Èñ¶ø ¹®¸íÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ±×¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó °¨¼ºÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§ MiltonÀº ¿­·ÄÇÑ Ã»±³µµÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̹ǷΠ°¡Àå ¹Ý Èñ¶øÀûÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Èñ¶øÀÇ ´ë¼­»ç½ÃÀÎÀÎ Homer¿Í´Â °¡Àå ¹Ý HomerÀûÀ̸鼭µµ ±×ÀÇ Paradise Lost¿Í Comus¿¡¼­ HomerÀûÀÎ ¾Ï½Ã°¡ Á¾ÇÕÀû·±¸Á¶Àû·ÁÖÁ¦Àû ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª Homer°¡ Milton¿¡°Ô ¾ð¾îÀû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î·Î µÈ Ãʱâ ÀÛǰ¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

then he would have been a match for Ionian Homre (Eligia ¥°. 23)

...or Creon's palace atones for incestuous ancestors. (Elegia ¥°. 46)

...with the help of divine Moly. (Elegia ¥°.88)

 

ƯÈ÷ ÃʱâÀÛǰ¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹Àºµ¥, Elegia ¥³¿¡¼­ Virgil»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Èñ¶ø°íÀüÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¸¶Àúµµ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ßñï×ãÌÀÎ L'allegro¿¡¼­ VirgilÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹¦»çÇÑ CerberusÀÇ Stygianµ¿±¼À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Hence loathed Melancholy

  Of Cerberus, and blackest Midnight born,

In Stygian cave forlorn

  'Mongst horrid shapes, and shrieks, and sights

              unholy,

Find out some uncouth cell,      (L'allegro, 1¡­5)

 

ÀÌ °°Àº VirgilÀÇ ¸ð¹æÀº Paradise Lost Á¦¥°±Ç¿¡¼­ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ Ãµ»ç¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â Àå¸é¿¡¼­µµ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.

 

                     I thence

Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song,

That with no middle flight intends to soar

Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues

Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.

And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer

Before all temples the upright heart and pure,

Instruct me, for thou know'st;

                            (P. L. ¥°. 12¡­19)

ÀÌ»ó°ú °°ÀÌ ÒýåÆÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº MiltonÀº ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡, º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼ö¾øÀÌ ¸¹Àº ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ» °íÂûÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Paradise Lost îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â MiltonÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Èñ¸ÁÀº  /To leave this Paradise, but shalt posess/ A paradise within thee, happier far./(P. L. ¥¹¥±.586¡­587)¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ Àΰ£ ¸¶À½¼ÓÀÇ Ãµ±¹À» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß µÇ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Àΰ£Àû ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ MiltonÀº ¸ðµç ÇÇÁ¶¹°Àº à¼Çϸç, µû¶ó¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î äÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¾ÇÀº à¼ú¼À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ è¦éĵǴ °ÍÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Satanµµ ´ëõ»ç¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Ç¿¡ ºüÁø °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí, Paradise·Î ¿©ÇàÀ» ¶°³ª¸é¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µ¶¹éÀ» Çϸ鼭 ½º½º·Î  ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

  

So farewell hope, and with hope farewell fear,

Farewell remorse : All good to me is lost ;

Evil, be thou my good;   

                         (P. L. ¥³. 108¡­110)

ÇÑÆí ¾ç½ÉÀ̳ª ȤÀº ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Reason¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú´Â Àΰ£ ¼Ó¿¡ à¼ÀÇ Á¸À縦 È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎ ¹Ý¸é, Passion ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ Reason¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÅëÁ¦µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§´Â ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ²ø·Á°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ °°Àº °ü³äÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ SatanÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ±âÃʸ¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£ Ÿ¶ôÀº ReasonÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼± PassionÀÇ »ç·ÊÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Adam°ú Eve´Â Ð×ò­ÀÇ ¿­¸Å¸¦ ¸Ô°í ×Ã×âîÜ ÝÕÜ×ðôÀÎ Passion¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ÐµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. MiltonÀº Plato¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁÖâµÈ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¹Ì´öÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ ÀýÁ¦¿¡ µ¿Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ MiltonÀº Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ Adam°ú Eve¸¦ ¿¬°ü½ÃŲ ³²³à °ü°è¿Í Satan¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â InvocationÀ» Àΰ£°ú God¿¡ ¿¬°ü½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ» °­ÇÏ°Ô ¶ì´Â á¦áÔîÜ(Secularistic) ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ Milton ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ æðØÐÀ̳ª ãýï×À» ³ªÅ¸³»·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ ¼¼¼ÓÁÖÀÇ´Â ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿¬°ü¼º Áß¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȰ¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ Áø½Ç°ú ¿­¸ÁÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °è±â°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

MiltonÀÌ ºñ·Ï Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ GodÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ½Çü·Î °£ÁÖÇß´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °Þ¾ú´ø üÇèÀû ¿ä¼Ò¿Í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£Àû ¼º°ÝÀÌ ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ÅõÀ﵃ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ °¥±¸¿Í ¿°¿øÀ» áÈî§·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇϸ鼭µµ GodÀ» Àΰ£»ýȰÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ñ«î¥íº·Î¼­ ±×¸®·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª GodÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÑ µµ´öµµ Àΰ£¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º£Ç®¾îÁ®¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ½ÃÀÎÀÚ½ÅÀÇ á¦áÔîÜ ìããÛ°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÌ ½Ã¿¡¼­ á¦áÔñ«ëù°¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¾ç»óÀ¸·Î Àü°³µÈ´Ù.

 MiltonÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿°¿øÀ» ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ È¯Èñ¸¦ Àϱú¿òÀ¸·Î½á ìÑÊààõÀÇ î¢ßæÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÌ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Á³À½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ½º½º·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºÀÂøÇÑ ³­°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥À» ÅëÇØ¼­¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ MiltonÀÇ Godµµ ¹Ù·Î ùÚïÒµÈ ´É·ÂÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù.

MiltonÀº ¼­µÎ¿¡¼­ God¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È®°íÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» ¹àÈ÷°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ¿øÁ˸¦ »ó±â½ÃŰ¸é¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌ ½ÃÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¶ó°í ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖÁö¸¸(P. L. ¥°. 1¡­26)"32) ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ SatanÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ºô·Á (P. L. ¥°. 251¡­255)Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ ¸¶À½À» °­Á¶Çϰí GodÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©ÇØ ÁØ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ëòò¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À̼º¿¡ µû¶ó Á˸¦ Áþ±âµµ Çϰí Ÿ¶ôÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Çü½Ä°ú ÀǽÄÀÌ ¹èÁ¦µÇ´Â û±³µµÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ» °í¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ´ç½Ã·Î¼­´Â (P. L. ¥¹¥±. 507¡­514)¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ªµíÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ òäÜÆîÜÀ̰í Ýë÷÷îÜÀÎ °ßÇØ¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸®°í ÁËÀÇ Åº»ý¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ±×¸®½º ½ÅÈ­¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â Athene°¡ ZeusÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀü¹«ÀåÇÏ°í ¼Ò¸®Áö¸£¸ç Æ¢¾î ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ÀÇÀÎÈ­½ÃÄÑ (P. L. ¥±. 756¡­760)á¡ÌèèâîÜÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ÷°¡Çϸ鼭 Sin°ú DeathÀÇ À̹ÌÁ®¸®¸¦ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á á¡ßö¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ãêü¥¿¡¼­ ó¨éÄÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÇÑÆí MiltonÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Æò»ýµ¿¾È °ÞÀº Á¤Ä¡Àû, »çȸÀû È¥¶õ°ú °¥µîÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ ¿©·¯ ±ºµ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áö¿Á¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾Ç¸¶ÀÇ ¹«¸®µéµµ ³ª¸§´ë·Î ȸÀǸ¦ Çϰí Áú¼­¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥ ¹ÝÇÏ¿©, ¿ÀÁ÷ Àΰ£µé¸¸ÀÌ È­ÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·çÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ç½Ã Á¤Ä¡Àû È¥¶õ±â¿¡ ½Ã´ë»óȲÀÌ Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ÐáòäîÜÀÎ ôèÎçÓù·Î¼­ °¥µîÀ» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø »óȲÀ¸·Î ±âÁ¸ Á¾±³¿¡ üãë÷¸¦ ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Áö³­ ¼¼±âºÎÅÍ À̾îÁ® ¿Â ðóÎçËÇúÔê¡ÔÑÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, Ρùʰú Àΰ£Àû »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄµéÀÌ ±ÞÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â À§´ëÇÑ 16, 17C¶ó°í ÀÏÄþîÁú Á¤µµ·Î îï á¦ÑºîÜÀÎ Àüȯ±âÀÇ è¾ñé¿¡¼­ ƯÈ÷ Á¾±³Àû, Á¤Ä¡Àû °¥µîÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°Ú´Ù.

 

O shame to men! Devil with devil damned

Firm concord holds, men only disagree

Of creatures rational, though under hope

Of heavenly grace: and God proclaiming peace,

Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife

···················

That day and night for his destruction wait.

                          (P. L. ¥±. 496¡­505)

MiltonÀº ´ç½Ã »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ ÀºÀ¯ÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Parsdise Lost¿¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» °íÂûÇϸé,  °áÈ¥ÀÇ ¼ø¼ö¼º°ú ´ç½Ã »çȸÀÇ ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» ÀÏüÀÇ ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϰí, ¼ø¼öÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ çßÛȸ¸À» Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â Ì¿ûæÎºÀ» Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀüÅë ¿µ±¹ ¼º°øÈ¸¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¿¾ ½º½Â Thomas Young µîÀÌ ³íÀïÇÑ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯ÀÇ Áö³ªÄ£ Çü½Ä¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹Ý¹ßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

   This said unanimous, and other rites

Observing none, but adoration pure

Which God likes best, into their inmost bow'r

Handed they went; and eased the putting off

These troublesome disguises which we wear,

Straight side by side were laid, nor turned I ween

Adam from his fair spouse, nor Eve the rites

Mysterious of connubial love refused:

                                (P. L. ¥³. 736¡­744)

¶ÇÇÑ Chales ¥±ÀÇ ±ÃÁß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °£Á¢Àû ºñ³­°ú ±ÍÁ·µéÀÇ ¿¬È¸°¡ ¼ºÇàÇϴµ¥ ´ëÇÑ Ã»±³µµ·Î¼­ ½ÉÇÑ ¹Ý°¨À» µå·¯³» º¸À̱⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile

Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendeared,

Casual fruition, nor in court amours,

Mixed dance, or wanton masque, or midnight ball,

Or serenate, which the starved lover sings

To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain.

                                (P. L. ¥³. 765¡­770)

´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼­´Â ¿ÕÁ¤º¹°í µÚ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ã³ÇÑ »óȲ°ú ½Ã·ÂÀ» »ó½ÇÇÑ ¾îµÎ¿î Àå·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.

 

Yet not for thy advice or threats I fly

These wicked tents devoted, lest the wrath

Impendent, raging ito sudden flame

··················

When who can uncreate thee thou shalt know.'

                               (P. L. ¥µ. 889¡­895)

±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý°ú ·Î¸¶±³È¸ÀÇ ¸éÁ˺Î, ±âŸ À¯¹°·¹Ì½Å·¿¹Àü·Àü¼³ µîÀ» µé¾î »ó´çÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀ» ¿¬»óÇÏ°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

They die; but in their room, as they forewarn,

Wolves shall succeed for teachers, grievous wolves,

Who all the sacred mysteries of heav'n

To their own vile advantages shall turn

Of lucre and ambition, and the truth

With superstitions and traditions taint,

Left only in those written records pure,

Though not but by the Spirit understood.

                               (P. L. ¥¹¥±. 507¡­514)

¶ÇÇÑ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸ MiltonÀº ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ñ«íå°ú ÞÖßÌÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ¹àÈûÀ¸·Î¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±æÀ» ¹àÇôÁشٴ Ȯ°íÇÑ ½Å³äÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °íÅ뽺·´°í ¾î·Æ´Ù. À̸¦ MiltonÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÍµÔ¼ÊïÀ» µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

  " 'Servant of God, well done, well hast thou fought

The better fight, who single hast maintained

Against revolted multitudes the cause

Of truth, in word mightier than they in arms;

And for the testimony of truth hast borne

Universal reproach, far worse to bear

Than violence: for this was all thy care

To stand approved in sight of God, though worlds

                                      (P. L. ¥µ. 29¡­36)

MiltonÀº ¸¸³â¿¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °íÅë Áß¿¡¼­ ÅëdzÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ °Ý½ÉÇÑ °íÅë¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·È°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ ãÌú¼¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

But pain is perfect misery, the worst

Of evils, and excessive, overturns

All patience.  

                       (P. L. ¥µ. 462¡­465)

±×¸®°í MiltonÀº Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ³²¼º éÐêÆÖåÀÌ °­Çϸç, ¿©¼ºÀº GodÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÒ ¶§¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼º½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "He for God only, She for God in him:"(P. L. ¥¸. 229)¶ó´Â ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­´Â EveÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ AdamÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ¿©¼ºÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¹«½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº á¡ßö¿¡ µû¸¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÃÀÎÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ç½Ã MiltonÀÇ ÞÖÍſ͵µ ÙíμÇÏ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÞÖß̰ú ¹èÄ¡µÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é »ý·«À» ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¿Ï°îÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¸® Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, MiltonÀº Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ³²¼º ¿ì¿ù·ÐÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

MiltonÀÌ »ì´ø ´ç½Ã·Î¼­´Â ÐáòäîÜÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶û°ú °áÈ¥»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌ»ó°ú Çö½ÇÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö ¸øÇϰí, »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î °íÅëÀÌ µÚµû¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ãÌú¼¿¡¼­ Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

By a far worse, or if she love, withheld

by parents, or his happiest choice too late

Shall meet, already linked and wedlock-bound

To a fell adversary, his hate or shame:

                           (P. L. ¥¹. 903¡­906)

MiltonÀÇ Ñûàõ éÐêÆÖåÀº ¿©±â¼­ ±×Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Adam°ú EveÀÇ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»À» ÅëÇØ¼­µµ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. "GodÀº ±×´ë(Adam)ÀÇ ¹ýÀ̰í, ±×´ë´Â ³ªÀÇ ¹ýÀ̸ç, ¿©ÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå ÇູÇÑ ò±ãÛÀº Ùíò±¶ó°í ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©ÀÚÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °ú½ÅÇÏ¿© ±× ëòÞÖ´ë·Î ¸Ã°ÜµÎ¸é î¬ÑñÀÌ ÀϾÀ» ¶§ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ³²ÀÚÀÇ °ü¿ëÀ» Ã¥¸ÁÇÑ´Ù"´Â ¿©¼º°üÀº ´ç½ÃÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¿©¼º°üÀ̾ú´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¦ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

 

"My author and disposer, what thou bidd'st

Unargued I obey; so God ordains,

God is thy law, thou mine: to know no more

Is woman's happiest knowledge and her praise.

                            (P. L. ¥³. 635¡­638)

                           

                           Thus it shall befall

Him who to worth in women overtrusting

Lets her will rule; restraint she will not brook,

And left to herself , if evil thence ensue,

She first his weak indulgence will accuse."

                             (P. L. ¥¸. 1182¡­1186)

MiltonÀÌ ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£Àº À°Ã¼¿Í ¿µÈ¥À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ º¹ÇÕÀû Á¸Àç´Ù. ƯÈ÷ GodÀÇ Çü»óÀº À°Ã¼¿¡µµ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â God ¸ð½À ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ìµàõÀÌ´Ù. MiltonÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ìµàõ¿¡ ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¶ó°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

 

But god left free the Will, for what obeys

Reason, is free, and Reason he made right,

But bid her well beware, and still erect,

Lest by some fair appearing good surprised

She dictate false, and misinform the will

To do what God expressly hath forbid.

                               (P. L. ¥¸. 351¡­356)

 

Paradise Lost´Â ͯÓÛÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ÚÅðé ¶Ç´Â ðúðéîÜ ¿µ¿õÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ´Ù·é ¼­»ç½Ã°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¾±³Àû ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ °¡Áö°í á¦áÔîÜÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ´«°ú °¨°¢À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ³¡¾øÀÌ Å½±¸ÇÏ°í ºñÀ¯, ´ëºñ, Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼­¼úÇØ ³ª°¬´Ù. ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÇàÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¾±³ÀûÀÌµç ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀ̵ç Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÀÇÀιýµéÀ» °íÂûÇØ º¸±â À§Çؼ­ ¿ì¸®¸»°ú ê«ÙþÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. "µåµð¾î ¾ÆÄ§Àº ¼øÈ¯ÀÇ ½Ã°£¿¡°Ô ÀáÀÌ ±ú¾î Àå¹Ì ºû ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ºûÀÇ ¹®À» ¿¬´Ù. ãêߣ¼Ó ¿ÁÁ °¡±îÀÌ µ¿±¼ÀÌ Çϳª ÀÖ´Ù. ºû°ú ¾îµÒÀÌ çµêÀ¼Ó¿¡¼­ µ¹¸ç ±³´ë·Î ¸Ó¹°´Ù ³ª°¬´Ù ÇÑ´Ù."

 

                             ···till Morn,

Waked by the circling Hours, with rosy hand

Unbarred the gates of light. There is a cave

Within the mount of God, fast by his throne,

Where light and darkness in perpetual round

Lodge and dislodge by turns,

                                (P. L. ¥µ. 2¡­7)

 ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥Çö¹æ¹ýÀº Homer°¡ Áñ°Ü »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹ãÀÌ °¡°í ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» Àý¹¦ÇÏ°Ô ëôìÑûù½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í SatanÀÌ Áö¿ÁÀÇ ¹®À» ³ª¼­¸é¼­ ¹®À» Áö۰í ÀÖ´Â Sin°úÀÇ ´ëÈ­¿¡¼­ SinÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. "óÀ½¿¡ ³ª¸¦ Á˶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í, ºÒ±æÇÑ Â¡Á¶·Î ¿©°åÁö¸¸, Â÷Â÷ Ä£±ÙÇØÁöÀÚ ¸ðµÎ ³ª¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß°í, ¸ÅȤÀûÀÎ Ú¸¿¡, °¡Àå ½ÈÀº ÀÚµµ ²ø·È¾ú´Ù."

 

At first, and called me; Sin and for sign

Portentous held me; but familiar grown,

I pleased, and with attractive graces won

The most averse, thee chiefly who full oft

                                (P. L. ¥±. 760¡­763)

´ÙÀ½Àº SatanÀÌ Áö¿ÁÀ» ³ª¼­¸é¼­ È¥µ·¿¡ À̸£·¯ È¥µ¿¿ÕÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ­µÇ¾î ÅëÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. "È¥µ·ÀÌ ½ÉÆÇ°üÀ¸·Î ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÆÇ°á·Î¼­ È¥¶õÀº ´õÇϰí È¥¶õÀ¸·Î½á ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³ôÀº °áÀç±ÇÀڷμ­ ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ´Ù½º¸°´Ù."  

 

Chaos umpire sits,

And by decision more embroils the fray

By which he reigns: next him high arbiter

Chance govern all.

                             (P. L. ¥±. 909¡­910)

MiltonÀÌ °¥¸ÁÇÏ´Â Àý¹ÚÇÑ »óȲÀ¸·Î GodÀÇ ¸Þ¼¼ÁöÀ̸ç Çü»óÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºûÀ» °£ÀýÈ÷ ±â¿øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "±â»Ú´Ù, ¼º½º·± ºûÀÌ¿© ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Ã¹ ź»ýÀÚ¿© ȤÀº ¿µ¿øÇÑ ºÐ°ú °øÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ºûÀ̶ó°í ³Ê¸¦ ºÎ¸§ÀÌ ¿ÇÀº°¡? GodÀº ºûÀ̹ǷÎ, çµêÀÀÌ·¡ ´Ù¸¸ °¡±îÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºû ±×´ë ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »ç¼Ì´Ù."

 

Hail holy Light, offspring of Heav'n first-born

Or of th' Eternal coeternal beam

May I express thee unblamed? Since God is light,

And never but in unapproachèd light

Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee,

                             (P. L. ¥². 1¡­5)

ÀÌ´Â Milton ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ØîìÑÀ¸·Î¼­ ºû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¹Ì¸¦ ÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´õ¿í´õ óÀýÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ëôìÑûù½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. "¸¶Ä¡ Àº¹ÐÇÑ ½£ ¼Ó¿¡ ¼û¾î ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡ ³ë·¡Çϸç, ¹ãÀÇ °îÁ¶ ÀھƳ»´Â ¹ã»õó·³. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼¼¿ù°ú ´õºÒ¾î °èÀýÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾îµµ ³»°Õ ³·À̳ª ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â±¸³ª"

 

                      as the wakeful bird

Sings darkling , and in shadiest covert hid

Tunes her nocturnal note. Thus with the year

Seasons return, but not to me returns

Day, or the sweet approach or ev'n or morn,

                               (P. L. ¥². 38¡­42)

¶ÇÇÑ "ÁöÇý´Â ÀÚÁÖ ±ú¾î À־ ë÷ãýÀº ÁöÇýÀÇ ¹®Åο¡¼­ Àáµé¾î, Á¦ Ã¥¹«¸¦ ´Ü¼ø¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±â°í, ¶ÇÇÑ à¼ëò´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¾È º¸ÀÌ¸é ¾ÇÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"

 

And oft though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps

At wisdom's gate, and to simplicity

Resigns her charge, while goodness thinks no ill

Where no ill seems:           

                               (P. L. ¥². 686¡­689)

´ÙÀ½ ãÌÏ£´Â ´õ¿í ¹ãÀÌ °¡°í ¾ÆÄ§ÀÌ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ÚÁö°Ô ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "ÀÌÁ¦ ¹ãÀº ±æÀ» ¶°³ª Çϴÿ¡ ¾îµÒÀ» ²ø¾îµéÀ̰í, Áñ°Å¿î ÈÞÀü°ú Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î½á Áõ¿À½º·± ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼ÒÀ½À» µ¤´Â´Ù"

 

Now night her course began, and over heav'n

Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed,

And silence on the odious din of war:

                                     (P. L. ¥µ. 406¡­408)

±×¸®°í ÁöÇý¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "¿µ¿øÀÇ ÁöÇý, ±×´ëÀÇ ÀÚ¸ÅÀÎ ÁöÇý¿Í ±³Á¦ÇÏ¿© ÇÔ²² Àü´ÉÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¾Õ¿¡¼­, ³ë´Ò°í, ±×´ë Çϴóª¶óÀÇ ³ë·¡·Î½á ±×ºÐÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇØµå·È´Ù"

 

Thou with eternal wisdom didst converse,

Wisdom thy sister, and with her didst play

In presence of th' Almighty Father, pleased

With thy celestial song.

                                 (P. L. ¥¶. 9¡­12)

"ȤÀº Àú³á¿¡ º°°ú ´ÞÀÌ, ´ç½Å À̾߱⸦ µéÀ¸·¯ ¼­µÑ·¯ ¿À¸é, ¹ãÀº ħ¹¬À» µ¥·Á ¿À°í ÀáÀº ´«¶ß°í ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ±Í±â¿ïÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

 

Or if the star of evening and the moon

Haste to thy audience, night with her will bring

Silence, and sleep list'ning to thee will watch,

                                 (P. L. ¥¶. 104¡­106)

´ÙÀ½Àº ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "¿©¿Õó·³ ±×³à´Â ¸Å·Â ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¾ÆÇÔÀÇ Çà·ÄÀÌ µû¸£°í, ¸ö ÁÖº¯¿¡¼± ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ´«¿¡ º¸°í½ÍÀº ¼Ò¿øÀÇ È­»ì ½î¾Æ, ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×³à¸¦ º¸°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù"

                 

                  for on her as queen

A pomp of winning Graces waited still;

And from about her shot darts of desire

Into all eyes to wish her still in sight.

                                  (P. L. ¥·. 60¡­63)

½Ã°£Àº Sin°ú Death°¡ ÀÇÀÎÈ­µÇ¾î SinÀÌ Death¿¡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "õÇÑ À½½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÇ ³´ÀÌ º£´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ ¸Ô¾î¶ó µåµð¾î ³ª´Â ´ë´ë¼Õ¼Õ Àΰ£ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¸é¼­ ±× »ç»ó, ¾ó±¼, ¾ð¾î, Çൿ¿¡ ¸ðµÎ µ¶À» ÁÖ¾î ¸À µ¸¿ì¾î ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ¸ÔÀÌ·Î Çϸ®¶ó"

 

No homely morsels, and whatever thing

Thy scythe of Time mows down, devour unspared,

Till I in man residing through the race,

His thoughts, his looks, words, actions all infect,

And season him thy last and sweetest prey.

                                   (P. L. ¥¹. 605¡­609)

"Áø¸®´Â ºñ¹æÀÇ Ã¢À» ¸Â¾Æ ¹°·¯¼­°í, ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ °ú¾÷Àº ã¾Æº¸±â ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

                            Truth shall retire

Bestuck with slad'rous darts, and works of faith

Rarely be found:

                                   (P. L. ¥¹¥±.535¡­537)

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ Paradise Lost¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÈ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ MiltonÀÇ ¹è°æÀ» °íÂûÇØ º¸¾Ò°í, ëôìÑûùµÈ Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ìÆìº¸¾ÒÁö¸¸ »õ»ï ¸ÚÀÌ Àִ ǥÇö ¹æ¹ýµéÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. À̿ܿ¡µµ ±×¸®½º, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ãêü¥³ª ôÉùÊîÜ ÀοëÀº îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Àü°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¥´. Ì¿   Öå

 

ÀÌ ãÌ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Àι°µéÀº ±× ÀÚü°¡ á¡ßö¿¡¼­ ¿Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹è°æ°ú ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¸ðµÎ °Å±â¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Paradise Lost¸¦ Àд ÔÁíºµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¸¶Ä¡ á¡ßö¸¦ Àд °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Âø°¢À» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÐñÔ½ÎçìѵéÀº ´õ¿í´õ ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ÜØëåßö·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ºñÆòµéµµ ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðµç ¹®ÇÐÀÛǰµéÀÌ ±¸¼º°ú ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³Á¤µÆ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØ°¡ µÈ´Ù¸é ±× ÀÛǰÀÇ ³»¸éÀû °¡Ä¡°¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Ê×ΦµÇ°í ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ ºñÆò¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ º» ÖåÙþ¿¡¼­´Â Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ é©áȵéÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÍÅóÌÇØº¸¾Ò°í, ÀÛǰ ¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. Paradise Lost¿¡¼­ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ºÎºÐÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±³¸®µµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼·¸®¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Àΰ£µéÀÇ »î ÀÚü¸¦ µå·¯³»¾î ±× »î ¼Ó¿¡ ³»¸éÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ µå·¯³»°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Àΰ£Àº ´©±¸³ª ¿µ¿øÇÑ »î°ú ¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁö±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö¸¸ ž¸é¼­ºÎÅÍ Á×À½°ú ¾Ç¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Adam°ú Eveµµ Á×À½°ú ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »î ¼Ó¿¡ Ç×»ó ðíî¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×µéÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº »óȲ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î »ç¶ûÇÏ°í °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ½½ÇÄÀ» Ä¡À¯ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î °ø°£ÀÎ ³«¿øÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇູÀ» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ ¶§ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡ ºüÁ³´ø MiltonÀº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¿øÇß°í Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸ÀδÙ.

±×·¡¼­ ÇÑÃþ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ìµàõ¿¡ ʤö·¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϰí À̼ºÀÇ ¸¶ºñÇö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¸¦ µå·¯³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ReasonÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹þ¾î³­ PassionÀ» ñª¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ãËúÐÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù½Ã »ç¶û°ú È­ÇÕÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇູÇÑ »îÀ» ȸº¹ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀº Àΰ£À» Á¦ÇÑµÈ ´É·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÏ´Â ³­°üÀ» ±Øº¹Çϰí ÃÊ¿ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç¶ó ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô ³»ÀçµÈ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Àΰ£°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ Çϳª·Î °áÇÕµÉ ¶§ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ¿Â°® ½Ã·ÃÀº ±Øº¹µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸®°í SatanÀÇ ìÑÊàûù¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µå·¯³»°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£µéÀÇ çÈê©ãý, í»Ø·, ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö, ½Ã±â, ÁúÅõ, ºñ°ÌÇÔ, ¾î¸®¼®À½, ÎöØ·, ÎêüÂÇÔ, ë¯ûã, óÆÞö, êÊíûµîÀ» µå·¯³»¾î á¦áÔàõÀ» °¡¹Ì½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ¿µ¿õÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çµÇ±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼ö¸¹Àº ܨãó°ú êÊíûÀ» °ÅÃÄ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â Serpent·Î ï®ÕªÇÏ´Â ¼¼¼ÓÀû Àι°µéÀÇ ÙÒժΦïïÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£µéÀÇ Þ÷äÂÇÔµµ SatanÀÇ º¯½Å°úÁ¤°ú ¶È°°À½À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº Àü¼úÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°è¾ß¸»·Î ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÷òÏÑÀÌ ÀϾ´Â Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Paradise Lost¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ´Â AdamÀÇ ³»¸é¼¼°èÀÇ °¥µî, ÁÖüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î½á AdamÀÇ Å¸¶ô, ±× °á°ú Eve¿Í ÇÔ²² Àΰ£¼¼°èÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àڷμ­, AdamÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§¿¡¾ß ÀÌÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Eve°¡ À¯È¤À» ¹Þ°í ìµàõÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹þ¾î³­ æðï׿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô Á˸¦ ¹üÇÏÁö¸¸, AdamÀº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿­Á¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏ¿© Á˸¦ ¹üÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½Çµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã õ±¹¿¡¼­¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ÅÀϰú °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀϺÎÀ̸ç ÀüºÎ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ø¼öÇßÀ» ¶§¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ìµàõ¿¡ ´«¶ß°í´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°í, °íÅë°ú ½½ÇÄ¿¡ ºüÁ® ¼­·Î ºñ³­Çϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Â Áö±ØÈ÷ Àΰ£È­µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ °« ž ÀüÇô ¹«ÁöÀÇ »óÅÂÀÎ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¼ø°£ÀÌ Áö³ª°í À̼º¿¡ ´«¶ß´Â µíÇÑ º¯È­¸¦ Adam°ú Eve¿¡°Ô¼­ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

»ç½Ç AdamÀº ¿­¸Å¸¦ ¸ÔÀ½À¸·Î½á Eve¸¦ Á»´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, Àû±ØÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ AdamÀÇ Åµµ°¡ ½º½º·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ °æÁö·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡°Ô ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î »î°ú ¼¼°è¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¸¸µé°í °Å±â¿¡ ¸íĪÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ AdamÀº Àΰ£ ½ÇÁ¸ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý°í Á×À½°ú ½Ã°£ÀÇ º¯È­ µî Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Çµµ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

³«¿ø¿¡¼­ Ãß¹æµÈ ÈÄ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖüÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î ÁÖº¯¼¼°è¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Àΰ£¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â Áö½ÄÀ» ¾ò°ÔµÇ°í ½ÇÁ¸Àû Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ Àΰ£ÀûÀÌ°í ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í º»´Ù.

Ì¿ÖåîÜÀ¸·Î º» ³í¹®Àº Áö±Ý±îÁö Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø °³³äÀ» Àΰ£ ³»¸éÀÇ Êïï×, ÞÖÍÅÖÅæ´À» ìéöȽÃÄÑ  Paradise Lost¿¡ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÞªÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ á¦áÔîÜ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ê«ÙþÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î °íÂûÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ îïø¹¿¡ È帣°í ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ í»ë¦ëòò¤ ¹× Ò®ØüîÜ á¦Í£ÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÑ á¦áÔîÜ »îÀÇ é©áȵéÀ» ÍÅóÌÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MiltonÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀΠöÇеéÀÌ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î Àִ°¡¸¦ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î °íÂûÇØ º¸¾ÒÁö¸¸, îïø¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ÐñÔ½ÎçîÜÀÎ ßäÀ» Áö¿ì±â´Â ¾î·Á¿ï °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Primary Sources

 

Calvin, John.(1964). Institutes of the Christian Religion. Vol 2. Michigan : W.M. B. Eerdmans.

Condee, Ralph Waterbury.(1974). Structure in Milton's Poetry. From the Foundation to the Pinnacles. Pennsylvania: Penn. State Univ.

Empson, William.(1981). MILTON'S GOD. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Ferry Anne(1983). MILTON'S EPIC VOICE. Chicago: Univ. of chicago Press.

Grace, W. J.(1968). IDEAS IN MILTON. Indiana. Univ. of Notre Dame press.

John, S. Bennett.(1983). Milton's Antinomianism and the Separation scene in Paradise Lost", Book 9, P.M.L.A. May.

Johnson, Samuel.(1779). Edited by James Thorpe.(1965). MILTON CRITICISM Selections from Four Centuries. London: Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd.

Julian Lovelock and Dyson (1973). Samuel Johnson. The Lives of the English Poets from Paradise Lost. ed. A. E.  London: Macmillan.

Knott, John R. Jr.(1971). MILTON'S PASTORAL VISION. Chicago Univ.

Hill, Christopher.(1977). Milton and the English Revolution. New York : The Viking Press.

Hunter, William B.(1986). Milton's English Poetry: Being Entries from A milton Encyclopedia. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP.

Lewalski, B. K.(1985). Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms. New Jersey. Princeton Univ.

Lewis, C. S.(1956). A Preface to Paradise Lost. London: Oxford Univ. Press.

Martz, Louis(1966). MILTON Paradise Lost. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Paperback, A. A.(1967). Paradise Lost and the Seventeenth Century Reader. First edition. Michigan Univ. Press.

Rees, R. J.(1973). English Literature: An Introduction for Foreign Readers. The Macmillan.

Stevenson. W. H.(1971). Blake, William The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Poems of William Blake. ed., London: Longman Group.

Tillyard, E.M.W.(1930). PARADISE LOST: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MEANINGS Edited by James Thorpe.(1965). MILTON CRITICISM. Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd. London.

Webber, Joan M.(1979). Milton and His Epic Tradition. Seattle and London: Univ. Washington.

Werblowsky, R. J. Zw.(1952). Lucifer and Prometheus: A Study of Milton's Satan. London: Oxford Univ. Press.

Wittreich, Joseph Anthony Jr. by Edited(1975). Milton and the Line of Vision. The University of Wisconsin Press.

±è  ¿ë(1996). ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ³«¿ø°ú À¯ÅäÇǾÆ. ¼­¿ï. ÇѽŹ®È­»ç.

³²¹Ì¿µ(1993). Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ MiltonÀÇ ÁË¿Í Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ. Ãæ³²´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®.

ÚÓßÓæï(1990). Paradise LostÀÇ Secularism æÚϼ. ¿µ³²´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®.

ÚÓßÓæï(1994). John MiltonÀÇ ³«¿ø. ºÎ»ê: °æ¼º´ë ÃâÆÇºÎ.

¹Ú³ëö(1994). Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ±¸¿øÀÇ ¼­Á¤. ¼­¿ï: ¿¬¼¼´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®.

¹Ú¿¬¼º(1992). ã÷Ñâꮿ¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ MiltonÀÇ Ñâê®Îº. ¼­¿ï´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®.

ÀÌâ±¹(1987). Miltonic Humor: The Comic Vision in Paradise Lost. ¼­°­´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®.

ÀÌâ±¹(1991). Milton Studies. Çѱ¹¹ÐÅÏÇÐȸ. ¼­¿ï.

ï÷ÐÞàð(1988). Milton°ú BlakeÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¹¬½ÃÀû VISION. ¼­¿ï: ´Ü±¹´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®.

ÃÖÁ¤¿î(1992). Paradise LostÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ¼­»ç½ÃÀû ÀüÅë ¿¬±¸. ´Ü±¹´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®.

 

Secondary Sources

 

Brown, Cedric C. John(1985). Milton's Aristocratic Entertainments. Cambridge: Univ. press.

Burden, Dennis H.(1967). The Logical Epic: A study of the Argument  of Paradise Lost. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Dysoned, A. E. ed.(1982). Paradise Lost. London: Macmillan.

Evans, John Martin(1968). Paradise Lost and Genesis Tradition. Oxford: at the Clarendon  Press.

Gardner, D. H. L.(1965). A Reading of Paradise Lost . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hunter, G. K.(1980). Paradise Lost. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Milton, John(1972). Paradise Lost. J. Broadbent, et al, ed., 6vol, cambridge: cambridge Univ. Press.

Nicolson, Marjorie Hope(1982). John Milton A Reader's Guide to His Poetry. New York: Octagon.

Potter, Lois(1971). A Preface to Milton. London: Longman Group.

Thorpe, James Ernest, ed.(1969). Milton Criticism: Selections from Four Centuries. New York: Collier Books.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1) Ralph Waterbury Condee(1974). Structure in Milton's Poetry From the Foundation to the Pinnacles. Pennsylvania: Penn. State Univ. p. 6.

2) ÀÌâ±¹(1987). Miltonic Humor: The Comic Vision in Paradise Lost. ¼­°­´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p. 102.

3) Joan M. Webber(1979). Milton and His Epic Tradition. Seattle and London: Univ. of Washington p.211.

4) J. Rees(1973). English Literature: An Introduction for Foreign Readers The Macmillan. p. 31.

5) ±è  ¿ë(1996). ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ³«¿ø°ú À¯ÅäÇǾÆ. ¼­¿ï: ÇѽŹ®È­»ç. p. 261.

6) E.M.W.Tillyard(1930). PARADISE LOST: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MEANINGS

   Edited by James Thorpe.(1965).MILTON CRITICISM. Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd. London. p.178.

7) ÚÓßÓæï(1994). John MiltonÀÇ ³«¿ø. ºÎ»ê: °æ¼º´ë ÃâÆÇºÎ.  p. 36.

8) Joseph Anthony Wittreich, Jr. by Edited(1975). Milton and the Line of Vision. The University of Wisconsin Press. P. 33.

9) William B. Hunter(1986). Milton's English Poetry: Being Entries from A milton Encyclopedia. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, p. 150.

10) B. K. Lewalski(1985). Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms. New Jersey: Princeton Univ. p. 80

11) W. H. Stevenson(1971). William Blake. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell in The Poems of William Blake, ed. London: Longman Group,  p. 107.

12) Ibid. Lewalski. p. 80

13) A. E. Dyson and Julian Lovelock(1973). The Lives of the English Poets from. Paradise Lost, ed. London: Macmillan, p. 410.

14) Ibid. Ralph Waterbury Condee. p. 7.

15) ÀÌâ±¹(1991). Milton Studies. Çѱ¹¹ÐÅÏÇÐȸ. ¼­¿ï p. 166.

16) A. A. Paperback(1967). Paradise Lost and the Seventeenth Century Reader. First edition. Michigan Univ. Press. p. 93.

17) William Empson(1981). MILTON'S GOD. London: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 18.

18) R. J. Werblowsky(1952).Lucifer and Prometheus: A Study of Milton's Satan. London: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 3.

19) ³²¹Ì¿µ(1993). Paradise Lost¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ MiltonÀÇ ÁË¿Í Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ. Ãæ³²´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®. p. 8.

20) C. S. Lewis(1956). A Preface to Paradise Lost. London: Oxford Univ. Press,  p. 92.

21) John R. Knott, Jr.(1971). MILTON'S PASTORAL VISION. Chicago Univ. p. 60.

22) ¾ÕÀÇ ³í¹®. ÀÌâ±¹. p. 102.

23) Ibid. Ralph Waterbury Condee. p. 7.

24) ¹Ú¿¬¼º. ã÷Ñâꮿ¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ MiltonÀÇ Ñâê®Îº. ¼­¿ï´ë ¼®»ç³í¹®. 18¡­21.

25) W. M. B. Eerdmans(1964). John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion Vol 2. Michigan : p. 206.

26) Christopher Hill(1977). Milton and the English Revolution. New York : The Viking Press, p.304.

27) John S. Bennett(1983), "Go:" Milton's Antinomianism and the Separation scene in Paradise Lost", Book 9, P.M.L.A. May p. 390.

28) ¾ÕÀÇ Ã¥. ÚÓßÓæï p.80

29) Samuel Johnson.(1779). Edited by James Thorpe.(1965). MILTON CRITICISM Selections from Four Centuries. Routledge & Kegan paul Ltd. London. p. 80.

30) ÃÖÁ¤¿î(1992). Paradise LostÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ¼­»ç½ÃÀû ÀüÅë ¿¬±¸. ´Ü±¹´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p 27¡­28.

31) W. J Grace(1968). IDEAS IN MILTON. Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame press. p.32

32) ÚÓßÓæï(1990). Paradise LostÀÇ Secularism æÚϼ. ¿µ³²´ë ¹Ú»ç³í¹®. p.8-10