CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE
Elements & Compounds
C, O, H, & N make up 96% of living matter
Chemical Bonds
covalent & ionic (polar & nonpolar)
Chemical Reactions
WATER
Polarity
Cohesive Molecules
Moderates Tempature
Universal Solvent
CARBON
Atoms have 4 valence electrons allow easy bonding with other atoms
Carbon Skeletons
Hydrocarbons
Isomers
Functional Groups-specific groups of atoms bonded to carbon skeletons
MACROMOLECULES
Polymers
monomers, condensation reactions
Carbohydrates
sugars, starch,
Lipids
fats, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids
Proteins
amino acids (20), polypeptide chains, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure, protein conformation
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA
METABOLISM
Energy
Thermodynamics
Free Energy & Equilibrium
Exergonic and endergonic reactions
Energy Coupling
ATP
Enzymes
catalyst , substrates
tempature and pH
cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition
Emergent Properties
THE CELL
Organelles
-nucleus, ribosomes, golgi appartus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast (plants only)
-extracellular matrix (ECM)- animals cell only
-cell wall- plants only
CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Made up of lipids & fats
Transportation
Diffusion & Osmosis
Water Solulable Balance
-hypertonic, hypotonic, & isotonic
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glycolysis
-through cellular rspiration, water, carbon dioxide, and energy to form ATP
Procedure
glycolysis-pyruvic acid-citric acid- electron transport train-mitochondria
Fermentation