The Jakarta Post, March 21, 2006
Freeport and the suffering of the Papuans
Israr Iskandar, Padang
Like an irresistible piece of chocolate cake, Freeport has become an issue politicians
are eager to talk about.
Former People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) speaker Amien Rais has recently
urged the government to revise its contract with PT Freeport Indonesia. He has even
agreed with the activists, who demand Freeport's closure.
In the same tone, Vice Pr! esident Jusuf Kalla set up an inter-departmental team to
re-audit the giant US-based gold mining firm. The government is expecting an extra
royalty allocation from the company.
The politicization of Freeport intensified after a violent demonstration in Abepura,
Papua against the firm, leaving three police officers and an airman dead on March 16.
Earlier, volatile protests took place in Jakarta, Jayapura, Manado, Solo and Timika.
Some of the protests turned violent, such as that the one at the building, which
houses PT Freeport Indonesia's offices in Jakarta. In the Papuan town of Timika, the
highway to Freeport's Grasberg mine was again blockaded by local people. This,
despite the fact, that local people had earlier "made peace" with Freeport via a
traditional declaration.
Local politicians have added t! o the complexity of the issue. Members of the Papuan
People's Assembly (MRP) and the Papuan Regional Council have become actively
involved. Non-governmental organizations and Papuan students aggressively
supported the local community's basic rights. Now the local elite have become further
involved in the Freeport case, particularly as it gets more politicized.
The Papuans' objection to the presence of Freeport is nothing new as it involves basic
rights issues. But the nationalistic cliques in Jakarta are motivated to pressure
Freeport purely out of a sense of "economic nationalism" (as indicated by Amien and
a number of conservative politicians in the House of Representatives), the Papuan
elite and NGOs find their reason for complaints in the poor conditions of indigenous
people amid the abundance of Papua's natural wealth, which is greedily exploited by
"outsiders".
For a long time, the U.S.-based corporation has been considered less responsive to
the interests of its surrounding people, especially in matters related to pollution of the
environment, which includes a diverse ecosystem that has served as a source of
native people's livelihood. On top of this, Freeport is the most obvious irony in Papua.
A multinational corporation has the freedom to exploit Papua's natural resources,
while some people in the province still virtually live in the "stone age".
Economists and entrepreneurs view the "pressure" on Freeport as bad news for the
country's investment climate. They say that in order to recuperate from economic
crisis that has lingered since 1997, there needs to be new investment, and not the
removal of an ongoing investments. Actually, even without any such direct pressure,
many forei! gn firms have left Indonesia due to the country's unfavorable business
climate and the overly politicized nature of big investments.
However, the government cannot blame local protesters and politicians for what it
describes as undermining the investment climate.
Freeport's operation has been considered less than conducive to the betterment local
people's welfare. The Freeport case today is the "tip of an iceberg" of the ire of locals
against the greed of the powerholders in Jakarta, who collaborate with foreign
investors in draining Papua's natural wealth. The exploitation of Papua's resources
has been taking place intensively and extensively amid Papuans' growing poverty and
backwardness after decades of integration with Indonesia.
In the early period of! reform (since 1998), Papuans had great expectations. Various
aspirations were expressed to demand justice from the central government, not only
in terms of political rights, but also in economic, social and cultural spheres. The fruit
of these demands was special autonomy. Politically, the 2001 Law on Special
Autonomy for Papua is a "compromise" to absorb the call for freedom. Economically,
Papua shares a "fair" amount of income from the exploitation of its resources.
But in reality, the law has not yet brought about fundamental changes in Papua.
Research by the Working Group on Papua in early 2006 revealed that for over five
years, special autonomy has had no impact yet on the welfare of local people,
particularly native Papuans. Data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2004
showed that 80 percent of the Papuan population remained poor, the highest such
rate in the country. The recen! t famine disaster in Yahukimo seems to have only
confirmed the statistics.
For Papuans who have studied their history, Freeport's presence looks strange. The
company's operation in Timika was planned long before Papua's integration with
Indonesia. This historical speculation has affected the dynamics of the
Jakarta-Jayapura relations. Suspicion has arisen that its integration in the 1960s was
just a process of coercion of "political economy" because it was realized against the
backdrop of foreign (i.e. U.S.) investors' interests. Speculation has also emerged that
collaboration between foreign capital and the New Order regime purposely sacrificed
the political and economic rights of Papuans.
Upon a closer look at the issue, one will notice that local protests against Freeport
today are not only aim! ed at the American company, but also meant as a
manifestation of Papua's continued resistance to central government policy.
Consequently, for Jakarta, resolving the Freeport crisis and satisfying Papuan political
aspirations are crucial.
The government's attitude toward foreign investment has hitherto been ambivalent. Its
attention to foreign investment has not been balanced with proper care about the
interests of nearby communities. In the Freeport case, the impression is that the
government sides with the multinational companies, while treating locals in an unfair
way.
The Freeport case is not a specific one. Indonesia is an example where many
investors only consider profit accumulation, while neglecting the environment around
them, including the rights of local communities. This is widely practiced! not only by
foreign corporations but also domestic companies, including state-owned enterprises.
The irony is not lost on those of us in this independent republic.
The writer is a lecturer and political analyst, Andalas University, Padang.
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