Unit Fifteen
range n. & v.
n.
1) a the region
between limits of variation, esp. as representing a scope of effective
operation (a voice of astonishing range; the whole range of politics). b such
limits. c a limited scale or series (the range of the thermometer readings is
about 10 degrees).
2) the area included
in or concerned with something.
3) a the distance
attainable by a gun or projectile (the enemy are out of range). b the distance
between a gun or projectile and its objective.
4) a row, series,
line, or tier, esp. of mountains or buildings.
5) a an open or
enclosed area with targets for shooting. b a testing-ground for military
equipment.
6) a a fireplace with
ovens and hotplates for cooking. b US an electric or gas cooker.
7) the area over which
a thing, esp. a plant or animal, is distributed (gives the ranges of all species).
8) the distance that
can be covered by a vehicle or aircraft without refuelling.
9) the distance
between a camera and the subject to be photographed.
10) the extent of time
covered by a forecast etc.
11) a a large area of
open land for grazing or hunting. b a tract over which one wanders.
12) lie, direction (the
range of the strata is east and west).
v.
1) intr. a reach; lie
spread out; extend; be found or occur over a specified district; vary between
limits (ages ranging from twenty to sixty). b run in a line (ranges north and
south).
2) tr. (usu. in
passive or refl.) place or arrange in a row or ranks or in a specified
situation or order or company (ranged their troops; ranged themselves with the
majority party; trees ranged in ascending order of height).
3) intr. rove, wander
(ranged through the woods; his thoughts range over past, present, and future).
4) tr. traverse in all
directions (ranging the woods).
5) Printing a tr.
Brit. make (type) lie flush at the ends of successive lines. b intr. (of type)
lie flush.
6) intr. a (often
foll. by with) be level. b (foll. by with, among) rank; find one's right place
(ranges with the great writers).
7) intr. a (of a gun) send
a projectile over a specified distance (ranges over a mile). b (of a
projectile) cover a specified distance. c obtain the range of a target by
adjustment after firing past it or short of it.
ranging-pole (or -rod) Surveying a pole or rod for
setting a straight line.
divide v. & n.
v.
1) tr. & intr.
(often foll. by in, into) separate or be separated into parts; break up; split
(the river divides into two; the road divides; divided them into three groups).
2) tr. & intr.
(often foll. by out) distribute; deal; share (divided it out between them).
3) tr. a cut off;
separate; part (divide the sheep from the goats). b mark out into parts (a
ruler divided into inches). c specify different kinds of, classify (people can
be divided into two types).
4) tr. cause to
disagree; set at variance (religion divided them).
5) Math. a tr. find
how many times (a number) contains another (divide 20 by 4). b intr. (of a
number) be contained in (a number) without a remainder (4 divides into 20). c
intr. be susceptible of division (10 divides by 2 and 5). d tr. find how many
times (a number) is contained in another (divide 4 into 20).
6) intr. Math. do
division (can divide well).
7) Parl. a intr. (of a
legislative assembly etc.) part into two groups for voting (the House divided).
b tr. so divide (a Parliament etc.) for voting.
n.
1) a dividing or
boundary line (the divide between rich and poor).
2) a watershed.
divided against itself formed into factions.
divided highway US a dual carriageway.
divided skirt culottes.
the Great Divide the boundary between life
and death.
steep adj.
& n.
adj.
1) sloping sharply;
almost perpendicular (a steep hill; steep stairs).
2) (of a rise or fall)
rapid (a steep drop in share prices).
3) (predic.) colloq. a
(of a demand, price, etc.) exorbitant; unreasonable (esp. a bit steep). b (of a
story etc.) exaggerated; incredible.
n. a steep slope; a
precipice.
steepen v.intr. & tr.
steepish adj.
steeply adv.
steepness n.
yak n.
a long-haired humped Tibetan ox, Bos grunniens.
border n. & v.
n.
1) the edge or
boundary of anything, or the part near it.
2) a the line
separating two political or geographical areas, esp. countries. b the district
on each side of this. c (the Border) a particular boundary and its adjoining
districts, esp. between Scotland and England (usu. the Borders), or N. Ireland
and the Irish Republic.
3) a distinct edging
round anything, esp. for strength or decoration.
4) a long narrow bed
of flowers or shrubs in a garden (herbaceous border).
v.
1) tr. be a border to.
2) tr. provide with a
border.
3) intr. (usu. foll.
by on, upon) a adjoin; come close to being. b approximate, resemble.
Border collie a common working sheepdog of the North
Country.
Border terrier 1 a small terrier of a breed
with rough hair. 2 this breed.
tribesman n
1) a member of a tribe or of one's own
tribe.
barrier n.
1) a fence or other
obstacle that bars advance or access.
2) an obstacle or circumstance
that keeps people or things apart, or prevents communication (class barriers; a
language barrie3) anything that prevents progress or success.
4) a gate at a car
park, railway station, etc., that controls access.
5) colloq. = sound
barrier.
barrier cream a cream used to protect the skin from
damage or infection.
barrier reef a coral reef separated from
the shore by a broad deep channel.
outside n. , adj.
, adv. , & prep.
n.
1) the external side
or surface; the outer parts (painted blue on the outside).
2) the external
appearance; the outward aspect of a building etc.
3) (of a path) the side
away from the wall or next to the road.
4) (also attrib.) all
that is without; the world as distinct from the thinking subject (learn about
the outside world; viewed from the outside the problem is simple).
5) a position on the
outer side (the gate opens from the outside).
6) colloq. the highest
computation (it is a mile at the outside).
7) an outside player
in football etc.
8) (in pl.) the outer
sheets of a ream of paper.
adj.
1) of or on or nearer
the outside; outer.
2) a not of or
belonging to some circle or institution (outside help; outside work). b (of a
broker) not a member of the Stock Exchange.
3) (of a chance etc.)
remote; very unlikely.
4) (of an estimate
etc.) the greatest or highest possible (the outside price).
5) (of a player in
football etc.) positioned nearest to the edge of the field.
adv.
1) on or to the
outside.
2) in or to the open
air.
3) not within or
enclosed or included.
4) sl. not in prison.
prep. (also disp.
foll. by of)
1not in; to or at the exterior of (meet me outside the post
office).
2external to, not included in, beyond the limits of (outside
the law).
at the outside (of an estimate etc.) at the most.
get outside of sl. eat or drink.
outside and in outside and inside.
outside broadcast Brit. a broadcast made on
location and not in a studio.
outside edge (on an ice-skate) each of the edges
facing outwards when both feet are together.
outside in = inside out.
outside interest a hobby; an interest not
connected with one's work or normal way of life.
outside seat a seat nearer the end of a row.
outside track the outside lane of a sports
track etc. which is longer because of the curve.
track
1 n. & v.
n.
1) a a mark or marks
left by a person, animal, or thing in passing. b (in pl.) such marks esp.
footprints.
2) a rough path, esp.
one beaten by use.
3) a continuous
railway line (laid three miles of track).
4) a a racecourse for
horses, dogs, etc. b a prepared course for runners etc.
5) a a groove on a
gramophone record. b a section of a gramophone record containing one song etc.
(this side has six tracks). c a lengthwise strip of magnetic tape containing
one sequence of signals.
6) a a line of travel,
passage, or motion (followed the track of the hurricane; America followed in
the same track). b the path travelled by a ship, aircraft, etc. (cf. course n.
2c).
7) a continuous band
round the wheels of a tank, tractor, etc.
8) the transverse
distance between a vehicle's wheels.
9) soundtrack.
10) aline of reasoning
or thought (this track proved fruitless).
v.
1) tr. follow the
track of (an animal, person, spacecraft, etc.).
2) tr. make out (a
course, development, etc.); trace by vestiges.
3) intr. (often foll.
by back, in, etc.) (of a film or television camera) move in relation to the
subject being filmed.
4) intr. (of wheels)
run so that the back ones are exactly in the track of the front ones.
5) intr. (of a
gramophone stylus) follow a groove.
6) tr. US a make a
track with (dirt etc.) from the feet. b leave such a track on (a floor etc.).
in one's tracks colloq. where one stands, there and
then (stopped him in his tracks).
keep (or lose) track of follow (or fail to
follow) the course or development of.
make tracks colloq. go or run away.
make tracks for colloq. go in pursuit of or
towards.
off the track away from the subject.
on a person's track 1 in pursuit of him or
her. 2 in possession of a clue to a person's conduct, plans, etc.
on the wrong side of (or across) the tracks
colloq. in an inferior or dubious part of town.
on the wrong (or right) track following the
wrong (or right) line of inquiry.
track down reach or capture by tracking.
track events running-races as opposed to
jumping etc. (cf. field events).
tracking station an establishment set up to
track objects in the sky.
track-laying (of a vehicle) having a
caterpillar tread.
track record a person's past performance or
achievements.
track shoe a spiked shoe worn by a runner.
track suit a loose warm suit worn by an
athlete etc. for exercising or jogging.
track system US streaming in education.
track with Austral. sl. associate with,
court.
trackage US n.
succeed v.
1) intr. a (often foll. by in) accomplish
one's purpose; have success; prosper (succeeded in his ambition). b (of a plan
etc.) be successful.
2) a tr. follow in
order; come next after (night succeeded day). b intr. (foll. by to) come next,
be subsequent.
3) intr. (often foll.
by to) come by an inheritance, office, title, or property (succeeded to the
throne).
4) tr. take over an
office, property, inheritance, etc. from (succeeded his father; succeeded the
manager).
nothing succeeds like success one success leads to
others.
succeeder n.
mountaineer n. & v.
n.
1)a person skilled in mountain-climbing.
2)a person living in an area of high mountains.
v.intr. climb
mountains as a sport.
mountaineering n.
foreigner n.
1) a person born in or coming from a foreign
country or place.
2) dial. a non-native
of a place.
3) a a foreign ship. b
an imported animal or article
altitude n.
1) the height of an object in relation to a
given point, esp. sea level or the horizon.
2) Geom. the length of
the perpendicular from a vertex to the opposite side of a figure.
3) a high or exalted
position (a social altitude).
altitude sickness a sickness experienced at high
altitudes.
altitudinal adj.
cylinder n.
1) a a uniform solid or hollow body with
straight sides and a circular section. b a thing of this shape, e.g. a
container for liquefied gas.
2) a cylinder-shaped
part of various machines, esp. a piston-chamber in an engine.
3) Printing a metal
roller.
cylinder saw = crown saw.
cylinder seal Antiq. a small barrel-shaped
object of stone or baked clay bearing a cuneiform inscription, esp. for use as
a seal.
cylindrical adj.
cylindrically adv.
freeze v. & n.
v.
(past froze; past part. frozen)
1) tr. & intr. a
turn or be turned into ice or another solid by cold. b (often foll. by over,
up) make or become rigid or solid as a result of the cold.
2) intr. be or feel
very cold.
3) tr. & intr.
cover or become covered with ice.
4) intr. (foll. by to,
together) adhere or be fastened by frost (the curtains froze to the window).
5) tr. preserve (food)
by refrigeration below freezing-point.
6) tr. & intr. a
make or become motionless or powerless through fear, surprise, etc. b react or
cause to react with sudden aloofness or detachment.
7) tr. stiffen or
harden, injure or kill, by chilling (frozen to death).
8) tr. make (credits,
assets, etc.) temporarily or permanently unrealizable.
9) tr. fix or
stabilize (prices, wages, etc.) at a certain level.
10) tr. arrest (an action) at a certain stage of development.
11) tr. arrest (a movement in a film) by repeating a frame or
stopping the film at a frame.
n.
1) a state of frost; a
period or the coming of frost or very cold weather.
2) the fixing or
stabilization of prices, wages, etc.
3) afilm-shot in which
movement is arrested by the repetition of a frame.
freeze-dry (-dries, -dried) freeze and dry by the
sublimation of ice in a high vacuum.
freeze-frame = sense 3 of n.
freeze on to colloq. take or keep tight
hold of.
freeze out US colloq. exclude from
business, society, etc. by competition or boycott etc.
freeze up obstruct or be obstructed by the
formation of ice.
freeze-up n. a period or conditions of
extreme cold.
freezing-mixture salt and snow or some
other mixture used to freeze liquids.
freezing-point the temperature at which a
liquid, esp. water, freezes.
freezing works Austral. & NZ a place
where animals are slaughtered and carcasses frozen for export.
frozen mitt colloq. a cool reception.
freezable adj.
frozenly adv.
allow v.
1) tr. permit (a
practice, a person to do something, a thing to happen, etc.) (smoking is not allowed;
we allowed them to speak).
2) tr. give or
provide; permit (a person) to have (a limited quantity or sum) (we were allowed
Ł500 a year).
3) tr. provide or set
aside for a purpose; add or deduct in consideration of something (allow 10% for
inflation).
4) tr. a admit, agree,
concede (he allowed that it was so; You know best, he allowed). b US state;
be of the opinion.
5) refl. permit
oneself, indulge oneself in (conduct) (allowed herself to be persuaded; allowed
myself a few angry words).
6) intr. (foll. by of)
admit of.
7) intr. (foll. by
for) take into consideration or account; make addition or deduction
corresponding to (allowing for wastage).
allowable adj.
allowably adv.
decrease v. & n.
v.tr.
& intr. make or become smaller or fewer.
n.
1) the act or an
instance of decreasing.
2) the amount by which
a thing decreases.
decreasingly adv.
sickness n.
1) the state of being
ill; disease.
2) a specified disease
(sleeping sickness).
3) vomiting or a tendency
to vomit.
sickness benefit (in the UK) benefit paid by the State
for sickness interrupting paid employment.
solo n. , v., & adv.
n. (pl. -os)
1) (pl. -os or soli) a a
vocal or instrumental piece or passage, or a dance, performed by one person
with or without accompaniment. b (attrib.) performed or performing as a solo
(solo passage; solo violin).
2) a an unaccompanied
flight by a pilot in an aircraft. b anything done by one person unaccompanied.
c (attrib.) unaccompanied, alone.
3) (in full solo whist)
a a card-game like whist in which one player may oppose the others. b a
declaration or the act of playing to win five tricks at this.
v. (-oes, -oed)
1) intr. perform a
solo, esp. a solo flight.
2) tr. perform or
achieve as a solo.
adv. unaccompanied,
alone (flew solo for the first time).
solo stop an organ stop especially suitable for
imitating a solo performance on another instrument.
summit n.
1) the highest point,
esp. of a mountain; the apex.
2) the highest degree
of power, ambition, etc.
3) (in full summit
meeting, talks, etc.) a discussion, esp. on disarmament etc., between heads of
government.
summitless adj.
exist v. intr.
1) have a place as part of objective reality.
2) a have being under
specified conditions. b (foll. by as) exist in the form of.
3) (of circumstances
etc.) occur; be found.
4) live with no
pleasure under adverse conditions (felt he was merely existing).
5) continue in being;
maintain life (can hardly exist on this salary).
6) be alive, live.
ambition n.
1) (often foll. by to + infin.) the
determination to achieve success or distinction, usu. in a chosen field.
2) the object of this
determination.
ascent n.
1) the act or an
instance of ascending.
2) a an upward
movement or rise. b advancement or progress (the ascent of man).
3) a way by which one
may ascend; an upward slope.
footprint n.
1) the impression left
by a foot or shoe.
2) Computing the area
of desk space etc. occupied by a microcomputer or other piece of hardware.
qualify v. (-ies, -ied)
1) tr. make competent
or fit for a position or purpose.
2) tr. make legally
entitled.
3) intr. (foll. by
for) (of a person) satisfy the conditions or requirements (for a position,
award, competition, etc.).
4) tr. add
reservations to; modify or make less absolute (a statement or assertion).
5) tr. Gram. (of a
word, esp. an adjective) attribute a quality to another word, esp. a noun.
6) tr. moderate,
mitigate; make less severe or extreme.
7) tr. alter the
strength or flavour of.
8) tr. (foll. by as)
attribute a specified quality to, describe as (the idea was qualified as absurd).
9) tr. (as qualifying
adj.) serving to determine those that qualify (qualifying examination).
qualifiable adj.
qualifier n.
Prepared
by:
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Kamel Waled Alkhteeb
Easer Al-Eatme