GENERATION: | FIRST | SECOND | THIRD | FOURTH | FIFTH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years: | 1951-58 | 1959-64 | 1965-70 | 1971-? | Soon-? |
Typical Machine: | UNIVAC | IBM 1400 | IBM 360 | Micros | Supermicros? |
Size: | Room | Closet | Desk | Breadbox | "Tablet"? |
Circuit Device: | Vacuum Tubes | Transistors | Integrated Circuits | LSI1 | VLSI2 |
Circuit Density: (#/unit) | One | 100's | 1,000's | Hundreds of 1,000's | Millions? |
Speed: (Inst/Sec) | 100's | 1,000'S | Millions | Tens of Millions | Billions? |
Reliability: (Time to fail) | Hours | Days | Weeks | Months | Years? |
Main Memory Device: | Magnetic Drum | Magnetic Core | Magnetic Core | LSI1 Circuits | VLSI2, Super- conductors |
Memory Size: | 1,000's | Tens of 1,000's | Hundreds of 1,000's | Millions | Billions? |
$/Million Instructions: | $10 | $1 | $0.10 | $0.001 | $0.00001? |
Input Devices: | Cards & Paper Tape | Cards | Key to Tape/Disk | Key, Direct, Optical | Speech Touch |
Output Devices: | Cards & | Cards & | Print & Video | Print & Audio/Video | Graphics & Voice |
Software: | Machine Language | Symbolic Languages | Hi-level Languages | DBMS, 4GLs SW Packages | Natural Lang. GP Packages |
Some Features: | Batch Process | Realtime DataComm Overlaps | TimeShare Multiprog Multiproc | Virtual Memory, Distributed Processing | Parallel Process, AI, Robots |
1LSI = Large Scale Integration of Chips with several thousand transitors.2VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration produced a chip containing a microprocessor — this made the development of the microcomputer possible.
- IN SHORT, THE GENERAL TREND IS:
- Smaller, Faster, Lower Cost, More Reliable, More Complex
- Larger Capacity Memories, Easier Inputs and Outputs
- Easier to Use, More Flexible, Smarter, Easier Access
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Miriam Claude Meijer, Ph.D.
02/16/05