Indian Cow

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Amrit Mahal

breed

Amrit Mahal literally means the department of milk. Originally the rulers of Mysore Started an establishment of cattle collected from the prevalent types of cattle within the area for the supply of milk and milk products to the palace; simultaneously the bullocks from this establishment were utilized for the movement of army equipage.

The bullocks were regularly classified as gun bullocks, pack bullocks, plow bullocks, etc. They attracted great attention during the nineteenth century on account of their power of endurance and the speed with which they could move army equipment. It is claimed that they could maneuver a march of 100 miles in 2.5 days.

Littlewood (1936) quoting an army officer who accompanied an army expedition to Afghanistan in 1842 says no draft cattle in the army were so efficient as the 230 (Mysore) bullocks, which accompanied the troops to Afghanistan. It was entirely due to the superiority of these cattle that no part of the equipment was required to be abandoned when the troops were returning to India over the almost impracticable roads through the Tirah Mountains. These cattle were frequently upwards of sixteen hours in yoke.

Kristnasamiengar and pease (1912) mention that cattle of Amtit Mahal establishment originally comprised there distinel varieties. Ilallilkar Hagalvadi and Chitaldroog prior to 1860. It seems that these there varieties were maintained separate from each other. In 1860, the whole establishment. Was liquidated for reasons of economy. By the year 1866, it was realized than establishment for the supply of cattle was a necessity, and during the year a herd was again re-established. Thus, the foundation cattle from which the Amrit Mahal breed was developed were of the Hallinar and closely related types.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

The home of Amrit Mahal cattle is in Mysore State, India. If lies between latitude 11

North and longitude east. The area is an undulating tableland much broken up by chains of rocky hills and scored by deep ravines. Its form is that of a triangle with the apex to the south at the point where the western and eastern Ghat ranges of hills converge in the group of Nilgiri hills of the south.

The general elevation rises from about 1,800 feet above sea level along the north and south frontiers to about 3,000 feet at the central water-parting area, which separates the basin of the River Krishna to the north from that of the River Cauvery to the south.

The level plains of black soil in the north area used for crops such as cotton and millets. The tracts in the south and west, irrigated by channels drawn from rivers, are covered with plantations of sugarcane and fields of rice. The soils in the east are red colored loam or clay loam. It has been observed that these are generally deficient in phosphorus. The stony and wide-spreading pasture grounds in the central parts of the country represent very poor soil with coarse grasses.

The climate is pleasant and equable throughout the year. Mysore gets rains from both southwest as well as Northeast monsoons. The rainy season begins in early June and contemns with some intervals in August and September to the middle of November closing with heavyrainsofthenorthwest monsoon. These later rains are very useful for pastures.

Then the cold season begins, which is dry and lasts until the end of February. The hot season then sets in and increases in intensity to the end of May with occasional relief owing to thunderstorms.

Bachaur

Philips (1944) observes that though the Bachaur has not been elassified by other authors it appears to belong to the group of shorthorned white or light-gray cattle. The breed has very close similarity to the Hariana breed. Some think it may be a deteriorated strain of the Hariana. The breed is well-know for its draft qualities and ability to thrive under poorer conditions of feedings.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Location, Topography and soils

The breed is found in the Bachaur and Koilpur subdivisions of the Sitamarhi district of Bihar State, India. This area is situated in the north central part of Bihar lying approximately between 26⁰ and 26⁰6 north latitude and 85⁰ and 85⁰6 east longitude, and consists of a low lying alluvial plain transversed at intervals by ridges of high ground.

Beds of nodular limestone are occasionally found in the tract. There are two important rivers in the tract, Lakhandai and Bagmati, the latter originating in Naepal. On account of the generally flat nature of the country, the rivers are subject to floods during the rainy season causing heavy inundation in the area. The major portion of the area is fertile

Functional Characteristics of the Breed

The breed is well-know in the area for its medium draught abilities. In the days of the East India Company during early part of the nineteenth century, large numbers of bullock of the breed were always in demand for transport purpose. Bullocks of this breed are medium paced and a pair can carry loads in a cart up to 650 kg. The cows are not good milk producers but average quality animals produce 1 to 2 kg milks a day after feeding their calves.

Performance in other Areas

The breed is used in the adjacent areas of its native home mainly for draft purposes. It is supposed to be doing well the demand for bullocks are steadily increasing but no specifics of performance are available.

Kherigarh cattle` are closely allied to the Malvi bareed (Anonymous, 1908). The Kherigarh breed is mostly found in the Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Though the horn formation is typical of the lyro-horned Malvi type, the animals of the breed are much lighter in general appearance than the Malvis.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Location, Topography and Soils

The Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh is located between 27^04` and 28⁰4 north latitude and between 80⁰2 east longitude. The district is bounded on the north by the River Mohan, separating it from Nepal, on the east by the Bahraich district and on the west by the district of Phlibhit. The district is studded with many lakes, while in the southwest area there are large shallow swamps.

Kheri is divided by the rivers which flow through the area into different tracts of varying conditions. The southwest region between the Rivers Sukheta and Gomti consists of fertile loam soils. The area between Gomti and Kathna is sandy and is called the Parehar tract : here the best Kherigarh cattle are bred. The most fertile part of the district is along the banks of the River Sarda in the northern region. The predominant soil consists of deep alluvium with occasional nodular limestone.

Climate

It is a submontane area having high humidity. During the summer month of May and June the maximum day temperature may go as high as 110 to 115 . During the winter months the minimum temperatures rarely go below 35 F. The mean annual temperature is around 79 F. Annuual rainfall ranges between 45 and 65 inches. In the northeast protion the rainfall is heavier.

Vegetation

The district contains the luxurious vegetation typical of the damp submontane tract. Sugarcane is grown extensively and, among other field crops, rice, maize, wheat, barley, chickpeas, lentils and oilseeds such as mustard and rape are largely grown. On account of favorabel rainfall and availability of water from lakes and rivers for irrigation, large portions of agricultural land yield two crops per year.

The region has an abundance of coarse grasses and most of the cattle are maintained on grazing.

Management Practices

As the Kheri district supplies large numbers of draft bullocks to the Oudh and Gorakhpur areas of Uttar Pradesh, breeders take great care in rearing male calves. The animals are maintained primarily on grazing. During the hot season large herds are moved into the pasture areas of Nepal for grazing.

The cows, being very poor milkers, are not given much attention.

^{Physical Characteristics of the Breed}

Kherigarh cattle are generally white or gray in color. The face is small and narrow. Horns are thin and upstanding and measure 12 to 18 inches in bulls; cows usually have smaller horns. The ears are small and the eyes bright. The neck is short and looks powerful. The hump is well-developed in bulls. The dewlap is thin and pendulous and starts from right under the chin and continues right down to the brisket. The barrel is broad and deep. The sheath is short and moderately tightg. Limbs are right. The tail is long, ending in a white switeh.

^{Functional Characteristics of the Breed}

The cattle of this breed are very active and thrive on grazing only. The bullocks are good for light draft and quick, light transport. The cows are poor milkers. It has been observed that the animals mature late and heifers first produce calves when they are about 5 years of age. Bullocks of this breed are in great demand for light cultivation in the eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh. They are particularly prized by cultivators for their endurance.

It is estimated that they start work when they are about 4 years of age and weigh about 600 pounds.

It is claimed that a pair of bullocks can haul about 1500 kg.of load in a cart to a distance of 30 to 35 km. In a day traveling at times 3 to 4 miles per hour.

Performances in Other Areas

Bullocks of this breed are used in some of the Eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Olver (1938) classifies the Malvi among the grayer; lyre horned type represented by Kankrej cattle. He mentions that the large Malvi breed resembles the Kankrej in some respect though the horns are inclined more forward in the Malvis that in the Kankrej. He further states that it seems probable that there is a mixture of types in this breed but the face and horns appear to be sufficiently similar to indicate some relationship to the Kankrej. Olver has also drawn attention to the resemblance between the Kankrej breed and the animal depicted on the seal which was recovered from the Mohenjo-daro site (estimated to be of 3,000 BC) but Ware (1942) thinks that the resemblance is even more striking between the animal on the seal and the lyre-horned Malvi breed.

Phillips (1944) classifies Malvis among the lyre-horned gray cattle with wide foreheads, prominent orbital arches, the face having a flat or dished-in profile. He also lists Kenwariya and Khenigarh in the group with the Malvis. Taking into consideration close similarity between these two latter breeds and Malvis and the geographical proximity of the habitat to these breeds it seems that possibly these latter two breeds are mere strains of the same stock represented by the Malvis.

The Malvi is primarily draft breed which has developed into different strains which are heavy, light or medium in size, depending on soil conditions. For example, the Umatwara strain breed in Rajgarh and Narsingharh areas is a slightly heavier type while the type towards Sangar is light. These cattle are mainly bred in the Malwa tract of Madhyapradesh

Conditions in Native Home of Breed

Location, Topography and Soils

The area where Malvis exist lies between 22⁰4 and 25⁰9 north latitude and 74⁰3 and 78⁰5 east logitude. It consists of two parts, the malwa platean proper, and the adjoining hilly tract of Vindhya hills to the east. The plateau has an average altitude of 1,600 feet above sea level, but the higher plateau land their surface. Some of these hills rise to about 3,000 feet above sea level.

The area has a number of rivers such as Betwa, Chambal, Kalisind, Mahi, Parbati, Sipra, Tons, Ken and Dhasan. Most of these reivers take a very preciptious route and during the monsoon cause extensive erosion. The majority of these flow nothwards and westwards and join either the yamuna or the ganges rivers in the north.

The major potion of the area is covered with fertile black cotton soil of the heavy loam type. Lighter soils with greater proportion of sand are also prevalent.

Climate

The Malva plateau on the whole has a dry, moderate climate. During the summer, which extends from March to June, the day temperatures during the hottest parts of may go as high as 105⁰ C, but being dry, are not oppressive. Nights are normally pleasant with plenty of cool breeze. Meteorological observations representing averages of 25 years taken at Nimach and Indore.

MEWATI

Mewati cattle are found in the tract known as Mewat, but the breed is sometimes spoken of as Kosi, on account of the fact that large numbers of cattle of this breed are sold from the market at Kosi, a small town in the district of Mathura. Mewati cattle are similar in type to Hariana (Phillips, 1944), but show definite evidence of an admixture of Gir blood ( Olver, 1938; ware 1942). Native habitats of Rath and Nagori cattle being adjacent Mewati these two breeds may also have contributed to the formation of the Mewati.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Location. Topography and Soils

Mewat is an ill-defined tract lying south of Delhi including the whole of Alwar and part of Bharatpur and a small part Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh: it also includes an part of the Gurgaon district of the Haryana . Most of the area is flat, rocky and sandy, and is intersected by the lower ranged of the Aravbvalli hills. The soils may be divided into three classes: a stifles clay which, though somewhat difficult to work, yields the heaviest crops; loamy soil, easier to work but requiring heavy manuring-about. 60 percent of the cultivated area falls into this class of soil; a third type is sandy and is found at the fool of hill and along the banks of streams, being only suitable for lighter crops. The water supply is mostly from pounds, and supplies are largely dependent on local rainfall, for there are few wells; sweet water is found at great depths, that from shallow depths being brackish.

Climate

The climate is dry throughout the year except in the months of July, August and September when it is hot and humid. Summer temperatures during May and Jane go as high as 1150F., and in this season sandstorms occur frequently which, though unpleasant, usually bring about a decrease in temperature. The average annual rainfall of the area is about 22 to 25 inches, four-fifths of which is received in July, August and September.

Vegetation

Though small areas are preserved as pasture areas, cattle have to dep0end mostly on the by-products of cereal farming. Sorghum, millets, Cajanus eajan. Phasclus radiatus, P.mungo, wheat, barley and chickpeas are extensively grown. Of the oilseeds, rapeseed and sesamum are largely raised. Of the grasses, Pennisetum eeuchroides. Andropogon pertusus and Cynodon dactylon are most popular and commonly found.

Management Practices

As the bullocks of this breed are in greater demand by cultivators, breeders pay more attention to the rearing of bull calves. The cattle get very little grazing; only for a limited period of about 2 months, in August and September, are thy taken out for grazing; otherwise they are stall-fed. In the winter months, they get chaffed sorghum or millets and during the summer, hay and various straws of wheat, barley, Phasclus mungo, P.radiatus, etc. Concentrates such as oilcakes and crushed grains are given to working bullocks only.

Physical Characteristics of the breed

Mewati cattle (Baldrey,1909) are usually white in color with neck, shoulders and quarters of darker shads: occasionally, individual cattle have Gir coloration. The face is long and narrow with the forehead slightly bulging. Horns emerge from the outer angles of the poll and are inclined to turn backwards at the points. Eyes prominent and surrounded by a very dark rim. The nuzzle is wide and square and the upper lip thick and overhanging giving the upper part of the nose a contracted appearance. The muzzle is pitch black in color. The ears are pendulous but not so long. The neck and the whole frame is strong but the limbs are light. The legs are r3latively long and the frame of the body gives an impression of being loosely built. The chest is deep but the ribs are flat. The head and neck show an upright carriage. The dewlap though hanging is not very loose. The sheath also is loose but not pendulous. The legs are fine and round with strong, somewhat large hooves, well-rounded in shape. The tail is long, the tuft nearly reaching the heels. Cows usually have well-developed udders. Average data on certain body measurements are summarized in Table 33.

TABLE 33.Average Measurements of Mewati Cattle

MEASUREMENT	MATURE COW	MATURE BULL	MATURE BULLOCK
Height at withers, in inches….. Length from shoulder to pin bones, in inches……………… Heart girth, in inches………..	48   48   60	61 69 74	54 57   66

 

Functional Characteristics of the Breed 

Mewati cattle are, in general, sturdy, powerful and docile, and are useful for heavy plowing, carting and drawing water from deep wells. Bull calves are castrated when they are about 3 years of age and broken for light work. They are supposed to take a full load of the work when they are about 41/2 years of age. A pair of bullocks can haul about 1,200 to 1500 pounds of load in an iron-rimmed cart at an average speed of 3 miles per hour, a distance of 15 to 20 miles per day. In fieldwork, they are worked for 8 to 10 hours per day. The cows are supposed to be fair milkers. It is estimated that they produce on an average about 2.2kg pounds of milk per day after feeding the calf. Heifers are bred to calve when they are about 4 years old. Calves are not artificially weaned. Male calves usually receive a greater share of the milk than the female calves. 

Performance in Other Areas 

Only bullocks of this breed are exported, largely to parts Uttar Pradesh. They are very much appreciated for their steady work in the fields and are credited with economical feeding.

PONWAR

Ware (1942) observed that the ponwar breed does not fit into any definite group of cattle thought it is a separate breed of probably more recent origin. Philips (1944), however, classifies it into the hill type of cattle, which are found in the foothills of the Himalayas. As seen from the Physical characteristics of this breed, one may be inclined to accept the latter view. It is small and compacts with frequent while markings on the forehead, dewlap and limbs. Black and white color is often seen in the hill type of cattle and these features are also common in the ponwar breed. However, the horns are inclined to be lyre-shaped, which may be due to some mixture of the nearby plains cattle. The breed is restricted to a small geographical area of Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

 

Location, Topography and Soils

Animals of the ponwar breed of cattle are found primarily in the puranpur subdivision of pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh. The area lies approximately between latitude 28⁰4, and 28⁰8 ‘ north and between longitude 79⁰ and 80⁰4 east. The area is only a short distance from the outer ranges of the Himalayas. The whole area consists of a level plain with a few depressions but no hills.

 

Climate

It is a submontane area, having high humidity. Proximity to hills causes a more even temperature and even the summers are not as nubarable as in other parts of Uttar Pradesh. The annual rainfall ranges from 50 to 65 inches. Winter rains are heavy and occur during the months of November to February. Regular summer rains from the southwest monsoon occur during the months of July to September.

Physical Characteristics of the Breed

The animals of this breed possess a small, narrow face, small ears and big, bright eyes. The forehead is slightly concave and often has white marking. The horns are long, upstanding and lyre-shaped. They measure from 12 to 18 inches in length.

The neck is short and powerful. The barrel is moderately long. The sheath is short and tight. The dewlap is light and thin. The hump is well-developed in bulls but it is small in cows. The cows have small and poorly developed udders. The tail is long and tapering with a white switch.

Ponwar cattle are usually black and white; the color markings do not have any particular patter, but large patches of black and white ere intermixed. The average height of a bull is 50 inches, while that of a cow is about 45 inches. Bulls weigh around 1540 to 1760 Kg, while the cows weigh about 1320 to 1430 Kg. The average measurements of ponwar cattle are summarized in Table 81

Table 81. Ranges in Measurements of Ponwar Cattle

Measure	At one year	At two years		Mature
Females Weight in ponds	290	400		650
Length from shoulder point to pin bones, in inches	35-36	42-43		50-51
Height at withers, in inches	37	43		48-49
Depth of chest, in inches	13-14	18-19		21-22
Width of hips, in inches	11-12	13-14		16-17
Heart girth, in inches	43	53-54		62-63
Measure	At one year	At two years	Mature Bulls		Mature Ox
Males Weight in ponds	225	425	700		700
Length from shoulder point to pin bones, in inches	35-36	42-43	52-53		52-53
Height at withers, in inches	37-38	43-44	52		54
Depth of chest, in inches	13-14	18-19	20-21		20-21
Width of hips, in inches	10-11	13	16-17		16
Heart girth, in inches	43-44	54-55	65		63

 

 

 

 

Indian cow Sarvangi breed specially Gheer,

Hariyana

, The Hariana breed 1 belongs to the group of the cattle which are shorthorned, white or height gray colored with a long coffinshaped skull, orbital arches which are not prominent and with the face slightly convex in profile (Phillips, 1944). This type presumably entered through the northern in passes with Rig Vedic Aryans (Olver, 1938). There is close similarity to types amongst the cattle represented by the Bhagnari breed on the one hand and the Gaolao and the Ongole on the other hand. Ware hand and the Gaolao and the Ongole on he other hand. Ware (1942) this invasion occurred between 2, 200 and 1500 B.C.

 

All the breeds represented in this group are located along the route taken by the invaders from the northern passes through Central India to the south, stretching from Kalat in Pakistan to a point on the southeast, a few miles north of Chennai India.

 

Hariana cattle take their name from the tract known as Hariana and lying between 28⁰30` and 30⁰ north latitude and75⁰45’and76⁰30’east longitude, chiefly in the eastern half of Hissar district and also comprising part of Rohtak and Gurgaon district and also comprising

Part of Rohtak and Gurgaon districts, and the areas of Jind and Patiala. The name of Hariana is most probably derived from "Hari"(green) and is reminiscent of a time when this was a ric h and fertile tract.l Archaeological remains show that the country watered by the Sarswati was once the scene of a flourishing Hindu civilization (Anonymous,1908). Olver (1936) observes that in Hariana cattle of the Delhi-Rohtak-Gurgaon tract is and example. Of an original draft breed in which development of milking qualities has received some attention, during the days of the Moghul Emperors when large quantities of milk were no doubt required in this area.

Besides the Hariana tract the breed is produced in more or less pure form in the territories represented by the  area of Jind, Nabha, Patiala, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Loharu, Alwar, Bharatpur and the western districts of Uttar Pradesh such as Meerut, Bulandshahr and Aigarh.

Sahiwal

, Olver (1938) observed that the sahiwal breed is closely allied to the cattle of Afghanistan, that they are pale red or dun mixed with white and are among the best milking breeds of India (Pakistan). He further mentions that large numbers of people from Rajputana and Kathiawar with their cattle at one time came into the area of the Sahiwals and it is evident that some Gir blood, introduced in all probability at that time, still exists in this breed. Sahiwal cattle are also known as Montgomery cattle, as they are largely bred in the district of Montgomery. They Punjab, Pakistan.

 

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Location, Topography and Soils

The home of this breed is the dry central and southern area of the Punjab (Pakistan) in the neighborhood of the River Ravi and the area known as Nili Bar. A Large part of the area lies in the district of Montgomery. The approximate location of the area is between latitude 2905 and 31⁰2, north and between longitude and 74⁰8 east

Montgomery district is in the shape of a rough parallelogram. Its southeastern side rests on the Sutlej River, while the Ravi River flows through the district parallel to Sutlej and not far from its northwest border. Except along the riverbanks and portions watered by the canals where silt has accumulated, the area is sandy. Sandy loam and loam soils are predominant. The whole area is undulating plain. A very large proportion of the agricultural land is now under canal irrigation.

Vegetation

Only limited grazing areas are available. Along the banks of rivers and streams some natural grasses provide pasturage for a few weeks after rains, prevalent varieties being Cynodon dactylon. Eleusine acgyptiaca, Pennisctum ccbcgriudesm Oabucyn cinkibyn and Andropogon annulatus. The main crops grown in the area are wheat, barley, cotton, chickpeas, and lentils and rappelled. By products from these are largely fed to the cattle. Besides these the following crops are grown for fodder purposes and utilized for cattle feeding either as green crops or as hay: Andropogon sorghum, Cyamopsis psoraliiides. Trifolium alexandrinum, turnips, oats and lucerne.

Management Practices

Prior to the availability of canal irrigation in this area, a cattle breeding was the main source of agricultural income. A community of breeders, knows as "Junglies", owned large herds of cattle and successfully maintained them on the available pastures. Since the establishment of canals large areas of land which were under pasture were brought into available farming and the number of cattle owned by the average breeder was reduced.

As present an average cultivator maintains 2 or 3 cows. Grazing is available along the banks of rivers and streams but fodder crops, including legumes, are cultivated for feeding animals. There is also a class of landholders who won large areas of land and these maintain a large number of Sahiwal cattle. Some of the finest specimens of this breed are found on these privately owned farms.

Functional Characteristics of the Breed

This in one of the best dairy breeds of Pakistan. Though it is mainly restricted to the district of Montgomery, West Punjab, cows of this breed are found in every large town of the Province. The average production on the large farms is about 300 days, though the average yield in the breeding tract is estimated to be about 3,000 pounds. The production of carefully selected individuals averaged about 9,000 pounds of milk in 300 days.

Bullocks, which are not to be kept for breeding, are castrated when they are about 3 years old. At this age, well-fed animals usually weigh around 800 pounds. Sahiwal bullocks are observed to be slow yet steady workers. A pair of bullocks can pull a load of about 2 tons in a cart with pneumatic tires on a hard road and cover a distance of 15 miles in a day of 6 to 8 hours’ travel.

 

Tharparkar

, The bred came into prominence during the First World War when some animals were taken to supply milk for the near East army camps. Ilene their capacity for production under rigorous feeding and unfavorable environmental condition at once became apparent. Since then many breeding heads have been assembled in India and Pakistan.

In India and abroad, these cattle are know as Tharparkar since they come from the district of that name in the province of Sind. The Tharparkar is however, know differently in its own region. In its native tract and the areas neighboring on it the breed is called Thari after the desert of Thar and it is also occasionally know as cutehi, becauce the breed is also found on the boarders of cutch which adjoins Tharparkar to the south. Then again in the past these cattle have been know as white or Gray sindhi since they are native to the province of sind and akin in size to the Red sindhi this name however is no longer used.

Conditions in the desert area have always been precarious and the cattle of the area have migrated to the surrounding richer areas, while, whenever there is a good year and grass is plentiful in the Thari area, cattle from the surrounding sindhi Kankrej and Nagori country have come in and thus influenced the thari breed.

The influence of the Kankrej blood, however, has been most predominant because of the breeders` preference for this type and also as one legend goes the there breeders of Badin, a village in the south of there lived for some generations in Radhanpur state and later migrated to Badin and brought with them fine Kankrej cattle from Radhanpur occasionally also known as Wadhiyar (Anonymous, 1926 (F). Kankrej cattle are also state to have been brought from Palanpur agency by the Thari nomads.

Though the kankrej influence is predominant the influence of other breeds is evident depending on the location of the herds. This is emphasized by Williamson (1947) who observed that the There is not a homogeneous breed, but that it has the influence of the Canker. Red Sindhi Gir and Nagori breed. Iie points out that in the Thari area. Toward the northern and northeastern side the Nagori influence is predominant, A sprinkling of Gir influence is also evident.

In spite of this heterogeneity that one finds the Thari breeders appear to have successfully developed a medium type which is a fairly good milk producer under the feeding poor conditions the desert area and has great power of endurance and resistance to famine and drought, and which has ability to cover long distances under desert conditions.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

The district of Tharparkar in the southwest portion of sind province of Pakistan lies between 240 13 and north latitude and east longitude. However it is the eastern portion of district which constitutes the Thar Desert and is the native home of the Thari breed.

The Thar Desert region is a vast sparsely populated area measuring about 8000 square miles. It is bounded on the south by the treeless desert Rann of cutch on the west by the alluvial plains of Sind, on the east and northeast by the states of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur of Rajasthhan.India and on the north by the district Nawabshah and Hyderabad,

The whole area consists largely of sand dunes running parallel from southwest to northeast. These dunes or ridges are locally known as blown. Fine sands from the deltaic regions and ran of Cuteh are blown over during the long. Hot, windy season to wards northeast forming long ridges or dunes in its course .The origins a ridge usually is a bush or other obstruction which arrests the sand to windward and shelters it to leeward. Once formed the ridge itself become the obstruction and grows as it began with a gentle slope on the side facing the wind and an abrupt fall on the other .The ridges are naturally irregular and only roughly parallel so that they often enclose sheltered valleys, above which they rise to a height of 100 to 300 feet These valleys are frequently moist enough to admit cultivation and when not cultivated, yield crops of grass.

On the sand hills very little rain suffices to sustain a surprising amount of vegetation consisting of Salvador, acacia, types of mimosa and other brush trees, Grasses also spring up with very little rain.

Climate

The desert area is comparatively healthy, being dry and cool .The southern area has a relatively mind, equable climate, while in the north the summers and winters are likely to be a little more server. Frost is unknown. Temperatures as high as1200 F have been recorded. The normal rainfall of the area is about 8 inches. Most of it falling from July to September. During the months from March to June strong wing blow from the southwest over the desert area.
Particularly during may the wind are apt to be violent. Heat coupled with sand-laden wind makes life very miserable during this period.

Sindhi,

Nagori,

Kakrej

,

Gavlav

, Olver (1938) and Phillips (1944) classify the Gaolao cattle in the group which are shorthorned, white or light-gray in color, with a long coffin shaped skull, orbital arches not prominent and with a face slightly convex in profile. Olver also observes that the native home of the bred is located along the route taken by the Rig Vedic Aryans from the Northern passes through Central India to the South. There is a close similarity between the ongole and the Gaolao except the latter are much lighter, with greater agility.

Parnerker observed in 1952 that in the 18^th century the Mahathas developed this breed into a fast totting type suitable for quick army transport in the hilly areas of Gondwana, Madhya Pradesh. It was used mainly for military purposes by the Maratha army when invading the local God Kingdom. Old historical records show that the breed had fair milk-production capacity, but during the last two centuries selection has been directed mainly towards developing capacity for quick draft. The breed is found principally in the districts of Wardha, Nagpur and Chindwara.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Locations, Topography and Soils

The area where most of the Gaolao cattle are bred is Holland consists of a long strip of land extending from northwest to southeast, the principal rivers being the Wardha and the Wainganga. There are numerous streams, the more important being the Bor, the Kanuan, the Dham and the Asoda. All of these have rapid flow eastwards and are observed to cause much erosion. An outlying spur of the Stature range rungs down through the area. Most of the Arvi subdivision, which is supposed to be the center of the best specimens of the breed, is hilly. The southern portion is an undulating plain intersected by steams and broken here and there by isolated hills. The average attitude of the area is about 2,000 feet above sea level.

Nearly the whole area consists of a thin covering of black or brown soil over a sheet of trap rock. This soil varies in depth from 10 feet to few inches, the average thickness being about 2 feet. The best black soil is found principally in the level ground along the left bank of the Wardha River. In the hilly country of the north, shallow brown soil is found mixed with sand.

Vegetation

The Forrest Department has preserved large areas of land at strategie places in the tract for the conservation of soil. These are mainly grasslands for grazing, and harvesting of grass for hay-making is allowed. Grazing is usually available from the middle of July to the end of October. Grasses mature quickly and become coarse and woody. These are harvested and preserved as hay for dry weather.

The following species of grasses are commonly found: Cynodon dactylon Andropogon annulatus, Iscilema (Anthistiria) wightii, Iscilema laxum (Authistiria laxa), Andropogon con contortus and Apluda raria. The soil is suitable for growing crops such as sorghum, paddy, cotton, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arictium, linseed and groundnut. Sorghum is grown extensively and the seed is used for human consumption while the stover is utilized for cattle

 

Devni,

Rath

, Rath cattle belong to the white, narrow-faced stumpy-horned group of cattle represented by the Hariana cattle. As a distinct type are bred in a very small area in Alwar of Rajasthan State. Particularly the area between Bansur and narnaul and between Mundawar and Narnaul is noted for pure specimens of the breed (Baldrey 1909). They are also bred in adjacent areas but owing to the proximity of other similar breeds such as Hariana. Mewati and Naroge, they are likely to be economical to maintain. As medium sized draft cattle, they are considered very suitable for work in the plow or on the road. The cows are fairly good milkers (Olver,1938; Phillips, 1944)

Climate

The Climate of the area is dry but very hot during summer, particularly when scorching winds blow. During the winter months, cold winds are sometimes apt to be unpleasant, though the average winter, which extends from November to February, is dry and healthy. The rainfall of the area is very moderate.

Vegetation

There are only limited areas for pasture. Important species of grasses that are found there are Cynodon dactylon, pennisctum ccnchroidcs, Cenchrus eehinatus, Andropogon annulatus and Heterpogon contortus. These are available for grazing from August to October, later they are harvested and preserved as hay.

As there is a scarcity of water in the area and also as the rainfall is not heavy, most of the dry farming crops are grown. Sorghum and cluster beans are grown as fodder crops also and fed green to cattle. Wherever water is available for irrigation, turnips and other root crops are grown for feeding cattle. Wheat barley, Phascolus radiates, mango, peas, mustard and rapeseed are grown and by-products from these crops utilized for cattle.

Management Practices

As pasture areas are so limited, most of the cultivators keep only a few animals of the breed, the number depending upon the amount of land available for cultivation.

The water supply is also another limiting factor in breeding large numbers of animals.

The cultivator, however is very painstaking and besides the limited grazing and by-products from his farm grown corps, he collects leaves from shrubs and trees such as Zizyphus nummular and various types of Acacia and these are fed to the cattle mixed with chaff millet and sorghum stover of straws from wheat and barely.

Every village in the area has communal bulls in approximately the proportion of 1 bull to 100 cows. These bulls are selected by the villagers and paid for by philanthropic wealthy people. The community feeds the bulls.

Physical Characteristics of the Breed

Rath cattle are medium sized but powerful, with white of gray coloring. In the bull, the coloring of the neck and shoulder is generally darker than the rest of the body. The face is straight.

 

Siri

, Animals of this breed are found in the hill tracts around Darjeeling (Bengal India) and in Sikkim and Bhutan.Bhutan is said to be real home of this breed. It is distributed from that area it the various parts of Sikkim and Darjeeling ware (1942) observed that if the zebus of India were classified on the basis of their position of the hump. Which may be either eervico thoracic and muscular or thoracic and muscular fatty the sir will be the only breed in the former group. Presumably siri cattle have some blood from the cattle in Tibet.small with similar black and white color markings are reported by phillips, Johnson and Moyer (1945) to occur in Sikong province of China which occupies a portion of the Tibetan highland Northeast of Bhutan. Siri cattle crossed with Napali cattle look like siri but they can be distinguished by their color pattern and position of hump and horns. These are known as kachcha siri or imitation siri cattle.

Conditions in the Native Home of the Breed

Location, Topography and soils

The whole area is hilly with elevations from 3000 to 12000 feet above sea level. The hillside are mostly steep and separated from each other by deep. Narrow valleys. This mountainous region sends out mumerous rivers. Owing to the configuration of the country regular crop production is limited to a comparatively few spots.

A distinctive feature of Himalayan agriculture is the terracing of the mountain slopes for rice cultivation. On steep slopes the labour of revetting the narrow terrace with stones is very great, but as the site of rice is always selected so that it can be irrigated from some stream, the crop is a certain one and amply repays the labor expended. The incline of the slope, the aspect and the elevation are important factors in the relative fertility of such lands. Many of the terraces are too narrow to admit the use of a plow; these are cultivated with a hoe.

Climate

At altitudes higher than 4,000 feet the eliminate throughout the year is pleasant. There is heavy rainfall during the months from June to October. The rain comes in heavy showers and skies clear within a short time thereafter. Winters are inclined to be chilly and severe. Climatological data for Darjeeling and its surroundings are given in Table 82.

Table 82, Climatological Data for the Darjeeling Area

MeasureOf Climate	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June	July		Aug.		Sept.		Oct.		Nov.		Dec
Mean Maximum Tem. * F… Mean minimum Tem. * F… Humidity % at 0800 hours I.S.T.. Rainfall in inches	47.3 35.1   81.0 0.55	48.0 36.1   82.0 1.10	56.5   42.3   73.0 1.84	62.5   48.4   78.0 3.85	64.6 52.3   88.0 8.70	66.2   56.5   94.0 24.26	66.8   58.0   96.0 32.31	66.5   57.6   95.0 26.12		65.4  55.0   93.0 18.38		61.7 50.1   86.0 4.6		55.6 42.8   78.0 0.78		49.4   36.7   76.0 0.24

Vegetation

In the cultivated areas the chief crops grown are rice, maize, wheat, buckwheat, millets, potatoes and oilseeds. Tea is extensively grown in the area.

 

The principal pasture grounds are the forest areas between the altitudes of 6,000 and 12,000 feet. In the cold and hot seasons the lower ranges provide ample grazing but during the rainy season it is impossible to graze in these areas because of leeches.

 

Management Practices

 

The animals are allowed to graze throughout the year, though the amount of pasturage is extremely scanty during most of the year on account of limited pasture area and the large number of animals.

 

Milking cows and bullocks are stall-fed and they receive rice straw, maize stover or hay along with green grass. Very little concentrated feed is given. Dry animals and young stock are taken for pasturing in the government reserved forests at higher altitudes during summer months.

Physical Characteristics of the Bread

The color most frequently seen are black and white or extensive solid black, in color patterns similar to that of Holstein Friesians. The animal carries a thick coat all the year round, and it is generally believed that this protects them from heavy rains and severe cold.

 

 

Kangayam,

Lohani,

Krishnavali

very much useful for human from birth to death so every person must keep minimum one indian cow in the house. Systematic knowledge of indian cow in the world is very less. The web sight is devlope to increase knowledge of santulit gopalan of Indian cows.

Minimum age of indian cow is 12 years and maximum life is 25 years and average life is 18-20 years. Indian cow is giving pure oxygen 24 hours. Indian cow fresh milk is having more than 4,000 chemicals. Indian cow is working as lightening arrestor. Indian cow is moving hospital. Indian cow is queen without crown. Effect of 9 Planets on Indian cow is similar and uniform as per latest research of Shri Sahadev Bhatia. Effects of 9 planets on human is very deep so activities changes every movement. Indian cow must move for gocharan minimum 2 kilometer per day in sun light from sun rise to sun set. People are requested not to use polythelene bags. People are using at present maximum black colour polythelene bags which are very much dangerous for carring fruit juice, curd, sweets, eating items and throwing after use on road so indian cows are eating polythelene bags on roads and dying lacks of indian cows in India every day due to sufocation inside the stomock in very short life.

106 crore Indian cows had been finished from year 1760 in 2 lack 4 thousand slauter houses of India. Only 5 crore indian cows are remaining in India. Only 20 lacks indian cows are giving milk.

This web site is developed by International Astrologer qualified Electrical Engineer Shri Sahadev Bhatia Gold Medal winner in the International Astrological Conference Raipur Chattisgarh India in the year 1999 for his research paper on topic "Astrology and Indian Cow " . The web site on Indian cow had winned on 24^th Sept. 2001 at 5.30 P.M. Medical award from Medical Association of Doctors of America for extra ordinary work in the field of alternative medicines.

International organisation specially devoted for saving indian cows and other animals Ingrid Newkirk President People for Ethical Treatment for Animal America, Smt. Maneka Gandhi President People For Animals Delhi India, Shri Vireshwar Upadhyayaji Senior person Akhil Visva Gayatri Famiy Shanti kunj, Haridwar, Uttaranchal, Rastiya Swayam Sewak Sang Nagpur Maharastra, Viswa Hindu Parishad New Delhi, Bajrang Dal, Shri Shiv Kumar Goelji, Bharat Go sewak Samaj, 3 Sadar thana Road, Delhi 110006, Shri Radha Krishna Bajaj Sarva sewa sang Wardha Maharastra 442114, Swadeshi Jagran Manch, Dr. Banwari Lal ji Azadi Bachao Andolan, Ghandi Bhavan, Chaitham lane, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002, Arya Samaj, Shri Guman Mal Lodha President, Bharatiya Jeev Jantu Kalyan Board and many more are very deeply interested for this web site.

Indian cow is having 33 crore god and godess. Moon in the left eye and sun in the right eye, ashwani kumar in both the ear, fire in the mouth, marut and garud in teeth, sea in the breast, kartikay in the chest, nakshatra, yamraj means god of death in back, brahma in head, all vasu gans in lower lips, prajapati in skin, parvati in throat, saraswati in tongue, 28 crore rishi in the hair of indian cow. Indian cow gives 24 hours pure ozone and special result oriented waves. Indian cow is working as lightening arrestor. Black Indian cow known as "Shyama". Shyama is having special qualities in his milk, urine and dung because shyama cow absorbs complete sunlight. Indian cow of Kerala of vaichur region is having medicines in milk. 18,000 Multi nationals are trying to patent Vaiture type of indian cow. Indian cow which is famous as "Kapila" is very much energetic. Indian Cow is having very special qualities because indian cow is having collar with surya ketu nadi in spinal. Surya Ketu Nadi is active when Indian Cow is going in sunlight attracting sunlight and due to friction in sun light and surya ketu nadi producing Carotin. In Ayurved carotin is known as swarn char means gold base. Collar of Indian cow is working as filter. Indian Cow is registered in guineas book of world record because Gheer cow of Gheernar of Gujrat State had given in the year 1992-93 in country Israel 120 litres milk in single day. Indian Cow Milk

As per latest research done by Dr. Preetam.Lal. Choudhary PhD in milk working at presents in Chemistry Department of Dairy Technology College Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur Chattisgarh State " Indian Cow fresh milk is having more than 4000 chemicals ". Indian cow milk is 100 percent tonic. Indian cow milk is complete food for a human. In India persons are drinking Indian cow milk in villages only because people are keeping Indian cows in the houses. At present Indians of Metros is not drinking Indian cow milk. Maximum people are drinking milk of jersey, hoisting, Frisian, artificial synthetic milk, tone, double tone milk, buffalo, tea, coffee, cold drinks, fruit juice and many more liquids. At present on every day in Delhi, haryana, rajasthan, western uttar pradesh 1crore to 1.5 crore litre synthetic milk is produced. Synthetic milk is very much dangerous for human health. Synthetic milk is made with refined oil, farmelin, sodium sulphate, caustic soda, liquid detergent, urea, sempu, hydrogen Para oxide and also with pure milk. When we drink synthetic milk in tea, coffee we can not identify synthetic milk by taste. Effects of synthetic milk are very much dangerous on human health. Synthetic milk is used in sweets, milk items. Synthetic milk is very easy to make and synthetic milk is very much cheap. Human must stop drinking synthetic as well as other milks like Jursy, holestin, freezian, buffelo. Multi national companies are giving 5 rupees litre milk in metros. In the world maximum countries are drinking only cow milk. Buffalo milk is preferred only in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other very few countries. Buffalo milk is not good for human because it is very heavy for digestion. Buffalo milk is having fats from 5.1 to 9.25 percent, protein from 3.63 to 4.73 percent, lactose from 4.50 to 4.97 percent, minerals from 0.73 to 0.84 percent, solids without fats 9.11 to 10.40 percent. India is first in producing buffalo milk. In India buffalo milk is 2/3^rd of total milk. Govt. is helping to increase buffalo milk in India.

Unfortunately at present pure Indian cow milk is very rarely available in the world. We should increase the number of indian cows by balance gopalan and also increase production of Indian cow milk.

For kaya kulp chikitsa with the help of milk or butter kulp please contact Go sewak Shri Sahadev Bhatia Shreeji Go Anusandhan Kendra Shreeji Kripa 8, M.I.G. Shankar Nagar Sector-1 Raipur Chattisgarh State 492007 Phone : 2423723 Residence E-mail : gaymata@ yahoo.com sahadevbhatia@yahoo.com or you can read book in hindi language “ dudh kulp “ 64 pages Price Rs. 10 written & published from Shri Vithaldas Modi, Arogya mandir, Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 273003 & “ Gay ka dudh amrit hai “ we should do the milk or fresh butter milk kulp for minimum 40 days and maximum 180 days. Shri Vithaldas Modi had done maximum doodh kulps on different patients for various diseases in Arogya Mandir Gorakhpur from since last 1940. Dr. Philip keral M.D. medicine of Russia had made maximum milk kulp on his patients on 200 different diseases in his 34 years medical service. Dr. Philip Keral had given lectures on milk kulp and in Europe and America lectures are translated in different languages and books are also published on milk kulp. 

Before Starting milk kulp we must do fasting for minimum of 3 days and maximum of 15 days for taking maximum benefits of milk kulp. During fasting we must take liquid only. During milk kulp we must keep mum for complete 40 days and minimum physical work must be done because human body need maximum rest for internal changes. No reading, no physical intercourses. In milk kulp complete changes in human body and brain takes place very slowly. When we drink Indian cow fresh milk we are feeling throat very comfortable due to increase in saliva. In beginning of milk kulp speed of blood is increasing and blood purification starts. Skin is slowly soft and smooth and face is glazing and eyes are also very clear and glazing. Nails are also reddish and glazing. Heart is working very well. Internal parts of human body changes and become new. Cancer, Diabetic, Aids, high and low blood pressure, kidney, lever, mental tension, memory, sleeping problems and many more are completely all right with the help of milk kulp. We should be very much careful when we take fresh Indian cow milk. Cow must be healthy, happy to eat green grass, fresh water from sun rise to sun set.

In milk or butter milk kulp we have to take Indian cow fresh milk on first day 7 times at every 2 hours interval each time 25 millilitre quantity,

on 2^nd day 50 millilitre quantity at every 2 hours interval,

3^rd day 75 millilitre, quantity at every 2 hours interval

4^th day 100 millilitre, quantity at every 2 hours interval

5^th day 125 millilitre, quantity at every 2 hours interval

6^th day 150 millilitre, quantity at every 2 hours interval

7^th day at every 1 and half hour interval 150 millilitre 9 times,

8^th day 175 millilitre, every 1 and half hour interval

9^th day 200 millilitre, every 1 and half hour interval

10^th day 225 millilitre, every 1 and half hour interval

11^th day 12 times at every 1-hour quantity is 250 ml.,

12^th day 250 ml, 12 times at every 1 hour quantity

13^th day 300 ml, 12 times at every 1 hour quantity

14^th day 300 ml, 12 times at every 1 hour quantity

15^th day 300 ml, 12 times at every 1 hour quantity

16^th day 16 times at 45 minutes quantity is 300 ml.

You can increase the quantity of fresh Indian cow milk as per your requirement of body after 17^th day and you can drink the milk very slowly. 5 minutes time require drinking one glass of milk. In milk kulp you can face maximum problems also so do for the best and ready for the worst. In Milk kulp chikitsa you must face problems of maximum times urine discharge but you will find that you will improve your health. There is no bad effect on your kidney due to kulp. You will see that your stomach have maximum impurities due to your irregular diets which stick on the wall of your stomach which will clear within 2 days in your toilet.  You will also have maximum bad smell in mouth during kulp. You will face problem of constipation during milk kulp. Your body will also face fever. You also face problem of night fall due to constipation. In the night time your cloths must be changed due to very bad small in body. You should also face in night time body pains. During milk kulp your body is facing indigestion. Your tongue may have white layer so your taste will be spoiled and you will bore with milk kulp. Some times blood pressure is increasing suddenly. In milk kulp Ladies may face ladies problems during monthly courses. Milk or butter milk kulp is not very popular so people are not aware about milk or butter milk kulp. You can increase your age with the help of milk kulp or butter milk kulp. As per study in different countries like Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Canada, France, England, Switzerland, Newziland, Australia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Hety, Laos, South Africa, Bolivia, China, Vietnam we found that average life is more in the countries people taking maximum milk and milk items. You must take sufficient Indian cow fresh milk in your regular diet. As per latest study you will get digestive proteins in only in Indian cow fresh milk sufficiently.

Effects of 9 planets and 27 nakshatra on human body can be controlled with the help of Indian cow milk drinking.

Sun is the main planet in the universe. We must drink yellow colour Indian cow fresh milk in golden glass especially on Sunday.

Moon is giving very strong effects on human body and mind. Moon is very close to earth and moon is giving very powerful effects on poornima full moon and amavasya. We must drink Indian cow milk in silver glass.

Effect of mars on human we must drink red colour Indian cow fresh milk in copper glass.

Indian cow fresh milk is having very good qualities for human.

Main chemicals are in Indian cow fresh milk as follow

22 types of amino acids 3.56 percent present

in which 97 percent high protein soluble in digestion 2.86 percent kacin, 0.38 percent alumni, 0.18 percent globulin is present. Amino Acids are not made in human body.

11types of fatty acids, 3.69 percent

3. 19 types of nitrogen, 4 percent present

4. 25 types of elements

5. 8 types of bacteria,

6. Vitamins are present 1.25 percent in Indian cow fresh milk.

6 types of vitamins are

a.        Vitamin A and A-1

Vitamin A is very much essential for eyes, brain and skin. Vitamin A is stopping night blindness. Indian cow fresh milk is having sufficient vitamin A and A-1.

2. Carotene Due to carotene colour of  milk is yellow.

It is very much essential for human. Carotene is mainly 4 types. Alpha, beta, gamma and hydroxyl beta. Carotene is converted in human body in Vitamin A. Vitamin A is 1351 international Unit is available in per litre of Indian cow milk.

3. Vitamin D-
4. Vitamin E,

c. techocarrok,

5. Vitamin B-1 (Thiamine)

Vitamin B-1 is present 0.5 milligram and vitamin b-1 is most essential for development of body cell. B-1 is stopping weakness in body. B-1 is soluble in water. B-1 is coming out from body in urine discharge. We must be very careful for taking vitamin b-1. B-1 is directly connected to mental tension and developments, weakness. You will not eat your regular diet due to shortage of vitamin b-1. You can loose your balance of mind due to shortage of vitamin b-1. Chances of heart diseases are due to shortage of vitamin b-1.

e. Indian cow fresh milk is having Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) is present 0.20. B-2 plays very much important role in development of our body. Indian cow fresh milk gives sufficient b-2. We have seen that due to shortage of vitamin b-2 mouth, lips, tongue swelling. Pain in eyes in light, heavy shortage of vitamin b-2 may creat problem of hysteria, depression. 

g. In Indian cow fresh milk is having very lessVitamin B-3 (Niacin) but sufficient triptofan amino acid and human body is making b-3 with triptofan amino acid. Maximum foods don’t give b-3.

h. Vitamin B-4,

i.                     Vitamin B-6

ii.                    Vitamin B-12

iii.                  Biotin

I. Vitamin C,

j. Vitamin k

k. 

Vitamin C is very less in Indian cow milk when it is facing light and boiled and hot.

7. 4 types of phosphorous compounds 5 percent,

8. 2 types of sugar 4.9 percent,

9. 17 types of main minerals 0.75 percent are

a. Calcium 0.12 percent,

b. Phosphorous 0.09 percent,

c. Iron 0.02 percent,

d. Copper,

e. Iodine,

f. Florin,

g. Silicon

h. Sodium

Sodium is most essential for human body and mind. Sodium purifier for blood.

i. Potassium

Potassium is most essential for development for human body.

j. Magnesium

k. Manganese

L. Aluminium

m. Zinc

n. Citrates

o. Carbonates

p. Chloride

q. Sulphate

10. Mainly 60 types of available enzymes in Indian cow milk are

a. Peryvictage,

b. Reacted,

c. Lipase,

d. Portage,

e. Lactase,

f. Phosphates,

g. Ally age,

h. Gattalage.

Mdgi

Mdgi is protein available in Indian cow milk to stop cancer.

Stron-t-n is available in Indian cow milk to protect from atomic radiation and pollution.

Cerebrocides available in Indian cow milk to increase human brain powers and memory.

C.L.A.

A.      Establishment of CLA’s benefits to health.

 

1. Milk is the richest natural source of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA).
2. CLA has:

                                                                                 i.            anti carcinogenic and

                                                                                ii.            antidiabetic and

                                                                              iii.            anti-atherosclerosis properties.

1. Clinical studies have demonstrated above scientific facts.
2. Naturally occurring CLA is metabolized differently than synthetic CLA. Its absorption in body tissues is higher which suggests that above beneficial properties will manifest better in CLA of milk origin.
3. Milkfat is a major energy source in the Indian diet.
4. All fats are not bad for human health. We must distinguish between good fat and bad fat. CLA is shown to have health benefits. Efforts can be made to increase its concentration in milk.
5. The highest concentration of CLA is found in Condensed milk,followed by butter fat, cheese and homogenised milk. Among non vegetarian foods excepting lamb other other foods like fish, pork and chicken have comparatively negligible amounts of CLA.
6. Documented studies on beneficial effects:

1. Inverse relationship between milk consumption and breast cancer has been established in a study conducted in Finland (Knekt et al,1996).
2. Another study using 360 patients with breast cancer reported an inverse relationship between between CLA levels in breast adipose tissues and risk of cancer (Bougoux et al,1999).

9. CLA is unusual among anticancer compounds because it reduces the incidences of cancer and also suppresses the growth of existing cancers. Mechanisms by which CLA influences carcinogenesis are not well understood at present stage of research.
10. CLA has also been shown to have anti-atherosclerosis and antidiabetic properties (Nicolosi et al 1997 and Houseknecht et al 1998).

B Enhancing CLA content in milk

1. Presently whole milk contains 4.5mg CLA/g of fat. This is not sufficient when compared to the lowest effective dose reported in laboratory studies. Increasing CLA content in milk, is a better option as against increasing the consumption of milk. This has also been found to be practical and easier.
2. Feeding plant oils such as soyabean, sunflower, peanut and linseed to dairy cows increased the CLA content of milk (Dhiman et al 2000 and Kelly et al 1998). Full fat extruded soybeans and full fat extruded cottonseed to dairy cows doubled CLA content of milk and cheese (Dhiman et al 1999b). Heat treated cracked soybeans doubled the CLA content of milk (Dhiman et al 2000).Feeding animal fats had a minimal influence on CLA content, with the exception of fish oil.
3. Dairy cow management systems also influence the CLA content of milk. For cows fed on feed grown in ecological farming conditions with no application of fertilizer, or chemicals increased the CLA content to 8.0mg/g of fat (Jahreis et al 1997). Older cows have a higher CLA compared to younger cows.(Stanton et al 1997)
4. Processing of milk into a number of dairy products under normal conditions had no influence on the CLA content (Shanta et al, 1995); (Dhiman et al 1999b).
5. Use of different starter cultures, processing conditions and aging periods had negligible effect on total CLA concentrations in dairy products (Shanta et al 1995 and Werner et al 1992).
6. CLA content of milk fat increased substantially during the manufacture of Ghee at clarifying temperatures of 120ºC)(Aneja and Murthi,1990).
7. These studies suggest that CLA is stable under normal processing and storage conditions. However CLA content may increase if milk is processed at higher than normal temperatures.

 

Water 87.1 percent

Water present in Indian cow milk is very useful for digestion in human body

Air 76 c.c.