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Many aspects of current education structures will need to change, according to UW-Madison Education Professor Allan Odden and colleagues at the Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE). Up to this point, they say, reform strategy has focused on curriculum and instruction changes, but revisions in management and organization also are needed. In most states, the education system is governed through a vertical system of management and organization. School board policy is implemented through the central office and a hierarchical system of control. This system worked well at one time, Odden says, but it is not adequate to meet the demands of delivering an increasingly ambitious curriculum to all students.

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Finding time for teachers to engage in the added responsibilities of effective school-based decisionmaking. Meeting this challenge usually means restructuring both the school organization and the teacher's job, including how the teacher spends his or her time. Using a real accountability system, with real consequences, sanctions, and rewards. Such a system requires accurate measurements of system performance - the primary indicator being student achievement. Sticking with a decentralized decision-making plan, rather than adding a new layer of regulations about how decisions should be made, overruling decisions made at the site, or quickly moving back to a centralized decision-making system.

and Canadian scientists, the Commerce Department said. 14 issue of Science magazine, the department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said. Much of the Arctic research was funded by the National Science Foundation through its Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Initiative with support in Canada from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Polar Continental Shelf Project. "The climate of the Arctic has been changing rapidly, with important consequences for many parts of the Arctic system," said Jonathan T. Overpeck, head of NOAA's Paleoclimatology Program and coordinator of the study.