By: Mithila Desai
Books:
Web: W3C - The World Wide Web Consortium: http://www.w3.org/
RichInStyle: http://www.richinstyle.com/guides/
DHTML, HTML & CSS @ microsoft.com : http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/author/default.asp
Information on search engines: www.searchenginewatch.com
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language.
Why businesses are using internet sites?
Internet: to reach outside enterprise like customers
Extranet: to communicate with enterprises they do business with.
Intranet: Share information with employees.
HTML specifications are set by the world wide web consortium or w3c.
index.htm or default.htm designates the homepage. When the browser
connects to the web server its looking for index.htm.
ftp: software utility to transfer files from one machine to another.
Examples : html_document_htm.htm
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<!-- .. -- > |
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Documenting / comments |
<!-- this is a comment --> |
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<!DOCTYPE > |
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META tag <META> |
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Information of the html document. Search engines use information in meta tag for indexing the page. Can be anywhere in the document but usually in HEAD tag. |
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AUTHOR GENERATOR DECRIPTION KEYWORD |
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<META NAME="AUTHOR" CONTENT="Mith"> <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="IE5"> <META NAME="DESCRIPTION" CONTENT="HTML tag Information"> <META NAME="KEYWORDS" CONTENT="HTML, Internet, ftp"> |
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HTML tag <HTML>.. </HTML> |
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Tells the browser the beginning of the document and end of the document. |
<HTML> Entire HTML Document </HTML> |
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HEAD tag <HEAD> ..</HEAD> |
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Header information such as creation date, author name, modifications etc. |
<HEAD> Author : Mithila Created on: Dec 04 </HEAD> |
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TITLE tag <TITLE> ..</TITLE> |
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TITLE tag goes in the HEAD container tag. Contains the title of the page, which will appear in the title bar of the browser. |
<HEAD> <TITLE> My Home Page </TITLE> </HEAD> |
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BODY tag <BODY>.. </BODY> |
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Everything hat will appear in the viewer's browser. |
<BODY> Content that the viewer should view. </BODY> |
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BGCOLOR |
Changes the background color of the document. |
<BODY BGCOLOR=#cccccc> |
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LINK |
Set the color of unvisited link |
<BODY LINK=#ff0000> |
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VLINK |
Set the color of visited link |
<BODY VLINK=#00ff00> |
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ALINK |
Set the color of active link |
<BODY ALINK=#0000ff> |
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TEXT |
Set color of the text |
<BODY TEXT=#cc0000> |
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<H1>.. </H1> <H2> .. </H2> <H3> .. </H3> <H4> .. </H4> <H5>.. </H5> <H6> .. </H6> |
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For formatting heading. |
<H1> Format various levels of heading </H1> <H6> There are 6 levels of heading h1 through h6</H6> |
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ALIGN = “right” |
Heading to be right aligned. |
<H2 ALIGN=”right”> Heading to be right aligned. </H2> |
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ALIGN = “center” |
Heading to be center aligned. |
<H3 ALIGN=”center”> Heading to be aligned in center. </H3> |
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ALIGN = “left” |
Heading to be left aligned. |
<H4 ALIGN=”left”> Heading to be left aligned. </H4> |
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<HR> |
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Adding horizontal rule. |
<HR> |
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WIDTH=n |
To set the width of the rule in pixels |
<HR WIDTH=100> |
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<B> .. </B> |
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Text in Boldface |
<B> text </B> |
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<I>.. </I> |
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Text in italics |
<I> text </I> |
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<U>.. </U> |
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Underline text |
<U> text </U> |
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BREAK tag <BR> |
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Line Break |
<BR> text next line |
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CLEAR=LEFT CLEAR=RIGHT CLEAR=ALL |
Moves the next line of text to next paragraph. |
<BR CLEAR=ALL> |
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<P> |
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Paragraph tag is used for adding two line break at the end of paragraph. |
<P> This tag is used for adding two line breaks. |
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<PRE>.. </PRE> |
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Preformat tag displays text exactly the way it has been typed including spaces and line breaks. |
<PRE> Displays text exactly the way it has been typed including spaces and line. Useful for displaying source code. </PRE> |
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<BLOCKQUOTE>.. </BLOCKQUOTE> |
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Creates quotation blocks. For including some else’s text in the document. |
<BLOCKQUOTE> Use quotation blocks for including some else’s text in the document. </BLOCKQUOTE> |
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<FONT> .. </FONT> |
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Changing font of the text. |
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FACE=”Times roman” |
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<FONT FACE=”times roman”> Changes font to times roman </FONT> |
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SIZE=n SIZE=+n |
Absolute font size Relative font size |
<FONT SIZE=4> Changes font size to “4” </FONT> <FONT SIZE = +3> Changes font size 3 units greater than the default. </FONT> |
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COLOR=hexadecimal |
Change the color of the text |
<FONT COLOR=#0000ff>Changes the color of the text to blue </FONT> |
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Ordered list tag <OL> .. </OL> |
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Creates ordered list. Use <LI> List item tag for each entry. |
<OL> <LI>Order list is where items are created in particular order. </LI> <LI>The numbering style is Arabic numerals </LI> </OL> |
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TYPE |
The default numbering style is Arabic numerals. To change the style use TYPE attribute. TYPE=a (lowercase letters eq a, b, c) TYPE=A (uppercase letters eq A, B, C) TYPE=i (small roman numbers eq i, ii, iii) TYPE=I (large roman numbers eq I, II) |
<OL TYPE=a> <LI> TYPE=a (lowercase letters eq a, b, c) </LI> <LI>TYPE=A (uppercase letters eq A, B, C) </LI> <LI>TYPE=i (small roman numbers eq i, ii, iii)</LI> <LI>TYPE=I (large roman numbers eq I, II)</LI> </OL> |
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START |
Change the starting number of the ordered list using START attribute. |
<OL START = 3 > <LI> TYPE=a (lowercase letters eq a, b, c) </LI> <LI>TYPE=A (uppercase letters eq A, B, C) </LI> <LI>TYPE=i (small roman numbers eq i, ii, iii)</LI> <LI>TYPE=I (large roman numbers eq I, II)</LI> </OL> |
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Unordered list tag <UL> .. </UL> |
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Unordered list, the order of the items is not significant. |
<UL> <LI> Order of the items is not significant.</LI> <LI>Change the bullet type using TYPE attribute. </LI> </UL> |
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UL tag attribute |
TYPE |
Changes the default bullet to another character. TYPE=DISK (Default) TYPE=SQUIARE TYPE=CIRCLE |
<UL> <LI>TYPE=DISK displays circular bullet (Default) </LI> <LI>TYPE=SQUIARE displays square bullet</LI> <LI>TYPE=CIRCLE displays circular bullet</LI> </UL> |
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Definition List tag <DL> .. </DL> |
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Definition list is useful when there are number of items and each item has a related piece of information. |
<DL> <DT> Ordered list <DD> Order list the items have to be in particular order. <DT> Unordered list <DD> Unordered list the items can be listed in any order. <DT> Definition List <DD> Definition list is the list with items that have corresponding definitions. </DL> |
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Inserting Special character |
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For inserting special character use ampersand (&) to open and semicolon (;) to close. |
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© |
Copyright symbol |
© |
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® |
Register trademark symbol |
® |
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½ |
One-half faction |
½ |
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Anchor tag <A href=x> .. </A> |
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Tells the browser which location to go to and ULR defines the location. |
<A href=http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/ >W3C Getting started with HTML </A> |
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Absolute URLs |
Full path to the target file. |
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Relative URL |
Specify the location of the target relative to the original document. Target should reside on the same server as originating. |
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NAME |
For creating links within the same document |
<A NAME=”top”></A> [<A href=#top> Top of Page</A>] |
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TARGET= “_SELF” TARGET= “_BLANK” TARGET= “_TOP” |
Loads the new page into the same frame as the document. Load the new page into a new window and can close the window without exiting the browser. Removes the frame and displays the linked page in a frame free browser window. |
Eg in FRAME table |
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FTP |
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To download files from other servers |
<A HREF=”ftp://ftp.company.com/pub/”>Free Download</A> |
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Gopher |
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Link to Gopher site |
<A HREF=”gopher://gopher.tc.edu/1”>UMN Gopher</A> |
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Usernet |
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Linking to Usenet newsgroups |
<A HREF=”news://news.world”>Usenet World news</A> |
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Link to email address |
<A HREF=”mailto:mdikshit@hotmail.com”>Contact mithila</A> |
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Changing color links |
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Use LINK attribute in BODY tag to change the color of the text links. |
IMAGES
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Image Tag <IMG > |
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Insert an image reference in HTML code.
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<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg"> |
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ALT=x |
Displays text while the image is being downloaded |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg"> |
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WIDTH=n HEIGHT=n |
Width and Height of the image in pixels. Helps the webpage to arrange and display all the elements correctly. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" WIDTH=63 HEIGHT=78> |
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LOWSRC=image file |
Allows 2nd image to be displayed. Browser will display the 2nd image 1st. Hence lowsrc image should be such that it can be downloaded fast. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" LOWSRC=”images /e_stamp_small.jpg”> |
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BORDER=n |
Border around the image in pixel. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" BORDER=3> |
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VSPACE=n |
Empty space above and bellow the image in pixels |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" VSPACE=”10”> |
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HSPACE=n |
Empty space on either sides of the image in pixel. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" HSPACE=”10”> |
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ALIGN=”LEFT” |
Image is on the left and subsequent text wraps to the right. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" ALIGN=”LEFT”> |
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ALIGN=”RIGHT” |
Image is on the right and subsequent text wraps to the left. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" ALIGN=”RIGHT”> |
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ALIGN=”TOP” |
Image is on the top and subsequent text wraps below the image. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" ALIGN=”TOP”> |
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ALIGN=MIDDLE |
Image is in the middle and subsequent text wraps below the image. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" ALIGN=”MIDDLE”> |
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ALIGN=BOTTOM |
Image is at bottom of the baseline and subsequent text wraps below the image. |
<IMG SRC="images/e_stamp.jpg" ALIGN=”BOTTOM”> |
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Clearing the text around image |
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To break up the text around image and start a new paragraph. |
Use CLEAR attribute with BREAK tag. |
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Background images |
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To use graphic images as background. |
Use BACKGROUND attribute in BODY tag. |
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Graphics as hyperlinks |
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Place the entire IMAGE tag inside the ANCHOR tag. |
<A HREF = “resume.htm”> <IMG SRC=”images/resume.jpg”> </A> |
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Image Maps |
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Divide image into hot-spot regions and hyperlink each region to another web page. |
<IMG SRC=”images/menu.gif” USEMAP=”#footer” HEIGHT=”70” WIDTH=”200”> <MAP NAME=”footer”> <AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS=”0,0,8,8” HREF=”contact.htm”> <AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS=”9,9,20,20” HREF=”index.htm”> </MAP> |
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SHAPE=”RECT” SHAPE=”CIRCLE” SHAPE=”POLY” |
Shape of the hotspot; rectangular, circular, polygonal |
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COORDS=”0,0,10,10” |
Coordinates of the hotspot |
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HREF NOREF |
Which page to download when clicked on hotspot. When hot spot not linked to any page. |
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MULTIMEDIA
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EMBED tag <EMBED> |
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Audio as background sound or Video File |
<EMBED SRC=”music.mid”> <EMBED SRC=”video.mov”> |
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AUTOSTART=”true” AUTOSTART=”false” |
Start playing background immediately on download. |
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LOOP=n |
How many times to play the sound file. |
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CONTROLS=”CONSOLE” CONTROLS=”SMALLCONSOLE” |
What kind of user controls to display. |
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CONTROLLER=”true” CONTROLLER=”false” |
Whether or not to show the player controls. |
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HIDDEN=true / false |
To hide the audio console from view. |
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VOLUME=n% |
Set the volume. |
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NOEMBED tag <NOEMBED>.. </NOEMBED> |
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Write a massage to those visitors whose browser do not support EMBED tag |
<NOEMBED> This page includes an embedded audio clip as a background that is not supported by your browsers </NOEMBED> |
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OBJECT tag |
PARAM |
? |
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APPLET Tag <APPLET>.. </APPLET> |
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Programs that load and run in a web browser. |
<APPLET CODE=javaprg.class WIDTH=”300” HEIGHT=”200”> </APPLET> |
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CODE= |
Java source file |
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WIDTH=n |
Width of the applet |
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HEIGHT=n |
Height of the applet |
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PARAM tag <PARAM> .. </PARAM> |
ServeIP ServerPort |
Information within the APPLET tag |
<APPLET CODE=javaprg.class WIDTH=”3”HEIGHT=”2”> <PARAM NAME=”ServerIP” VALUE=””> <PARAM NAME=”ServerPort” VALUE=”8090”> </APPLET> |
TABLES
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TABLE tag <TABLE>.. </TABLE> |
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Start and end of the table. All table elements are within this tag. |
<TABLE > <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> <TD> Row2Col3 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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BORDER=n |
Width of the border around table |
<TABLE BORDER=2> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> <TD> Row2Col3 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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ALIGN=”left” ALIGN=”right” ALIGN=”center” |
Justify the table with the page margin. |
<TABLE ALIGN=”right”> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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WIDTH=n or WIDTH=n% |
Width of the table |
<TABLE WIDTH= 50%> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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HEIGHT=n Or HEIGHT=n% |
Height of the table. |
<TABLE HEIGHT= 50%> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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CELLPADDING=n |
Adds space around content of cell. |
<TABLE CELLPADDING= 20> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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CELLSPACING |
Adding space between cells. |
<TABLE CELLSPACING=5> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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BGCOLOR=n |
Background color of the table |
<TABLE BGCOLOR=”#ffffff”> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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BACKGROUND=”image.jpg” |
Display background image of the table |
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BORDERCOLOR=”red” |
Color of table border |
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BORDERCOLOR:IGHT=color BORDERCOLORDARK=color |
Lighter or Darker of the two border colors to create. |
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FRAME=”above” FRAME=”below” FRAME=”border” FRAME=”hsides” FRAME=”vsides” FRAME=”void” |
Display a border frame for the table at the top, bottom, all four sides, on the left and right or no borders. |
<TABLE FRAME=”top”> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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TABLE ROW <TR>.. </TR> |
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Start and end of the row in a table. |
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ALIGN=”left” ALIGN=”right” ALIGN=”center” ALIGN=”justify” |
Align a row or cell horizontally with the cell margin. |
<TABLE > <TR ALIGN=”right”> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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VALIGN=”top” VALIGN=”middle” VALIGN=Bottom” VALIGN=”baseline” |
Align a row or cell vertically with the cell margin. |
<TABLE > <TR VALIGN=”top”> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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Table Heading tag <TH> .. </TH> |
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<TABLE BORDER=2> <TR> <TH> Heading1 </TH> <TH> Heading2 </TH> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row1Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2Col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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TABLE DATA tag <TD> </TD> |
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Start and end of a cell |
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COLSPAN=n ROWSPAN=n |
To create a row or column that spans several cells. |
<TABLE BORDER=2> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD COLSPAN="3"> Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD ROWSPAN="3"> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> <TD> Row2col3 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Row3</TD>
</TR> </TABLE> |
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Table Caption <CAPTION> .. </CAPTION> |
ALIGN=”top” ALIGN=”bottom” |
Adds captions to the table. |
<TABLE BORDER=2> <CAPTION ALIGN="bottom">Table caption at the bottom of the table</CAPTION> <TR> <TD>Row1Col1 </TD> <TD>Row1Col2 </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> Row2Col1 </TD> <TD> Row2col2 </TD> </TR> </TABLE> |
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TBODY |
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When many cells use the same alignment and background colors then they can be grouped together within TABLE BODY. |
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Examples : html_document_frame.htm
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FRAMESET tag <FRAMESET> .. </FRAMESET> |
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All the information that the browser needs to set up the frame structure correctly. |
<HTML> <HEAD> </HEAD> <FRAMESET> </FRAMESET> </HTML> |
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COLS=”n, n, ..” or COLS=”n%, n% .. “ |
Divide the screen into columns |
<FRAMESET COLS=200,300> <FRAME SRC=”http://page1.com”> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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ROWS=”n, n ..” or ROWS=”n%, n% ..” |
Divide the screen into rows |
<FRAMESET ROWS=50%, 50%> <FRAME SRC=”http://page1.com”> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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FRAME Tag <FRAME> |
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Identifies the URL of a web Page that should fill the page. |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=”http://page1.com”> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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NAME=framename |
Names the frame for later reference. |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=http://page1.com NAME=”firstpage”> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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MARGINHEIGHT=”5” |
White space between the top and bottom edge of frame and content. |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=http://page1.com MARGINHEIGHT=5> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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MARGINWIDTH=”5” |
White space between the left and right edge of frame and content |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=http://page1.com MARGINWIDTH=5> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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SCROLLING=yes SCROLLING=no SCROLLING=auto |
Whether or not scroll bar to be displayed. |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=http://page1.com SCROLLING=”no”> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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NORESIZE |
Prevents users from resizing any frame. |
<FRAMESET> <FRAME SRC=http://page1.com NORESIZE> <FRAME SRC=”http://page2.com”> </FRAMESET> |
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BORDER=”5” |
The border width of all the frames |
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BORDERCOLOR=”#ffff00” |
Color of the frame border. |
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Changing frame content |
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Use TARGET attribute of ANCHOR tag. |
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NOFRAME tag <NOFRAME> </NOFRAME> |
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For browsers that are non frame capable. |
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Examples: html_document_forms.htm
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FORM Tag <FORM> … </FORM> |
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Create a form on a web page. All the tags used for creating form should be within the open and close FORM tag. |
<FORM METHOD=POST ACTION= “http://myform.com”> </FORM> |
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ACTION= |
Transmit data from the form to the web server. Use the URL of the CGI program. |
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METHOD=GET METHOD=POST |
How to send the data. “GET” will transmit URL and form data together. “POST” will transmit URL and data separately. |
<FORM METHOD=POST ACTION= “http://myform.com”> </FORM> |
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INPUT |
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Insert form elements like text, list box, radio buttons etc. |
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TYPE=”text” |
Single line text box. |
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME=mText MAXLENGTH=24 SIZE=10 > |
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TYPE=”password” |
Like text box, but displays asterisks rather than text. |
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME=mText MAXLENGTH=8 SIZE=8 > |
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TYPE=”checkbox” |
Allows users to make selections from list of options. |
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME=”TEXT”> <INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME=”RADIO” > <INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME=”CHECKBOX” > |
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TYPE=”radio” |
Allows user to make one selection from list of choices. |
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME=”TEXT”> <INPUT TYPE="radio” NAME=”RADIO” > <INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME=”CHECKBOX” > |
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TYPE=”file” |
To attach a document to a field in a form. |
<INPUT TYPE=”file” NAME=”myResume”> |
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TYPE=”hidden” |
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TYPE=”Reset” |
Reset button clears all the data from the form. Lets the user start all over again. |
<INPUT TYPE=”reset”> |
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TYPE=”Submit” |
When users finishes filling out the form, user has to click submit button to send data to web server. |
<INPUT TYPE=”submit”> |
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TYPE=”image” |
Use an Image as a submit button. |
<INPUT TYPE="image" SRC="images/resume.jpg" NAME="resume" ALT="Submit"> |
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NAME=name |
Identifies each element with a unique name. Required for all TYPEs except RESET & SUBMIT |
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MAXLENGTH=8 |
Maximum number of characters in a text. |
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SIZE=18 |
Maximum number of characters visible in a text. |
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ALIGN=”top”/”Middle”/”Bottom” |
Align an image inside a text. Use only with TYPE=image |
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VLAUE=yes |
The default entry. |
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CHECKED |
Radio button or checked Box selected as default. |
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DISABLED |
Disabling input to form elements. |
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TABINDEX |
Allows users to move between fields using tab key. |
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME=mText TABINDEX=”1” > |
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ACCESSKEY |
Assigns access key or hot key. |
<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME=Text ACCESSKEY=”t” > |
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SELECT tag <SELECT> … </SELECT> |
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Start and ends a list box. |
<SELECT NAME="List Box" SIZE="3" MULTIPLE> </SELECT> |
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SIZE |
How many choices to show at one time. Omitting this attribute tells the browser to display a drop down box. |
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MULTIPLE |
Allows more than one option from a list. |
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OPTION Tag |
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To create the list of items inside a list box. |
<OPTION VALUE=listbox1>List1 <OPTION VALUE=listbox2>List2 |
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VALUE |
Value that is sent to the server. |
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SELECTED |
Default value. |
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TEXTAREA Tag |
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Allows user to type in a lot of text. |
<TEXTAREA NAME="comments" ROWS=10 COLS=40> |
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NAME |
Name of text area |
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ROWS |
Number of line visible in text area |
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COLS |
Visible width of the text area. |
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WRAP=”VIRTUAL” |
Word wrapping. |
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<FIELDSET> .. </FIELDSET> |
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Grouping related form elements helps in visual organization and it also allows to assign a keyboard shortcut. |
<FIELDSET> <LEGEND ACCESSKEY="a">Grouping Form Elements helps </LEGEND><BR> It Enhances the visual organization of forms <BR> It allows keyboard shortcuts<BR> Does it work in your browser <INPUT TYPE="text" NAME=mtext> </FIELDSET> |
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MAILTO command |
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Process forms by MAILTO method. |
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