|
|
C4 levelDefinition C4 level is a test that measures the concentration of a component of the complement system in the blood. How the test is performed Blood is drawn from a vein, usually on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with antiseptic, and an elastic band is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and restrict blood flow through the vein. This causes veins below the band to fill with blood. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. During the procedure, the band is removed to restore blood circulation. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. The sample is then sent to the laboratory where the quantity of C4 is measured. How to prepare for the test There are no special preparations. How the test will feel When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing. If your child is to have this test performed it may be helpful to explain how the test will feel, and even practice or demonstrate on a doll. The more familiar your child is with what will happen to them, and the purpose for the procedure, the less anxiety he or she will feel. Why the test is performed Complement activity (CH50, CH100, terminal complement component, or individual complement proteins) is measured to determine if complement is involved in the development of a disease. Complement activity is also measured to monitor how severe a disease is, or if treatment is working. For example, patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may have lower-than-normal levels of C3 and C4, and these component levels may be monitored as a rough index of disease activity. Normal Values
What abnormal results mean Increased complement activity may be seen in:
What the risks are
Special considerations Complement is a group of proteins in the blood that facilitate immunological and inflammatory responses. The "complement cascade" is a series of reactions that take place in the blood. There are 9 major components of complement, labeled C1 through C9. The cascade can be started in several ways, especially by antigen-antibody complexes. The end-product of the cascade is the "membrane attack unit" (also called terminal complement component), which creates holes in the membrane, or surface, of attacking bacteria, thereby killing them. CH50 or CH100 are tests for the activity of the complement system. There are also a number of side products of the complement cascade that attract white blood cells and increase the efficiency of certain types of white blood cells to engulf and destroy bacteria. Some bacteria don't need antibodies to set off the complement cascade. When they are exposed to fresh blood serum, complement is activated by an "alternative pathway." C3, one of the major components of the complement cascade, binds (attaches) to these bacteria directly to eliminate them. Bound C3, or some modified form of C3, forms a stable unit with other members of the complement cascade to form the membrane attack unit. Typically, other tests that are more specific for the suspected disease are performed first. Page Content: C4 ; c4; citroen c4; c4 bomb; c4 corvette; c4 explosive; c4 image logo.gif searchbox; c4 transmission; big brother c4; c4 corvette forum; urz c4 99dy; 2 c4 lineage; c4 8cesky; c4 chronicle04 ftp installer.zip l2 l2clientdownload.lineage2.com; rom c3 a2n c4 83; ford c4 transmission; how to make c4; 2bjeba 8dina c4 severina; 2 c4 download lineage; c4 installer.zip l2; po c4 8d c3 adta c4 8de; racing hart c4; e c4 9fitim; c4 corvette part; s c4 83n c4 83tate; c4 lineage2; art c4 83; citroen c4 tuning; ra c4 8dunala; 1 c4 catid getlesson.jsp; 2 c4 lineage server; c4 installer l2; adult.dvd aref c4 google index intelliflix.com; c4 plant; spole c4 8dnost; c4 corvette for sale; c4 file server; how to make c4 explosive; c4 deal deal edmonds no noel; c4 corvette body kit; general dynamics c4 system; c5 9al c4 85skie; 7 big brother c4 home page series; bas c4 b1n ve yay c4 b1n; ford c4; sprz c4 99t; c4 lineage; c3 and c4 plant; sa c4 9fl c4 b1k; c4 8casopisy a e ziny; c4 l2; callaway c4; c4 plastic explosive; vesel c4 abba; c4 b0dman; cervical disk c4 c5; voln c3 bd c4 8das; valstis un re c4 a3ioni; c4 citroen coupe; vo c4 ben c3 bd c4 8das; ra c4 8dunalni c5 a1tvo; c5 9awi c4 99tokrzyskie; c4 b0nternet; laisvalaikis ir kelion c4 97s; sabiedr c4 abba; c4 download ii lineage; sp c4 93les; zwierz c4 99ta; iepirk c5 a1an c4 81s; 2 c4 client download lineage; v c4 9bda; dolno c5 9bl c4 85skie; j c4 99zyki obce; c3 c4; c4 corvette performance; 200a.htm c4 intranet.sedgwickcms.com kit resource tool tpm; consultan c5 a3 c4 83; c4 music; c4 corvette accessory; bilgi kaynaklar c4 b1; yay c4 b1nlar; nova c4 b5oj; c4 download l2; spolo c4 8dnos c5 a5; 2 c4 lineage private server; acas c4 83; ra c4 8dunari; audi c4; c4 corvette wheels; visuomen c4 97; c4 download lineage; new citroen c4; 2 c4 free lineage server; c4 b0nc c9 99s c9 99n c9 99t; distri c4 9do; c4 corvette supercharger; 2 c4 sagem; m c4 81ksla un kult c5 abra; al c4 b1 c5 9fveri c5 9f; e c4 9flence ve ya c5 9fam; c4 complement elevated |
   |