The Olympians are a group of 12 gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. All the Olympians are related in some way and are named after their dwelling place Mount Olympus. Here, the Roman or Latin name is included for each of the original Greek names. These you will find in parentheses.
- ZEUS (Jupiter)
- POSEIDON (Neptune)
- HADES (Pluto)
- HESTIA (Vesta)
- HERA (Juno)
- ARES (Mars)
- ATHENA (Minerva)
- APOLLO (Apollo)
- APHRODITE (Venus)
- HERMES (Mercury)
- ARTEMIS (Diana)
- HEPHAESTUS (Vulcan or Mulciber)
ZEUS
Zeus (Jupiter) overthrew his Father Cronus to become the supreme ruler of the gods. He was lord of the sky, the rain god and the cloud gatherer. His weapon was a thunderbolt which he hurls at those who displease him. He was married to Hera but, was famous for his many affairs with other women. His breastplate was the AEGIS, terrible to look at, his bird was the eagle, and his tree, the oak. His oracle was Dodona, precisely known as the land famous for its oak trees. Zeus' wishes and royal desires were expressed or revealed in the rustling of the leaves of the oak trees, which the Greek priests interpreted ceremoniously. Indeed, it was also an eagle who attended him as a "minister" of his will. And, for page and royal attendant, as well as cup-bearer, he had GANYMEDES (Ganymede), a boy so beautiful that Zeus had him stolen from Mount Ida to make him immortal in heaven. (Ganymedes, beautiful Trojan lad, and son to Tros and Callirrhoe, had been carried off to Mount Olympus by Zeus' eagle. Upon Zeus' orders, the eagle had brought the boy in order to replace Ganymeda (Hebe) as cupbearer.) Zeus was also known to punish those who lie, cheat, or break oaths (solemn promises).
As leader of the Olympian deities, his domain is the sky, because this he chose after Poseidon had first chosen the Seas as his domain (considering these were the greatest power on Earth. Thus, his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, ruled over the sea and underworld respectively. In human affairs Zeus is particularly concerned with order, justice, and respect for oaths (as Zeus Horkios). Also, there is concern for the relationship between host and guest (as Zeus Xenios). Finally, another action he exerted was the concern with protection for suppliants [pronounced as súp-plee-ents, and meaning supplicants, beseechers, humble entreaters, those humbly begging for a favor] (as Zeus Hikesios).
Zeus does not play a major role in our literary myths, although he is important in Homer's Iliad. His myths mainly concern his rise to power, his pursuit of mortal and immortal women (and the resulting jealousy of his wife and sister, Hera).
Hesiod, in the Theogony, tells how Zeus overthrew his father, Kronos, and then defeated the Titans and the monster Typhoeus, born of Gaia. Other sources, e.g. Apollodoros, Bibliotheca, 1.6 also mention the Gigantomachy, the battle between the Olympian gods and the Giants, also born of the earth. The Gigantomachy became popular in art and was often confused with the Titanomachy. In his struggles against monsters and unruly forces Zeus is comparable to his sons Apollo, Heracles and Perseus.
Zeus fathered many gods and heroes. By Hera he had Hebe, Ares and, in some versions, Hephaestus. By Leto he had the twins, Apollo and Artemis. By Maia he had Hermes and by the mortal woman, Semele, he had Dionysus. In some versions Aphrodite is his daughter by Dione. He fathered Athena alone, after swallowing her mother, Metis.
Of the heroes, Zeus was father of Heralds, of Perseus by Danaë, to whom he came in the form of a shower of gold, and of Sarpedon, one of the heroes of the Trojan War. He was also father of Helen by Leda.
In his amorous adventures he often changed shape, as when he took on the form of a bull to abduct Europa or when he seduced Leda in the form of a swan. His lover Io was herself turned into a cow.
These stories were popular with Renaissance artists who knew them from Ovid's Metamorphoses.
POSEIDON
Poseidon (Neptune) was the brother of Zeus. He was the lord of the sea. He was widely worshiped by seamen. He married Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the Titan Oceanus.
His weapon was a trident, which could shake the earth, and shatter any object. He was second only to Zeus in power amongst the gods. Under the ocean, he had a marvelous golden palace, its grottos adorned with corals and the sea-flowers, and lit with a phosphorescent glow. He rose forth in a chariot drawn by dolphins, sea-horses and other marine creatures.
Brother of Zeus and Hades, god of the sea (Roman Neptune). He is thought to cause earthquakes, hence his title Earthshaker.
In the Theogony he is married to Amphitrite and is father of Triton. In the Odyssey he is father of the Cyclops Polyphemus, hence his persecution of Odysseus. Sometimes he is father of Theseus, as in Euripides, Hippolytus. The west pediment of the Parthenon showed his contest with Athena for the city of Athens.
HADES
Hades (Pluto) was the brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was allotted the Underworld as his domain (also known as Hades, or strictly the House of Hades). He was made lord of the Underworld, ruling over the dead. He was a greedy god who was greatly concerned with increasing his subjects. Those whose calling increase the number of dead were seen favorably by him. The ERINYES were therefore welcomed guests. He was exceedingly disinclined to allow any of his subjects leave. (The Erinyes were also known as the FURIES in Roman mythology -- the three avenging spirits: ALECTO [Unrest], MEGAREA [Jealousy], and TISIPHONE [Vengeance-Avenger]).
Hades was also the god of wealth, due to the precious metals mined from below the earth. He had a helmet that made him invisible and rarely left the underworld. He was unpitying and terrible, but not capricious. His wife was Persephone. His major action in mythology is precisely the abduction of Demeter's daughter, Persephone. He was the King of the dead but, the god of death itself is another deity, THANATOS.
HESTIA
Hestia (Vesta) was Zeus' sister. She was a virgin goddess. She was the Goddess of the Hearth, the symbol of the house around which a new born child was carried before it was received into the family. Each city had a public hearth sacred to Hestia, where the fire was never allowed to go out.
HERA
Hera (Juno) was Zeus' wife and sister. She was raised by the Titans Oceanus and Tethys. She was the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women. Most stories concerning Hera have to do with her jealous revenge for Zeus' infidelities. Her sacred animals were the cow and the peacock. Her favorite city was Argos.
Portrayed as the jealous wife, Hera spent a great deal of time persecuting her husband's lovers (like Io, Kallisto and his children by them. In her capacity of goddess of childbirth, she prolonged Leto's labor when she gave birth to the twins, Apollo and Artemis. In Iliad, 19 Agamemnon tells the story of how she delayed the birth of Heracles, causing him to be subject to Eurystheus. Her persecution of Heracles is constant. In the Trojan War she campaigns ceaselessly against the Trojans as a result of the Judgement of Paris. In the Iliad this causes her to oppose Zeus' will, the most famous occasion being her seduction of him in Book 14 in order to distract his attention from the events on earth.
Curiously for a goddess whose domain is marriage and childbirth, Hera has few children. In Hesiod's Theogony she is mother of Ares, Hebe and Eileithyia by Zeus but produced Hephaestus alone in revenge for the birth of Athena. The Homeric Hymn to Apollo gives an interesting variant on this theme, according to which Hera gave birth to the monster Typhaon for the same reason.
In contrast to her portrayal in literature, her role in Greek religious cult was very important, she had a huge sanctuary at Argos in the Peloponnese and many of the earliest Greek temples were dedicated to her.
ARES
Ares (Mars, in Roman mythology) was the son of Zeus and Hera. He was disliked by both parents. As a matter of fact, he seems to have been deeply detested by them. He was the god of war. He is considered "murderous and bloodstained" and yet,and strangely enough, also a coward. Homer refers to him as such when Ares bellows and complains loudly and in pain, and running away, still, after being wounded on the field of battle.
Truly, though, Ares does figure very little in Greek Mythology. When caught in an act of adultery with Aphrodite, his lover at one time, Aphrodite's husband, Hephaestus, publicly ridicules him and encounters him contemptuously in front of the other Olympians. But, essentially, Ares was simply deemed the god of war. His bird was meritoriously the vulture. His animal was unfortunately chosen as the dog.
ATHENA
Athena (Minerva) was the daughter of Zeus. She sprang full grown in armor from his forehead, thus has no mother. She was fierce and brave in battle but, only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies. She was the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. She invented the bridle, which permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She was the embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. She was Zeus's favorite child and was allowed to use his weapons including his thunderbolt. Her favorite city was Athens. Her tree was the olive. The owl was her bird. She was a virgin goddess.
A slightly different viewpoint has it that Athena is indeed a virgin goddess. As Hesiod relates in his THEOGONY, she was born from the head of Zeus after he had swallowed her mother, Metis, who was otherwise destined to bear a son who would be greater than his father. ATHENA is patron goddess of the city of Athens, an honor for which she competed with Poseidon . She offered the citizens an olive tree while Poseidon offered a spring, the Athenians preferred her gift (Apollodoros, Bibliotheca, 3.14). She is also associated with crafts, particularly weaving, as the story of Arachne (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 6) shows.
She plays an important role in literature as the champion of many heroes such as Odysseus and Heracles . In Sophocles' Ajax she inflicts Ajax with madness in order to protect Odysseus from his wrath when Odysseus wins the shield of Achilles. In Aeschylus' Oresteia , she casts the deciding vote in favor of Orestes. She also takes vengeance on heroes who fail to show due respect and persecutes the Lesser Ajax for the offence of raping Cassandra at her statue at the Fall of Troy.
Although she was a virgin, Athena raised Erichthonios who was born from the earth after Hephaestus tried to rape her.
Kallimachos' literary hymn, The Bath of Pallas, she strikes the young Tiresias with blindness when he accidentally sees her naked, a parallel to a version of the story of Actaeon .
Athena is usually represented wearing a helmet, the snaky-fringed aegis with gorgoneion and carrying a shield or spear (even in depictions of her birth). Other attributes are the owl and the figure of Nike. Homer describes her as glaukopis, meaning (probably) "with gleaming eyes".
The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is the most famous temple of Athena. The east pediment showed her birth from the head of Zeus and the west pediment showed her contest with Poseidon (the surviving fragments are in the British Museum). The temple also contained Pheidias' huge chryselephantine statue of her, known as the Athena Parthenos.
APOLLO
Apollo (Apollo) was the son of Zeus and Leto. His twin sister was Artemis. He was the god of music, playing a golden lyre. He was the god of the archer, far shooting with a silver bow. The god of healing who taught man medicine. The god of light. The god of truth, who can not speak a lie. One of Apollo's more important daily tasks was to harness his chariot with four horses an drive the Sun across the sky. He was famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled to it from all over the Greek world to divine the future. His tree was the laurel. The crow was his bird. The dolphin was his animal.
As the son of Zeus and Leto, Apollo was born with his twin sister Artemis on the island of Delos. According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo Delos was the only place willing to accept to be birth-place of such a powerful god. It also tells how Hera's jealousy caused Leto to be in labor for nine days.
Apollo was also associated with Delphi, situated beneath Mount Parnassus, the site of the Pythian oracle. There were various stories telling how Apollo came to take over the site. The Homeric Hymn says that he had to kill the female serpent Python. The Hymn clearly associates Python with Typhaon (another name for Typhoeus, the monster killed by Zeus). Aeschylus, at the beginning of Eumenides has Apollo himself claim that Themis gave the sanctuary to him, having herself received it from Gaia .
In the Iliad Apollo supports the Trojans, despite having been cheated, along with Poseidon, by Priam's father Laomedon. The two gods had been sent by Zeus to build the walls of Troy which they did, but Laomedon refused to pay. Among Apollo's titles are: Loxias ('oblique'), Phoibos, Smintheus ('of the mouse'). From the fifth century BC onwards he was associated with the sun-god (Helios).
He is also a god of medicine and healing (as well as a bringer of plague as in Iliad 1) and of music, often associated with the Muses.
The story of his rape of Daphne (Ovid, Metamorphoses 1) explains his association with the laurel or bay-tree (Daphne in Greek), a plant used at his festivals and in the rituals of the Delphic oracle.
He taught Cassandra the art of prophecy after she had promised to sleep with him, when she then refused he made her unable to convince anyone with her prophecies (since he was unable to take back what he had given.)
Apollo was also father of Asklepios, god of medicine, usually by Coronis whom he killed when she was unfaithful (Ovid, Met, 2, Apollodorus, 3.10.3). The unborn child was snatched from the flames of her funeral pyre and raised by Cheiron . In Euripides' Ion, Apollo is father of Ion by the Athenian princess Kreousa (elsewhere he is the child of Kreousa and her husband, Xouthos, e.g. Apollodorus, 1.7.3).
APHRODITE
Aphrodite (Venus) was the goddess of love, desire and beauty. In addition to her natural gifts, she had a magical girdle that compelled anyone she wished to desire her. There were two accounts of her birth. One says she was the daughter of Zeus and Dione. The other went back to the time when Cronus castrated Uranus and tossed his severed genitals into the sea. Aphrodite then arose from the sea foam on a giant scallop and walked to shore in Cyprus. She was the wife of Hephaestus. The myrtle was her tree. The dove, the swan, and the sparrow were her birds.
Now, let's take into account that there are actually two versions of Aphrodite's family background. According to Hesiod's Theogony, lines 190-200 she was one of the most ancient deities, born from the foam surrounding Ouranos' castrated genitals when they fell into the sea. She came to land first on the island of Kythera and finally on Cyprus, hence her titles 'Kyprogenes', 'Kytherea' and 'Kypris'. Hesiod also derives her title 'Philommeides' from the Greek 'medea' meaning 'genitals', but this is probably fanciful word-play. The usual translation is 'laughter-loving'.
In Homer's Iliad 5 Aphrodite is depicted as the daughter of the minor goddess Dione and therefore as belonging to a younger generation of gods. The discrepancy between the two versions gave rise to one of the most important philosophical discussions of myth in classical literature: the speech of Pausanias in Plato's Symposium. Pausanias (not to be confused with the second century travel-writer of the same name!) identifies the older, motherless Aphrodite as 'Ourania' (literally 'heavenly') and the other as 'Pandemos' or 'vulgar', 'of the people'.
He then argues that there are two forms of Eros or love which correspond to the two Aphrodites.
Aphrodite herself was not immune to sexual passion. In the Odyssey the Bard Demodokos sings of her affair with Ares, in the Theogony the pair are said to be the parents of Deimos, Phobos and Harmonia. She is also mother of the Trojan hero, Aineas, by the mortal Anchises. This affair is the subject of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite.
Another mortal lover of Aphrodite was Adonis who was killed while hunting.
HERMES
Hermes (Mercury) was the son of Zeus and Maia. He was Zeus' messenger. He was the fastest of the gods. He wore winged sandals, a winged hat, and carried a magic wand. He was the god of thieves and god of commerce. He was the guide for the dead to go to the underworld. He invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy , weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees.
As son of Zeus and Maia, the Homeric Hymn to Hermes tells of his birth and his first day of life in which he made the first lyre (out of a tortoise he came across) and stole Apollo's cattle. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2 gives a slightly different version of the story in which Hermes/Mercury catches an old man betraying him and turns him into a stone.
As messenger for the gods he plays a role in different myths, he is also responsible as psychopompos for conveying the souls of the dead to Hades and for sending people to sleep. Vase paintings show him performing this role both for heroes of myth (e.g. Sarpedon ) and for ordinary people.
ARTEMIS
Artemis (Diana) was the daughter of Zeus and Leto. Her twin brother was Apollo. She was the lady of the wild things. She was the huntsman of the gods. She was the protector of the young. Like Apollo, she hunted with silver arrows. She became associated with the moon. She was a virgin goddess, and the goddess of chastity. She also presided over childbirth, which may seem odd for a virgin, but goes back to causing Leto no pain when she was born. The cypress was her tree. All wild animals were scared of her, especially the deer.
Twin sister of Apollo, ARTEMIS is an eternally virgin huntress who haunts wild places. She is sometimes referred to as Potnia Theron (Mistress of the Beasts) indicating her concern for and power over wild animals. She is also concerned with women's transition from girlhood to adulthood (via marriage) and with childbirth, a concern she shares with Hera and Eileithyia. Women who die are said to be struck down by her arrows.
Euripides' Hippolytus shows her in opposition to Aphrodite. Actaeon and Hippolytus are two young men who, in different ways, are destroyed by their association with Artemis.
Artemis demands the sacrifice of the virgin Iphigenia at Aulis before she will allow the Greek fleet to sail against Troy. The reasons given for her anger vary: Agamemnon kills a deer in her sacred grove (mentioned in Sophocles, Electra ); or he boasts that he is a better shot than Artemis herself (Apollodorus). For the motif of Artemis' concern to protect her animals against marauding heroes see the story of Heracles and the Kerynitian hind; for the motif of mortals boasting of their superiority to the gods see the stories of Arachne, Actaeon, Marsyas, Niobe, the Lesser Ajax.
Kallisto was one of Artemis' nymphs who offended the goddess by becoming pregnant by Zeus and was banished. The jealous Hera then further punished her by turning her into a bear. The stories of Actaeon and Kallisto were known in the Renaissance through Ovid's Metamorphoses and were popular subjects for artists.
HEPHAESTUS
Hephaestus (Vulcan, or Mulciber, in Latin) was the son of Zeus and Hera. Sometimes, it was said that Hera alone produced him and that he had no father. He was the only god to be physically ugly. He was also lame. He was the god of fire and the forge. He was the smith and armorer of the gods. He used a volcano as his forge. He was the patron god of both smiths and weavers. He was kind and peace loving. His wife was Aphrodite. Sometimes, his wife was identified as Aglaia.
Comparatively, in Hesiod, Hephaestus is the son of Hera alone. His mother bore him in revenge for the birth of Athena. In Homer, he is the son of both Hera and Zeus. He is the craftsman god who makes miraculous objects for the gods and it is he who makes Achilles' new shield for him at the request of Thetis ( Iliad, 18). He is depicted as lame in art and literature. In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, Hera throws him out of Olympus because of this. According to Apollodorus, however, he was crippled when Zeus threw him out of Olympus for trying to help Hera.
Hephaestus himself alludes to this fall in Iliad. Hephaestus' triumphant return to Olympus was a favorite subject for archaic Greek vase painters.
In Homer, Hephaestus is married to Aphrodite, who is unfaithful to him. His attempted rape of Athena resulted in the birth of Erichthonios.
Two other figures came along later during the development and evolution of the Greek Myths. The first was DIONYSUS (confused misspelling is Dionysius), the god of the Vine (Wine), and also known as Bacchus (the Roman name), and DEMETER (Ceres), goddess of the Earth and Corn. These two were equally important, but instead of having domains in Olympus, theirs were here on Earth itself. They are considered in Greek Mythology to belong to the "Lesser Gods," obviously belonging to the second hierarchical plane, but no less important to the Greek and ancient citizens than the very gods of Mount Olympus.
DIONYSUS
Son of Zeus and Semele, also known in both Greek and Latin as Bacchus. According to Ovid, when his mother was killed Zeus snatched her unborn child and sewed him into his own thigh. The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus (1) gives variant versions of his birth. He is unusual in that he has a mortal mother, the story of Semele places his birth much later than those of the other gods. Several stories tell of the fate of mortals who refused to recognized or accept Dionysus, as in Euripides' Bacchae. Apollodoros, Bibliotheca, 3.5 and Homer, Iliad, 6 tell the story of Lykourgos, a Thracian king who tried to expel Dionysus and was driven mad. Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, 7 tells of the fate of mortals who failed to recognize him. He was captured by pirates but made a vine grow on the ship and transformed himself into a lion. The pirates ended up as dolphins. As these stories suggest, Dionysus is often depicted as travelling throughout Greece, often arriving from the east. As knowledge of the world to the east expanded with Alexander's campaigns as far as India, so did the regions from which Dionysus was thought to arrive in Greece. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods he was depicted as arriving in triumph from India, accompanied by exotic animals.
Dionysus is the god of wine and song and is usually depicted in art and literature accompanied by maenads, satyrs and silens. The maenads often carry parts of animals they have torn apart in their frenzy. This is how he is described by Catullus and Ovid when he arrives on the island of Naxos to rescue Ariadne.
At Athens tragedy was performed at the festival of Dionysus (Dionysia). The Anthesteria was a festival which commemorated the death of Ikarios the first man to introduce wine to Attica. His countrymen killed him when they felt the effects of the drink and thought he had poisoned them. Ikarios' daughter, Erigone, hanged herself (Apollodorus, 3.14.7).
Dionysus was also associated with resurrection. He is identified with Zagreus, son of Zeus and Persephone who was killed, dismembered and eaten by the Titans. His heart was saved and he was reborn through Semele.
(Dionysus' connections with resurrection link him to Orpheus.)
DEMETER
Goddess of corn and the fertility of the earth, mother by of Persephone. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter tells the story of Persephone 's abduction by Hades and Demeter's desperate search for her daughter. As well as providing a mythological origin for the Eleusinian Mysteries, the Hymn gives a unique and powerful depiction of the relationship between mother and daughter and underlines Demeter's unusual position in Greek mythology as both a mother and a powerful goddess with an important domain of her own.
The story of Demeter as told in the Hymn contains some important themes. By causing famine and therefore disrupting sacrifice to the gods she threatens the Olympians and manages to make Zeus change his mind. Her refusal to fulfill her usual functions when she feels dishonored (by her daughter's abduction) is paralleled by Achilles' withdrawal from battle in the Iliad .
jzr/February 25, 2000.
The Greek Gods
TheOlympians
ANOTHER OF THE "LESSER GODS" WORTHY OF MENTION.
EROS
Eros means 'love' or 'desire', so that in the Greek language the god and his effect are indistinguishable. Like Aphrodite, Eros has many different facets. In Hesiod he is one of the four primal beings created out of nothing at the beginning of the Theogony. Once Eros has come into being all further creation is the result of procreation by parthenogenesis or, more usually, by two gods on the model of human procreation.
This image of Eros as a primal cosmic force is in sharp contrast to his more usual portrayal in art and literature as a mischievous young boy, the son of Aphrodite, as in Apollonius, Argonautica, 3. However he is portrayed, his power is undeniable, Zeus himself is notoriously susceptible to desire.
His dual nature remains a potent theme in literature. Plato's Symposium depicts a gathering of Athenian intellectuals who decide to spend the time composing speeches in praise of Eros/love (instead of drinking and listening to flute-girls). Several speakers appeal to myth to back up their arguments about the god. The most famous and influential speech is that of Pausanias, who argues that just as there are two Aphrodites there are two Eroses.
jzr/Dec. 31, 1999.
HERE you will find some worthy Links below...
Try these out for yourself:
• http://www.cybercomm.net/~grandpa/gdsindex.html
GREAT site run by a GREAT presenter of CREATION and FLOOD Myths, plus an EXTENSE variety of Myths from all Ancient Civilizations from around the world. Don't just think about it... drop by and ENJOY!
for GREEK mythology.
for MesoAmerican myths.
for myths from other cultures. You will even find the story in ANIMATED presentation about AMISTAD, the slave ship, and the freedom incident.
This is a site for kids. Might be too little for you, but you decide on that.
• http://www.princeton.edu/~rhwebb/myth.html
For formal and extense serious work by a thriving Professor, knowledgeable in her field. Currently under reconstruction and change, the site is becoming attractive. Visit and see for yourself.
• http://www.pibburns.com/mythregi.htm
Excellent for REGIONAL Folklore and Mythology.
• http://members.xoom.com/darsie/tales/index.html
Tales of Wonder. Folk and Fairy tales from around the world. Truly a SUPERB site.
Another EXCELLENT site.
• http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~dkbrown/index.html
OR, ...
• http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~dkbrown/stories.html
for THE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE WEB GUIDE.
• Still another very good site for FOLKTALES AND FOLKLORE:
http://www.pitt.edu./~dash/folktexts.html
• Need an Encyclopedia on MYTHOLOGY, FOLKLORE, AND LEGENDS?
Try... http://www.pantheon.org/mythica/
jzr
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July 2, 2000.
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