Lesson 4: Verbs: perfect tense, passive; Other pronouns
VERBES: PERFECTE, PASSIVO
The perfect tense, equivalent of the "passé composé" in French, is a form which uses an auxiliary. It is the "perfect" equivalent of the "presente". Those two forms "stick" together, and they share a passive form.
The construction of the "perfecte": Auxiliary AVER conjugated in present + the past participle of the verb (infinitive -R).
The construction of the passive form: Auxiliary ESTER conjugated in present + the past participle of the verb (infinitive -R).
A table for PRENDER:
| Personal pronoun | Presente | Perfecte | Presente Passivo |
| ye (1 singular) | PRENDE | AVE prende | ESTE prende |
| te (2 singular) | PRENDES | AVES prende | ESTES prende |
| il/el/ce/ca (3 singular) | PRENDES | AVES prende | ESTES prende |
| nos (1 plural) | PRENDEMOS | AVEMOS prende | ESTEMOS prendes |
| vos (2 plural) | PRENDETES | AVETES prende | ESTETES prendes |
| illes/elles/ces/cas (3 plural) | PRENDEN | AVEN prende | ESTEN prendes |
If you take a look at the passive forms, you see that The plural forms get "+S". They are treated as adjectives to the subject, in this case the personal pronoun. Since adjectives have to be similar to thesubstantives / pronouns, the "adjective" gets "+S".
Sometimes a verb has no passive! Verbs like "nater" can also be difficult. Litterally, NATER means "to bear". So if you want to say "I was born..." you say "Ye este nate" and NOT "Ye ave nate".
Unlike in French, there are NO Perfect forms with "ester (être)". So "Je suis venu" => "Ye ave venye". ÊTRE becomes AVER! Just something you'd like to know if you speak French or so... Now you can start practising these new tenses on some verbs you learned in lesson 2!
PRONOMES
In lesson 2 you saw the personal pronouns. Of corse, there are lots of others. There are:
Demonstrative and Interrogative pronouns are sort of like brothers and sisters. An example in English:
WHERE? (Interrogative) => THERE (Demonstrative).
See? This is also in Pacarian. Here are the two most common demonstrative pronouns:
ce(s) = this, these (close,neutral)
sa(s) = that, those (far away)
IMPORTANT:
You'll see that ce is more (a lot more) often used instead of sa than in French.
Use sa only to prevent confusion when talking about two different objects. Ce(s)
is also used for
"it" if it is the subject of a verb.
|
Interrogativo |
De |
|
qui(s)
= who |
ce,
sa |
|
que(s)
= what |
ce,
sa |
|
quel(s)
= which |
ce,
sa |
|
quand
= when |
puis
= then |
|
commente
= how |
sique
= that way, com = like |
|
combonne
= how much |
tante
= that much |
|
a
que(s), o = where |
a
sa, la = there ; a ce, ici = here |
|
par
ce que = because par
ce/sa = therefore |
Something else: In English, you often say what (what hour, what book) where it is translated to Pacarian as which (quel hore, quel livre). Also notice that lots of Interrogative pronouns have a plural form, this is used if they are attached to a plural noun, or if the answer is expected in plural.
Relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative subordinate clause. There are only 2 relative pronouns: que and qui. Que is used when the antecedent is an object, qui when it is a person.
Les livres que te deves me render. => The books you have to give me back (notice there is no relative pronoun used in this English sentence.)
Le fye qui ye ave voye. => The girl (that) i saw (again, a pronoun is not needed in the English version.)
This is different from French!!!
There are loads of indefinite pronouns. Here are the most important ones:
| quelque une | someone |
| quelque chose | something |
| ryen | nothing |
| ocune | none |
| personne | nobody |