Chapter 2
an- = not (anion: a negatively charged ion)
co- = together; -valent = strength (covalent bond: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons)
electro- = electricity (electronegativity: the tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itself)
iso- = equal (isotope: an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons)
neutr- = neither (neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electrical charge)
pro- = before (proton: a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge)
Chapter 3
kilo- = a thousand (kilocalorie: a thousand calories)
hydro- = water; -philos = loving; -phobos = fearing (hydrophilic: having an affinity for water; hydrophobic: having an aversion to water)
Chapter 4
hydro- = water (hydrocarbon: an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen)
iso- = equal (isomer: one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties)
enanti- = opposite (enantiomer: molecules that are mirror images of each other)
carb- = coal (carboxyl group: a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom)
sulf- = sulfur (sulfhydryl group: a functional group which consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen)
thio- = sulfur (thiol: organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups)
Chapter 5
con- = together (condensation reaction: a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water)
di- = two (disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together )
glyco- = sweet (glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals)
hydro- = water; -lyse = break (hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds by adding water)
macro- = large (macromolecule: a large molecule)
meros- = part (polymer: a chain made from smaller organic molecules)
mono- = single; -sacchar = sugar (monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar)
poly- = many (polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together)
tri- = three (triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule)
Chapter 6
allo- = different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)
ana- = up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)
bio- = life (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)
cata- = down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)
endo- = within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)
ex- = out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)
kinet- = movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)
therm- = heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)
Chapter 7
centro- = the center; -soma = a body (centrosome: material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division)
chloro- = green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and eukaryotic algae)
cili- = hair (cilium: a short hair-like cellular appendage with a microtubule core)
cyto- = cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which are located organelles)
-ell = small (organelle: a small formed body with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)
endo- = inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that include the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane)
eu- = true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)
extra- = outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded)
flagell- = whip (flagellum: a long whip-like cellular appendage that moves cells)
glyco- = sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate)
lamin- = sheet / layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus)
lyso- = loosen (lysosome: a membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules)
micro- = small; -tubul = a little pipe (microtubule: a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells)
nucle- = nucleus; -oid = like (nucleoid: the region where the genetic material is concentrated in prokaryotic cells)
phago- = to eat; -kytos = vessel (phagocytosis: a form of cell eating in which a cell engulfs a smaller organism or food particle)
plasm- = molded; -desma = a band or bond (plasmodesmata: an open channel in a plant cell wall)
pro- = before; karyo- = nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)
pseudo- = false; -pod = foot (pseudopodium: a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding)
thylaco- = sac or pouch (thylakoid: a series of flattened sacs within chloroplasts)
tono- = stretched; -plast = molded (tonoplast: the membrane that encloses a large central vacuole in a mature plant cell)
trans- = across; -port = a harbor (transport vesicle: a membranous compartment used to enclose and transport materials from one part of a cell to another)
ultra- = beyond (ultracentrifuge: a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities)
vacu- = empty (vacuole: sac that buds from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane)
Chapter 8
amphi- = dual (amphipathic molecule: a molecule that has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region)
aqua-
= water; -
co- = together; trans- = across (cotransport: the coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient)
electro- = electricity; -genic = producing (electrogenic pump: an ion transport protein generating voltage across a membrane)
endo- = inner; cyto- = cell (endocytosis: the movement of materials into a cell. Cell-eating)
exo- = outer (exocytosis: the movement of materials out of a cell)
hyper- = exceeding; -tonus = tension (hypertonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes)
hypo- = lower (hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes)
iso- = same; (isotonic: solutions with equal concentrations of solutes)
phago- = eat (phagocytosis: cell eating)
pino- = drink (pinocytosis: cell drinking)
plasm- = molded; -lyso = loosen (plasmolysis: a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment)
Chapter 9
aero- = air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)
an- = not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)
chemi- = chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)
glyco- = sweet; -lysis = split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)
Chapter 10
auto- = self; -troph = food (autotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms)
chloro- = green; -phyll = leaf (chlorophyll: photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts)
electro- = electricity; magnet- = magnetic (electromagnetic spectrum: the entire spectrum of radiation)
hetero- = other (heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products)
meso- = middle (mesophyll: the green tissue in the middle, inside of a leaf)
photo- = light (photosystem: cluster of pigment molecules)
Chapter 11
liga- = bound or tied (ligand: a small molecule that specifically binds to a larger one)
trans- = across (signal-transduction pathway: the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response inside the cell)
-yl = substance or matter (adenylyl cyclase: an enzyme built into the plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP)
Chapter 12
ana- = up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)
bi- = two (binary fission: a type of cell division in a which a cell divides in half)
centro- = the center; -mere = a part (centromere: the narrow "waist" of a condensed chromosome)
chroma- = colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that forms eukaryotic chromosomes)
cyclo- = a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)
cyto- = cell; -kinet = move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)
gamet- = a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)
gen- = produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)
inter- = between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)
mal- = bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)
meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division which yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)
meta- = between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)
pro- = before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)
soma- = body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)
telos- = an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)
trans- = across; -form = shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)
Chapter 13
apsis = juncture (synapsis: the pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis)
a- = not or without (asexual: type of reproduction not involving fertilization)
auto- = self (autosome: the chromosomes that do not determine gender)
chiasm- = marked crosswise (chiasma: the X-shaped microscopically visible region representing homologous chromosomes that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis)
di- = two (diploid: cells that contain two homologous sets of chromosomes)
fertil- = fruitful (fertilization: process of fusion of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg cell)
haplo- = single (haploid: cells that contain only one chromosome of each homologous pair)
homo- = like (homologous: like chromosomes that form a pair)
karyo- = nucleus (karyotype: a display of the chromosomes of a cell)
meio- = less (meiosis: a variation of cell division which yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)
soma- = body (somatic: body cells with 46 chromosomes in humans)
sporo- = a seed; -phyt = a plant (sporophyte: the multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation)
syn- = together; gam- = marriage (syngamy: the process of cellular union during fertilization)
tetra- = four (tetrad: the four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes)
Chapter 14
co- = together (codominance: phenotype in which both dominant alleles are expressed in the heterozygote)
-centesis = a puncture (amniocentesis: a technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus)
di- = two (dihybrid cross: a breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in two traits are mated)
epi- = beside; -stasis = standing (epistasis: a phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited)
geno- = offspring (genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism)
hetero- = different (heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait)
homo- = alike (homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait)
mono- = one (monohybrid cross: a breeding experiment that uses parental varieties differing in a single character)
pedi- = a child (pedigree: a family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible)
pheno- = appear (phenotype: the physical and physiological traits of an organism)
pleio- = more (pleiotropy: when a single gene impacts more than one characteristic)
poly- = many; gen- = produce (polygenic: an additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character)
Chapter 15
aneu- = without (aneuploidy: a chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number)
cyto- = cell (cytological maps: charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features)
hemo- = blood (hemophilia: a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury)
mono- = one (monosomic: a chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome)
non- = not; dis- = separate (nondisjunction: an accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart properly)
poly- = many (polyploidy: a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets)
re- = again; com- = together; bin- = two at a time (recombinant: an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents)
trans- = across (translocation: attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome)
tri- = three; soma- = body (trisomic: a chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome)
Chapter 16
helic- = a spiral (helicase: an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks)
liga- = bound or tied (DNA ligase: a linking enzyme for DNA replication)
-phage = to eat (bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria)
semi- = half (semiconservative model: type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand)
telos- = an end (telomere: the protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)
trans- = across (transformation: a phenomenon in which external DNA is assimilated by a cell)
Chapter 17
anti- = opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)
exo- = out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)
intro- = within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)
muta- = change; -gen = producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)
poly- = many (poly (A) tail: the modified end of the 3′ end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)
trans- = across; -script = write (transcription: the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template)
Chapter 22
bio- = life; geo- the Earth (biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution of species)
end- = within (endemic: a type of species that is found only in one region and nowhere else in the world)
homo- = like, resembling (homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry)
paleo- = ancient (paleontology: the scientific study of fossils)
taxo- = arrange (taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life)
vestigi- = trace (vestigial organs: structures of marginal, if any, importance to an organism; they are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors)
Chapter 26
bio- = life; -genesis = origin, birth (biogenesis: the principle that "life comes from life")
proto- = first (protobionts: aggregates of abiotically produced molecules)
stromato- = something spread out; -lite = a stone (stromatolite: rocks made of banded domes of sediment in which are found the most ancient forms of life)
Chapter 35
apic- = the tip; meristo- = divided (apical meristems: embryonic plant tissue on the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow)
a- = not, without; -symmetr = symmetrical (asymmetric cell division: cell division in which one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis)
bienn- = every 2 years (biennial: a plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle)
coll- = glue; -enchyma = an infusion (collenchyma cell: a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth)
endo- = inner; derm- = skin (endodermis: the innermost layer of the cortex in plants roots)
epi- = over (epidermis: the dermal tissue system in plants; the outer covering of animals.
fusi- = a spindle (fusiform initials: the cambrium cells within the vascular bundles; the name refers to the tapered ends of these elongated cells)
inter- = between (internode: the segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached)
meso- = middle; -phyll = a leaf (mesophyll: the ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis)
morpho- = form; -genesis = origin (morphogenesis: the development of body shape and organization during ontogeny)
perenni- = through the year (perennial: a plant that lives for many years)
peri- = around; -cycle = a circle (pericycle: a layer of cells just inside the endodermis of a root that may become meristematic and begin dividing again)
phloe- = the bark of a tree (phloem: the portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant)
pro- = before (procambium: a primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue)
proto- = first; -plast = formed, molded (protoplast: the contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall)
quiesc- = quiet, resting (quiescent center: a region located within the zone of cell division in plant roots, containing meristematic cells that divide very slowly)
sclero- = hard (sclereid: a short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchyma of some plants)
trachei- = the windpipe (tracheids: a water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin)
trans- = across (transpiration: the evaporative loss of water from a plant)
vascula- = a little vessel (vascular tissue: plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body)
xyl- = wood (xylem: the tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant)