Membranes were just as necessary for life as was DNA and while DNA
carries the code for constructing the membrane, some preexisting membrane is
needed for the synthesis of new membrane. Abiogenesis: the formation of a living organism from nonliving chemicals.
In the theory of evolution by natural selection, it is assumed that there was only one event of abiogenesis. This is because of the improbability of an event that relies on: [1] random association of atoms to form molecules and then [2] random associations of molecules directed by natural selection to form macromolecules and then [3] random association of macromolecules directed by natural selection to form the first cell. It was not necessary for the creation angels to start all life from a single cell, if they could make one cell, then they could make many and several different types of cells. It was, however, a lot of tedious work to build a cell from simple molecules and so whenever possible they modified preexisting life forms to create new species, and whenever they found something that worked, such as DNA or mitochondria or membrane structure, they continued to use it. They did however have to make from scratch several types of cells: a bacterial cell, a eukaryotic animal cell, an animal zygote encased in a egg shell, a plant cell, and a plant zygote encased in a seed shell.
Bacterial cell (prokaryotic cell)
To make a bacterial cell several molecular systems had to be constructed and assembled because it is necessary for them all function together. The cell had to be separated from the environment via a multi-functional semi-permeable membrane (cell membrane) that could control which molecules came inside and which went outside the cell. Separation of molecular species by semi-permeable membranes or membranes of selective permeability provided the necessary concentration gradients to drive energy production for biosynthesis of specific macromolecules, information maintenance and replication. Membranes contained bound enzymes and pore proteins and receptors molecules in addition to the basic three-layer (protein-lipid-protein) membrane.
Membranes were just as necessary for life as was DNA and while DNA
carries the code for constructing the membrane, some preexisting membrane is
needed for the synthesis of new membrane.
The bacteria also needed a structurally strong cell-wall to allow the cell to survive in environments that were hypotonic (more dilute than the inside of the cell) by preventing the cells from bursting due to taking too much water inside the cell.
The angels had to “write” instructions for bacterial structure and function into molecular codes such as DNA and other cellular structures such as the cell membrane. To give the organisms sufficient sophistication they designed the products of the DNA language so the product molecule (such as an enzyme) could affect a certain amount of self-control. The language of DNA determines what reaction the enzyme will perform, but the enzyme itself or in combination with other molecules determine such things as: when to start and stop action, where to perform the action, what to do with the products of the reaction.
In other words, “DNA evokes the ontogenesis of higher levels of molecular
systems” (Michael Polanyi. 1975), rather than determining the complete function
of the higher levels.
Figure 1 Diagram of bacterial cell.
Eukaryotic cell
Bacteria were the only living organisms on earth for about two billion years; the first eukaryotic cell, a protista, was created about 1.5 billion years ago. This was larger, more complex, required more nutrients, and demanded much more energy than a bacterium. It was not possible for eukaryotic cells to live on earth until the concentrations of gaseous O2 and CO2 were high enough to diffuse into the larger cells at a sufficiently high rate. Eukaryotic cells were significantly more sophisticated than a bacteria or prokaryotic cell.
Figure 2 The eukaryotic cell is large and complex, while the bacterial cell is about the same as the mitochondrion.
Because of the higher level of complication, eukaryotic organisms required a larger genome to carry the increased genetic information for all of the cells new structures and functions. Because of size constraints for chromosome replication and to allow for easier shuffling and mixing of genetic information, it was necessary to use multiple chromosomes to carry the information.
Then it was necessary to place the genome inside a new organelle, the nucleus (1 in Figure 2). Nuclei were separated from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm) via the nuclear membrane. The nucleus was analogous to the brain of a multicellular organism. It performs regulatory actions on various cell functions including cellular mobility, acquisition of food, protein synthesis, and replication.
To supply the high-energy demands of eukaryotic cells a specialized organelle, the mitochondria (2 in Figure 2) was required. This was a complex structure that was bounded by a membrane and contained its’ own little genome and was apparently created through modification of a bacteria similar to present-day purple bacteria. Mitochondria replicate through binary fission and are passed on to each succeeding generation in the female’s egg. The sole function of mitochondria is the synthesis of high-energy molecules, such as ATP, which are transported throughout the cell to be used in a wide variety of energy-requiring biosynthetic reactions.
To accomplish the high levels of protein synthesis necessary for the eukaryotic cell an endoplasmic reticulum (3 in Figure 2) and Golgi apparatus (4 in Figure 2) were created. The endoplasmic reticulum consisted of a highly folded membrane with ribosomes bond to the surface. Eukaryotic ribosomes were larger and more sophisticated in the control of protein synthesis than bacterial ribosomes.
Zygote egg
Production of first invertebrate required that the angels develop a zygotic cell and place it within a protective covering along with sufficient nutrients to allow its’ growth into an immature, but free living organism. They had to make a male egg and a female egg so that the species could replicate. These first hatchlings were protected and nurtured by the angels to ensure that at least one round of replication took place. Once they had developed, mature organisms they could collect fertilized eggs before zygote cell division occurred and make modifications to the genome for the introduction of a new species.
Plant cell
The third type of cell that the angels had to make was a plant cell. The earliest plant cell was a protista cell with a plastid, a photosynthetic organelle, inserted into it to harness sunlight energy for manufacture of sugar from CO2 and water while releasing molecular oxygen. Actually, these true algae may have been developed before “animal” protista because of their important role in manufacturing oxygen. The plastid or chloroplasts were manufactured by modification of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), which were photosynthetic bacteria developed much earlier. The photosynthetic system was enhanced from photosystem I to photosystem II which was much more efficient in producing oxygen.
Plant seed
In a similar way to the animal egg, the angels created a seed that could grow into a mature plant. In this case, it was not necessary to make a seed for each sex, since plants are hermaphrodites.