Part One
Fundamentals of Internment/Resettlement Operations
Part One provides information that
is critical in understanding the I/R function. Chapter 1 introduces the
manual by providing key definitions, establishing the I/R objectives and
principles, and providing a list of agencies concerned with I/R operations.
Chapter 2 describes commander and staff responsibilities that are unique
to I/R operations. Together, these chapters provide leaders and soldiers
with the foundation necessary for successful implementation of national
military objectives as they relate to I/R operations.
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter provides key definitions
as set forth by the Geneva and Hague Conventions, Army regulations (ARs),
and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These definitions explain
personnel categories that the MP commander may be tasked to handle, protect,
and account for. He must ensure that personnel are treated according to
established laws, regulations, and international agreements. The MP leaders
and soldiers conducting I/R operations must maintain task proficiency for
each category.
PROCEDURES
1-1. Unlike EPW/CI operations in the past,
I/R operations include additional detained persons. The I/R operations
include handling, protecting, and accounting for dislocated civilians (DCs)
and conducting battlefield confinement of US military prisoners. With the
alignment of these additional categories, leaders and soldiers must ensure
that they understand and are prepared to apply the rules of engagement
(ROE) and the rules of interaction (ROI) that apply to each category. The
keys to a successful I/R operation are getting the mission accomplished
and performing the mission under the correct mind-set. For example, the
ROE that may apply to an EPW may not apply to a refugee or a US military
prisoner. However, an MP may be tasked to handle each category during the
course of an operation. This dimension is addressed throughout the manual
to increase the MP commander's situational awareness (SA) as it relates
to this aspect of I/R operations.
DEFINITIONS
1-2. The
following terms are defined below:
COMBAT ZONE
1-3. The
CZ is the area required by combat forces to conduct operations. It normally
extends forward from the land force's rear boundary. The communications
zone (COMMZ) is the rear part of the theater of operations (TO). It is
behind and contiguous to the CZ. The COMMZ contains lines of communication
(LOC), supply and evacuation areas, and other agencies required for the
immediate support and maintenance of field forces. It reaches to the continental
United States (CONUS), to a supporting combatant command's area of responsibility
(AOR), or to both. An EPW must be moved as quickly as possible from the
CZ to the COMMZ where an I/R unit interns him.
NOTE: For a complete discussion on the
operational framework of a CZ, see FM 3-0.
ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR
1-4. As
defined in the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners
of War (GPW), 12 August 1949, an EPW
is—
A member of an enemy armed force
or a member of a militia or a volunteer corps forming part of an enemy
armed force.
A member of a militia or a volunteer corps
(including an organized resistance movement) that (1) belongs to an enemy
power, (2) operates in or outside its own territory (even if the territory
is occupied), and (3) fulfills the following conditions:
The organization is commanded
by a person responsible for his subordinates.
The organization has a fixed, distinctive
sign that is recognizable at a distance.
The members are carrying arms openly.
The organization is conducting operations
according to the laws and customs of war.
A member of an enemy armed force who professes
allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the detaining
power (the US).
A person who accompanies an enemy armed
force without actually being a member (a civilian member of a military
aircraft crew, a war correspondent, a supply contractor, a member of a
labor unit, or a member of a service that is responsible for enemy welfare)
if he has authorization and an identification (ID) card from the armed
force.
A crew member (a master, a pilot, or an
apprentice of a merchant marine or a member of a civil aircraft under the
enemy's power) who does not benefit from more favorable treatment under
other provisions of international law.
Inhabitants of an unoccupied territory who
spontaneously take up arms to resist invading US armed forces (without
having time to form themselves into a regular armed unit) if they carry
arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.
1-5. The following persons are treated as EPWs:
A person who qualifies for EPW
status under paragraph 1-4 (if the US is a party to the conflict) and falls
into the hands of the US as a neutral or nonbelligerent power.
A person belonging to or having belonged
to an armed force of a country occupied by the US (if the US considers
it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern him) even though he
may have been originally liberated from EPW status by the US while hostilities
were going on outside the occupied territory. Particular application is
made to a person who has made an unsuccessful attempt to join an armed
force that is engaged in combat or who has failed to comply with a summons
for internment.
1-6. Captured enemy personnel are presumed
to be EPWs immediately upon capture if the circumstances are unmistakable
(armed, uniformed enemy). If questions arise as to whether captured personnel
belong in the EPW category, they receive the same treatment as EPWs until
their status is determined by a competent military tribunal according to
AR 190-8.
CIVILIAN INTERNEE
1-7. A
CI is a person who is interned during armed conflict or occupation if he
is considered a security risk or if he needs protection because he committed
an offense (insurgent, criminal) against the detaining power. A CI is protected
according to the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian
Persons in Time of War (GC), 12 August 1949.
RETAINED PERSON
1-8. An
RP is an enemy who falls within one of the following categories:
A person who is a member of the
medical service of an enemy armed force.
A medical person exclusively engaged in—
A chaplain attached to an enemy armed force.
A member of the International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) or another voluntary aid
organization. The organization must be duly recognized and authorized by
its government. The staff may be employed in the same duties as medical
personnel if the organization is subject to military laws and regulations.
1-9. An RP is a special category for medical
personnel and chaplains because of their special skills and training. They
may be retained by the detaining power (see FM 27-10) to aid EPWs, preferably
those of the armed force to which the RP belongs. Per the Geneva Conventions,
RPs receive the same benefits and protection as EPWs. The following privileges
and considerations are extended to RPs due to their professions:
Correspondence privileges that
are over and above those afforded to EPWs.
Facilities to provide medical care, spiritual
assistance, and welfare services to EPWs.
Transportation for periodic visits to EPW
branch I/R facilities and hospitals outside the EPW I/R facility to carry
out medical, spiritual, and welfare duties.
Work assignments that are restricted to
medical and religious duties they are qualified to perform.
Quarters that are separate from EPW quarters
when practicable.
NOTE: For a complete discussion on RPs,
see AR 190-8.
OTHER DETAINEE
1-10. A
person in the custody of US armed forces who has not been classified as
an EPW (Article 4, GPW), an RP (Article 33, GPW), or a CI (Article 78,
GC) is treated as an EPW until a legal status is ascertained by competent
authority.
DISLOCATED CIVILIAN
1-11. A
DC is a civilian who left his home for various reasons. His movement and
physical presence can hinder military operations. He most likely requires
some degree of aid (medicine, food, shelter, or clothing). A DC may not
be native to the area (local populace) or to the country where he resides.
A DC is a generic term that is further subdivided into the following categories:
DP. A
DP has been dislocated because of war, a natural disaster, or political/economic
turmoil. Consequently, the motivation for civilians to flee and their status
under international and domestic laws vary, as does the degree of assistance
required and the location for relief operations. Likewise, the political,
geographical, environmental, and threat situations also vary.
Refugee.
The Geneva Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees (1951) states
that a refugee is a person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality,
and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself
of the protection of that country."
Evacuee.
An evacuee is a civilian who is removed from his place of residence by
military direction because of personal security or other requirements of
the military situation.
Stateless person.
A stateless person is a civilian who has been denationalized, whose country
of origin cannot be determined, or who cannot establish his right to nationality
claimed.
War victim.
A war victim is a civilian who suffered an injury, a loss of a family member,
or damage to or destruction of his home because of war.
Migrant.
A migrant is a worker who moves from one region to another by chance, instinct,
or plan.
IDP. An
IDP may have been forced to flee his home for the same reasons as a refugee,
but he has not crossed an internationally recognized border.
Expellee.
An expellee is a civilian who is outside the boundaries of his country
of nationality or ethnic origin and is being forcibly repatriated to that
country or a third country for political or other purposes.
UNITED STATES MILITARY PRISONER
1-12. A US
military prisoner is sentenced by a court-martial to confinement or death
and ordered into confinement by competent authority, whether or not the
sentence has been approved by the convening authority. A person placed
into confinement by competent authority pending trial by court-martial
is a pretrial prisoner or a pretrial detainee.
OBJECTIVES
1-13. The objectives
of I/R operations are to process, handle, care for, account for, and secure—
EPWs.
CIs.
RPs.
ODs.
DCs.
US military prisoners.
1-14. The principles
employed to achieve the objectives are according to the Hague Convention
(1907), the Geneva Conventions (1949), the Geneva Convention Relative to
the Status of Refugees (1951) and its protocol (1967), and current STANAGs.
These principles include—
Humane treatment and efficient
care.
Prompt evacuation from the CZ.
Provisions for captive or detainee interrogation.
Procedures for evacuation, control, and
administration of internees with other CS and combat service support (CSS)
operations.
NOTE: The principles employed for US military
prisoners are outlined in AR 190-47 and Department of Defense (DOD) Directive
1325.4.
AGENCIES
1-15. The
expanded MP functions of I/R involve certain international and domestic
organizations not previously considered during MP operations. There are
numerous private relief organizations, foreign and domestic, that are involved
in humanitarian relief and I/R operations. Likewise, the media normally
provides extensive coverage of I/R operations. In many instances, the DOD
will not be the lead agency in I/R operations, which adds to the complexity.
For instance, the DOD could be tasked in a supporting role, with the Department
of State (DOS) or another agency in the lead.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
1-16. Under the Geneva Conventions and
subsequent protocols, a capturing power
is responsible for proper and humane treatment of detainees from the moment
of capture or other apprehension. The Secretary of the Army is the executive
agent for DOD I/R operations and administration. He is responsible for
plans, policy development, and operational coordination for persons captured
and interned by US armed forces. Navy, Marine, and Air Force units that
detain or capture persons turn them over to the Army at designated receiving
points after initial classification and administrative processing.
1-17. Per DOD Directive 3025.1, the Secretary
of the Army tasks DOD components to plan and commit DOD resources in response
to requests for military support from civil authorities. The Director of
Military Support (DOMS) provides leadership in this effort.
1-18. Examples of DOD decision makers are
the Under Secretary of Defense (USD) for Policy and the Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense (DASD) for Humanitarian and Refugee Affairs (H&RA).
The USD for Policy develops and administers military policies and programs
for international HA and foreign relief operations. The DASD for H&RA
executes the policies and tasks the services accordingly.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1-19. The DOS is organized into functional
and regional bureaus. It represents the US via embassies throughout the
world.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
1-20. Per the Stafford Act, the federal
government responds to disasters and emergencies to save lives and protect
public health, safety, and property. The Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) is responsible for the nation's emergency management system. Local
and state programs are the heart of the nation's emergency management system,
and most disasters are handled by local and state governments. When devastations
are especially serious and exceed local and state capabilities and resources,
states turn to the federal government for help.
1-21. When the President declares a major
disaster, FEMA coordinates response activities for federal agencies that
may participate. The agencies help states and localities recover from disasters
by providing services, resources, and personnel. They transport food and
potable water, provide medical aid, assist with temporary housing, and
furnish generators for hospitals and other essential facilities. The FEMA
also works with states and territories during nondisaster periods to plan
for disasters, develop mitigation programs, and anticipate requirements.
1-22. The Federal
Response Plan addresses the consequences of disasters and emergencies.
It applies to natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes,
and volcanic eruptions), technological emergencies (radiological and hazardous
material [HM] releases), and other incidents. The plan describes the basic
mechanisms and structures to mobilize resources and conduct activities
that augment state and local efforts. It uses a functional approach to
group the types of federal assistance that a state is most likely to need
under emergency support functions (ESFs). Each ESF is headed by a primary
agency based on its authorities, resources, and capabilities in the functional
area. The ESFs are the primary mechanisms through which federal assistance
is provided. Federal assistance is provided to affected states under the
overall coordination of a federal coordinating officer, who is appointed
by the FEMA director on behalf of the President.
MISCELLANEOUS AGENCIES
1-23. Other federal agencies provide advice,
assistance, and resources to plan, implement, and accomplish I/R operations.
They are the—
Department of Transportation
(DOT). Its technical capabilities and expertise in public transportation
are available to assist in specific operations.
United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA). It has projects and activities ongoing in foreign countries
and provides technical assistance and expertise.
United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). Although not directly under the control of DOS,
USAID coordinates activities at the department and country levels within
the federal government.
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
(OFDA). It provides prompt nonmilitary assistance to alleviate death
and suffering of foreign disaster victims. The OFDA may request DOD assistance
for I/R operations. The coordination and determination of forces required
is normally accomplished through DOD and the joint task force (JTF).
United States Information Agency (USIA).
The USIA helps achieve US objectives by influencing public attitudes overseas.
It advises the US government on the possible impacts of policies, programs,
and official statements on foreign opinions. The USIA helps HA forces gain
popular support and counters attempts to distort and frustrate US and JTF
objectives.
Department of Justice (DOJ). The
I/R forces may contact the DOJ Community Relations Service for assistance
in domestic HA operations. It provides on-site resolution assistance through
a field staff of mediators and negotiators.
Public Health Service (PHS). It promotes
protection and advancement of the nation's physical and mental health.
The US forces work with the PHS during refugee operations in and near the
US and its territories.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
(INS). It provides information and services to the public while enforcing
immigration control. The INS is essential for processing and settling migrants
and refugees in the US and its territories.
CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS
1-24. Civilian
organizations are responsible for a wide range of activities encompassing
HA; human rights; the protection of minorities, refugees, and DPs; legal
assistance; medical care; reconstruction; agriculture; education; arts;
science; and project funding. The commander must understand the mandate,
role, structure method, and principles of civilian organizations. Without
this understanding, it is impossible to establish an effective relationship
with them.
1-25. These organizations may already be
in the area of operations (AO), providing HA or some type of relief when
I/R operations are planned and implemented. The principle coordinating
federal agency is the USAID, and civilian organizations are required to
register with the USAID to operate under US auspices.
Types of Civilian Organizations
1-26. There are three principle types
of civilian organizations:
International organization
(IO). An
IO is established by intergovernmental agreements and operates at the international
level. Examples of IOs include the—
United Nations (UN).
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR).
United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
United Nations Office for the Coordination
of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA).
World Food Program (WFP).
International Medical Corps (IMC).
Nongovernmental organization (NGO).
An NGO is a voluntary organization that is not funded by a government.
It is primarily a nonprofit organization that is independent of a government,
an IO, or a commercial interest. It is legally different than an IO because
it writes its own charter and mission.
The NGOs are increasingly numerous
and sophisticated, and they can number in the hundreds in any conflict.
They remain strongly independent from political control to preserve their
independence and effectiveness. In many cases, their impartiality has been
of great benefit, forming the only available means of rebuilding relations
when political dialog has broken down. They are often highly professional
in their field and extremely well motivated and prepared to take physical
risks in appalling conditions. Examples of NGOs include the—
Save the Children Foundation
(SCF).
Médecin Sans Frontiéres (Doctors
Without Borders) (MSF).
Catholic Relief Services (CRS).
National Council of Catholic Bishops (NCCB).
An NGO is mandated or nonmandated:
Mandated.
A mandated NGO has been officially recognized by the lead IO in a crisis
and has been authorized to work in the affected area.
Nonmandated.
A nonmandated NGO has no official recognition or authorization and, therefore,
works as a private concern. A nonmandated NGO can be subcontracted by an
IO or a mandated NGO. It can also obtain funds from private enterprises
or donors.
Civilian Lead Agencies
1-27. A lead
agency is mandated by the international community to initiate the cooperation
of civilian organizations that volunteer to participate in an operation.
The lead agency is normally a major UN agency, such as the UNHCR or the
UNOCHA, and it—
Understanding Civilian Organizations
1-28. A good working relationship can
be established with NGOs, IOs, and IHOs through trust and understanding.
The most effective way for military forces to understand an organization's
knowledge, skills, and abilities is to establish and maintain a liaison
with it. This understanding can also be gained through educating military
leaders in military schools and courses.
UNITED NATIONS
1-29. The UN is involved in the entire
spectrum of HA operations from prevention to relief. Typically, UN relief
agencies establish independent networks to execute their humanitarian-relief
operations. The UN system delegates as much as possible to agency elements
located in the field, with supervisory and support networks traced from
field officers back to UN headquarters. Military planners must be familiar
with UN objectives to ensure compatibility with military plans and orders.
The UN agencies include the United Nations Disaster Relieve Coordinator
(UNDRC) and the UNHCR:
UNDRC. It coordinates
assistance to persons compelled to leave their homes because of disasters.
UNCHR. It—
Provides international protection
to refugees. It promotes the adoption of international standards for the
treatment of refugees and supervises implementation of the standards.
Seeks permanent solutions for refugee problems.
It facilitates voluntary repatriation and reintegration of refugees into
their country of origin. Where practical, it facilitates their integration
into a country of asylum or a third country.
Provides other activities that include emergency
relief counseling, education, and legal assistance. These activities entail
a very active role in monitoring human rights.
Helps governments meet their obligations
concerning refugees under various international statues.
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENTS
1-30. Three organizations make up the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. They are the—
IFRC. It provides relief
operations to help victims of natural and man-made disasters. It has a
unique network of national societies throughout the world. The IFRC is
the umbrella organization for the ICRC.
ICRC. It acts as a monitoring agent
for the proper treatment of EPWs and other detained persons. It coordinates
National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' international relief operations
for victims of conflict. The ICRC reports violations of international humanitarian
laws and promotes awareness and development of humanitarian laws among
nations.
National Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations.
NOTES:
1. These organizations are distinctly
different and have separate mandates and staff organizations. Do not consider
them to be one organization.
2. Red Crescent organizations are found
in predominately Muslim countries. They have the same goals and missions
as Red Cross organizations.
1-31. Although the ICRC is essentially Swiss,
it has worldwide operations and acts as a neutral intermediary in armed
conflicts. The ICRC ensures that conflict victims receive appropriate protection
and assistance within the scope of the Geneva Conventions, their protocols,
and the ICRC mandate. The ICRC undertakes protection and assistance activities
for the benefit of detainees and civilian populations by—
Visiting detainees and attempting,
through confidential contacts, to ensure compliance with the Geneva Conventions.
Supervising prisoner releases and exchanges.
Providing emergency relief to civilians
who are affected by an armed conflict or a natural disaster.
Tracing individuals who are displaced because
of an armed conflict or a natural disaster.
Organizing family contacts and reunions.
PROTECTION OF CAPTIVES AND
DETAINEES
1-32. The provisions of the Geneva Conventions
are applicable to captives and detainees from the time they are captured
until they are released or repatriated. AR 190-8 is the implementing regulation.
When a person is captured during the heat of battle, he is entitled to
protection as a detainee.
1-33. Detainees
receive humane treatment without distinction of race, nationality, religious
belief, political opinion, or similar criteria. Captives and detainees
are not murdered, mutilated, tortured, or degraded. They are not punished
for alleged criminal acts without previous judgment pronounced by a legally
constituted court that has accorded them judicial guarantees which are
recognized as indispensable to a fair trial. Individuals and capturing
nations are responsible for acts committed against detainees if the acts
violate the Geneva Conventions.
1-34. Captives
and detainees are entitled to respect,
and they are treated with honor and as human beings. They are protected
against violence, insults, public curiosity, and reprisals. They are not
subjected to physical mutilation or medical or scientific experimentation
that is not required for normal medical, dental, or hospital treatment.
Coercion is not inflicted on captives and detainees to obtain information.
Those who refuse to answer are not threatened, insulted, or exposed to
unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment. Female captives and detainees
are treated with respect and accorded fair and equal treatment.
PROTECTING POWER
1-35. A neutral state or a humanitarian
organization, such as the ICRC, is designated as a protecting power. The protecting
power monitors whether detainees are receiving humane treatment as required
by international law. Representatives or delegates of a protecting power
are authorized to visit detainees where they are interned or confined and
to interview them regarding their internment, welfare, and rights. The
interview may be conducted without witnesses. Such visits cannot be prohibited
except for imperative military necessity.
UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARDS DETAINEES
1-36. Basic US
policy underlying the treatment of detainees
and other captured or interned personnel during the course of a conflict
requires and directs that all personnel be accorded humanitarian care and
treatment from the moment of custody until their final release or repatriation.
The US personnel are fully and equally bound to observe this policy whether
capturing troops, custodial personnel, or anyone else, regardless of the
capacity they may be serving. This policy is equally applicable for protecting
detained and interned personnel whether they are known to have committed
or are suspected of committing a serious offense that could be characterized
as a war crime. The punishment of such persons is administered by the due
process of law and under legally constituted authority. Inhumane treatment,
even if committed under stress of combat and with deep provocation, is
a serious and punishable violation under national law, international law,
and the UCMJ.
PROTECTION OF ENEMY PRISONERS
OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES
1-37. The Geneva
Conventions, comprised of four treaties, form part of the supreme law of
the land and provide the internationally recognized humanitarian standards
for the treatment of war victims. The US ratified the Geneva Conventions
for the Protection of War Victims, 12 August 1949. It recognizes the spirit
and intent of these treaties in its treatment of EPWs, CIs, and detained
and interned persons. The Geneva Conventions became effective in 1956,
and the US observes and enforces the terms of these conventions. They are
collectively referred to as the Geneva Conventions and include the—
GPW. This convention provides
humane treatment of EPWs. It regulates the treatment of internees (care,
food, clothing, and housing), discipline and punishment, labor and pay,
external relations, representation, the international exchange of information,
and the termination of captivity.
GC. This convention deals with the
protection for populations against the consequences of war, the status
and treatment of protected persons, and the treatment of CIs.
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration
of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,
12 August 1949 (GWS). This convention provides protection for members
of the armed forces and other persons on the battlefield who are wounded
or sick. Members in the conflict search for and collect wounded and sick
persons, protect them against pillage and ill treatment, and ensure their
adequate care. They also search for dead persons and prevent them from
being despoiled.
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration
of the Condition of Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces
at Sea, 12 August 1949 (GWS [SEA]). This convention provides humane
treatment and protection for members of the armed forces and other persons
at sea who are wounded, sick, or shipwrecked. It also protects hospital
ships and burial at sea.
1-38. STANAG 2044 prescribes concepts and procedures
for the control and administration of EPWs by US armed forces operating
in Europe under operational control (OPCON) of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), in coordination with one or more NATO allies, and
supported by the doctrine contained in this manual. STANAG 2044 provides—
Terms and definitions relating
to EPWs.
Procedures for using EPW personnel record
forms.
Procedures for handling EPWs, their personal
property, and their money.
PROTECTION OF REFUGEES
1-39.The Geneva
Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its protocols
(1967) provide a general, universally applicable definition of refugee.
They address the minimum standards for the treatment of refugees, specifying
the obligations of the host nation (HN) and the refugees to one another.
Among the important provisions of the 1951 Convention is the principle
of nonrefoulement (Article 33). The principle of nonrefoulement is often
referred to as the cornerstone of international protection. This principle
prohibits the return or expulsion of a refugee to the territory of a state
where his life, freedom, or personal security would be in jeopardy. Through
widespread practice, the principle is considered to be a rule of customary
law, binding nations whether or not they are signatories.
1-40. The 1951 Convention also provides
protection of refugees. A refugee has the right to safe asylum; however,
international protection comprises more than physical safety. Refugees
receive the same rights and help as any other foreigner who is a legal
resident, including certain fundamental entitlements of every individual.
Refugees have basic civil rights, including
freedom of thought and movement and freedom from torture and degrading
treatment. Similarly, refugees have economic and social rights. Every adult
refugee has the right to work, and no child refugee is deprived of schooling.
In certain circumstances, such as large-scale inflows of refugees, asylum
states may feel obliged to restrict certain rights, such as freedoms of
movement, work, and education. Such gaps should be filled by the international
community when possible. When resources are unavailable from the government
of the asylum country or other agencies, the UNHCR will assist.
NOTE: For further details, see the UNHCR
Handbook for the Military on Humanitarian Operations, First Edition, 1995.