Chapter 2
Commander and Staff Responsibilities
All MP commanders and staff members
must be familiar with applicable ARs, Army directives, and international
laws necessary for the successful operation of I/R and confinement facilities.
This chapter discusses areas of greatest concern when performing the I/R
function.
2-1. An
MP battalion commander tasked with operating
an I/R facility is also the facility commander. As such, he is responsible
for the safety and well-being of all personnel housed within the facility.
Since an MP unit may be tasked to handle different categories of personnel
(EPW, CI, OD, refugee, and US military prisoner), the commander, the cadre,
and support personnel must be aware of the requirements for each category.
PROCEDURES
2-2. Commanders
are familiar with applicable regulations, directives, international laws,
and administrative procedures. The servicing staff judge advocate (SJA)
provides legal advice and training on I/R matters. Regulations and other
guidance relative to the administration, employment, and compensation of
internees are prescribed in—
AR 190-8.
Defense Finance and Accounting Service—Indianapolis
(DFAS-IN) 37-1.
FM 14-100.
DA Pamphlet (Pam) 37-100-95.
FM 27-10.
2-3. Copies of the Geneva Conventions and compound
regulations, orders, and notices relating to internee conduct and activities
are posted in each facility, in the language of internees who are housed
there. If internees do not have access to posted copies, the facility commander
makes copies available to them.
2-4. The commander is responsible for the
administrative processing of each internee. When processing is complete,
he submits a DA Form 2674-R to the servicing internment/resettlement information
center (IRIC), which functions as the field operations agency for the national
IRIC located in CONUS.
PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES
2-5. The following principles
apply to I/R facilities:
2-6. An EPW/CI has the right to—
NOTE: The rights of US military prisoners
are outlined in AR 190-47 and DOD Directive 1325.4.
STANDING ORDERS
2-7. Standing
orders provide uniform, orderly administration of an I/R facility. The
orders to be obeyed by housed personnel are published in their language
and posted where they can read the orders and refer to them. Standing orders
include rules, procedures, and instructions (see Figure 2-1) governing
the following activities and other matters as deemed appropriate:
Schedule
of calls, including—
Housed personnel actions that support the emergency
action plans of the internment facility, such as—
Fire drills.
Air raid drills.
Emergency evacuations.
Natural disaster drills.
Blackouts.
Escapes.
Hours for religious services, recreation activities,
and so forth.
Procedures for emergency sick call.
Designated smoking areas.
You must comply with rules, regulations,
and orders. They are necessary for safety, good order, and discipline.
You must immediately obey all orders of
US personnel. Deliberate disobedience, resistance, or conduct of a mutinous
or riotous nature will be dealt with by force.
You are subject to disciplinary or judicial
punishment if you disobey a rule, a regulation, or an order or if you commit
any act, conduct, disorder, or neglect that is prejudicial to good order
or discipline.
You will not receive disciplinary or judicial
punishment until you have an opportunity to explain your conduct and to
defend yourself. If you commit an offense for which judicial punishment
may arise, investigation of the offense will be coordinated with the SJA
before being undertaken to ensure that it is conducted according to the
Geneva Conventions. You may call witnesses, and if necessary, you will
be provided with the services of a qualified interpreter.
You may receive disciplinary punishment
that includes discontinuing privileges over and above the treatment provided
for by the Geneva Conventions. You may receive a fine up to one half of
your 30-day advance and working pay. Privates may be assigned fatigue (extra)
duty up to 2 hours daily, noncommissioned officers (NCOs) may be required
to perform supervisory duties only, and officers may not be compelled to
work.
You may not establish courts or administer
punishment over other captives.
You may not have knives, sticks, metal pieces,
or other articles that can be used as weapons in your possession at any
time.
You may not drill or march in military formation
for any purpose except as authorized and directed by the facility commander.
You may not meet or issue propaganda for
political purposes.
You may not wear or display national political
items.
You may not gamble.
You may not possess or consume alcoholic
beverages.
You may retain personal effects and property
that are authorized by the facility commander.
You may smoke at times and places specified
by the facility commander.
You will follow the required courtesies
toward your army's officers. If you are an enlisted captive, you will salute
all US commissioned officers. If you are an officer captive, you will salute
US commissioned officers of a higher grade and the facility commander,
regardless of his grade.
|
Figure 2-1. Sample Standing Orders
NOTICE OF PROTECTION
2-8. To protect persons from acts of violence,
bodily injury, and threats of reprisals at the hand of fellow internees,
post a notice of protection (Figure 2-2)
in the internees' language in every compound.
|
NOTICE
A detainee who fears that his life is in
danger, or fears that he may suffer physical injury at the hands of another
detainee, should immediately report to a US member of the facility without
consulting his representative. The facility commander ensures adequate
protection for the victim by segregation, transfer, or other means. A detainee
who mistreats a fellow detainee will be punished.
(Signed by the Commanding Officer)
|
Figure 2-2. Sample Notice of Protection
RECORDS AND REPORTS
2-9. The commander establishes local records
and reports necessary for the effective
operation of the I/R facility. They provide information about the control,
supervision, and disposition of personnel housed in the facility. He determines
the type (administrative, operational, logistical, intelligence, and personnel)
of reports and the frequency (routine or as required). Normal reports (duty
officer logs, worksheets, and situation maps) are also required.
MEDICAL AND SANITATION CONSIDERATIONS
2-10. Commanders consider the following
when establishing medical care (see AR
190-8):
A medical officer, a physician's
assistant (PA), or a nurse practitioner examines each internee monthly
and—
Records his weight on DA Form
2664-R.
Monitors his general health, nutrition,
and cleanliness.
Examines him for contagious diseases, especially
tuberculosis (TB), venereal disease, lice, louse-borne disease, and human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The medical treatment facility provides isolation
of communicable diseases, disinfection, and inoculations. Use retained
medical personnel and EPWs with medical training to the fullest extent
possible when caring for sick and wounded EPWs. When medical care is inadequate,
transfer housed personnel to military or civilian medical facilities where
the required treatment is available.
2-11. Certain sanitation
standards must be met to prevent disease and ensure cleanliness. These
standards include—
Ensuring that internees receive
as much water as US soldiers.
Providing adequate space within housing
units to prevent overcrowding.
Providing sufficient showers and latrines
and ensuring that they are cleaned and sanitized daily.
Teaching dining-facility workers the rules
of good food sanitation and ensuring that they are observed and practiced.
Disposing of human waste properly to protect
the health of all individuals associated with the facility according to
the guidelines established by preventive medicine (PVNTMED).
Providing sufficient potable water for drinking,
bathing, laundry, and food service.
Providing materials for personal hygiene.
Training personnel on proper garbage disposal
to prevent insects and vermin that can contribute to health hazards.
SOCIAL PROGRAMS
2-12. Encourage
and support active education, religious, recreation, and employment programs
when practical. If possible, provide adequate facilities, instruction material,
and recreation equipment.
2-13. Accredited representatives of protecting
powers and the ICRC are allowed full access to the I/R facility and internees.
Representatives of approved religious organizations, relief societies,
NGOs, IHOs, and other organizations assisting housed personnel are permitted
to visit according to policies and procedures prescribed by the DA.
2-14. Advanced coordination is encouraged
by representatives of NGOs, IOs, and IHOs who want access to internees.
This avoids confusion when representatives arrive at the facility. Likewise,
the facility staff coordinates in advance with organizations to establish
an access roster of representatives and a means of verifying their identity.
Religion
2-15. Housed personnel are allowed freedom
of worship, including attendance at services of their respective faith
held within the facility. Retained chaplains and other EPW clergymen are
permitted to devote their time to ministering to members of their faith.
The MP commander may permit other ordained clergymen, theological students,
or chaplains to conduct services within the compound. The US personnel
will not attend services with EPWs, RPs, CIs, or ODs.
Recreation
2-16. Participation in recreation
activities promotes general health and welfare and alleviates tension and
boredom. In addition to athletic contests, group entertainment can be provided
by concerts, plays, recorded music, and motion pictures.
SAFETY PROGRAM
2-17. Set up and administer a safety
program for housed personnel in each I/R facility. Follow the procedures
outlined in AR 385-10 and associated circulars and pamphlets to establish
the safety program. Maintain records and reports for the internee safety
program separate from those for the Army safety program.
AGRICULTURAL PROGRAM
2-18. The EPWs are allowed to raise vegetables
for their use. Subsequently, commanders must be aware of resources, procedures,
and HN guidelines applicable to this program.
SECURITY
2-19. The MP commander establishes security
measures that effectively control housed personnel with minimal use of
force. The same use of force that is employed for one category of housed
personnel may not be applicable to another. Commanders protect housed personnel
from threats outside the facility. The physical construction of the facility
and the presence of guard personnel create the most obvious means of providing
internal and external security. Maintaining a high state of discipline,
a system of routines, and required standards of behavior are all measures
that enhance effective security and control.
2-20. Many housed personnel will actively
cooperate with US authorities or will assume a passive, compliant role.
They will be composed, in part, of individuals with ideologies favorable
to the US. Others, through resignation or apathy, will simply adapt themselves
to the conditions of their internment.
2-21. Some housed personnel will engage
in a campaign of embarrassing and harassing US personnel to create propaganda
of value to their cause. The EPWs want to force the use of maximum US troops
for other-than-combat missions. The leaders of the uncooperative faction
may try to establish a united effort and blind obedience by all its members.
They will not be content with merely planning and attempting to escape
or using normal harassment tactics. The leaders will assign duties and
missions to individuals so that resistance will not stop while they are
interned. Any relaxation of security will be immediately detected and fully
exploited.
2-22. Maintain firm control at all times.
Adapt policies, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) to achieve this
end state.
FACILITY GUARD FORCE
2-23. The facility
guard force provides internal and external security. The force has a commander
of the guard, one or more sergeants of the guard, a relief commander for
each shift, and the necessary number of guards. There are two types of
orders for guards:
General orders. All guards
are required to know, understand, and comply with the general
orders outlined for sentinels in FM 22-6.
Special orders. They apply to particular
posts and duties. Special orders supplement
general orders and are established by the commander.
2-24. The facility guard force is the primary
source of security for the I/R facility. Its responsibilities include—
Standby Guards
2-25. Standby
guards are soldiers who are not on duty. The standby guard force is large
enough to reinforce tower and sally port guards; however, it is not normally
used as a quick-reaction force (QRF) to enter enclosures and quell disturbances
or conduct searches.
Tower Guards
2-26. Tower
guards are posted in towers and positioned so that they have overlapping
fields of vision of the entire perimeter. This allows one or more guards
to observe activities within enclosures. A tower guard's primary duties
are to prevent escape and to observe and report unauthorized or suspicious
activities.
Walking Patrols
2-27. Walking
patrols supplement the perimeter security when weather conditions or electrical
failure prevents tower guards from clearly observing the entire perimeter.
Gate guards are posted at perimeter gates and the sally port to—
Exercise control over personnel,
vehicles, and work details.
Conduct shakedown searches according to
facility standing operating procedures (SOPs), special orders, and security
regulations.
Prevent the smuggling of weapons or other
contraband items into the facility.
Prevent escapes.
Military Working Dogs
2-28. Military
working dogs (MWDs) offer a psychological
and real deterrent against physical threats presented by housed personnel.
However, they cannot be used as security measures against US military prisoners.
The MWDs reinforce security measures against penetration and attack by
small enemy forces that may be operating in the area. They also provide
a positive, effective alternative to using firearms when preventing disturbances.
The various techniques for employing MWDs are—
Demonstrations. Hold periodic
demonstrations in full view of housed personnel to increase the psychological
deterrent of MWDs. Emphasize how easily and quickly an MWD can overtake
a fleeing individual, highlight his ability to attack and overcome physical
resistance, and demonstrate his tracking ability. To ensure a successful
demonstration, use only the best qualified MWD teams.
Perimeter security. Use an MWD team
as an adjunct to perimeter security by
making periodic, unscheduled patrols around the perimeter fence during
periods of darkness. During inclement weather, a temporary blackout, or
an electrical failure, increase the number and frequency of patrols. Ensure
that housed personnel are aware of MWD presence by having dogs bark at
infrequent intervals during the night.
Inspections.
Walk an MWD team through living areas to search for contraband. Depending
on the type of MWD team available, it can search for explosive devices
and components and/or illegal drugs.
Work details. Position an MWD between
the work detail and the area offering the greatest avenue of escape. The
MWDs provide a valuable adjunct to work detail guards, particularly those
employed in areas offering the greatest potential for escape.
USE OF FORCE AND RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
2-29. An
MP commander ensures that soldiers understand use-of-force guidelines and
the ROE established
by higher headquarters for each mission. Because the use of force and the
ROE vary depending on the category of housed personnel and the operational
environment, the commander develops SOPs that follow the guidance provided.
He balances the physical security of forces with mission accomplishment
and the protection of deployed forces.
NOTE: For more information on the use
of force, see Appendix B.
2-30. The restrictions on combat operations
and the use of force are clearly explained in the ROE and are understood
and obeyed at all levels. Soldiers study and train on the use of the ROE
and discuss them for their mission. The ROE address the distinctions between
internee categories and the instruments of control available for each category.
Use the following issues to develop ROE guidelines:
What is considered lethal force?
Under what conditions is lethal force used?
Under what conditions is nonlethal force
used?
What are the required warnings, if any,
before using force (lethal or nonlethal)?
TYPES OF DISTURBANCES
2-31. Housed personnel may organize a disturbance
within the facility to weaken the guard force. At the beginning of a disturbance,
initiate a record of events. Commanders must be concerned with two types
of disturbances—riots and disorders:
Riots.
Organized. Leaders of
housed personnel organize the internee population into quasi-military groups.
Unorganized. It is spontaneous in
nature, although it can be exploited and diverted by leaders into an organized
riot.
Multiple. When housed personnel in
one compound start rioting, personnel in other compounds also riot.
Disorders.
NOTE: For more information on riots and
disorders, see Appendix B.
| SECTION II - STAFF OFFICERS |
2-32. Staff
officers at tactical headquarters and
CSS commands are normally responsible for the same functional areas inside
an I/R or confinement facility. However, the emphasis on different aspects
and the scope and magnitude of EPW, CI, and US military prisoner activities
vary in CS and CSS commands. This section describes additional staff officers
that may be found at different echelons of command (primarily I/R MP units)
and their areas of responsibility. FM 101-5 describes the roles, relationships,
organization, and responsibilities of staffs in the US Army.
ADJUTANT GENERAL
2-33. The adjutant
general (AG) maintains personnel records for
EPWs, CIs, and US military prisoners. The AG's personnel and administrative
section can inprocess eight persons per hour, depending on the category.
It—
Provides accountability documents
to the IRIC if applicable.
Maintains labor records and time cards for
prisoners.
Submits the required reports on prisoners.
Prepares documents for administrative court-martial
charges for EPWs, CIs, and US military prisoners.
FINANCE OFFICER
2-34. The finance
officer—
Accounts for impounded financial
assets (cash and negotiable instruments) of housed personnel.
Records pay/labor credits, canteen purchases/coupons,
and other transactions.
Prepares payrolls, makes disbursements,
and processes repatriation settlements.
Advises the commander on finance and accounting
issues.
NOTE: See FM 14-100 for more information.
CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS
OFFICER
2-35. The civil-military
operations (CMO) officer—
Provides technical advice and
assistance on strategies for community relations and information.
Plans community relations programs to gain
and maintain public understanding and goodwill and to support military
operations.
Provides liaison and coordination with other
US government agencies; HN civil and military authorities concerned with
I/R operations; and NGOs, IOs, and IHOs in the AO.
Coordinates with the SJA on the ROE for
dealing with housed personnel.
Provides technical advice and assistance
on the reorientation of enemy defectors, EPWs, CIs, and detainees.
CHAPLAIN
2-36. The chaplain
or the unit ministry team—
Provides religious support for
assigned soldiers and internees.
Advises the commander on the impact of faiths
and practices of indigenous religious groups in the AO and internees within
the facility.
Provides religious support to the command
and the community, including confined and hospitalized personnel.
Exercises supervision and control over internee
religious leaders within the facility.
ENGINEER OFFICER
2-37. The engineer
officer is a captain in a brigade and a lieutenant in a battalion. He trains
and supervises internees who perform internal and external labor (construction
and repair of facilities). The engineer officer is responsible for—
PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER
2-38. The public
affairs officer (PAO)—
Understands and fulfills the
information needs of soldiers, the Army community, and the public in matters
relating to internees and the I/R facility.
Serves as the command's spokesman for all
communication with the external media.
Facilitates media efforts to cover operations
by expediting the flow of complete, accurate, and timely information.
SIGNAL OFFICER
2-39. The signal
officer is located in the brigade. He is responsible for all matters concerning
signal operations, automation management, network management, and information
security.
STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE
2-40. The SJA
is located in the brigade and the brigade liaison detachment (BLD). He—
Provides operational law advice
and support for US military prisoner operations and resettlement operations,
particularly the interpretation of the Geneva Conventions.
Provides advice on the application of force
to quell riots and other disturbances.
Provides support and advice during investigations
following the death or injury of an internee during internment.
Serves as the recorder for Article 5 tribunals.
(A tribunal determines the status of a person who has committed a hostile
act but whose status is doubtful.)
Serves as the commander's liaison to the
ICRC.
Provides legal advice on—
Military justice.
Administrative law (investigations and command
authority).
Civil law (contract, fiscal, and environmental
laws).
International law (law of land warfare,
Geneva Conventions, status of forces, ROE, and treatment of detained persons).
Claims.
Legal assistance.
Provides technical advice and assistance on
the internee labor policy as it relates to supporting local indigenous
requirements not directly advancing the war effort.
Complies with all treaties and conventions.
MEDICAL OPERATIONS
2-41. The
surgeon section—
Is responsible for the combat
health support (CHS) of the command and internees within the facility.
Advises the commander.
Plans and directs echelon I CHS.
Arranges echelons II and III CHS (including
air/ground medical evacuation and hospitalization) when required.
Provides disease prevention through PVNTMED
programs.
2-42. The medical treatment squad—
Provides routine medical care
(sick call) and advanced trauma management for duty soldiers and internees.
Supervises qualified RPs who are providing
medical care for internees.
Performs initial medical exams to determine
the physical fitness of arriving internees as stipulated by the Geneva
Conventions.
Is capable of operating as two separate
treatment teams.
2-43. The PVNTMED section—
Provides limited PVNTMED services
for the facility.
Performs sanitary inspections of housing,
food service operations, water supplies, waste disposal operations, and
other operations that may present a medical nuisance or health hazard to
personnel.
Provides training and guidance to the staff,
unit personnel, and others.
MOVEMENT CONTROL OFFICER
2-44. The movement
control officer (MCO)—
Plans and coordinates the movement
of internees and their property with the Corps Support Command (US Army)
(COSCOM) movement control center.
Coordinates with brigade operations for
daily transportation requirements and evacuation and transfer of internees.
This includes determining the transportation requirements for the evacuation
of detainees from one level of internment to the next and coordinating
the arrangements.
INSPECTOR GENERAL
2-45. The inspector
general (IG) is located in the brigade. He—
Advises the commander on the
organization inspection policy (OIP).
Conducts inspections, surveys, and studies
to comply with international, state, and US laws.
Receives allegations and conducts investigations
and inquiries based on reports and information obtained from EPWs, CIs,
DCs, US military personnel, and multinational guard and police forces.
Consults with international and US agencies
in matters pertaining to the overall health and welfare of the protected
population.
Determines the MP unit's discipline, efficiency,
morale, training, and readiness and provides feedback to the chain of command.
Assists the protected population in coping
with family issues and resolving complaints consistent with military necessity.
Identifies trends to correct and improve
I/R operations consistent with current doctrine, military laws, international
laws, UN mandates, and foreign-nation (FN) and state laws.
Assists in the resolution of systemic issues
pertaining to the processing and administration of the protected population.
Reports allegations of war crimes (from
protected personnel or US soldiers) through the chain of command to the
SJA or the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIC).
The responsibility for investigating alleged war crimes rests with the
SJA and the criminal investigation division (CID), not the IG.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2-46. Psychological
operations (PSYOP) are not part of the I/R
structure; however, the PSYOP officer in charge (OIC) of the EPW/CI PSYOP
team supporting I/R operations serves as the special staff officer responsible
for PSYOP. The PSYOP officer advises the MP commander on the psychological
impact of actions to prevent misunderstandings and disturbances by EPWs
and CIs. The EPW/CI PSYOP team—
Assists the MP force in controlling
EPWs and CIs.
Exposes EPWs and CIs to US and allied policies.
Develops and executes PSYOP programs to
condition EPWs and CIs to accept facility authority and regulations.
Gains the cooperation of EPWs and CIs to
reduce guard needs.
Identifies malcontents, trained agitators,
and political officers within the facility who may try to organize a resistance
or create a disturbance.
Develops and executes indoctrination programs
to reduce or remove proenemy attitudes.
Recognizes political activists.
Helps the MP commander control EPWs and
CIs during emergencies.
Plans and executes a PSYOP program that
produces an understanding and appreciation of US policies and actions.
Uses comprehensive information, reorientation,
educational, and vocational programs to prepare EPWs and CIs for repatriation.
NOTE: See FMs 3-05.30 and 33-1-1 for additional
information about PSYOP support to I/R operations.
2-47. The
necessary care and control of housed personnel is best achieved with carefully
selected and trained personnel. The specialized nature of duty at different
facilities requires individuals who can be depended on to cope successfully
with behavior or incidents that call for calm, fair, and immediate decisive
action. These personnel must possess the highest qualities of leadership
and judgment. They are required to observe rigid self-discipline and maintain
a professional attitude at all times.
2-48. Personnel assigned or attached to
I/R facilities are trained on the care and control of housed
personnel. They are fully cognizant of the provisions of the Geneva and
UN Conventions and applicable regulations as they apply to the treatment
of housed personnel. A formal training program should include—
Principles and laws of land warfare,
specifically provisions of Geneva and UN Conventions and HN laws and customs.
Supervisory and human relations techniques.
Methods of self-defense.
The use of force, the ROE, and the ROI.
Firearms qualification and familiarization.
Public relations, particularly CONUS operations.
First aid.
Stress management techniques.
Facility regulations and SOPs.
Intelligence and counterintelligence techniques.
Cultural customs and habits of internees.
The basic language of internees.
2-49. The guard force should receive additional
training in—
Riot control measures, control
agents, and dispersers.
QRF actions.
Searching techniques, including the use
of electronic detection devices.
Nonlethal equipment and weapons.
2-50. Medical soldiers assigned to the facility
may be required to deliver babies and care for infants and small children.
Their training should include—
Delivery procedures.
Birthing techniques.
Medical conditions associated with malnutrition
and water-, food-, and arthropod-borne diseases.