CELL STRUCTURE

• Cell Membrane -The outer most membrane that holdS all the mattirail of the cell in. it prevents how much and what gets into and out of the cell. the membrane is formed from a lipid bilayer with protiens embeted in it.
  
  
• Cell Wall- the cell wall gives the shape and protection. the cell wall is made up of complex carbohydrates. the primary charbohyrates are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Cell walls form stuructures like xylem and phloem
  
  
• Cytoplasm- refers to liquid inside the cell called cytosol and the organelles. it is mainly made of water with disoved particals in it. regualtion ezymes are in the the ctyoplos. the cytosol is a collid.
  
  
• Cytoskeleton-is formed from protien filaments called microtubulas in the the cytoplasm. they support the cell shap and aid in moving things around inside the cell. they are etensivly used in cell divison.
  
  
  
  
  
• Chloroplast-this is the site for photosynthesis. the chloroplast is double membrane bound. in side is a liquid like the cytoplasm called stroma. stroma is in volved in the Calivn cycle. lttle green sacs called thylakoid. a stack of five thylakoids is called a grana. the thylakiod hold the light sesitve matirial used for photosynthesis
  
  
• Endoplasmic Reticulum-is the highway of the cell. it is made out of folled nuclear membrane. Endoplasmic Reticulum is shorted by ER. there are two types of ER smooth and rough. rough ER has ribosomes on it while smooth does not. the purpuse of ER is to move things around in the cell.
  
  
  
  
• Golgi Apparatis-or dictyosome or golgi bidy is the UPS of the cell. the ER delivers synthisized mattieral to the golgi body. the golgi body is composed of elgongated membrane bound scas and small vocuoles. the matirial is packed into a sac and then sent out to its destination
  
  
• Lysosome-Lysosomes are common in animal cells but rare in plant cells. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.
  
  
• Mitocondria-is the power house of the cell. Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles.They occur in varying numbers, depending on the cell and its function. In plants, they are an important source of energy when sunlight isn't available to power the chloroplasts.Mitochondria use oxygen to convert stored energy, in the form of glucose and carbohydrates, to ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.it has its own DNA and reproduces independently of the cell in which it is found.The infoldings of the membrane are called cristae.The fluid inside the inner membrane si calied the matrix. This area is responsible for the Kreb's cycle.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Nucleus-This organelle has two major functions. It stores the cell's DNA and it coordinates the cell's activities. the DNA is tightly rapped up in chromosomes. these are in the shpae of X's in the center of the nucleus. The nuclear envelope is a double-layered membrane that encloses the contents of the nucleus during most of the cell's lifecycle.The nuclear envelope is perforated with holes called nuclear pores. These pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  
  
• RIbosome-this tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein. it's job is to read the DNA sent form the nucleaus, translate late it into the right protiens and synthisize them. ribsomes are spread through out the cell and are on the ER.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Vaculoe-Vacuoles are membranous sacs consisting mostly of water containing various dissolved sugars, salts, proteins, and other nutrients. Each plant cell has a large, single vacuole that typically takes up most of the room in the cell. this vacuole is called the central vacuole. the centeral vacuole ceates pressure by expanding aginst the cell wall. this pressure is called turgur pressure.