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The Nafs and the Rûh
By Abu Bilal Mustafa al-Kanadi. Extracted
with slight modifications from "Mysteries of the Soul Expounded" ©1994
Abul-Qasim Publishing House
An extremely
important and highly reasonable question often posed regarding the terms nafs
and rûh is: Do these terms signify one and the same thing or are they
two distinctly different entities? The majority of Islâmic scholars agree that the
nafs (soul) and the rûh (spirit) are two names for one and the same thing. However,
others maintain that they are two different entities.[1] The latter is
not a tenable position because it lacks clear, unequivocal delineations of these two terms
from the texts of the Qurân and the sunnah. Rather, it is a result of a
misunderstanding of the terminology in these texts and personal conjecture. This is amply
illustrated in the following two examples cited in detail by Ibn al-Qayyim.[2]
One group, consisting
of some hadîth scholars, jurists and Sûfîs, states that the rûh is other than
the nafs. Muqâtil bin Sulaymân explains this view as follows: Man has life
[hayâh], a spirit [rûh] and a soul [nafs]. When he sleeps, his nafs with which he
senses and understands things emerges from his body; however, it doesnt
completely separate from the physical body. Rather, it extends from it, radiating outward
like a cable. While both life and the rûh remain in his body (being the two means by
which he breathes as well as tosses and turns during sleep), man sees visions by means of
the nafs which emerges from him. When he is about to awaken, his nafs returns to him
faster than the blinking of an eye. However, if Allâh wills that he die in his sleep, He
seizes that nafs which had come out as described.[3]
Another sector of
hadîth scholars also holds the opinion that the rûh is other than the nafs but that the
nafs, which is in the form of man, is dependent upon the rûh for existence. Mans
nature (i.e., nafs) is filled with vanities, desires and passions. It is the source of his
trials and afflictions, and there is no enemy more hostile to him than his own nafs. Thus,
the nafs wants and loves nothing other than the things of this world, while the rûh longs
for the Hereafter and invites to it.[4]
The two previously
stated notions are essentially similar in that they assert that the nafs and the rûh are
two separate entities. Other positions exist which are either completely absurd or
irrelevant. The absurd views are based on mere personal belief or concepts borrowed from
philosophies or teachings foreign to Islâm, such as those stating that the nafs is earthy
and fiery, whereas the rûh is luminous and spiritual. The irrelevant theories include the
conviction that souls are entities whose nature and reality are known only to Allâh,
implying that nothing has been revealed to mankind about them.
In contrast, the
correct view, as maintained by the vast majority of Muslim theologians and endorsed by the
scholars of ahl as-sunnah,[5] is that the terms nafs and
rûh are interchangeable. However, the term nafs is usually
applies when the soul is inside the body, and the word rûh is used when the
soul is apart from the body.[6] Although these terms may be used
interchangeably in relation to their essence, the difference between them is merely a
difference in attributes and usage. Each one has clearly distinct and restricted
applications in certain contexts. For example, the term nafs may be used to
mean blood as indicated saying, Sâlat nafsuhu. (His blood
flowed.) Since death resulting from the flowing of ones blood necessitates the
exit of ones soul, blood came to be referred to as nafs. Additionally,
the term nafs may be used to mean the eye ( ayn)
commonly referred to as the evil eye. For instance, it is said,
Asâbat fulânan nafsun. (So and so has been struck by an [evil]
eye.)[7] Upon occasion, the word nafs may represent the
self (dhât) as evident in a number of Qurânic verses such as the following:
Send
upon each other [anfusikum] a greeting of peace a greeting from Allâh, blessed and
good.[8]
Just as the term
nafs has several different connotations, so does the term rûh. It
is never used to refer to the physical body (badan) alone or to the soul when it is inside
the body. Rather, it has various other usages in Arabic language and in religious
literature.[9] In the following words of Allâh to His Messenger (S), it
is used to mean revelation, specifically, the Qurân:
And thus We revealed to you a spirit [i.e., the Qurân] by Our command.[10]
In other places in
the Qurân the word rûh is used to designate Angel Jibreel, whom Allâh
entrusted with the conveyance of divine revelation. For example:
Verily,
this [Qurân] is a revelation of the Lord of the Worlds brought down by the
trustworthy spirit [i.e., Jibreel].[11]
The various forces
and senses contained in the human body are also spoken of as spirits. Thus it
is said, ar-rûh al-bâsir (the seeing spirit) and ar-rûh
as-sâmi (the hearing spirit) and so on. However, these are called
spirits only by convention. These senses are extinguished upon the death of
the physical body, and they are different than the rûh, which does not die or
disintegrate.
Finally, the term
rûh is sometimes used in an extreme restricted sense to designate the
spirit of faith which results from ones knowledge of Allâh, from turning to Him in
repentance and from seeking Him with love and aspiration. This is the spirit (i.e.,
consciousness of God) with which Allâh strengthens His obedient, chosen servants as
stated in the following verse:
For
those, Allâh has written faith upon their hearts and strengthened them with a spirit from
Him.[12]
In this manner,
knowledge is a rûh (spiritual force), as is sincerity,
truthfulness, repentance, love of Allâh and complete dependence upon Him. People differ
in respect to these types of spiritual forces. Some are so overcome by them that they
become spiritual beings. Thus it is said, So and so has spirit.
Others lose the power of such spiritual forces, or the greater portion thereof, and thus
become earthly, bestial beings.[13] About them it may be said, So
and so has not spirit; hes empty like a hollow reed, and so on.
Authentic traditions
from the Prophet (S) clearly establish that the rûh and the nafs are essentially one and
the same thing. The following narrations, which are two different versions of the same
incident, will clarify this point beyond the shadow of a doubt. They explain the manner in
which rûh/nafs departs from the deceased persons body upon death:
Umm
Salamah reported Allâhs Messenger (S) as saying: When the rûh is taken out,
the eyesight follows it.
Abû
Hurayrah reported that the Prophet (S) said: Do you not see when a person dies his
gaze is fixed intently; that occurs when his eyesight follows his nafs [as it comes
out]. [14]
Clearly, since the
word rûh was used in the first narration and the word nafs was
used in the second, the two terms are, in essence, interchangeable.[15]
Notes:
[1]
See Ibn Al-Alûsîs Jalâ al-Aynayn, pp. 142-143 and
as-Safârînîs Lawâmi al-Anwâr, vol. 2, pp. 31-32.
[2]
For a more detailed account of various contradictory opinions, see Kitâb ar-Rûh, pp.
296-297.
[3]
Paraphrased from Ibn al-Qayyims Kitâb ar-Rûh, p. 296.
[4]
Ibid.
[5]
See Kitâb ar-Rûh, pp. 294-297 and Jalâ al-Aynayn, pp. 142-143.
[6]
This occurs temporarily, during sleep; completely, at death; and throughout the various
states encountered thereafter, such as in the grave, in Paradise, etc.
[7]
See Lanes Lexicon, vol. 2, p. 2828.
[8]
Sûrah an-Nûr, 24:61.
[9]
See at-Tahâwiyyah, pp. 444-445 and Kitâb ar-Rûh, pp. 295-296.
[10]
Sûrah ash-Shûrâ, 42:52.
[11]
Sûrah ash-Shuarâ, 26:192-193.
[12]
Sûrah al-Mujâdilah, 58:22.
[13]
For more details, see Lawâmi al-Anwâr, pp. 31-32; at-Tahâwiyyah, p. 445 and
Kitâb ar-Rûh, p. 297.
[14]
Both of the preceding hadîths are authentic and were related in Muslims
compilation. See also al-Qurtubîs at-Tadhkirah, p. 70.
[15]
See also Siddeeq Hasan Khâns Fat-h al-Bayân, vol. 8, p. 232.
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