TFIII ARTICLE CRITIQUE      TFIV ARTICLE CRITIQUE


TFIII: Teaching, Learning, and the Curriculum 

            Akin and MacKinney (2004) researched how the library can best serve children with autism.  In this study, the researchers presented the results of data collected from interviews with autism specialists, a survey of faculty and staff in the Dallas, Texas area who work primarily with children with autism, and an analysis of literature on literacy and autism.  The authors first presented the characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), discussed literacy in children with ASD; speaking to theories on literacy and instructional techniques, and the role that librarians and libraries, public and school, play in the skill development of children with autism.
            With regard to autism, Akin and MacKinney described the areas of disruptions; social skills, language development, uneven intellectual development, unpredictable interests, and possible motor and sensory processing difficulties with the inclusion of specific details and examples that an educator might expect to see when working with children with ASD.
            Akin and MacKinney pointed out that library literature has not closely examined how the library can best serve children with ASD.  The authors shared several current theories on literacy and literacy techniques that media specialists or public librarians may employ which include related readings, directive scaffolding, social stories, technology, peer tutoring, and music therapy.  Further, Akin and MacKinney revealed that studies demonstrate that children with autism exhibit less disruptive or stim behaviors when using computers, and they experience increases in attending, response time, and problem solving.  Specific examples of interactive multimedia technology included interactive reading programs, storybook adaptations on closed-caption television or a captioned video, talking books on CD-ROM, computerized simulations as well as color recognition games and software on computers.  Additionally, the authors cited a study conducted by (Hagiwara and Myles, 1999) in which autistic boys used social stories about hand washing with the added element of multimedia.  The multimedia component contained text, movies, audio read-aloud, and navigation buttons with generally successful results (Akin and MacKinney).
            Lastly, model programming in the school library was explained.  The authors indicated that use of the library by children with ASD would, in general, facilitate their social functioning, provide a skill set to be employed at the library, environmental cues on how to behave while at the library, and that the ideal thirty-minuet program employs the three Rs: routine, repetition, and redundancy, because consistency increases the comfort level of children with autism.
            This article was well-organized which allowed me to read it with ease and transition to each section without difficulty.  The article presented information and resources for anyone involved with children with autism.  The article provided an example of low technology that a librarian could incorporate through the use of picture activity cues by Mayer-Johnson which are a way to support routine and repetition and aid transitions (Powers and Grandin, 1989).
            After reading this article, I feel that I have a better understanding of children with autism.  This is an article that I have shared with the elementary media specialist in my school.  I shared this article with her, because there is a pre-k disabled class with many children with ASD, and sadly they are included in any of the library programming in the school unless their teacher takes them to the library. 

Akin, L. & MacKinney, D. (2004). Autism, literacy, and libraries. Children and Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 2, 2.

STANDARD III PAGE


TFIV: Assessment and Evaluation

            Bucher (2000) explains that while teachers have worked to integrate curriculum and instruction across the core curricular subjects, they have ignored or slighted the related domains and that in the case of information literacy or “library skills”, some educators assume that because students do not receive a grade in “library”, the content of the information literacy skills curriculum cannot be very important in addition to few educators are even aware of the existence of national guidelines for student information literacy (AASL, 1998) or the various models that can be used to teach information literacy skills.
            Students can become competent, independent users and evaluators of information.  The key is for educators to help them develop the skills to evaluate information and to separate superfluous data from essential details (Bucher).  Moreover, mere exposure to information does not mean that students are informed (Kehoe, 1993).
            According to Hancock (1993) information literacy is a resource-based approach to learning in the classroom, library media center, and community.  Bucher points out that the goal of the information literacy skills curriculum, as identified by the American Association of School Librarians (AASL) and the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) in the publication they coauthored, Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning (AASL, 1998), is the cognitive development of young adolescents through their engagement in more sophisticated research and problem solving than in the past (AASL, 1998).  Loertscher and Woolls (1998) suggest that to be information literate, students need both a basic understanding of the research process itself and the ability to develop their own internalized strategies for finding, evaluating, and using information.
            Bucher contends that the information literacy skills curriculum is especially important in the middle skills and indicates that it stresses several of Loonsbury’s (1996) major programmatic areas of middle school education: a challenging and integrative curriculum, varied approaches to teaching and learning, and a flexible organizational structure both in individual classrooms and on interdisciplinary teams.  Bucher cites (Howe, 1998); information literacy skills also help to “deliver” the curriculum, improve computer skills, develop cognitive skills, improve student relationships with adults, and strengthen democratic values by teaching about academic honesty, copyright, and plagiarism.  The author refers to Howe’s position that the goals of the information literacy skills curriculum is not to bring the fish (resource/information) to the student; rather it is to help the student learn how to fish.
            As Information Power (AASL, 1998) states, to be most effective information literacy skills must be integrated into the curriculum and in the middle school, this means that the school library media specialist must work closely with interdisciplinary instructional teams in both planning and implementing instruction.  The library media specialist works with teachers to identify, purchase, and/or borrow resources to match learning styles of middle school students, and teachers likewise need to welcome the library media specialist on instructional teams; they should involve him or her in planning and implementing instruction and identifying developmentally appropriate resources for young adolescents before instruction begins (Bucher).  When subject matter and information-seeking skills are integrated and when teachers and library media specialists plan together, students have the greatest opportunity for learning (Pitts, 1994).
            This was a concise article.  In its brevity, it spoke to the important point of the role of information literacy curriculum in middle schools, which too often goes unaddressed and provided descriptions of models developed to teach information literacy and problem-solving skills to students as well as web resources for information literacy.  This article has provided me with valuable professional resources that I can refer to and use as I study to become and eventually work as a school library media specialist on the middle or secondary levels.

 Bucher, K. T. (2000). The importance of information literacy skills in the middle school curriculum. Clearing House, 73, 4.

STANDARD IV PAGE