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Pioneers Of Pakistan

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali (1876-1948)

Indian politician, leader of the Indian Muslim League, who became the founding father of Pakistan and its first governor-general (1947-1948). Jinnah was born in Karāchi. He then joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He then joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became president of the league in 1916.

Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 over the policy of noncooperation with the British promoted by Mohandas Gandhi. Jinnah was committed to settling Hindu-Muslim differences but was frustrated in his efforts. In the general elections of 1937 the victorious Congress refused to form coalition governments with the Muslim League. This proved to be the final Hindu-Muslim break. In 1940 the league passed the Pakistan resolution, demanding a separate state for Indian Muslims.

Jinnah accepted a 1946 British plan guaranteeing regional autonomy to the Muslims within a territorially united India, but the plan failed, and the British created a separate Pakistan on August 14, 1947.

Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951)

First prime minister of Pakistan (1947-1951). He was born in Karnal, India. In 1936 he became secretary general of the Muslim League and chief aide to its president, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was the principal architect of the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947. He was assassinated in 1951.

Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1873-1938)

Pakistani philosopher, poet, and political leader, born in Sialkot, India (now Pakistan). In 1930 he became president of the Muslim League. He later became an advocate of Pakistani independence. Iqbal was considered the foremost Muslim thinker of his day. Among his many works of poetry and philosophy are The Secrets of the Self (1915) and A Message from the East (1923). He is regarded as the father of Pakistan.

Ayub Khan, Muhammad (1907-1974)

President of Pakistan (1958-1969). He was born in Rehanna, then in British India. He became commander in chief of the Pakistani Army in 1951. From 1954 to 1955 he also served as minister of defense. When President Iskander Mirza declared martial law in 1958, he made Ayub its chief administrator. Shortly afterward Ayub assumed the full powers of president, and he was confirmed in office by referendum in 1960. He was reelected in 1965. After a war with India in 1965, his popularity declined, and he was forced to resign in 1969.

This Page Was Last Updated on :- ... Monday, January 15, 2001 05:06:20 PM