Scandinavian mythological art of Migration period and Vendel period.

By quantity of pagan figurative art monuments, among all peoples of Barbarous Europe, The Celts can compete with the Scandinavians unless. The greatest interest is represented with monuments of three periods: Migration period, Vendel period and Viking Age.

Among treasures of epoch of Migration period the special place is occupied with two gold horns from Hallehuse. They, similarly to the boiler from Gundestrup, are covered with mythological images. These monuments are usually dated 5 c. A.D. Runic inscription on one of horns ("I, Legest from Holt have made this horn") allows to speak about the given objects as made in the North. Unfortunately, both horns have not reached us, they in 1802 were stolen from royal library in Copenhagen and fused. But engravings of 18 centuries were kept. Scientists on miscellaneous interpret the plots represented on these subjects. "Worsaae saw in them images Edda mythology; Olrik believed, that they are connected with Celtic tradition; Ringbom considered, that their authors represented dancers and acrobats, being are inspired with amusements on the Byzantian hippodrome. Eric Oxenstierna has presented detailed research of horns <...> Proceeding from seasonal customs of medieval Scandinavia and Germany. <...> Main theses Oxenstierna are, that horns show images of gods and draw the seasonal ceremonies connected to their cult, that, in his opinion, is a parallel to the boiler from Gundestrup". (I Quote on Davidson, 1967, 84 - 86). Oxenstierna believed that horns could be used for collecting sacrificial blood. He accented attention on small long-haired sculpture, shown on a horn without fleeces (ill. 26.), Which itself holds a horn. She can be priestess or priest. Further, if we shall consider the same plate we shall see serially the horseman, the soldier, bower, shooting at the horse, and we shall return to a figure with a horn. Oxenstierna considers that sacrifice with a present of sacrificial blood here is shown. The scientist means the image of a mask with the mutton horns as the sun attacked by monsters. Figures from the top part the panels occupied with dance, game in a ball and acrobatics can represent ceremony of returning of the sun after a winter gloom (see in the same place, with 86 - 87).

On the runic horn (ill. 27.) similar stages are shown. One panel contains a deer and the snake, feeding the posterity, while bower shooting in them. Davidson believes it can symbolise the conflict between forces of fertility and the beginning hostile to them (see in the same place, with 87). Special interest is represented with images of man's figures. On the top panel the horns without runes we see similar two pairs. Representatives of one have the long bent horns on a head, similar with it of a Bronze Age. In hands they hold on a dart and a sickle, one figure holds also a ring. Men from other pair are armed with boards and swords. E. Davidson does not recognise as their gods (as they do not inspire her impression of nobleness or supernatural power), but is faster inclined to count figures of attendants of deities of war and fertility (it, in my opinion, it is important). Soldiers with swords and boards can be followers of the god of the sky. Between man's figures the deer (or a horned horse) attacked by dogs is shown.

E. Davidson marks that the horse sacrifice shown on the first horn, represents new accent and synchronously to occurrence of horse victims in Scandinavia. It has replaced bringing in a victim of the bull, having come (in opinion Davidson) through islands of Baltic Sea during the Period of great resettlement from the East. This is very important supervision. If the bull was closely connected from Gods of Earth Powers the horse is attribute of the Hero. Other prominent aspect - connection of functions of war and the fertility, expressed horned sculptures. M. Gaimster in the research devoted Vendel gold bracteates, writes: "The significant aspect of the horned god is present at his connections with barbarous groups 'cornuti' in the Roman army of 4 century A.D. In research, connected to Constantine, Andreas Alfoldi has shown the important role, which played "cornuti" in fights of emperor in quality infantry. Their emblem appears on Constantine's arch in Rome, put in honour of a victory above his opponent at Milvian Bridge in 312 A.D. but also on statues of great emperor. The mythological basis for an emblem "cornuti" can be found in the horned helmets known from cultures of Bronze Age and Celtic Laten" (Gaimster, 1988).

Horned sculpture of men with spears - so-called "dancing warriors" are, probably, the most typical plot of the following, Vendel period. There are on helmets from Valsgarde - Sweden (ill. 28.) we see a steady composition: the horseman, whose horse trambles down the enemy (which, in turn, sticks to a horse into a belly a sword). The helmet of the horseman is decorated with top like a head of an eagle, or (on the other exemplar) - the boar. Behind the horseman is small sculpture, directing his spear. The sculpture has also an own spear, there are the horns terminating bird's heads on its head. The same type, but already pair (as on a horn from Hallehuse) is and on Vendel period helmets from other places, including Anglo-Saxon Sutton-Hoo. At last, on a bronze matrix from Torslund (Oland, 8 c. A.D.) the horned warrior with two spears is shown in "dancing" pose. Beside the person with the wolf head, amazing the warrior a spear in his heel (ill. 29.). Horned soldiers usually count images of Odin, or his emissaries (that from the point of view of mythology not essentially - all of them equally play his role). But the features of the god, which are a little bit distinct from described in "Edda", have the big value. In the first why Odin is so small growth? Where his favourite eightlegged horse? Why Odin is horned, you see it is attribute of the God of Earth Powers? Is allowable to assume, that here we deal with earlier concept Odinn, in process of " cult increase ", but yet not achieved its peak. He gradually superseded many gods, for example Freyr (it, in particular, it is visible from replacement of the bull to the horse in sacrifice).

The great interest causes the image of the "armed" wolf defeated Odin in his heel (ill. 29.á). As far as it is known from "Edda", in final fight with forces of a gloom owner Valhall was swallowed by World Wolf Fenrir. Means, on a matrix from Torslund earlier version of a myth quite can be represented. It is allowable even to consider, that in due time the wolf could belong to German-Scandinavian God of Thunder Donner/Thor as it belonged to Celt Taranis . This werewolf in general the interesting character. It, with a spear and a sword is represented on Allemanic sword (ill. 30.à). And later image from Ekhammar represents werewolf, swallowing a certain sprout (ill. 30.á).

As one of main symbols Vendel period Davidson supposed the ship, whether it be the present a vessel used for burial, or its image on memorial stones. It was distributed over all North with the speed comparable to speed of "expansion" of megalithic constructions. The ship can be connected with Odin and at this same moment with vanes, especially with Freyr, of a legendary primogenitor of Swedish dynasty which developed "the concept of the divine king who has come to them from for the seas." (Davidson, 1967, 121) (it is interesting to note, that the same theory existed in political life of Russia in connection with Ruric and a calling varyags). On the other hand, the ship which is taking away dead, is equivalent to a horse being Odin's symbol- the intermediary between the worlds (by the way, even in Etruskan culture the horse was considered as means of transportation in Otherworld (see picture Vanth ), it is well-known also Greek Pegas). Reverence in Vendel period simultaneously Odin and Freyr who in common, are poorly connected in "Edda", has serious sense. The Cultural Hero and the God of Earth Powers are close images.

Alex Fantalov

CULTURE of BARBAROUS EUROPE:

TYPOLOGY of MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS

Chapter 2. Mythological characters of West European barbarians

Scandinavian mythological art of Viking Age.

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