Csikszentmihalyi y Bundrick, Carli, Clarke, Deshpande, Ellis, Ghani, Guiry, Haworth, Hoffman, Larson, LeFevre, Lutz, Mannell, Massimini, Morris, Novak, Rooney, Ryan, Supnick, Trevino, Voekel, Webster, Zuzanek.

    Definiciones de Enganche o Flow

    
    
          
    
        Referencia:
    
                                   
    
                                 Definición Conceptual u Operacional:
    
        Csikszentmihalyi (1977) 
                                 "the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total
                                 involvement" (p36) 
    
                                 when in the flow state "players shift into a common mode of
                                 experience when they become absorbed in their activity. This mode is
                                 characterized by a narrowing of the focus of awareness, so that
                                 irrelevant perceptions and thoughts are filtered out; by loss of
                                 self-consciousness; by a responsiveness to clear goals and
                                 unambiguous feedback; and by a sense of control over the
                                 environment...it is this common flow experience that people adduce as
                                 the main reason for performing the activity" (p72)
    
        Privette and Bundrick (1987)
                                 "Flow..., defined as an intrinsically enjoyable experience, is similar to
                                 both peak experience and peak performance, as it shares the
                                 enjoyment of valuing of peak experience and the behavior of peak
                                 performance. Flow per se does not imply optimal joy or performance
                                 but may include either or both." [p316]
        Csikszentmihalyi and
        Csikszentmihalyi (1988)
                                 "The flow experience begins only when challenges and skills are
                                 above a certain level, and are in balance." [p260]
        Mannell, Zuzanek, and Larson
        (1988)
                                 "Csikszentmihalyi (1975) describes the flow experience as 'one of
                                 complete involvement of the actor with his activity' (p. 36), and he has
                                 identified a number of elements that are indicators of its occurrence
                                 and intensity. These indicators include: the perception that personal
                                 skills and the challenges provided by an activity are imbalance,
                                 centering of attention, loss of self-consciousness, unambiguous
                                 feedback to a person's actions, feelings of control over actions and
                                 environment, and momentary loss of anxiety and constraint, and
                                 enjoyment or pleasure." [p291] 
    
                                 "Flow was operationalized by measuring the affect, potency,
                                 concentration, and the perception of a skill/challenge balance ." [p292]¨
    
        Massimini and Carli (1988)
                                 congruent skills and challenges that are above each subject's average
                                 weekly levels
        LeFevre (1988)
                                 "a balanced ratio of challenges to skills above average weekly levels"
                                 (p307)
        Csikszentmihalyi and LeFevre
        (1989)
                                 "When both challenges and skills are high, the person is not only
                                 enjoying the moment, but is also stretching his or her capabilities with
                                 the likelihood of learning new skills and increasing self-esteem and
                                 personal complexity. This process of optimal experience has been
                                 called flow." 
        Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
                                 we feel "in control of our actions, masters of our own fate...we feel a
                                 sense of exhilaration, a deep sense of enjoyment" (p3) 
    
                                 "the state in which people are so intensely involved in an activity that
                                 nothing else seems to matter; the experience itself is so enjoyable that
                                 people will do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it."
    
        Ghani, Supnick and Rooney
        (1991)
                                 "two key characteristics of flow: the total concentration in an activity
                                 and the enjoyment which one derives from an activity...the
                                 precondition for flow is a balance between the challenges perceived in
                                 a given situation and skills a person brings to it" (p230) "a related factor
                                 is the sense of control over one's environment" (p231)
        Trevino and Webster (1992)
                                 "flow characterizes the perceived interaction with CMC technologies
                                 as more or less playful and exploratory"..Flow theory suggests that
                                 involvement in a playful, exploratory experience - the flow state - is
                                 self-motivating because it is pleasurable and encourages repetition.
                                 Flow is a continuous variable ranging from none to intense." [p540] 
    
                                 "Flow represents the extent to which (a) the user perceives a sense of
                                 control over the computer interaction, (b) the user perceives that his or
                                 her attention is focused on the interaction, (c) the user's curiosity is
                                 aroused during the interaction, and (d) the user finds the interaction
                                 intrinsically interesting.." [p542]
    
        Webster, Trevino and Ryan
        (1993)
                                 "the flow state is characterized by four dimensions...(a) the user
                                 perceives a sense of control over the computer interaction, (b) the user
                                 perceives that his or her attention is focused on the interaction, (c) the
                                 user's curiosity is aroused during the interaction, and (d) the user finds
                                 the interaction intrinsically interesting. [p413]
        Clarke and Haworth (1994)
                                 "the subjective experience that accompanies performance in a situation
                                 where the challenges are matched by the person's skills. Descriptions
                                 of the feeling of 'flow' indicate an experience that is totally satisfying
                                 beyond a sense of having fun." [p511] 
        Ellis, Voelkl and Morris (1994)
                                 "..an optimal experience that stems from peoples' perceptions of
                                 challenges and skills in given situations. Situations in which challenges
                                 and skills are perceived to be equivalent are thought to facilitate the
                                 emergence of such indicators of flow as positive affect and high levels
                                 of arousal, intrinsic motivation, and perceived freedom" [p337]
        Ghani and Deshpande (1994)
                                 "The two key characteristics of flow are (a) total concentration in an
                                 activity and (b) the enjoyment which one derives from an
                                 activity...There is an optimum level of challenge relative to a certain
                                 skill level. ...A second factor affecting the experience of flow is a
                                 sense of control over one's environment." [p383]
        Lutz and Guiry (1994)
                                 "Psychologists use the term 'flow' to describe a state of mind
                                 sometimes experienced by people who are deeply involved in some
                                 event, object or activity...they are completely and totally immersed in
                                 it...Indeed, time may seem to stand still and nothing else seems to
                                 matter while engaged in the consumption event." 
    
                                 [from respondent instructions]
    
        Hoffman and Novak (1996)
                                 "the state occurring during network navigation which is 1)
                                 characterized by a seamless sequence of responses facilitated by
                                 machine interactivity, 2) intrinsically enjoyable, 3) accompanied by a
                                 loss of self-consciousness, and 4) self-reinforcing... [and] extends a
                                 sense of playfulness. ... Consumers must focus their attention on the
                                 interaction...and they must perceive a balance between their skills and
                                 challenges....two additional antecedents - interactivity and
                                 teleprescence - enhance flow" 
    
    

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    29.mar.2000

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