1. Describe how galaxies are classified and be able to classify them according to Hubble's scheme (know elliptical, barred spiral, spiral, and irregular galaxies).

2. Sketch our Milky Way and our approximate location in it.

3. Define the zodiac.

4. Sketch a graph of the brightness of light versus the distance from its source.

5. Define absolute and relative magnitude and explain how they can be used to find the distance to a star.

6. Describe the relative brightness of 2 stars given their magnitude ratings.

7. Explain how the sun and night sky can be used to tell time.

8. Explain what determines the length of a solar and sidereal day and what causes the difference between these lengths. Know what clocks are based on and why.

9. Compare and contrast the distance and tilt theories of seasonal temperature changes. (Which better explains seasons and why? Why do some planets have greater seasonal differences than others?)

10. Know the time difference between time zones, the longitude limits between time zone boundaries and how this is chosen.

11. Compare celestial coordinates to terrestrial ones (give celestial equivalents of latitude, longitude, equator and prime meridian).

12. Give the position (altitude, azimuth) of a star in the night sky at a particular time and location (understand instrumentation used.)

13. Locate the north star and use it to determine your latitude and find the celestial equator.

14. Describe and explain the daily and seasonal changes in the night sky (how would they appear at the equator, north pole, your latitude?).

15. During the spring and fall equinoxes and the summer and winter solstices give the relative height of the noon sun, the position of the sun on the ecliptic and the position of the earth around the sun.

16. Use parallax to determine the distance to an object and know the units astronomers use when giving distances to stars.

17. Measure the angular diameter of distant objects or the angular distance between objects.

18. Be able to sketch and locate 4 constellations (2 circumpolar and 2 seasonal).

19. Explain why the stars appear fixed and the sun, moon and planets move among them.

20. Explain how we see objects and why, outerspace, which is so full of stars, is black.

21. Explain the law of reflection and be able to trace light rays as they reflect off surfaces.

22. Define the refraction of light, explain what causes it, and be able to trace a light ray as it moves from one medium to another.

23. Contrast the images produced by concave and convex mirrors and lenses and describe what is meant by the focal point.

24. Use ray diagrams to determine the images produced by mirrors and lenses.

25. Compare and contrast reflecting and refraction telescopes and explain the systems of mirrors and lenses that they each use.

26. Know what determines the light gathering power, resolving power and magnification of a telescope.

27. Describe aberrations in telescopes and explain how they can be compensated for.