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Windows
Windows networking was initially designed to connect computers on
- A single LAN segment
- A flat or bridged network
And NetBEUI was the only transport software supported.
Clients send broadcast to
- To register their NetBIOS name.
- To advertise their availability.
- To discover which services are available.
Clients in a Windows network can use any of the following methods of name
resolution from the first priority
- Cache
- Broadcasts using Microsoft LAN Services Browser causing a browser
election.
- WINS
- LMHOSTS
- A list file of all computer names and their IP addresses in that
domain.
- Has a high administrative overhead - that is, it requires a lot of
manual configuration.
- Doesn't scale well, suitable for small networks only.
- Internet DNS
- A hierarchical system of name address resolution developed for use on
the Internet.
- A common TCP/IP application.
- Provides Internet name-to-IP address translation.
- Most server must be configured with tables that associates assigned
device names with IP addresses.
- Most servers
Microsoft OS
- Consist of
- Windows 95/98
- Windows for Workgroups
- Windows NT
- Microsoft LAN Manager
- MS-DOS with LAN Manager client
- Come with NetBIOS
- Allowing different Microsoft OS to communicate across the local
network.
- Operates at a session-layer protocol.
- Provides a dynamic naming service that allows servers to be addressed
by name.
- Also acts as a standard API that could be used to create LAN
applications in environments as diverse as Microsoft LAN Manager, OS/2,
and IBM LAN Server.
- Was originally designed to provide a standard interface to lower-level
network functions as an effort to extend basic I/O functionality on the
PC.
- Has no network layer functionality - that is, it lacks routing and
logical-addressing capabilities. Instead, it relies heavily on
broadcasts at the data-link layer and communicates directly with NICs.
- Provides both communications services
- Connectionless called LLC1 which delivery information such as the
destination address is sent with the packet (referred to as datagram).
- Transmission takes place over a flexible path that can include
multiple routes between source and destination.
- Connection-oriented called LLC2
- A virtual circuit must be established for each session before
any data can be transferred.
- Sometimes referred as datastreams.
- Delivered by confirming acknowledgements on the circuit. It
also ensures that they are received in the correct order.
- More reliable than LLC1.
- Limits the size of a datagram to 512 bytes.
- Is commonly found in source-route bridge networks that have SNA
gateway devices implemented in PCs.
- Requires additional software to enable transport across the network. 3
transport methods are available:
- NetBEUI
- NetBIOS over IPX (NWLink)
- Designed for small to medium-sized networks.
- Included with Windows NT primarily to support interconnection
to Novell NetWare servers. It allows WinNT to act as either the
client or server in Novell IPX / NetBIOS client-server
applications.
- Floods IPX type-20 broadcast packets to all networks to
get information about the named nodes on the network.
- Advantages
- Requires no end-station address configuration
- Supports routing between networks.
- Faster than NBT.
- Easy to connect to installed NetWare servers and clients.
- Disadvantages
- Slower than NetBEUI over slow serial connections.
- Doesn't support standard network management protocol such
as SNMP.
- NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBP)
- Recommended for medium-size to large-scale networks.
Especially when TCP/IP is already the main transport protocol in
the network.
- Needed where NetBIOS has to be transported across a WAN
connection.
- Each device must be configured with a valid IP address which
is always a requirement of TCP/IP.
- Advantages
- Broad connectivity among all types of computer and server.
- Strong support for routing.
- Direct access to global Internet.
- Support for SNMP.
- Support for DHCP, DNS, and WINS.
- Disadvantages
- Slower than NWLink and NetBEUI.
- More difficult to set up.
- There is a relatively high overhead to support seamless
connectivity and routing.
- Uses NetBIOS for all its operations (file sharing, printer sharing,
authentication, and messaging).
- Could use DHCP to assign IP addresses and WINS to register NetBIOS names.
In such a situation WinNT DNS server can be configured to query the WINS
server for addresses that were registered dynamically.
- If the network administrator configures each server in the network with a
static IP address, it may be beneficial to enter each server in the DNS
system and use DNS for name resolution. To reduce DNS administration, it may
be convenient to register clients with WINS and make queries with DNS. For
example, this would be a benefit when using a dial-on-demand link.
| OSI Reference |
NetBIOS |
Remarks |
| Application |
Redirector |
The client software used to direct
- Network requests to servers.
- Local commands to the local OS.
|
| Presentation |
SMB |
Provides the peer-to-peer language and formats needed
for applications to communicate successfully. |
| Session |
NetBIOS |
Usually the most difficult protocols to
contend with designing the network. Cisco makes it easier by providing
some design options (filters, name caches, and proxy response methods). |
| Transport |
NetBEUI |
| Network |
| Data-Link |
NIC |
|
| Physical |
Screen 9
With Windows networking, you can organize computers into workgroups and
domains.
A workgroup is a logical collection of computers loosely linked together to
share resources.
A computer can join or leave a workgroup at any time.
It's also free to create a new workgroup.
A domain is a more formal collection of computers.
The computers in a domain share the same security and logon authentication
database.
A WinNT domain is not the same as the Internet domain structure used by the DNS
architecture.
Domain use established trust relationships to
- Share user account information
- Validate the access rights and resource permissions of users and groups
residing in the trusted domain.
Trust relationships can allow a user with a single account in one domain to
access all servers on the network to which they have permissions.
They remove the need to manage each user individually when accessing another
domain.
WinNT supports the following protocols for dial-in connections:
IPCP, IPXCP, and NBFCP are the respective control protocols for PPP.
If all users on the network require access to the Internet, you usually need
to configure TCP/IP on your computer.
However, if the network is using NWLink, you can use a product called IPX
Gateway to access TCP/IP networks from a computer configured only for IPX.
This was a Cisco product but was sold to HELIUS Inc.
Then only the IPX Gateway needs a TCP/IP address.
Screen 12
A company wants you to implement a Windows network that spans two buildings.
Each department is to have control over its own resources, and user accounts are
to be authenticated centrally by the IS department.
TCP/IP is the primary transport protocol.
The two buildings are to be connected using an FDDI backbone - there is no WAN
link.
Identify the most suitable Windows networking domain model for a company LAN
that spans two buildings by selecting an option from the Domain list.
Single
Global
Master.
Multiple master
Screen 13
Choose the most suitable transport protocol for the two-building Windows
network by selecting an option from the Transport protocol list.
NetBEUI
NWLink
NBT
NetBIOS.
Screen 14
Identify which type of NetBIOS name resolution method you would use, assuming
that the network consists solely of Microsoft clients, by choosing an option
from the Name resolution list.
Cache
Broadcast
WINS.
LMHOSTS
Internet DNS
Abbreviations
- API: Application Programming Interface
- DHCP: Dynamic Host Controller Protocol
- A dynamic address assignment protocol.
- Can be used as an alternative to manually assigning IP addresses to IP
devices.
- Manages a range of addresses called scope.
- DNS: Domain Name Service
- IPCP: IP Control Protocol
- IPXCP: IPX Control Protocol
- LLC: logical link control
- The higher of the two sublayers of the data-link layer.
- Applies to all IEEE 802 standards and cover station-to-station
connections, the generation of message frames, and error control.
- NBFCP: NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol
- NetBEUI: NetBIOS Extended User Interface
- Enhanced NetBIOS protocol.
- Is primarily a transport-layer protocol that have some network-layer
functionality, without network addressing.
- Interfaces directly to the data-link layer using MAC addresses.
- The least scalable of the transport methods used by NetBIOS.
- Should be used only on small LANs or to support older services (early
versions of LAN manager).
- The main advantages
- Requires no end-station address configuration.
- Offers good error protection.
- Has small memory overhead.
- Provides high-speed transport on small networks.
- NetBIOS: Network Basic Input Output System
- NIC: Network Interface Card
- OS: Operating Systems
- SMB: Server Message Block
- SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
- TCP/IP: Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
- WINS: Windows Internet Naming Service
- Provides NetBIOS name-to-IP address translation.
- Sometimes referred to as NetBIOS name service.
- Clients on different IP subnets can dynamically register with a sing
WINS server at a known address.
- Allows clients to browse the network using unicast packets.
Terms
- Broadcast: The name-resolution method used by default on all Microsoft
products. To turn it off, disable the BrowseMaster setting.
- Datagram
- Sent to a single named location.
- Multicasts to groups.
- Broadcast to all nodes on the network.
- Is not acknowledged and can be lost or received out of order.
Questions
- Identify the true statements about NetBIOS when operating in
connection-oriented mode.
- Full delivery information is included in each transmitted packet.
- A virtual circuit is established for each session.
- All received packets are acknowledged.
- Packets can be received out of order
- Packets can travel along different paths from source to destination
- Which of the following protocols can be used to transport NetBIOS?
- APPN
- NetBEUI.
- NWLink.
- NBT.
- RTMP
- Identify the true statements about NetBEUI.
- It requires no end-station address configuration.
- It has a logical addressing scheme
- It's less scalable than NWLink or NBT.
- It cannot be routed.
- It's relatively slow on small networks
- NWLink is Microsoft's implementation of
- IPX/SPX.
- TCP/IP
- AppleTalk
- SNA
- How does NWLink get information about the named nodes on a network?
- It looks up a statically configured central table of names and
addresses
- It issues look-ups to a WINS server at a well-known address
- It floods the network with IPX type-20 broadcast packet.
- What are the disadvantages of NWLink?
- It requires end-station address configuration
- It cannot be routed
- It's slower than NetBEUI over slow serial connections.
- It doesn't support standard network management protocols.
- It's slower than NBT
- Which protocol would you use if you needed to transport NetBIOS across a
WAN link?
- In a Windows networking environment you cau use a _______ server to
dynamically assign IP addresses to individual devices.
- Which of the following statements describe how Windows networking clients
and servers find out about each other.
- Clients use the Microsoft LAN Services Browser to find out what
computers are available on the network.
- Clients periodically broadcast packets to register their NetBIOS name.
- The network administrator designates a browse master to answer client
requests
- The browse master maintains a list of computers and their addresses.
- Which of the following are legitimate name-resolution methods in a Windows
networking environment?
- Names cache.
- Broadcasts.
- WINS.
- LMHOSTS.
- Internet DNS.
- The _______ method of name resolution is based on a list of names and
corresponding addresses that is stored on each PC on the network.
- Names cache.
- Broadcasts
- WINS
- LMHOSTS
- Internet DNS
- The LMHOSTS method of name resolution relies on the Microsoft LAN Services
Browser.
- Identify the true statements about WINS name-resolution.
- It allows clients to be on different subnets.
- It allows dynamic registration and browsing using unicasts.
- The WINS server is located at an address known to all users.
- Configuring WINS turns off the default name-resolution method
automatically
- WINS provides Internet name-to-IP address translation
- What would you expect to find in the LMHOSTS file on a domain's PDC?
- The names and addresses of all other PDCs on the network.
- A path to all other PDCs on the network
- A static list of all the computers and IP addresses in that domain.
- A path to all client LMHOSTS files in that domain
- DNS is a common _______ application that provides Internet name-to-IP
address translation.
- TCP/IP.
- IPX/SPX
- AppleTalk
- SNA
- Which of the following elements do you need to make Internet DNS name
resolution fully dynamic?
- A names cache on each PC
- A DNS server.
- A DHCP server.
- A WINS server.
- Identify the statements that correctly distinguish a domain from a
workgroup in a Windows networking environment?
- A workgroup is a loose collection of related computers.
- A domain is a formal collection of related computers.
- A workgroup is under the control of a PDC
- Any computer on the network can create a domain
- A domain must have at least one NT server.
- A BDC can be used to authenticate user logons and so spread the load of
logon request processing.
- In which domain model does every domain trust every other domain?
- Single
- Global.
- Single master
- Multiple master
- Domains have administration and communications links between each other
that are known as _______ relationships.
- Virtual
- Agreed
- Trust.
- Smart
- Identify the true statements about the trust relationships between
domains.
- They can be one way or two way.
- They allow domains to exchange data and to share account information.
- They allow domains to share the same PDC
- They allow users to access domains where they have no account.
- They remove the need to manage each user individually when accessing a
different domain.
- Identify the true statements about the multiple master domains model
- Every master domain trusts every other master domain.
- Master domains manage resources
- Master domains do not trust resource domains.
- Resource domains trust master domains.
- Master domains are designed for organizations that lack a central
administration or IS group
- Which of the following would you use to connect remote clients to your
Windows network, while dial-in demand is expected to be high and performance
is an issue.
- A Windows NT RAS server
- A Cisco access server.
- A Cisco router
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