CLICK ON INITIAL OR SYLLABLE
P? || P?E | P?A | P?O | T? || T?E | T?A | T?O | K? || K?E | K?A | K?O P?F || P?FE | P?FA | P?FO | T?S || T?SE | T?SA | T?SO | K?X || K?XE | K?XA | K?XO F || FE | FA | FO | S || SE | SA | SO | X || XE | XA | XO M || ME | MA | MO | N || NE | NA | NO | Q || QE | QA | QO R || RE | RA | RO | H || HE | HA | HO | HH || HHE | HHA | HHO PH || PHE | PHA | PHO | TH || THE | THA | THO | KH || KHE | KHA | KHO PHF || PHFE | PHFA | PHFO | THS || THSE | THSA | THSO | KHX || KHXE | KHXA | KHXO FH || FHE | FHA | FHO | SH || SHE | SHA | SHO | XH || XHE | XHA | XHO MH || MHE | MHA | MHO | NH || NHE | NHA | NHO | QH || QHE | QHA | QHO RH || RHE | RHA | RHO |
* * *
- ? -
Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø |
BODY
?A, FOREHEAD, BROW (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest on top')
?A-FA (+ frequentative), FACE (VERB), BE TURNED TOWARD AND GIVE ATTENTION TO; Sumerian u-6, perceive, catch sight of (J. 801); IE 8. aw- (for *a:w-; cf. a/a:wis-, apparent), perceive sensually, apprehend
?A-FA-¿E (+ like), PERCEIVE; Sumerian ug~2-6, perceive, catch sight of (J. 801); IE awe:i- (for *a:wa:i-), perceive sensually, apprehend, listed under 8. aw-
?A-FA-?E-SHA (+ state), APPARENT; Sumerian uš-4 (for *us-x), comprehension (J. 893); IE a/a:wis-, apparent, listed under 8. aw-, perceive sensually, apprehend
?A-NA (+ one [inanimate]), FOREHEAD, BROW; Sumerian an, head (J. 14); (Egyptian D19, 'eye, nose, and cheek` - later supplanted by W17, 'water-pots in a rack`, which stands for HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack, for ?A-NA-THO, FOREHEAD, FRONT)
?A-NA(-K?XA) (+ hair), EYEBROW; Egyptian jn(H), eyebrow(s)
?A-NA (+ one), FACE, FRONT; Sumerian an, head (J. 14); (Egyptian D19, 'eye, nose, and cheek` - later supplanted by W17, 'water-pots in a rack`, which stands for HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack, for ?A-NA-THO, FOREHEAD, FRONT)
?A-NA-T?SO (+ handle), CHIN; Egyptian jn', chin (determinative [not in Gardiner], 'man's profile with beard`)
?A-NA-T?SO-RO (+ part), CHIN (PLACE OF BEARD); IE andher-, *chin, in Greek anthereo:n, chin, listed under andh-, stick out, etc.
?A-NA-T?SO, FLOWER (PETALS AROUND CENTER); IE andho-s, flower, listed under andh-, stick out, sprout, bloom
?A-NA-T?SO-RO (+ part), BEARD (OF A PLANT); IE andher-, beard, spike, listed under andh-, stick out, etc.
?A-NA-THO (+ assemblage), FRONTAGE; Egyptian xn.t (for *jn.t), face, brow, in front of, jar-rack (the Egyptian form has been mistakenly reconstructed from the spelling xn.t, which stands for K?XO-NA-'T?O, HOLDER [v. infra]); IE anto-, forehead, listed under ant-s, frontside, forehead
?A-NA-THO-'¿E (+ like), FRONTAL; Egyptian xn.t(j) (for *jn.t[j]), in front of, among, from, out of (v. supra); IE anti, opposite, listed under ant-s, frontside, forehead
?A, IMMEDIATE PRESENCE
ADVERBIAL
?A, HERE; IE *a(:) (in Old Indian a:-gam-, approach), 1. e/e:, o/o:, near by, together with
INFLECTIONAL
?A, INANIMATE STATIVE ('be adjective'); IE -(a): in PIE ma:-, ripe, mature (MA-?A)
PARTICLE
?A, interrogative; Egyptian j- in jšzt (j + š + z.t), what? (? + which + [is] + it); Sumerian a in a-ba, who? and a-na, what?; IE *a(:), *interrogative particle, in Greek é:, interrogative particle, and ê:, what?, pray?, can it be...?; Arabic ?a-, interrogative particle {prefix} (sentence initial); Chinese a, interrogative particle (sentence final)
PRONOMINAL
?A, FIRST PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE, THIS (NEAR SPEAKER); *a-, listed under 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)
?A-NA (+ one [inanimate]), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR INANIMATE, IT; IE 2. an, there, on the other side (cf. anyos, other)
?A-NHA (+ one [animate]), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR ANIMATE, HE/SHE; Egyptian (j)n- as a base for demonstratives combined with the elements -w (FA), -j (¿E), -jj (¿E-¿E), -(j)n (?A-NHA), -t (THO), -3 (RA), and later -f (PHO). We cannot determine certainly whether Egyptian jn, in any form, represents animate ?A-NHA or inanimate ?A-NA (v. infra). This is the Arabic definite article ?al.
Though another series for feminines is built upon (j)t-, feminine plural forms like jp.t.n show that jp- (?A-P?A) was originally neutral towards gender - feminine singular forms like jt.jn show that there was originally one form, e.g. *jp.jn, which was reduced to jp.n, and finally to p.n in the singular but remained as jp.n in the plural, which was originally not differentiated.
That the original singular form was (j)p/n- is supported by the spelling nw with the water-jar, which reads jnw, and nn with the rush with the shoots (M22 in Gardiner's Sign List, which reads jn, hence *jnjn; not nn(!).
Cf. Old Irish alaile, other - ?A-NHA-?A-NHA-'¿E, listed under alyos, other [1. al-]) - FA, HA-'¿E, '?A-NHA comprise the 1st masculine, 2nd feminine, and 3rd animate pronouns, which are respectively I-, you-, and he-deictic.
The suffix -f (PHO) is a later Egyptian innovation - and as we would suppose from its meaning of 'first', conveys salience; -RE, 'any', conveys indefiniteness.
In Egyptian, the original difference in animateness between '?A-P?A and '?A-NHA was moot, and there is no difference in Early Egyptian between e.g. *jp.jn and *jn.jn that can be determined;
Sumerian: in Old Sumerian, the 3rd person singular ergative pronoun has the form a-ne (later e-ne), which is also used as a absolutive subject for intransitive verbs. A comparison of lugal-e, king (ergative) and lugal, king (absolutive), suggests strongly than *an was the original absolutive, and a-ne the ergative, corresponding to '?A-NA(-¿E). The third person plural, as reconstructed by A. Falkenstein, is a simple reduplication of a-ne: *ana:ne.
The possessive animate third person singular suffix is -a-ni (?A-NA-'¿E), while for the third plural, we have -a-ne-ne - again, a simple reduplication. These show better the original initial a- - in the possessive inanimate -bi, we find a reduction of *a-bi (?A-P?A-'¿E) - even further reduced forms of '?A-NA and '?A-P?A are found as subjectival elements in the verbal complex: in-zig, he raised; ib-2-zig, it raised - the initial i- is '¿E, the declarative - the same -n- occurs in the third person plural: in-zig-ge-eš, they raised - in the maru: forms, -b- in the same position denotes the object: ib-2-zi-zi-en, raising it.
A Sumerian verbal prefix a- has been theorized that may be an independent prefix with undefined meaning or a variant of i- - an alternately possible interpretation is that it represents the Sumerian equivalent of the IE injunctive, an imperfective durative form lacking -i, and that the original form of the pronoun *an is recognized by not being compounded with a prior ¿E-A; e.g. ud-bi-a (D)Gilgameš-2 en Kul-aba-4(KI)-ke-4 inim guruš uru-na-še-3 ša-3-ga-ni an-hul-2, on that day Gilgamesh, the lord of Kulaba, was gladdening his heart because of the words of his young men.
IE ?A-P?A is present as the demonstrative element 4. au-, that, and a reflex of ?A-P?A-RA (Egyptian jp3) can be seen in awar-.
?A-P?A (+ piece), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR INANIMATE, IT; Egyptian demonstrative base (j)p-; Sumerian possessive proun -bi; subject and object verbal element -b; IE 4. au-, that (v. supra under ?A-NHA)
PLANT
?A, GRASS(-LAND), SAVANNA
?A-¿E (+ -like), GRASS(-LIKE)
?A-¿E-K?A-¿E (+ chew), GRASS/CUD-CHEWER; IE aig^- (for aig^i-; cf. Greek aigeios, goatlike), goat; a/a:g^(y)-, goat
?A-¿E-RA-?A (+ tall-stative), DARNEL; IE ai-ra:-, a kind of grass
?A-¿E, GRASS HUT; Sumerian e-2, house (J. 599)
?A, BLADE (OF GRASS)
?A-SHA (+ satisfied), SIT; Sumerian as/z-3, *sit (Comb. 5 = J. 1, as/z-3 + J. 117, di-3, and means 'throne'); IE e/e:s- (for a:s-), sit; Arabic ?issun, foundation, principle, basis; ?assasa, lay the foundation, ground
?A-SHA-P?FO (+ place), SEATING PLACE
?A-SHA-P?FO-T?O (+ lump = cushion), THRONE; Egyptian jzbt, throne
?A-SHA-T?O (+ lump = cushion), SEAT; Egyptian (j)z.t, throne, seat
?A-SHA-T?O-¿E (+ like), SIT; IE *asodi- (cf. sodyo-m, seat), sit, listed under sed-, sit
?A-SHA-T?O-¿E, THRONE; Sumerian *asdi, *throne (Comb. 5 = J. 1, as/z-3 + J. 117, di-3, and means 'throne`)
?A, POINTED
SA-?A (strong +), HURT
SA-?A-¿E (+ -like), HURTFUL; IE sa:i-, hurt, sickness, harm
?A-FA (+ complete), PAIN(ED); IE 1. au, expression of pain, of confusion, irritation
?A-T?SE (+ finger), FENCE, EXCLUDE; IE edh-, fence, fence-stake, *shute (cf. Lithuanian eia~dine, in the shute; listed incorrectly under 1. ei-, go); Basque etsi, abandon, desist
?A-T?SE-RO (+ part), STAKE, EXCLUDE; IE edh- (for *edhr-; cf. Middle Dutch ader, fence-stake; Czech odr, stake); fence, fence-stake; Egyptian jdr (for jDr; cf. jDr.t, hall in tomb)), herd; jdr (*jDr), withhold
?A, PLANT-TOP (FOLIAGE); Egyptian j, *flower (Egyptian M17, 'flowering reed'); in j.w, reeds; Sumerian a-10, *plant-top (J. 658 reads a-10, has a date-palm with the top clearly drawn; and means '(date-)palm')
?A-¿E (+ -like), PLANT-TOPLIKE, TOP
?A-?E, KERNEL, FRUIT-PIT, SEED, STONE; Sumerian ia-5, grain (J. 102)
?A-?E-FA (+ set),KERNELS, BARLEY; IE yewo- (for *ayáw-), grain, above all, barley
?A-¿E-RA (+ pole), POLE; IE *air-, *pole, listed under 4. ei- : oi-, pole, then shaft; Egyptian j3.t, standard; in j33.t, rod; Sumerian ir-3, *penis (J. 89 reads ir-3, and pictures a penis); iri-8, *pole (J. 112 reads iri-8, and means 'support' and pictures a forked stick); Arabic ?airun, penis
?A-FA (+ set), PLANTS
?A-FA-¿E (+ like), BOUND PLANTS, COLUMNAR
?A-FA-NHE (+ little), ARROW; Sumerian ul-4,*arrow (J. 11 reads ul-4, and means 'sting, thorn'; IE *awl- in Modern English awl
?A-FA-NHE-RA (+ spine), BOW; Sumerian illuru (for *uliru), bow (J. 111)
?A-FA-NHE-THO (+ assemblage), BOW; Egyptian jwn.t, bow
SE-?A-FA-NHE-THO (shoot +), ARROW; Egyptian zwn.t, arrow
?A-FA-NHE (+ entwine), (HALL OF) COLUMN[S]); Egyptian in jwnn, sanctuary; IE au-lo-s, hall; cf. Old Norwegian jo:li, hollow stem), tube, oblong cavity, *hall (cf. Greek aule:, court)
?A-FA-NHE-¿E (+ like), HALL OF COLUMNS, COURT; Egyptian in jwnjj.t, hall of columns; Sumerian ul-7 (for *uli?), *column (Comb. 2295 = J. 651 [hand] + J. 675 beam, bind)
?A-FA-NHE-RO (+ raise), STAND FIRMLY, SUPPORT; Sumerian ulil, standing firmly (J. 663); ulal, *support (J. 112 reads ulal, and means support)
?A-NA (+ one), FLOWER, HEAD (OF GRASSES); Sumerian an, date-flower (J. 14); ana, head of grasses (J. 14)
ANIMAL
?A, (NUCLEAR) FAMILY; Sumerian a in a-e-2, house, family (Comb. 3627 = J. 949, a + J. 599, e-2, house)
?A-¿E (+ -like), FAMILIAL
?A-¿E-P?FE (+ root), OFFSPRING
?A-¿E-P?FE-RO (+ adult), FIRST-BORN SON, HEIR; Sumerian ibila (for *epilu - cf. Akkadian aplu), son [J. 273 (child) + J. 89 (male)]
?A-¿E-P?FE-THO (+ assemblage), PROGENY; Egyptian 3b.t (for *jjb.t), family
?A-¿E-P?FE, PROCREATE; IE eibh-(for *aibh-), have intercourse with
?A-FA (+ set), FAMILY UNIT, FAMILIAL
?A-FA-'T?SO (+ hold), PASS ESTATE IN FEUD, INHERIT; Egyptian jw', inherit; IE audh- (for *a:udh-), happiness, property, riches, *feud, *inherit, listed incorrectly under 5. aw-, plait, weave
?A-KHE (+ other), BROTHER; Arabic ?akhun, brother; Yukaghir aka, older brother; Proto-Uralic ekä, older male relative, uncle; Proto-Altaic āka, older brother; Ryukyuan aka. older brother; Gilyak îki?in, older brother; Proto-Tibeto-Burman ik, older brother
?A-MA (+ breast), MOTHER; IE am(m)a, ami:, mother; Sumerian ama, mother (J. 462); Basque ama, mother
?A-MA-RE (+ make), BE AFFECTIONATE TO, BE FRIENDLY WITH; Egyptian jm3, be pleasant to, be gracious towards, be happy about (the words entered under jm3 are a conflation of ?A-MO, ?A-MO-¿E, ?A- MA-RE, and RA-MO); Sumerian amar, *take care of, care for (J. 782 reads amar, and means 'take care of, care for'); IE *amer in Latin ama:re, love, listed under am(m)a, mother
?A-NA (+ one), ANCESTOR; IE 1. an- (for *a:n-), term for male or female ancestors
?A-NA (+ stne), MEMORIAL; Sumerian a-2-na in (giS)a-2-na, a memorial tablet for an ancestor (Comb. 2019 - J. 628 + J. 114)
?A-P?A (+ seat), FATHER('S HOUSE); Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, father (J. 274 - cf. Akkadian abu, father); IE awo-s, maternal grandfather; Arabic ?abu-n
?A-P?O (+ swollen = phallus), FATHER; Egyptian *jf, father (the spelling jt(f), father, is for jt or jf [?A-THO or ?A-P?O]); possibly Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, *father (J. 274); possibly IE awo-s, maternal grandfather
?A-P?O, CONSORT; IE *abh- in Gothic aba, consort, listed incorrectly under abhro-, strong, furious
?A-PHA (+ feeder), FATHER; possibly IE appa, father
?A-PHA, ENGENDER; Sumerian ab/p-2,engender, bear (J. 759); ab/p(a)-3, *engender (J. 274 pictures a phallus entering a vagina)
?A-PHO (+ threatener), FATHER; possibly Egyptian *jf, father (the spelling jt(f), father, is for jt or jf [?A-THO or ?A-P?O/PHO]); possibly Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, *father (J. 274); IE appa, father
?A-PHO-FA (+ complete), FATHERS (CLASS), FATHERLY; Arabic ?abu-n, ?abawâni (plural), father
?A-THO (+ assemblage), FAMILY; IE a/a:to-s, family, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother
?A-THO (+ approacher [to join]), CONSORT (MOTHER OR FATHER), PARENT; Egyptian jt(f), father; Sumerian ad/t/t*, father, mother (J. 274); IE in atta, father, mother, listed under a/a:tos
?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), FAMILIAL
?A-THO-¿E-¿E (+ like), NOBLE; Egyptian jtjj, sovereign; IE *ati- in Old High German edili, noble, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother
?A-THO-NA (+ one), GRANDFATHER; IE *aton- in Greek dial. atein, grandfather, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother; IE atta (for *atna), *grandfather, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother
?A-THO-NA, THE SUN, ATON, ADONIS; Egyptian jtn, sun; Sumerian adan, *sun (J. 684 reads adan, and means 'sun')
?A-THO-SHE (+ individual), MARRIAGE PARTNER; IE a/a:tos, father, mother
ADPOSITIONAL
?A, ON (the top of), AGAINST, ABUTTING, IN CONTACT WITH
?A-FA (+ around), AROUND; IE 3. au-, down to, away from, onto, hither
?A-MA (+ mound), ON, HERE; Chinese yān, here, herein
?A-MHA-NA (+ right hand), RIGHT, WEST; Egyptian jmn, right, west
?A-THSO (+ circler), BACK TO; IE ato-, out over something, listed under ati-, out over something
?A-THSO-¿E (+ -like), BACK TO; IE ati-, out over something
?A-¿E (+ like), SHARP-POINTED
?A-¿E, SICK; IE 2. ai-, penetrate something, drive, overpower, sicken
?A-¿E, PIERCE; IE 2. ai-, enter by force, goad, overpower, wrong
?A-¿E-K?E (+ prod), PRIZE OUT; Egyptian (j)jk(jj), quarryman; IE *ag^- , prize out, in aig^u-, needle, listed under a/a:ik^-, spear, hit with a pointed weapon
?A-?E-K?E-?E (+ -like), TILL; Egyptian jH, enclose a town with a ditch; Sumerian ag/k/q, plant, cultivate (J. 159 - shows field with furrows); IE a/a:ik^-, spear, hit with a pointed weapon
?A-?E-P?FE(-FA) (+ specific spot), TATTOO; Egyptian 3b.w (for *jjb.w), brand
?A-FA, GRASS; Egyptian j.w, *grass (Egyptian s[j]m, herb, plant, is written with M21, '([three] reeds growing side by side with a loop at the side)' - this is SA-?A-MO, BIND (WITH GRASS-ROPE), as the 'loop at the side' shows
?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), GRASSLIKE
?A-FA-¿E-NA (+ one), STRAW; Egyptian jwn, nest, *straw; jwn.t, a (*straw) article of clothing; Sumerian in, straw (J. 277); IE *awain- in Latin ave:na, straw, listed incorrectly under awig^-, kind of grass, oats
?A-FA-SE, SPREAD GRASS OUT, SLEEP; Sumerian uš, lie close to, copulate (J. 424); IE au-s-, spend the night, sleep, listed under 2. au-
?A-T?O (+ lump), GRAIN(-KERNEL); Egyptian M33, 'grains of corn`); Egyptian jt, barley, grain; Sumerian ad, date-kernel (J. 274)
?A-T?O-SE (+ seed), GRAIN; IE ados-, kind of grain, spelt, listed under ades-
?A-K?A-¿E (+ chew), CUD-CHEWER; Egyptian jH ( *jkj), bull; Sumerian ag-3, *cud-chewer (J. 893 reads ag-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece`); IE a/ag^-, (for ag^i-; cf. Lithuanian oz`y~s, he-goat), he-goat, goat
?A-K?A-¿E-NA (+ one), YOUNG CUD-CHEWER; IE agwh-no-s (for *agyno-), lamb
?A-K?E (+ poke), GOAD; IE ag^-, drive, *goad (cf. Old Indian aSTra:, goad for driving cattle; Sumerian ag-2, send (J. 362); Egyptian jk, challenge; Basque aga, long pole, stick
?A-ME (+ stick out), SICKLE (POINTED; SET WITH TRIANGULAR PIECES OF FLINT); Egyptian *jm, sickle (Egyptian U1, 'sickle`, incorrectly transliterated m3)
?A-ME-HHA (+ move in place), MOW, SWING IN A SEMICIRCULAR MOTION; Sumerian am, *mow (J. 949, a, water (HHA), and J. 14 together read am-3, which serves as the enclitic copula; since the non-enclitic copula is me, to be, in other positions, we conclude an unrecorded reading of am(e) for J. 14, in its meaning, 'bring to an end' [ 'mow down']); IE ame:-, mow, listed under 2. me:-, mow
?A-ME-RE (+ apply), MOW; Egyptian m3 (for *jm3), *sickle (Egyptian U1, 'sickle', incorrectly transliterated m3)
?A, TOP
?A-ME (+ call out), INSIST; Sumeriam am-2, *charge with, order (J. 362 reads am-2, and means 'charge with, order'); IE am6- (for *am6i-, cf. Sanskrit ami:ti, presses upon, urgently assures, swears), make firm, listed under om6-, proceed energetically, and therefrom, insist firmly upon, make fast = affirm with an oath, and set upon, torture, harm
?A-ME-RE (+ make), COMMAND; Arabic ?amara/ya?muru, to order, command
?A-MO (+ spread over), HOLD OVER, HOLD (ON) TO; Egyptian *jm, hold to, handle (Egyptian S11, 'two planks crossed and joined', rather 'a pole with handles'); IE 1. am-, hold; *am-, hold to, in Sanskrit amati, serve, honor
?A-MO-¿E (+ -like), UPHOLD, HOLD UP/TO; Egyptian jm(3), be pleasant to, be gracious towards, be happy about (the words entered under jm3 are a conflation of ?A-MO, ?A-MO-¿E, ?A-MA-RE, and RA-MO); ; IE *ami-, *uphold, in Latin ami:cus, friend, listed under am(m)a, mother
?A-MO-RO (+ high degree), FIRMLY UPHELD, HOPED FOR; in Egyptian mrj (for *jmr), love, want, wish, desire; Arabic ?amala/ya?mulu, hope
?A-NA (+ one), ONE ON TOP
?A-NA-¿E (+ -like), BECOME ON TOP, FULL-GROWN, MATURE. RIPE, FOCUS OF INTEREST; Arabic ?anâ/ya?nî, mature, ripen, come, draw near (of time)
?A-NHA (+ move back and forth), BE AT THE TOP, FULL-GROWN, MATURE; Sumerian al, keep, bear interest, *grow to maturity (cf. ab-2-al, sexually mature cow) (J. 564); IE 2. al-, grow, let grow, nourish
?A-NHA-'¿E (+ -like), BEYOND THE TOP, OVERLY LARGE; IE 1. al- (for *ali-), above and beyond
?A-NHA-¿E, BIGGISH; Arabic ?aliya/ya?layu, to have big buttocks (cf. alyân, large)
?A-NHA-KHXE (+ deer), ELK; IE *a:lk^(h)- in Greek álke:, elk, listed under 1. el- (for *a:l-), red, brown
?A-RHE (+ come), GROW
?A-RHE-T?A (+ give), SHOW GROWTH; IE er(6)d-, er(6)dh-, high, grow
?A-RHE-T?SO (+ hold), MAINTAIN GROWTH; IE er(6)d-, er(6)dh-, high, grow; Arabic ?araDa/ya?ruDu, bring forth herbs abundantly
GRAMMATICAL
?A-NHA, PERFECTIVE; Egyptian sDm.jn.f verbal form; Sumerian al-, verbal prefix; IE in -lo in Armenian and Old Bulgarian participles
?A-NHA-MO (+ overall), ENOUGH; IE in Sanskrit alam, enough
?A-RE (+ scratch), EARTH (LOOSE), DIRT, MOUND OF EARTH; IE 4. er-, earth; Sumerian ar(a)-2, mound (J. 572)
?A-RE-THO (+ assemblage), HEAP, MOUND OF EARTH; Egyptian j3.t, mound; IE er-t-, earth, listed under 4. er-
?A-RO (+ raise), SET ON TOP, SET IN ORDER, ACT HONORABLY, ACCOMPLISH; Egyptian jr(j), do; ; Sumerian al, keep (J. 564); IE 1. ar-, fit together, be fit
?A-RO-¿E (+ -like), ACCOMPLISHED, HONORABLE, SUPERIOR; Egyptian *jrj, *put in order (Egyptian A48, 'beardless man (or woman?) holding knife [?]); IE aryo, lord, commander, *honorable man (em>cf. Sanskrit a:ryaka, honorable man)
?A-'RO-¿E-¿E, HONORABLE MAN, TRUSTEE; Egyptian jrjj, keeper
?A-RO-THO (+ assemblage), ORDER; Egyptian jr.t, duty; IE art-, holy order, listed under 1. ar-, fit together, be fit
?A-RO (+ adult), ADULT (MALE) (OF THE FAMILY), SUPERIOR; IE in aryo-, lord, commander; Egyptian in jrj, companion (rather adult; Gardiner D48, shows 'beardless man (or woman?) holding knife(?)', rather: 'holding feather', a sign of adult status; Sumerian al, *adult, in ab-2-al, sexually mature cow (J. 564 shows man with feather in hair); Chinese lüâ, companion, associate; Basque ar, male
KHXA-?A (pointed +), REED; Tibetan ka-a, post (pillar) (v. infra under KHXA)
SA-?A (strong +), HERBS; Sumerian ša-17 (for sa-x), grass, herb, plant (J. 593)
SA-?A-MO (+ overall), USEFUL HERBS; Sumerian šam (for sam), grass, herb, plant (J. 593)
SA-?A, GRASS-ROPE (v. infra)
* * *
Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø |
BODY
?E, TOOTH, SHARP-EDGED (inanimate: literally, 'what is at points across'); Sumerian i-5, *tooth (J. 15 - reads i-5, and means 'tooth')?E-¿E (+ -like), FANG, THORN, TOOTH, TUSK, IVORY; Chinese yá, tooth, tooth-like thing, ivory
?E-¿E-P?FE (+ animal name), ELEPHANT; Egyptian 3b.w (for *jjb[.w]), elephant(s); Sumerian ab/p-2 (for *ep-x), wild ox (transferred to wild ox in the absence of elephants) (J. 759; portrays tusks and trunk); IE *ibh- in Sanskrit ibha-H, elephant
?E-¿E-P?FE-RO (+ part), TUSK, SHARP; IE *aibhro-, *sharp, listed incorrectly under 4. ai-, burn, light
?E-P?FE (+ animal name), BOAR
?E-P?FE-RO (+ high degree), BOAR; IE epero- (for *ebhero- - a taboo deformation; cf. Germanic *ebur(a), boar, prince), boar
?E-P?FE-RO-?E (+ -like), IVORY; IE *ebheroi-, *ivory, in Latin ebur, ivory; Chinese yá-zhì, made of ivory
?E-¿E, SHARP-BLADED, CHISEL; Egyptian *(j)j, needle (Egyptian U23, 'chisel(?)'; read 3b but correctly j[b]); IE ai-, *sharp, in Lithuanian aitra, sharpness, listed under ai-tro-, sharp, an incorrect derivative of 4. a/a:i-, burn, light, *sharp
?E-FA (+ complete), BITE AT; Chinese yaāo, bite, snap at
SA-?E-FA(strong +), GIVEN A BITE, BITING. SOUR, SALTY; IE sa:i-wo-, *sharp, in Latvian sievs, sharp, biting,listed under sa:i-, pain, sickness, damage
?E-NA (+ ingressive), EAT; Sumerian en-4, *eat (J. 15 reads en-4, and portrays a human mouth; compounds derived from it mean 'meal'; Basque jan, eat
?E-T?A (+ give), EAT; IE ed- (*e:d), eat
?E-T?A-FA (+ set), FOOD; Sumerian id/t/t*, *food (J. 628 reads id/t/t*, and means 'reward'; it is composed of J. 629, 'right hand and arm`, and J. 628, 'grain`); IE e:do-, food, listed under ed-, eat
SA-?E-¿E (strong +), VERY SHARP, BITING, BE ACIDIC, BURNING, POISONOUS
SA-?E-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY BURNING, PAINFUL; IE sa:i-ro, painful, listed under sa:i-, pain, sickness, damage
SA-?E-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY PAINFUL; Basque samin, painful, bitter
?E, HARD, STONE; Sumerian i-4, stone (J. 453); Sumerian ia-4, stone (J. 453); Nenets (Uralic) ya, earth
?E-NA (+ one), ROCK; Egyptian jn(r), stone; Chinese yán, rock, cliff, crag
?E-NA-RO (+ high degree), MOUNTAIN, INDRA, ALLA(TUM), IL, SATURN AS MOUNTAIN; Sumerian al-7, *mountain (J. 14 reads al-7, and means 'high'); il(i/u)-3, high (J. 14); IE *in(d)ro- in Sanskrit Indra (d inserted to prevent adjacency of n and r), listed incorrectly under oid-, swell
?E-NA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BLOCK (OF STONE); Egyptian jnr, stone; Sumerian al-2, idol (J. 660); IE *an(d)ri- in Sanskrit adri-, stone, cliff, mountain (d inserted to prevent adjacency of n and r), listed incorrectly under ond-, stone, cliff?
?E, HARD
?E, OFF, BELOW (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbal particle, approximately 'near by, together with', outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away'
PRONOMINAL
?E, THIRD PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE (NEAR THING SPOKEN ABOUT), THAT YONDER; Egyptian demonstrative element -j in pj, that; Sumerian demonstrative element -e; IE 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)
?E-¿E (+ -like), HE, SHE, IT; IE 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles); Chinese yī, he or she or it
?E-K?E (+ male), I (MASCULINE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); IE eg^-, eg^(h)om, eg^o:, I
?E-K?E-?E-MA (+ asseveration), VERILY I (MASCULINE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); IE eg^hom (listed under eg^-, eg^(h)om, eg^o:, I), I
?E-MA (+ mound), THERE; Egyptian in jm, there; Sumerian im, *there, in i-3-im-g~en, he has come there; IE em-, there, listed under 3. e-, the
?E + (x), (TRUE PREPOSITIONS)
?E-T?SO (+ arm), BY MEANS OF; Sumerian -ta (for *-eta), ablative-instrumental (rather instrumental!)(J. 240); IE: ablative (o-stems), -e:/-o:d, but also *-e:/o:t (cf. Sanskrit vrka:t, vrka:d - -e:/o:d(h), instrumental, for ?E-T?SO, by means of; and *-e:/o:t(h6), ablative, for ?E-THSO, through)
¿A-SE (+ separate), AWAY TO; Sumerian adverbial -eš, e.g. An kug-ge zid-de-3-eš-2 mu-g~ar, pure An has faithfully placed it (there)
?E-THSO (+ circler), THROUGH; Sumerian -ta (for *-eta), ablative-instrumental (ablative!) (J. 240); IE: ablative (o-stems), -e:/-o:d, but also *-e:/o:t (cf. Sanskrit vrka:t, vrka:d - -e:/o:d(h6), instrumental, for '?E-T?SO, by means of; and *-e:/o:t(h6), ablative, for '?E-THSO, through)
?E-THSO-¿E (+ -like), FURTHERMORE; IE eti-, above and beyond, furthermore, also
?E-SHO (+ same), AS; Egyptian js, particle, as; e.g. jn.k js ppj pn z3 gbb js, this Pepy has come many times to you as the son of Geb (to be on the throne of Amon) - the final [js] is ?E-SHO, AS - the first [js] is ¿E-SHO, (EMPHASIS); IE esu-s, good, qualified [tüchtig])
?E, (PASSIVE IMPERFECTIVE - Stem VI)
* * *
Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø |
BODY
?O, MOUTH (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to the top of')
?O-FA (+ set), MOUTH-PARTS
?O-FA-SO (+ skin), LIP(S); IE 6us-, mouth, orifice, border
PRONOMINAL
?O, SECOND PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE, THAT (NEAR SPEAKER); *o-, listed under 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)
?O + (x), (TRUE PREPOSITIONS)
* * *
- ¿ -
Chinese initial ¿=y; final accented ¿=i final unaccented=' (rising tone) Tibetan ¿=y Tibeto-Burman: ¿A=ya in bya, bee (P?FA-¿A)
¿E=yi
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BODY
¿A, EYE(LID), OPTIC APERTURE, SLIT OF THE EYE (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest on points below
?A-MHA (+ -like), LOOK OVER
?A-MHA+¿E (+ ceaselessly active), LOOK OVER INTENSELY
?A-MHA-?E-RE (+ make), TAKE A LOOK; Egyptian in *jmj3, see (to), look upon, regard (this word is normally transliterated m3(3); it is written with U1, 'sickle', *jm (?A-'ME-HHA) and D4, 'eye', as a determinative; IE *amiro- in Latin mi:ror, to wonder at, be astonished, look at with admiration (cf. also Modern Spanish mirar, look at, watch), incorrectly listed under 1. (s)mei-, smile, be astonished; Akkadian ama:ru, see
¿A-NA (+ one), EYE
¿A-NA-¿A-NA, THE ANCESTORS; Sumerian en-en, the ancestors (Comb. 747 - 2x J. 161, watch)
¿A-¿E, EYELIKE
¿A-¿E-NA (+ one), EYE; Sumerian in-2, *eye (J. 798 reads in-2, and means 'eye'; ina-2, *eye (J. 798 reads ina-2, and means 'eye'); in(i)-2, *eye (J. 798 reads in(i)-2, and means 'eye'); cf. Akkadian înu, eye); Arabic ¿ainun, eye (cf. ?a¿yunun, eyes); Sumerian
¿A-FA, PAIR OF EYES
¿A-FA-NA (+ one), EYE; IE aun-, eye, listed incorrectly under okw-, see
¿A-FA-¿E, PAIR OF EYES; Sumerian ig~2i, eye(s) (J. 798); IE awi-, pair of eyes, in Old High German awi-zoraht, apparent, listed incorrectly under okw-, see
¿A-FA-¿E-T?A (+ give), CATCH SIGHT OF, SEE, FIND; IE *awid- in Sanskrit ávidat, finds, for 2. w(e)di-, catch sight of, see {this entry includes reflexes of FO-¿E-T?A-¿E, BE HEARING, KNOWING, and FO-¿E-T?A, HEAR, KNOW)
¿A-FA, SEE
¿A-FA-KHO (+ little), GLANCE; Sumerian ug-6, recognize, catch sight of (J. 801 reads ug-6, and means 'recognize, catch sight of = J. 798, eye + J. 239, clay tablet)
¿A-FA-KHO (+ little), SUN, UG (SUMERIAN SUN-GOD AS EYE OF HEAVEN); Sumerian ug/k/q, *day, *light (J. 230 reads ug/k/q, and means *day, *light)
¿A-XHA (+ press together), SQUINT TO SEE; IE okw-, see, *eye
T?SA-¿A-FA (long +), LONG LOOK; Sumerian zu, recognize, know, learn, teach (J. 6); IE *dha:u-, *stare, listed under dhey6- : dhya:- : dhi:-, see, view, *think
SA-¿A-FA (strong +), GET A GOOD LOOK; IE *sew- (for *syeu-), *see, noted as a variant under 2. sekw-, observe, see, show, originally scent, detect and (later) say, identical to 1. sekw-; Basque so, look, glance, gaze
¿A-RO (+ part), OPTICAL APERTURE; Egyptian jr, *eye (Egyptian D4, 'eye')
¿A-RO-T?O (+ lump), EYEBALL; Egyptian jr.t, eye; IE irid- in Greek îris, rainbow, listed incorrectly under 1. wei-, turn, bend
HHA-¿A (water +), TEAR (NOUN)
HHA-¿A-RHE (+ fall), CRY; Sumerian i/er-2, tear [J. 798 (eye) + J. 949 (water)]; Sumerian *ir, eye (J. 798 means 'eye'; combined with J. 949, 'water', HHA, it means '*tear'; this combination reads i/er-2, HHA-¿A-RHE, cry)
¿A, WHITE
¿A-RHA (+ color), WHITE
¿A-RHA-¿E, WHITE, KERNEL, HARD; IE are:i-, listed under 3. ar-, nut; perhaps in Arabic yarru, to be hard
¿A-RHA-QE (+ milk), SILVERY, MILKY; IE ar(e)(n)g^-, shining, whitish; Egyptian j3q.t, leeks; Arabic ¿araqa, strip a bone to the flesh (make to show white); ¿araqun, milk; ¿irqun, fresh milk; ¿arraqa, add a little water (whiten); ¿arîqun, noble (light-skinned)
VERBAL
¿A, SEE, WATCH
¿A-NA (+ ingressive), WATCH (noun), (PERIOD OF) TIME; Sumerian en(i/u), *watch (J. 161)
¿A-NA-FA (+ agentive), SCOUT; Egyptian (j)nw, hunter (*scout); Sumerian en(i/u), watchman, lord, king (J. 161)
¿A-NA-FA (+ complete), WATCH TO THE END; Egyptian jnw, see, look; Sumerian en(i/u), watch (J. 161)
¿A-NA-FA (+ set) (+ s, WATCHES, TIME; Egyptian (j)nw, time; used as a base for independent pronouns [jn(w)k - ¿A-NA-FA-K?E, now I (masc.) - jn(w)n - ¿A-NA-FA-NHA, now we]; and a form combined with THO from which the first syllable had disappeared through a shifted stress-accent was used for the other persons [NAF-'THO-KHO, now then you (originally, feminine)]; Sumerian en(i/u), time (J. 161); in ge-6-u-3-na, nighttime (ge-6 is KHE, shadow; u-3 also reads *wê [cf. u-3, cry of pain, weak, i.e. FHA-¿E and FA-?A-¿E, IE wai, woe, and wa:i-, weak, suffering); and in me-na-am-3, where, and me-na-še-3, how long - the last has the alternate form en-3-še-3, how long, which shows the earlier e- (nu-9-še-3 is also a possible read ing); IE 2. en-, year
¿A-NA, NARRATIVE, NOW; Egytian sDm.jn.f, indicates a result or sequel, and introduces outstanding events, and oftenest is translated as 'then'; Sumerian verbal prefix na - many examples show that verb forms with na set a stage for subsequent action, and can be simply translated as 'now': an-gal-ta ki-gal-še-3 g~eštug-2-ga-ni na-an-gub, from the great heaven, she (now) set her mind to the great earth; and, in the introductory formula of a letter, where na is always used: lugal-e na-ab- be-2-a, Ur-Li-9-si-4-na-ra u-3-na-a-dug-4, you must say to Ur-Lisina what the king (now) says; IE in nu/u:-, now; the present stem formatives -nno-, -no-, -n6-, -nu- and -new-
¿A-NA-ME (+ asseveration), NOW TRULY; Sumerian verbal prefix nam: e.g. a nam-de-6, now he has (truly) brought water (which continues: a zal-le na-nam, it is indeed overflowing water); IE similar formation: *num (in Greek nun, now), listed under nu/u:-, now
¿A-¿E (+ -like), BE LOOKING; Sumerian i, see (J. 270)
¿A-¿E-NA (+ one), TAKE A LOOK; IE in e:n, look there
¿A-¿E-NA (+ one),EYE; Chinese yân, eye
T?SA-¿A-¿E (long +), BE TAKING A LONG LOOK, VIEWING (ALSO IN THE MIND); Sumerian zi-5, *be taking a long look (J. 798 reads zi-5, and means 'see, judge, decide'); IE dhey6- (for *dhaye:-) : dhya:- : dhi:-, see, view, *think (cf. Old Indian dhyá-, thinking, speculation); Chinese cāi, guess, conjecture, speculate, suspect
SA-¿A-¿E (strong +), SEE WELL, PERCEIVE; Sumerian si-17, *see (J. 798 reads si-17, and means 'see'); IE *sey- in Old Icelandic sja:, see, listed incorrectly under 2. sekw-, notice, see, show, originally scent and more recently say; Chinese sī, take charge of, attend to, manage
SA-¿A-¿E-RE (+ make), GIVE A KNOWING LOOK, RECOGNIZE; Egyptian sj(j)3, recognize, perceive, know, be aware of, perception, knowledge
MINERAL
¿A, CREVICE
-¿A, (INANIMATE INDEFINITE PLURAL); IE -i in masculine and feminine plural of o-stems (-oi)
¿A-RHE (+ rain), DRENCH
¿A-RHE-QE (+ juice), PERSPIRATION; IE *erei(n)g-, *sweat (cf. Old Indian rin.á:'ti, let flow, run from, discharge), listed under 3. er-, put into motion (erei-, *flow); Sumerian irig, sweat (J. 457); Arabic ¿ariqa, sweat; ¿araqun, perspiration
¿A-SO (+ fold), (EMPHASIS); Egyptian js, emphatic particle (verily), or (many times), e.g. jn.k js ppj pn z3 gbb js, this Pepy has come many times to you as the son of Geb (to be on the throne of Amon) - the final [js] is ?E-'ZA-FA, AS (IE esu-s, good, qualified [tüchtig]); IE -yes, comparative suffix
¿A-T?SE (+ finger), ¿A-T?SE, HAND; Sumerian id/t/T(for *it), *hand (J. 628 reads id/t/T, and means 'arm, side, strength, reward'); Arabic yadun (a rare example of y for ¿), hand
Chinese initial ¿=y; final accented ¿=i final unaccented=' (rising tone) Tibetan ¿=y Tibeto-Burman: ¿A=ya in bya, bee (P?FA-¿A)
¿E=yi
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BODY
¿E, DIAPHRAGM (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from points below'); Japanese i, stomach
¿E-FA (+ round), WAIST; Chinese yāo, waist
¿E-P?FO (+ place), WAIST; Sumerian ib/p, waist, anger (J. 411); Egyptian jb, heart, mind, desire, mood
¿E-P?FO, ENGENDER; IE *yebh-, copulate, listed under eibh-; Tibetan yab, father
BODY
¿E, VOICE
¿E-?A (+ stative), SPEECH; Sumerian i, speech (J. 270); i-5, voice (J. 15 reads i-5, and means 'mouth, speak'); in Arabic ya?ya?u, show kindness, flatter, call out; IE ya:-, be excited, punish, revenge, speak excitedly, swear, praise
¿E-FA (+ set), WORD(S), LANGUAGE; Chinese yû, language, tongue, words; Japanese yuu, iu, speak
¿E-ME (+ expel), HUM; Egyptian jm, moan; Sumerian i/em(i),*moan (J. 721 reads i/em, and means 'wind, fear'); IE *em-, hum, in empi-, gnat (¿E-ME-PHA- ¿E) and embhi-, bumblebee (¿E-ME-P?FA-¿E)
¿E-ME-¿E (+ like), SPEAK; Egyptian *jm, speak (Egyptian Aa14, '?', is rather 'tongue'; a similar sign, Aa15, '?', is 'arm and side of body', and reads gs, side; both have been conflated into Aa13, '?'); Sumerian eme (em-4, i/em-4), speak (J. 50); IE *yem- in Russian ímya, name, listed under en(o)mN-; Chinese yán, speech, word
¿E-ME-¿E-FA (+ set), TONGUE; Egyptian in jm.w, *tongues, parts of the body; Sumerian eme (em-4, i/em-4), tongue (J. 50)
¿E-ME, MOAN OF THE WIND; Sumerian i/em(i), wind (J. 721)
¿E-MO (+ flesh), PHARYNX; Chinese yān, pharynx
¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO VOICE, YELL; IE 4. el- (for *yel-), ol-, *yell (cf. Swedish dialect jalm, cry, cacophony
ANIMAL
¿E, BREATH; Sumerian i, breath (J. 270)
¿E-?A (+ stative), BREATH (NOUN); Sumerian *ia, *breath (J. 270 reads ia, and means 'air, breath, spirit, activities of the spirit')
¿E-FHA (+ wind), HAVE WHISPERED
¿E-FHA-¿E-FHA, BE WHISPERING; Chinese yú-yú, whisper
VERBAL
¿E, BE RAISED (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from points below'); Sumerian i, raise (J. 270)
¿E-FA (+ complete), HAVE STIRRED UP; IE 1. yeu-, mix
¿E-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BROTH; IE yeu-to- (for *you-to-), *fat (cf. Middle Latin iotta, broth), listed under 1. yeu-, mix
¿E-FA, YOUNG; Egyptian *jw, *young (Egyptian E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest'; Sumerian u-4, *young (J. 684 reads u-4, and means 'young')
¿E-FA-¿E (+ -like), YOUNG (NEWLY SEPARATED); IE yewi-, young one, in Latin juvenis, young, listed under 3. yeu-, young
¿E-FA-NA (+ one), YOUNG (THING); IE in you-ni-, young, listed under 3. yeu-, young
¿E-FA-NA-KHO (+ little), VERY YOUNG; Sumerian ug-4, *young (J. 684 reads ug-4, and means 'young'); IE yowenko- (for *younko-), young, listed under 3. yeu- (for *you-), young
¿E-FA-NO, WOMB; IE *youn- in Old Indian yó:ni, stopping place, womb, listed incorrectly under yeu-ni or you-ni-, approximately appointed place, right way
¿E-FA-NO (+ store), BEAR YOUNG; Sumerian unu-3, *bear young (J. 759 [cow] + J. 893 [bear]; IE youno-, *bear young, in Latin Ju:no:, Juno, listed under 3. yeu-, young
¿E-FA-NO-RO (+ raise), PREGNANT; Chinese yùn, pregnant
¿E-FA-NO, PROCREATE YOUNG; Sumerian unu-8, *procreate young (J. 561 [long] + J. 424 [penis])
VERBAL
¿E, SPEAK; in Arabic ya?ya?a, call out
¿E-FHA (+ wind), CRY OUT; IE yu/ua:, outcry, especially rejoicing; Chinese yāo, cry out, call
¿E-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO CRY OUT; IE ye:ul- in English yowl, listed under 2. yu/u:-, outcry, especially rejoicing; Arabic ¿âla/ya¿ulu, lament; ¿awwala, wail, weep loudly
¿E-FHA-PHA(+ diminutive), MAKE A LITTLE CRY; IE *yaup-, *yap, *yipe, *yip; Arabic ¿aufun, wolf (yapper?)
GRAMMATICAL
?E,(IMPERFECT{IVE} PARTICIPLE); Egyptian -j, imperfect participle; Sumerian -e, imperfect participle (marû); IE -i-, present (really imperfect) formant; forms nomina agentis (Brugmann 1972: II, 278-84)
ADPOSITIONAL
¿E-, UP FROM (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbial particle, approximately 'near by, together with', outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away', *up from (cf. Greek he-geíro:, wake up)
¿E-RHO (+ rise), RISE UP FROM; Egyptian jr(j), act (as), succeed; Sumerian il(i/u)-3 (for il-3), bring to an end (J. 14); IE el6- (for *elo:-), drive, set into motion, move one's self, go, *rise up from (cf. Armenian elanem, climb up, come up out of), listed under 6. el-
¿E, GENITIVE; though the Sumerian genitive is generally regarded as -ak, it is never written -AK but rather as -a of -Ca (or assimillated to the previous vowel) unless followed by a vowel. E. Sollberger regards, therefore, the ending as -a: e.g. g~išrab mah an ki-a, the huge neckstock of heaven and earth; e-2 lugal-la, the house of the king. This mode of formation corresponds to the possessive pronouns: g~u-10, my, from *g~a-2 (FA-'?E), I; zu, your, from *za, you (T?E-'?E); a-ni, his, hers, from *an (?A-NA-'?E); these are theoretical absolutive forms from g~a-2-e, za-e, and a-ne (ergative). The Sumerian forms with -k-, e.g. Nin-G~ir-2-su-ke-4, Ningirsu (ergative) is the result of compounding with aka-2, possession (HHA-'¿E-KHXO, sea-shell, possession; in Egyptian jx.t, possession; IE e:ik-, own, have the power to [for *a:ik-]). This genitive is also seen in IE in the possessive pronouns: me-yo- (for *ma-yo-), my; and in the Latin and Irish genitives in -i:.
¿E-¿E,(DERIVATIONAL); Egyptian -j(j), adjectives of relationship; Sumerian adjectives in -a (J. 949 for *iá:-x, i.e. ?éHH, flood); IE -yo- (for *-y-o-), forms adjectives denoting possession, origin, and other ways in which one thing may be connected with another; locative -i (really derivational); Semitic nisbe-adjectives in -îy-
PRONOMINAL
¿E, I (FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); Twi yɛ, we, our, us
¿E, YOU (SECOND PERSON SINGULAR [POLITE]); Sumerian e, 2 p. sing.; IE in 1. yu-, you (2nd p. dual and pl.) from *yewa (RH ¿EF); 2nd p. sing. primary -i in Lithuanian dirbi and Old Irish -bir (IE bhera:i), you bear
Chinese initial ¿=y; final accented ¿=i final unaccented=' (rising tone) Tibetan ¿=y Tibeto-Burman: ¿A=ya in bya, bee (P?FA-¿A)
¿E=yi
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¿O, FIST (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to points below'); Egyptian *h, *fist (Egyptian O4, 'reed shelter in fields', rather 'fist'); Sumerian a-2, arm, power, *fist (J. 628, composed of J. 629, 'right hand with arm', and J. 669, grain, water; since WATER is a (HHA), and PLANT-TOP is *a (?A), we assume that an unrecorded reading of J. 669 is a-x, and that it is being used as a phonetic determinant for FIST, i.e. a (¿O); a-6, *fist (J. 750 reads a-6, and means 'hand')
¿O, TESTICLE, MALE, SCROTUM, FORMANT OF MALE NAMES
¿O-¿E (+ -like), TESTICULAR
¿O-¿E-T?O (+ lump), TESTICLE; IE oid-, swell, *testicle (cf. Polish jadro, testicles)
¿O-¿E-RO-¿E (+ part), TESTICLE; IE *oiri- in Welsh eirin, testicles, plums, listed incorrectly under o:g-, grow, fruit, berry
¿O-¿E (+ -like), BE PROCREATING; Egyptian h(j), husband; Sumerian 'u-5, lord of the house (J. 95)
¿O-¿E-¿E (+ -like), PROCREATOR; Egyptian hjj, husband; Sumerian ea (for *'é(y)à-4), *father (J. 949 reads 'e-4, and means 'father')
¿O-FA (+ set), PAIR OF TESTICLES
¿O-FA-¿E (+ -like), STRONG; IE *6wi-, strong, in Greek i:s, strength, listed under 3. wei-, 1. to go after some thing
¿O, BE SQUEEZED, HELD TIGHTLY, FORCED, PRESSED OUT; Sumerian i-3, ia-3, *be pressed out, run, sweat (J. 456 reads i-3, ia-3, and means 'be pressed out, run, sweat')
¿O-?A (+ stative), BE HOLDING ONE'S SELF TIGHTLY, BE EXCITED; IE ya:-, yo:- , be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise
¿O-?A-RO (+ high degree), BE HOLDING ONE'S SELF VERY TIGHTLY, BE VERY EXCITED; Egyptian hr(w), pleasing, be pleased, satisfied, content, be quiet, at peace (the nuance should be 'happily excited`); Sumerian ul(u), bind, yoke, full strength, be happy (J. 786 depicts bull's head lowered to attack); IE yo:-ro-s, violent, listed under ya:-, yo:-, be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise
¿O-?A, BE FORCED, BROUGHT LOW; IE ya:-, yo:- , be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise; Sumerian u, throw down (J. 750 reads u, and means 'throw down'); Basque jo, hit, strike, beat
¿O-?A-SA (+ sinew), GIRD; IE yo:(s)-, gird
¿O-FA, HOLD TOGETHER, HOLD CLOSE; Sumerian u-8, stall (J. 849); IE 2. yeu- (for *you-), bind together
¿O-FA-NA (+ one), BINDING MATERIAL; IE yeun- in Old Indian yu:na, rope, string (hold)
¿O-FA-NO (+ store), COLUMN; IE yeun- in Old Indian yu:na, rope, string (hold); Sumerian un, *column (J. 578: a unrecorded meaning but the sign consists of a house and tree)
¿O-FA-NO-¿E (+ -like), MEETING PLACE; IE yeu-ni- or you-ni-, appointed place, right way; Sumerian unu-6, place (of appointment?) (Comb. 2504 = J. 680 (te, bind) + J. 391 (unu, reed hut)
¿O-FA-NO-¿E, RESIDENCE; IE yeu-ni- or you-ni-, appointed place, right way, *residence (cf. Old Indian yó:ni-, residence)
¿O-FA-NO-¿E, REED (SUPPORTING COMPONENT); IE yoi-ni- (for *you-ni; cf. Latin iuncus, reed), reed; Sumerian *un(i), reed (Comb. 1164 = 2x J. 273 [tur-tur, columns?: cf. Egyptian '3j, column, pillar; IE in Old Indian dháritar, holder, listed under 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support])
¿O-FA-NO-FA (+ set), COLUMNS, RESIDENCE; Sumerian unu, reed hut (J. 391); unu-4, home (J. 578)
¿O-FA-NO, LORD (OF THE RESIDENCE); Basque jaun, lord; Sumerian un, *lord, king (J. 578: a unrecorded meaning of column(s), court, since the sign consists of a house and tree; a meaning of 'king` is recorded)
¿O-FA-NO, STORE
¿O-FA-NO-¿E (+ -like), STOREHOUSE; Sumerian unu, *granary (J. 391); unu-2, *granary (J. 680 [foundation] + J. 391); IE you-ni-, appointed place, right path, listed under yeu-ni-
¿O-FA-NO-¿E, HOUSE; unu-5, house (J. 222); unu-6, *house (J. 680 [foundation] + J. 222)
¿O-FA-NO-¿E, STOREHOUSE MANAGER; unu-7, priest (storehouse manager) (J. 632)
¿O-FA-QE (+ adhere), HOLD TOGETHER; IE yeu-(n)g(^)-, bind, listed under 2. yeu-, bind; Arabic ¿âqa, impede, delay, hinder anyone from
¿O-FA-SA, YOKE; Basque uztartu, yoke
¿O-NHA (+ ingressive), STOP; Egyptian hn, halt, cease; Sumerian ul-2, not (J. 119); IE ol- (for *ole-), destroy, spoil??, listed under 5. el-; ol-(e)-, destroy
¿O-P?O (+ cheek), SWALLOW (TRANSITIVE); Arabic ¿abba/ya¿ubbu, gulp, swallow water in one draft
¿O-PHA (+ diminutive), SWALLOW; Arabic, ta¿âffa (¿ff), take medicines
¿O-RE (+ make), HOLD CLOSE, BE PRESENT; Egyptian h3, grasp
¿O-RE, BE STEERED
¿O-RE, REIN; Sumerian uri, rein (Comb. 2352: (GIS`) + J. 661, uri + J. 812, ki/e)
¿O-RE, THINGS PRESENT, CURRENT TIME, YEAR; IE yo:ro- (for *yore), year, summer, *time (cf. Greek ho:ra, season, time of day, hour, proper time, and ho:ros, time, year), listed incorrectly under 1. ei-, go, etc.)
¿O-RE-FA (+ set), THINGS PRESENT: ACTIVITY (AFFAIRS) - PEOPLE (FAMILY) - LOCATION (VICINITY) - TIME (CURRENT) - OBJECTS (POSSESSIONS) - FACTS (CIRCUMSTANCES); Egyptian h3.w, time (present), lifetime, neighborhood,, environment, belongings, circumstances, affairs, kindred
¿O, SQUEEZE
¿O, OIL; Sumerian i-3, fat (J. 456)
¿O-?A (+ plant), OIL; Sumerian ia-3 (for *iá:' – cf. the Akkadian reading ia'u in Jaritz), fat, oil (J. 456)
¿O-?A-FA (+ set), OIL-PRESSINGS, OIL; Sumerian ia-3, fat, oil, *press out (J. 456); IE yeu- (for *you- - cf. yo/o:(u)s-, yu:s-, broth), mix, *fat, *oil, *press out (cf. Old Irish ith, fat); Chinese yóu, oil, fat, grease
¿oF-?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), OILY; Chinese yú, fat, plump
?O, (MAGICALLY) STRONG
¿O-MHA (+ ceaselessly energetic), FORCE; IE om6-, proceed energetically; and therefrom, insist firmly upon, make fast = affirm with an oath, and set upon, torture, harm, *strong (cf. Avestan ama-, strong)
¿O-T?A (+ give), RESIST; Egyptian hd, attack, punish, dismiss, obstruct, prevail over; IE 2. od-, antagonism, hatred
GRAMMATICAL
ADPOSITIONAL
¿O, TO UNDER, DOWN TO (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbial particle, approximately 'near by, together with' outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away'
¿O, NECESSITY, OBLIGATION, SUBJUNCTIVE; IE subjunctive suffix -yo; causative suffix -yo
¿O, PROSPECTIVE, Sumerian u-3, prospective prefix (J. 805)
¿O, RELATIVE; IE yo-, who, which, listed incorrectly under 3. e-, the, he; Sumerian i-3 or ia-3, normal prefix of verbal forms (J. 456); Akkadian i-, prefix of verbal forms; Arabic ya-, prefix of imperfective verbs (cf. also ?ayyu, which of)
¿O, OBJECT
* * *
- F -
Chinese: F=w -A-FA-'¿A ài; -A-FA-HHA-'¿A ài Tibetan FO=b Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FA=wa; ?-wa becomes ?(-)u possibly |
FA, PALM, FINGER; (secondary) Egyptian *w, *palm (Egyptian M42, 'flower', really 'leaf'); Sumerian u, finger, hand (for *palm) (J. 750)
FA, NAVEL
FA, FLACCID PENIS (POSSIBLY FORESKIN [ROUND DEPRESSION]); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) wa, man, father, husband, person
FA-¿E, PENILE
FA-¿E-SE (+ emit), SMELL SOURLY; IE 3. weis-, liquify, flow, also of animal semen, especially of the dampness and odor of decaying plants, impure liquids, poison, *stink (cf. wiso-, stink) - note Armenian ge:š, carrion
FA-¿E-SE, WEASEL; Egyptian *wz, *weasel, then jackal (Egyptian F12, 'head and neck of canine animal' - this depiction of a long-necked animal with prominent ears is Egyptian *wz, *ear (FO-¿E-SO-¿E), cognate with Sumerian J. 688, *g~2iš, (pair of) ears (SEE FO-¿E-SO-FA-¿E), 'a long-necked animal with prominent ears', the weasel, name transferred to jackal, pole cat, and other strong-smelling animals); Sumerian *g~2iš(i), weasel (v. supra) (J. 688 is rendered by the Akkadians as gi-eš and el-ta-nu - this latter should be connected with IE el6-to-, polecat, listed incorrectly under 1. el-, red, brown - should be listed under 3. el-, be musty, spoil(?); IE 3. weis-, *stink, *polecat (cf. wiso-, stink, and Germanic *wis(j)o:, polecat), etc.
FA-¿E-SE, URINATE; Egyptian wz(š), urinate; Sumerian g~2iš-3, ejaculate (J. 424); IE weis- (for *wais-), flow
FA-¿E-SE, PENIS; Sumerian g~2iš-3, penis, pubic region (J. 424)
FA-XE (+ extend out), EXCRETE; Egyptian w(z)š, urinate, pass fluid; Sumerian uš-4, *excrement (J. 893 reads uš-4, and means 'excrement'); IE wegw- (for *wagwh-), wet, moisten (cf. Middle Irish fu:al, urine); Basque behi, cow (for *bahi?)
FA-XE, PENIS; Sumerian uš, penis (J. 424)
-FA, (MASCULINE); Egyptian -w; Sumerian -a; IE -o, masculine termination; -o, nomina agentis
PLANT
FA, LEAF; Sumerian u-2, leaves, plant (J. 593)
FA-¿E (+ -like), LEAF-LIKE, GREEN
FA-¿E-RA, GREENERY; Sumerian g~2ir, g~2ir-4, g~2ir-8, g~2ir-12, fruit plantation, sprout, sprout, straw (J. 634, 773, 834, 277)
FA-¿E-RA-¿E (+ -like), GREEN
FA-¿E-RA-¿E-T?SA (+ experience), FRESH
FA-¿E-RA-¿E-T?SA-¿E (+ -like), FRESH, GREEN; Egyptian w3D, green (Coptic ouo:t; ouotouet); IE *wiridi-, green, in Latin viridis, green; Basque urdin, blue
FA-HA (+ stative), FRAGILE, WEAK
FA-HA-¿E, FRAGILE, WEAK; Egyptian *wj, *weak (Egyptian E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest', *wj for current reading of jw); Sumerian ûae, *weak (J. 805 reads ûae, and means 'weak'); IE wa/a:i-, weak, suffering; Chinese wá, baby, child, newborn animal; Arabic wahâ, be weak
FA, GREEN; Chinese wā, frog (green?)
FA-RHA (+ color), GREEN; IE possibly in wa:-r- (Latin varius, multi-colored), listed mistakenly under 2. wa:-, apart
FA-RA-T?SA (+ body), PAPYRUS; Egyptian w3D, papyrus-plant (Egyptian M13, 'stem of papyrus')
FA-RA-T?SE (+ extend), GROW; IE werdh-, grow, climb, high (Note: Greek orthagorískos, suckling pig); Arabic warada, blossom; Egyptian w3D, flourish; Basque urde, male pig
FA-RA-T?SE-¿E (+ -like), ROOT; IE w(e)ra:d- (for *wra:dhi- - cf. Greek hrádza, root), branch, rod, root
FA-T?O (+ lump), PLANT; Sumerian ud-2, plant (J. 636)
FA, CIRCLE
FA-¿E (+ like), CIRCULAR
FA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BEING MADE CIRCULAR; Sumerian g~2i/e-16, bind, trap, sling, bow (J. 110); IE *wyai- Sanskrit vyáyati, winds, wraps, covers (listed under 1. wei-, turn, bend)
FA-¿E-NA (+ one), VINE; IE wein- (for *wayin- - cf. Greek oinás, vine, grape, wine), listed under 1. wei-, turn, bend
FA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), BEING WRAPPED; Sumerian g~2il, wrap, wrap up (J. 110); IE *wyali- in Lithuanian vielióti, wrap
FA-¿E-P?A (+ diminutive), BE MOVED IN LITTLE CIRCLES, CONFUSED, WOBBLE; Sumerian g~ib, wrap, confuse (J. 110); IE weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing
FA-¿E-P?A-RE (+ make), BE APPLIED WITH A CIRCULAR MOTION, DRILL; Sumerian g~iburu (for *g~ibar), *bore into (J. 750 reads giburu(m), and means 'bore into`); IE *weibre- in Latin vibro:, set into trembling, swinging motion (listed under 2. weib- under weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing
FA-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), MOVE ONE'S SELF IN LITTLE CIRCLES, VIBRATE; IE weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing
FA-¿E-SE (+ separate), BE DISPERSING, SPREADING OUT OVER; IE 1. wes- (for alternative *wais-; cf. Greek histíe:, fireplace, and others), stay, dwell, stay overnight; Sumerian giš-3, lie close by (J. 424 reads giš-3, and means 'lie close by'); Basque bizi, live
-FA, (FORMER OF NUMERALS)
FA, NUMBER, MARK CONSTITUTING A QUANTITY, COMPLETE, NOT DISCRETELY COUNTABLE
FA-¿E (+ -like), BE COUNTING; Sumerian u (for *ü), count (J. 750)
SA-FA (strong +); Sumerian šu-2, totality (J. 908), but through confusion, oftenest written with šu, hand (J. 651); many compounds of šu with verbs are not reasonably interpreted if šu means 'hand'
GRAMMATICAL
-FA, (INANIMATE DEFINITE SMALL PLURAL), SET; Egyptian -.w, masculine plural; IE -u in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stems; IE -u in -u: of u-stems; IE -6 of consonantal stems; IE in -ous (genitive dual)
-FA-¿E (+ -like), (DUAL); Egyptian -.wj, dual termination; Sumerian -g~2i in ig~2i, pair of eyes; IE -ai (for *-a(w)i) in nominative, accusative, and vocative dual of a:-stems
FA-¿E, PAIR, TWO; IE 1. wi/i:-, two; Basque bi, two
FA-¿E, (ADMIRATIVE); Egyptian -wj, how ... !
-FA, (PASSIVE PERFECTIVE - Stem VIII)
-FA, (PERFECTIVE} PARTICIPLE); Egyptian -w, perfective participle; in Sumerian, it can be seen only indirectly, as in ME-FA, name, from ME, be announcing (mu, name, J. 102); in Indo-European -'ú in tNn-ú-s, stretched, thin, from ten-, stretch out, lengthen (Brugmann 1972: II, 312-18)
¿E-FA, (FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE); IE -yo, future passive participle
FA, FORMANT OF COLOR AND OTHER QUALITY ADJECTIVES
FA, INANIMATE FREQUENTATIVE/ITERATIVE (DO REPEATEDLY [TO COMPLETION])
-FA, NOMINAL TOPICAL
FA, ROUND
FA-¿E, SEPARATED (INTO A PAIR); IE 2. wi/i:-, apart, in two, asunder
FA-¿E-T?SE (+ pluck), SEPARATE, SEVER (IN TWO); (Egyptian Aa21, 'carpenter's tool?', rather a 'strand of cloth {cf. S27} over a V-shaped cutting blade'); Egyptian in wD('), sever; Sumerian gaz/s/š (for *g~2az), divide (J. 381); IE weidh-, widh-, separate
FA-¿E-T?SE-FA (+ perfective participle), SEPARATED; IE widhewo-s, separated, listed under weidh-, widh-, separate
FA-¿E-T?SE-FA-HA (+ female), WIDOW; IE widhewa:, widow, listed under weidh-, widh-, separate
FA-¿E-T?SE, KEEP APART, JUDGE; Egyptian wD('), judge, open (door), discern, assign; Sumerian gat-2 (for *g~2at), separate (J. 104)
FA-¿E-T?SE-THO (+ feminine), DIVORCEE; Egyptian wD(').t, divorced woman
FA-¿E-SO (+ pull), BE SEPARATED, TORN ASUNDER; Egyptian ws (for *wjs - cf. Coptic oueise), saw (apart), harvest (pull off); Sumerian giš (for *g~2is), *separate (J. 561 reads giš, and means 'plow'); gaz/s/š (for *g~2as), break apart (J. 381); IE 4. wes- (for *wais- - cf. Sanskrit va:sayati, cut off {aorist: avīsat}; Old Irish fennaid, flays), pierce? (rather *tear apart); 2. wes- (for *wais-), feast, be removed
FA-NA (+ one), (ROUND) PUNCTURE, WOUND; Egyptian wn, open, open up (quarry), rip open; IE wen- (for *wan-), beat, wound
FA-SO (+ pull), BE SEPARATED, TORN ASUNDER; IE 2. wes- (for *was-), feast, be removed, *pasture (cf. Hittite weši, pasture); Basque bazka, food, fodder, pasture (-ka, manner, progressive action)
FA-SHA (+ immobile), BE DISPERSING, SPREADING OUT OVER; Sumerian uš, lie close by (J. 424 reads uš, and means 'lie close by'); IE 1. wes-, stay, dwell, stay overnight
FA, BIRD'S NEST, EGG, NESTLING, BIRD; Egyptian w, *egg (Egyptian G43, 'quail chick', rather 'chick recently hatched from egg'); Sumerian u-5, bird (J. 123) {1}; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) wa, bird, feather; ?u (if ?- is a prefix), egg, sit on eggs
FA-¿E (+ -like), EGGLIKE, EGG, BIRD
HA-FA-¿E (air +), BIRD, EAGLE; IE a(:)wei-, bird, *eagle (cf. Greek aietós, eagle); Sumerian hu (for *hü from *hwê), bird (J. 122)
HA-FA-¿E, BIRD, EGG; Sumerian hi, *egg (J. 715 reads hi, and means 'egg' - hi from *hwi); IE in o(w)y-om, egg
FA, FLATLY CIRCULAR (DEPRESSION)
FA, (FORMER OF BIRD NAMES); IE -u/w in a number of bird names like English daw or mew
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: F=w -A-FA-'¿A ài; -A-FA-HHA-'¿A ài Tibetan FO=b Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FA=wa; ?-wa becomes ?(-)u possibly |
BODY
FE, MUSCLE, STRENGTH (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from a circle' [unwound])
FE-NA (+ one), BUTTOCK
FE-NA-T?SA(-FA) (+ body), BUTTOCK(S)
FE-NA-T?SA-FA-RO (+ part), SEAT; IE wendhur- in Old Indian vandhúra, wagon-seat, listed under wendh-, turn, etc.
FE-NO (+ stomach), ABDOMEN; *wen-, *diaphragm, in Latin venter, stomach, listed incorrectly under udero-, stomach
FE-NO-T?A(-FA) (+ side), HAUNCH(ES); *wend(u)-, *haunch(es), in Latin venter, stomach; Basque ondo, side
FE-NO-T?A-RO-¿E (+ part), STOMACH; IE *wendri- in Latin venter (ventris), stomach, listed incorrectly under udero-, stomach
FE-NO-T?SA, PAUNCH
FE-NO-T?SA-¿E (+ -like), (SHIP'S) HOLD; Basque ontzi, container, boat, ship
FE-NO-TS?A-FA(-THO) (+ set), (SHIP'S) HOLDS; Egyptian in wnD.w.t, 'depressions, ship's hold(s)'
FE-¿E (+ -like), MUSCULAR, ENERGETIC; IE 3. wei-, a. set about something, on the one side, go, stay on a straight course, way, low, on the other side, go after something, strive for, chase after, long for, want to; b. be strong; Chinese wēi, impressive strength
FE-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY STRONG, HERO, ADULT MALE; Egyptian wr, chief, great one, magnate, ruler (of a foreign land); Sumerian g~2il-2, *strong (J. 834 reads gil-2, and means 'powerful, strong, great'); IE wi/i:ro-s, man, really 'the strong one', *hero; Arabic wâlin, ruler
FE-¿E-SHA (+ state), STRENGTH; Egyptian wz(r), strong, powerful, wealthy, influential; Sumerian g~iš (for *g~2is), power (J. 561); IE wi:s- (for *weyas - cf. Sanskrit váyas-, vitality, youthful strength, time of youth), strength, listed under 3. wei-, a. set about something, etc.
FE-¿E-SHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY STRONG; Egyptian wzr, strong, powerful, wealthy, influential; IE *wis-ro-, *very energetic, in Greek hi:erós, quick, fast, listed under 3. wei-, a. set about something, etc.
FE-NA (+ one), OVERCOME; IE 1. wen- originally 'strive', wherefrom 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph'
FE-NA-¿E-¿E(-THO-¿E) (+ derivative), VICTORY; Egyptian wn.jj.tj, victor
FE-NA-P?A (+ piece), TROPHY; Egyptian wnp.w, victory
FE, UNWIND
FE-K?E (+ split open), BE WAKEFUL, VIGILANT, ALERT; IE weg^-, weg^e:-, fresh, be strong, wog^-ro-s, powerful (for *weg^e:- - cf. Old Indian va:ja-, power, speed, competition, prize
FE-K?E-¿E (+like), WATCH; IE weg^-, weg^e:-, fresh, be strong, wog^-ro-s, powerful (for *weg^e:i- - cf. Latin vigil, watch, watchman); Chinese wáng, king, monarch; Basque begi, eye; begira, look
VEGETABLE
FE, VINE, TENDRIL, TUBULARLY ROUND
GRAMMATICAL
FE, AGENTIVE; Egyptian -w, agentive
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: F=w -A-FA-¿E ài; -A-FA-HHA-¿E ài Tibetan FO=b Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FA=wa; ?-wa becomes ?(-)u possibly |
BODY
FO, EAR, CIRCULAR BORDER OF A DEPRESSION/HOLE; Sumerian dialectal wa, *ear (J. 688 reads wa, and means 'ear')
FO, CURL, SURROUND, POSSIBLY FORESKIN, WILT (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to a circle')
FO-¿E (+ -like), CURLY; IE 1. wei- (for *woi- - cf. woi-twa:, what is turned, sapling, etc.), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend; Chinese wāi, askew, crooked, inclined, slanting, devious, underhand, crooked, awry (of the mouth)
FO-¿E, SHEEP; Sumerian u-10, sheep (J. 902)
FO-¿E-THO (+ assemble), SHEEP HERD
FO-¿E-THO-RO (+ adult), (LEAD) RAM; IE *woiter- in Old High German widar, ram, listed incorrectly under wet-, year
FO-¿E-KHXA-?E (+ stick), SHEEP-FOLD, SETTLEMENT; IE woik^o-, house, settlement, listed under weik^-, wik^-
FO-¿E-KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemble), SETTLEMENT; Egyptian wH.t, village
FO-¿E (+ -like), WOOL; Sumerian u-15, wool (J. 901)
FO-¿E-FA (+ set), WOOLEN GOODS; Sumerian ua-3, wool (J. 901)
FO-¿E, BE CURLING (TRANSITIVE); IE 1. wei- (for *woi- - cf. woi-twa:, what is turned, sapling, etc.), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend; Chinese wâi, rugged (mountain path), sprain, twist
FO-FA (+ set), CURLY COAT
FO-FA-¿E (+ -like), CURLY, SHEEP; Sumerian u-10, sheep (J. 902); IE ówi-s (for *wowi-s), sheep
FO-FA, SHEEP; Sumerian ua-2, sheep (J. 902)
FO-FA-T?SE (+ teat), (SHEEP'S) TEAT; IE e:udh- (for *wo:udh-), udder
FO-FA-T?SE-K?XE (+ strip), BE WEANED; Egyptian wDH, wean
FO-FA-T?SE-RO (+ part), (SHEEP'S) UDDER; Sumerian udul-7 (for *utelu from *uzelu), *udder (J. 273 means 'mammary glands`, and reads udul-7); IE *wo:udher-, *udder, in English udder, listed under e:udh-, udder
FO-HA (+ female), EWE; Sumerian u-8, ewe (J. 849); ua, ewe (J. 849)
FO-HA, WETHER; Sumerian ua-4, wether (J. 894 = J. 834, ball + J. 560, stick, indicating method of emasculation)
FO-K?O-¿E (+ rope), SNARE; Egyptian *wH (for wTj), *snare (Egyptian P4, 'fisherman's boat with net' - usually read wH'); Sumerian ugu, *snare (J. 731 reads ugu, and is supposed to be a variant form of J. 725, which portrays a fish in a basket-net, and reads — among others — ugab; J. 727 = J. 725 + J. 169 (net), and is interpreted as 'fishing-net'; Comb. 2848 = J. 725 + J. 832 (hang) means 'noose` among others); IE weg- (for *wo:gi-), weave, knot, fabric, web, *snare (cf. Old Indian va:gurá:, snare, snaring net, net, and Anglo-Saxon wo:cig, noose, snare); Chinese wâng, net, network, catch with a net, net, cover or enclose as with a net
FO-K?O-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), SNARER; Egyptian wH', fisher, fowler
FO-NA, FLOWER(-PETAL); Egyptian wn, *flower (Egyptian M42, 'flower?')
FO-NA-¿E (+ -like), LOVELY; IE 1. wen- (for *weni-; cf. OHG wini, friend), originally 'strive', wherefrom 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph; Egyptian in 'š3.t r wn(j).w, multitude of *beauties, epithet of the Red Crown; wn(j) jnw X.t, *loveliness of body, as a good characteristic of a person; wn(j), *friend (designation of a person, by "messenger"); Basque on, good
FO-NA-P?FO (+ leg), FLOWER-STALK; Egyptian wnb, flower
FO-NA, OCCUPY; IE 1. wen-, originally 'strive', where from 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph', *occupy (cf. OHG wone:n, reside); Egyptian wn, be, be present)
FO-NHA (+ move back and forth), TURN, OPEN; IE 7. wel-, turn, wind, revolve; Egyptian wn, open; Sumerian g~al-2, open (J. 126)
FO-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BEING TURNED; IE w(e)lei- (for *w6le:i-), turn, wind, roll, listed under 7. wel-
FO-NHA-¿E, CHOOSE; IE wle:(i)- (for *w6le:i-), want, choose, listed under 2. wel-
FO-NHE (+ little), SHEEP; Tibetan bal, wool
FO-NHE-NA (+ one), WOOL; IE wL:-na in wL:-na:, wool, listed under 4. wel-, wel6-, in words for 'hair, wool', also 'grass, head (of grass), woods'
FO-NHE-NA-FA (+ set), WOOLEN GOODS; Sumerian unu-3 (for *ulnu [?]), *woolen goods (Comb. J. 759 {cattle} + J. 893 {clothes})
FO-NHE-NA-HHA (+ all), HEAP OF WOOL; IE wL:-na:, wool, listed under 4. wel-, wel6-, in words for 'hair, wool', also 'grass, head (of grass), woods'
FO-NHE-PHA-¿E (+ bite), JACKAL; Sumerian lib/p (for *ulbi), *jackal (J. 657 reads lib/p, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [puh], 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'fox' [lub/p]); IE wl̊p- (for *wl̊pi- - cf. Avestan raopi-s, fox, jackal), lup-, in names for predatory animals, especially from the canine family (fox, jackal, wolf), an old e:-root (this entry mixes words for FOX derived from HHA-NHO-PHE, the source of the 'e:-root'); in Anglo-Saxon wulf, wolf, listed incorrectly under wl̊kwos, wolf
FO-NHE-XHA(-¿E) (+ strangle), WOLF; Egyptian wnš, jackal; Sumerian lig/k/q (for *ulhi), dog (*wolf), (J. 945); IE wLkwos (for *wLkwi- - cf. Old Prussian wilkis, wolf, and the Greek place-name Oulkínion), wolf; Chinese láng, wolf
FO-THO (+ assemblage), SHEEP HERD; Sumerian udu, sheep (J. 894)
FO-THO-HA (+ female), WETHER; Sumerian utua-2 (for *udua), wether (J. 551)
FO-THO-RO (+ adult), SHEPHERD; Sumerian ud/tul-3 (*udul), shepherd (J. 551)
FO-THO-RO, HERDER; Sumerian udul-5, cowherd (J. 546); ud/tul-6 (for *udul), herder (J. 544) - the term for 'shepherd' has been generalized
FO-THO-FE (+ male), SHEPHERD; Sumerian utua (for *udua), herder (shepherd) (J. 544)
FO-T?SE (+ finger), TAIL; IE in wedhel-, tail, listed incorrectly under 10. a(w)e-, blow, etc.
FO-T?SE, WAG
FO-T?SE-FE (+ agentive), WAGGER, WOLF; Basque otso, wolf
FO-T?SE-NHA (+ ingressve), START TO WAG; IE wedhel- in OHG wadalo:n, go back and forth, listed incorrectly under 10. a(w)e-, blow, etc.
FO, CURL (LOCK, TRESS) OF WOOL
FO, HEAR
FO-¿E (+ -like), BE HEARING
FO-¿E ( -like), EAR; Sumerian dialectal wi, *ear (J. 688 reads wi, and means 'ear')
FO-¿E-SO(-¿E) (+ skin), EAR; Egyptian *wz, ear (Egyptian F12, 'head and neck of canine animal' - this depiction of a long-necked animal with prominent ears is the same as Sumerian J. 688, *g~iš, ear (SEE FO-¿E-SO-FA-¿E), 'a long-necked animal with prominent ears', the weasel, name transferred to jackal, polecat, and other strong-smelling animals, properly FA-¿E-SE-HHA; IE us- (for *6o(w)isi-), ear, listed under 2. o:us-
FO-¿E-SO-FA(-¿E) (+ set), (PAIR OF) EARS; Sumerian *g~iš (for *g~iši), ear (J. 688 has an Akkadian reading of gi/eš, and means 'ear' - J. 688 is confirmed to read geš/du(g), ear - g~iš is a component of g~eštu-2, ear (Comb. 1671 = J. 561, giš + J. 893, ši-4 + J. 688, ear), and g~eštu-3, understanding (Comb. 1663 = J. 561, giš + J. 688, ear + J. 893, ši-4), and giš-ni, understanding, hearing (Comb. 1655 = J. 561, giš + J. 456, ni); Emesal *muš, *ear (in mu-us-tug-2 (PI), ear, corresponding to g~ešt/du(g)/-2/3, ear); IE 6usi-s (for *6(w)iswi-), ear, listed under 2. o:us-
FO-¿E-SO-NA (+ one), EAR; IE 6usen-, ear, listed under 2. o:us-, ear
FO-¿E-SO-NA-¿E (+ -like), BE HEARING; Sumerian giš-ni, understanding, hearing (Comb. 1655 = J. 561, giš + J. 456, ni)
FO-¿E-SO-RO (+ part), OAR; IE *6(w)isir-, *oar, in Old English a:r, oar
FO-¿E-SO-RO(-FA), OARS; Egyptian wzr.w, oar(s)
FO-¿E-T?A (+ give), HEAR, KNOW (HAVE HEARD);IE woid-a-, have seen (for heard), know, listed under 2. w(e)di-, catch sight of, see
FO-¿E-T?A-¿E (+ -like), INFORM, COMMAND; Egyptian wD, (for *wdj), command; IE *weidi- in Tocharian B watk-, command, and Greek a(w)oidé:, song, and audáo:. shout, speak, listed under 6. aw-, awed-, speak
FO-RE (+ apply), LISTEN; Egyptian w3, plan; in w3w3, ponder; IE 8. wer-, perceive, pay attention; Arabic wara?a/yaura?u in mâ wuri?tu, I was not aware
GRAMMATICAL
FO, I (FIRST PERSON SINGULAR [POLITE]); Egyptian in w(j), I, me; in Old Perfective 1st p. pl. -wn; Sumerian g~a-2(-e), I (1st p. sing.) ; IE 1. we/e:-, we (dual), wei- (plural) (for *wo/o:- and *woi-) ; in thematic 1st p. sing. present -o: (for *-wo:); Chinese wô, I, we
FO, THOU, YOU (SECOND PERSON SINGULAR); IE in oblique cases of 1. yu-, you [plural], we/e:s, wo/o:s
* * *
- F H -
Chinese: FH=f
Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FHA=wa |
FHA, WOLF, PREDATOR (animate: literally, 'who is in movement in a circle'); Sumerian u-5, dog (J. 123); Tibeto-Burman in wan, jackal, wolf, dhole, wild dog
FHA-¿E (+ -like), WOLFLIKE; Egyptian jw (for *wj), dog
KHE-FHA (grey +), WILD DOG; Sumerian ka-5, *wild dog (J. 657 reads ka-5, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [lub/p] and [puh], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest'); IE k^wo:- in Cornish ki, dog, listed under k^won-, dog
KHE-FHA-¿E (+ -like), CANINE; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in kwɢy, dog
KHE-FHA-NA (+ one), WILD DOG; IE k^won-, dog
KHE-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), BARK; IE k^wel-, bark, listed under 6.kel-, make noise
KHE-FHA-NA-¿O (+ causative), TREAT LIKE A DOG, DEBASE; IE *k^e:wa:ni- in Gothic haunjan, debase, listed under kau-, debase, humble
KHE-FHA-NA-THO (+ assemblage), PACK OF WILD DOGS; IE k^won-to-, *pack of wild dogs, listed under k^won-, dog
ANIMATE NATURE
FHA, WIND
FHA-NA (+ one), EMPTY; IE (a)wān-, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential; Egyptian in wn.t, neglect; wn, fault; wn, be stripped off; wnjj.t, baldness; Sumerian un-2, take away (J. 750 reads un-2, and means 'take away, hole, hollow, hollow out); Arabic in wanâ, to be weak, lacking
HA-FHA (air +), WIND(S), STORM; Sumerian ug~-4, storm (J. 684); Greek -a:é:s, -blowing, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, exhale
HA-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), WINDINESS; Sumerian ud/t/T, storm (J. 684); IE awe:t- in Greek aé:te:s, gale, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, exhale
FHA-¿E (+ voice), HOWL; in Arabic wa¿wa¿a, howl, yelp, bark, bay
SA-FHA (strong +), BE SWEEPING OVER; IE swe:-, listed under swe/e:(i)-, bend, turn, swing; Chinese sāo, pass quickly along or over, sweep, sweep, clear away, put all together
SA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BE SWEEPING OVER SOMETHING; IE swe/e:(i)- (for *swa:i-), bend, turn, swing; Chinese sào in sàozhou, broom
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
FHA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO WAIL; IE wai-l-, wail (cf. Old Icelandic veila, cry), listed under wai-, interjection, woe!
FHA-¿E-NHA, WOLF; IE wai-lo-s, wolf, listed under wai-, interjection, woe!
FHA-¿E (+ -like), WOE; Sumerian g~2i/e-3, *woe (J. 831 reads g~i/e-3, and means 'woe'); IE wai, interjection, woe!; Basque oi, exclamation of surprise and pain
KHE-FHA, HOWL; IE kawa: (for *k^e:wa:-), howl, listed under ka/a:u-, howl
KHE-FHA-¿O (+ causative), MAKE INTO A DOG, HUMBLE; IE kau- (for *k^e:wa:i-), debase, humble
KHE-FHA-RHE (+ come), COWER; IE *k^e:wa:r- in Middle High German hu:ren, cower, listed under kau- (for k^e:wa:-), lower, humble
FHA-RE (+ make), HOWL; IE 6. wer-, say ceremoniously, speak; Chinese fèi, bark, yap
FHA-RE (+ scratch), RIP OPEN; IE 7. wer-, rip up, scratch; Basque urratu, scratch, tear, break
FHA, SURROUND, BE AROUND, BE ASSEMBLED IN A CIRCLE, ENCIRCLE
PREPOSITIONAL
FHA, AROUND; in IE w6g- : wa:g-, be bent, in Latin vagor, -a:ri, roam about, spread out
FHA-RE (+ make), PUT AROUND; Egyptian in w3.t, cord; in w3w3.t, cord; IE 1. wer-, bind, line up, hang up; also for weighing; therefore 'heavy; cord, rope'
FHA-RE-¿E (+ -like), CORDON; Sumerian uri-2, *cordon (J. 622 reads uri-3, and pictures a cordon)
FHA-RE-¿E, CLAN INSIGNIA/MEMBER (IDENTIFIED BY A CORDON); Sumerian uri-2, *(clan) brother (J. 622 reads uri-3, pictures a cordon, and means brother); *weri-, *clan-member(s), in Modern Welsh gwerin, people, mass, troop, listed under 1. wer-, bind, line up, hang up; also for weighing; therefore 'heavy; cord, rope'
FHA-RE-RO (+ part), DRAW-ROPE; Egyptian in w3r.t, draw-rope of clapnet
GRAMMATICAL
-FHA, (SMALL ANIMATE DEFINITE PLURAL), (HUNTING) PACK; Egyptian -w, masculine plural; IE V:u in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stem (-o:u); Sumerian u-5, *mass (J. 123 reads u-5, and means 'mass')
-FHA, (ANIMATE FREQUENTATIVE), DO AGAIN
-FHA, (REFLEXIVE PERFECTIVE - Stem VII)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: F=w -A-FA-¿E ài; -A-FA-HHA-¿E ài Tibetan FO=b Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FA=wa; ?-wa becomes ?(-)u possibly |
FHE, SPIDER (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from a circle'); Sumerian u-13 (for ü-x), spider (J. 717 reads u-13, and means 'insect, vermin, venom', and depicts a spider-web)
?A-FHE(-¿E) (grass +), WEAVE; Sumerian g~i/e-7, *weave (J. 893 reads g~i/e-7, and means 'clothing, cloth'); IE (a)we:y- in Sanskrit váyati, weaves, listed under 5. aw-, plait, weave; Chinese fú, clothes, dress; Basque in oi(h)aldu, weave, knit
FHE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), WEB; Sumerian g~id/t/t*, *mat (J. 579 reads g~id/t/t*, and depicts a 'mat'); Egyptian wt, bandage (Egyptian V38, 'bandage')
FHE-P?FE, SHUTTLE; Sumerian ub-5, *copulate (J. 123 reads ub-5 (for *up-5), and means 'copulate'); IE webh- , move back and forth, flicker, team (swarm)
FHE-P?FE (+ animal name), SPIDER; IE *(a)wo:bh-, *spider, in Sanskrit ú:rn*a:-vábhi-, spider, and Old Icelandic kongurva:fa, spider, listed under webh-, weave, plait, fasten together
FHE-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), WORM; Sumerian ub-4 (for *up-4), *worm (J. 867 reads ub-4, and means 'worm'); IE *awo:-bhe:i-, *worm, in Anglo-Saxon wibba, horse-beetle, and OHG wibil, beetle, weevil, listed under webh-, move back and forth, flicker, team (swarm)
FHE-P?FE-¿O (+ causative), WEAVE; Sumerian ub/p-2, *weave (J. 893 reads ub/p-2, and means 'web (fabric), cloth, clothing'); IE (a)wo:bhey-, weave, in Greek huphaíno:, weave, and Old Icelandic vefja (*wobheyo:), wrap, listed under webh-, weave, plait, fasten together
FHE-P?FE-SHE (+ insect), WASP; IE in wobhsa:- (for *(a)wo:bhse:- - cf. Old Cornish guhi-en, wasp), wasp
FHE-T?SE (+ finger), (SHUTTLE FOR) WEAVING; Egyptian wD, *weave (Egyptian V24, 'cord wound on stick', really 'weaving shuttle'); IE (a)w-e/e:dh-, weave, listed under 5. aw-, plait, weave
FHE-SHE (+ insect), BUTTERFLY
FHE-SHE-RO (+ high degree), OSIRIS, MERCURY AS MORNING STAR; IE awes-, shine, *god(dess) of morning (cf. Breton gwere laouen, morning star; Germanic austro:, goddess of spring; Latin Auro:ra, dawn; Egyptian Wzr, Osiris; Akkadian Asâr, Asâl, god
FHE-K?XA (+ hair), YARN; IE weg-, weave, fasten, *yarn (cf. Old Indian va:gurá:, yarn)
FHE-K?XA, SPIN; IE weg-, weave, fasten
FHE-K?XA-MO (+ overall), SPUN COMPLETELY, MADE LARGE; IE (a)ug-mo- in Old Indian o:jmán-, strength, listed under aweg-, multiply, increase; Egyptian wHm, repeat
FHE-K?XA(-¿E), BE SPINNING, MAKING LARGER (YARN); IE wo:g-, multiply, increase, listed under aweg-; Sumerian Comb. 2549 ug-4(for *uk-4)-ke-4(for *ki-4), become large; Basque ugaldu, reproduce, multiply; ugari, abundant, copious; ugaritu, abound
FHE-K?XA-FA ( +past participle), SPUN, CLOTH; IE weg- (for wegw-; cf. Old Indian vāgurá:, yarn), weave, fasten); Sumerian uku-4, *cloth (J. 893 reads uku-4, and means cloth)
ANIMAL
FHE, SUN (AS SPIDER); Sumerian u-4, sun (J. 684)
FHE-T?SO (+ hold), WEAVER (SUN AS SPIDER), UTU; Sumerian Utu, Sun (J. 684); Utu-3, Sun (J. 822 - 'twenty', sacred number of the sun)
FHE-T?SO-THO (+ assemblage), CLOTHING; Sumerian uttu-3, *clothing (J. 580 reads uttu-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece'); IE *awo:zto- (from *awo:dh-to) in Armenian z-gest, clothing, listed under 5. wes-, clothe
FHE-T?SO-THO-¿E (+ -like), CLOTHE, UTTU (SUMERIAN SUN-GODDESS OF WEAVING); Sumerian Uttu, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 219, weave + J. 893, tu-9, clothes - we propose an unrecorded reading of *ut, weave (FHE-T?SO) for J. 219); Uttu-2, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 580, uttu-3 - J. 580 reads uttu-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece'); Uttu-4, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 4, weaver's shuttle); Uttu-5, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 424, male + J. 118, spear); IE *awo:zti- (from *awo:dh-ti-), *clothe, in Latin vestio:, clothe, listed under 5. wes-, clothe
SA-FHE (strong +), SUN, DAY; in Egyptian rzw, South(land) - (to the sun - ?A-RO SA-FHE); zw, day; in nzw(.t), king (NA SA-FHE, 'the sun'); IE *sa:u-, sun, in su:l-, sun; Sumerian su-3, light (J. 677 reads su-3, and means 'light')
?A-RO SA-FHE (to +), SOUTH(WARD); Egyptian r-zw, south(land)
SA-FHE-NA (+ one), SUN (INANIMATE FORM); IE swen-, sun, listed under IE sá:wel-, sun
SA-FHE-NA-THO (+ warmth), SOUTH; IE *sunt-, south, listed under sa:wel-, sun
SA-FHE-NHA, SUN; IE sá:wel-, sun
SA-FHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), SUNLIKE; IE su:l- (for *su:li- cf. Sanskrit su:rya-, sun), listed under sa:wel-, sun; Chinese rì, sun
SA-FHE-NHA-¿E, BURN WITHOUT FLAME; IE 2. swel- (for *swoli- - cf. Greek aleeinós, hot), burn without flame, burn; Chinese rè, heat, hot
SA-FHE, HEAT; IE 4. seu-, boil, bake (cf. Old Persian ha:vaya:n, they bake); Arabic sû?â, hell-fire; Sumerian sig-3 (for *sag~-x), burn (indigestion), (J. 560; also reads sag-3 for *sag~-x); Basque su, fire, heat
SA-FHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO HEAT; IE 2. swel-, smoulder (burn without flame, burn; Basque suleze, hell, fiery pit
SA-FHE-RHA (+ color), ASH-GRAY, WHITISH, BLACK; IE in swordo-s, black, dirt-colored; Sumerian sar-4, *black (J. 677, sar-4 for *sur-x; the sign also reads su-3 and sud); Chinese sù, white; Basque zuri, white
SA-FHE-T?SA (+ body parts), BE BLACKENED; Sumerian sud (for *sût), *black (J. 677 reads sud, and means black); Arabic sûda, to be black
SA-FHE-THO (+ warmth), CATCH FIRE, PROVOKE; IE seu-t-, boil, be strongly moved, *provoke (cf. Russian šutít, joke), listed under 4. seu-; Basque sute, fire; sutan ipini, provoke, incite to anger
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
FHE, BE ENLARGED
FHE-RE (+ make), ENLARGE; Egyptian w3, far; IE 9. wer-, far, broad; Sumerian ur-3, strong, lasting, (J. 496); Tibetan bar, intermediate space
FHE-RE-FA (+ past participle), ENLARGED; IE 9. wer- (for *werw-; cf. Old Indian urú-, far), far, broad; Basque urrun, far, distant
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: F=w -A-FA-'¿A ài; -A-FA-HHA-'¿A ài Tibetan FO=b Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) FA=wa; ?-wa becomes ?(-)u possibly |
ANIMAL
FHO, HARE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself (in)to a circle' (burrow)
FHO-¿E, TREMBLING, WEARY; Chinese fá, tired, weary
FHO-¿E (+ like), SWIFT
FHO-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY SWIFT (BIRD); Egyptian *wr, swallow (really *swift) (Egyptian G36, 'swallow or martin (one of the Hirundidae. Note the swallow-tail.')
FHO-NA (+ one), HARE; IE *wen- in Old Indian vana:khu-, hare (not 'forest-mouse' but 'hare-hole-digger (cf. á:kha-, pitfall); Egyptian wn, *hare (Gardiner: E34, 'desert hare'); Basque in untxi, rabbit (un, *hare + -txi, diminutive)
FHO-NA-¿E (+ -like), HURRY; IE in swento-; cf. Old Icelandic svinnr, fast (with *s-mobile), quick, ready, healthy; Egyptian wnj, hurry (the oldest form of Gardiner's A27, 'man hastening with one arm raised', shows simply 'pair of feet in running position')
FHO-SE (+ emit), DEATH-RATTLE; Sumerian uš-2, dead (J. 112)
FHO-SE, WEST (PLACE OF DEATH); IE *(a)wes-, west, listed incorrectly under 3. au-, down, away from
FHO-SE-FHO-SE, SUNSET; Sumerian šuš (for *ušuš), sunset (J. 750)
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
FHO, BE ASSEMBLING IN A CIRCLE
FHO-NA (+ one), (CIRCLE OF) PEOPLE; Sumerian un, people (J. 578)
FHO-NA-QO (+ ball), RING OF PEOPLE; Sumerian ug-4 (for *u(n)g(u)), people (J. 578); unu-4 (for *un(g)u), people (J. 578); uku-3 (for *u(n)gu), people (J. 578)
FHO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO FORM IN A CIRCLE; IE 3. wel- (for *we:l- - cf. Greek he:lía, highest court in Athens), push, press, press together, enclose
FHO-NHA-QO (+ ball), RING OF PEOPLE; IE wolgo-s, mass, listed under 3. wel- cf. Greek he:lía, highest court in Athens), push, press, press together, enclose
FHO, ASSEMBLY; Sumerian u-4, meeting (J. 684); u-5, assemblage (J. 123), u-8, herd (J. 850); u-12, people (J. 578)
* * *
- H -
Chinese: initial HA=ya; initial HE=e
|
HA, AIR, (animate: literally, 'who is in movement on (across) the top'); IE *a:- in Greek aós, breath
HA, INHALED AIR, BREATHE; Sumerian a-2, strength (better: physical energy), *air, lung-power (a person's wind) (J.628)
HA, SKY
HA-¿E (+ -like), AIRLIKE
HA-¿E, VAPID; Chinese ái, stupid, idiotic
HA-¿E-RHE (+ come), MOVING AIR; Sumerian ir, sweet aroma, smell, be fragrant (J. 457); IE *a:ir- in Greek ae:r, air, listed incorrectly under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe
HA-¿E-SE (+ emit), SHOOT (ARROWS), 1. eis-, move one's self violently, fiercely, quickly; also of shooting, throwing missiles, arrows; Basque ehizatu, hunt
HA-¿E, LIGHT (IN WEIGHT), THIN; Arabic hâ?a, be beautiful
HA-¿E, TOSS IN THE AIR; IE in Greek haíno:, winnow
HA-¿E, SPEAK; Egyptian j, say; Sumerian e (*e: from *a:i), speak (J. 574); IE 5. ai- (for *a:i-), important speech; in Arabic hâya?u, agree with another on; Chinese âi, grief; Basque hitz, word
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
HA-FHA (+ set), AIRY, DRY, HOLLOW, EMPTY; IE au-, empty, etc., listed under 3. au-, down, away from; (a)wān-, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential, listed under 1. eu-, lack, empty; Egyptian šw (for *jw), dry, empty, hollow (written with Gardiner H6, 'feather'); when written with the ideograph stroke, it reads šj (with -.t, feathers, plumage), or gwe:in (when glossed with Gardiner D3, 'hair' (šjn.w), a mater lectionis for the additional n<, and then reads šjn. Both words are based on XE-¿E, bristle, (IE gwe:/ei-, 'skin, pelt, *feather'), which with +NA yields IE gwe:i-no, hair (Ossete τun, hair). Since NHA-FHA-MHA meant 'feather', XE-¿E was prefixed to it to yield XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill', for PIE. The doubled -ll- of the PIE forms is due to an assimilation of -um to -l-, yielding PIE *gwe:ill-, 'quill'. In Egyptian, the large plural, -THO, was added to šjn to distinguish a 'feather' from a 'hair', which latter formed the normal collective in -FA: XE-¿E-THO, 'plumage'; XE-¿E-NA(-FA), 'hair(s)'; XE-¿E-NA-THO, 'feather'; in PIE XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill'; Sumerian u-4-a, be, become dry (Comb. 2582 - J. 684 + J. 949 = *wa:); IE *au- in Greek aûos, dry; Chinese āo, concave, hollow; Basque in huts, empty
HA-FHA-NA(-¿E) (+ one), EMPTY, MOMENT; IE 1. eu-, lack, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential; Basque une, moment
HA-FHA; SHU, Egyptian god of the air (Jupiter); Egyptian šw (properly read jw), Shu (this would have been pronounced roughly yawa - the Hebrew god?
HA-FHA-SO (+ pull), EMPTY OUT; IE aus-, scoop out
HA-FHA-SE-THO (+ assemblage), BARREN; IE wa:sto-s, barren, listed under 1. eu- (for *au-), lack, empty
HA-FHA-THSE (+ puncture), HOLLOW OUT; IE aut(i)o-, in vain, listed under 3. au-, down, away from; Egyptian jwd (for *jwD), separate; Basque huts, empty
HA-FHA (+ set), AIRS; Sumerian u-4, weather, storm (J.684); Arabic hawâ?un, air
HA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BLOW; Arabic hauwâ, blow (wind)
HA-FHA-NHE(-¿E)CAVITY (+ little); IE au-lo-s (: e:u-l-), tube, longish cavity
HA-FHA-RHE (+ come), MOVING AIR; IE *a:ure:- in Greek aura, air in motion, breeze
HA-FHA-SE (+ emit); BLOW (WIND); IE in Greek áe:si, blows, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe; Basque haize, wind
HA-FHA-SE (+ emit), COLD; IE we:-s- (for *wā-s-; cf. Icelandic vās, aura refrigerans), listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe; Lithuanian áušti, become cold, listed under 7. aw-, etc., like; Basque hotz, cold (but cf. hozte, cold snap)
HA-FHA-THSO (+ revolve), WHIRLWIND; IE *awe:t(h)-, wind, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe
HA-FHA-THSO-¿E (+ -like), MENTALLY AGITATED; IE 1. wa:t- (for awa:t(h)i-), mentally excited
HA-FHA-THSO-¿E-NA (+ one), ODIN, Norse good of the air (Jupiter - malevolent aspect)
HA-FHA-¿E, DESIRE, PANT FOR; IE 7. aw-, awe:-, awe:i- like, therefore, desire, on the one hand; be favorable, helpful towards; Arabic hawîya, love, desire; Sumerian ag~2-2, love (J. 362)
HA-NO (+ store), BREATHE, BREEZE, (A)NU, AN; Egyptian (J)nw, (A)nu, Egyptian sky-god; Sumerian Ana-2, An, Sumerian sky-god (J. 14); IE 3. an(6)-, breathe, exhale; v. infra FA-RO-HA-NO, URANUS, VARUNA
HA-NO-THO (+ assemblage), DUCK; IE an6t-, duck
FA-RO-HA-NO (wide +), URANUS, VARUNA; IE *a:nu- in Greek Ouranos, Uranus, and Sanskrit VaruNa, Varuna, listed incorrectly under 5. wer-, close up, cover, protect, save, repulse
HA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PANT, BE WEAK; IE 2. el- (for *a:l-, rest??
HA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), WEAK; IE eli:/i-, resting, listed 2. el- (for *a:l-, rest??)
HA-NHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE WEAK; Egyptian nnjj (*jnjj: Egyptian nn is a digraph for *jn, i.e. ¿A-NHA, 'much waves', and for the negative nn, i.e. (Coptic an; ?E-NE, 'empty to the eye, absent') and HA-NHA, 'start to pant, be weak', which is properly written with doubled M22/(22), '(two) rush(es) with shoot(s)', i.e. ?A-NHE, 'plant drooping', which is IE 3. el- : ol-, be moldy, decay), be weary, inert
HA-NHA-SHA (+ state), WEAKNESS; IE *eles- in Old Indian alasás, weary, tired, blunt; Arabic halisa/yuhlisu, be consumptive
HA-NHA, START TO PANT, APPEAR; IE 3. a/āl-, planlessly wander around, err, also be mentally aberrant; Arabic halla/yahillu, appear
HA-NHA, START TO PANT, REJOICE; Arabic halla/yahillu, rejoice
HA-P?FO (+ leg), SWIFT; IE abh- (for *a:bh-), swift; Arabic in habba/yahubbu, to rush
HA-THO (+ assemblage), PUFF, GUST
HA-THO-KHO (+ little), PUFF; IE *a:t6ko- in Irish athach, breath, wind, listed as *6t-a:ko-) under e:t-me'n-, exhalation, breath
HA-THO-ME (+ expel), EXHALE, SIGH; Sumerian dam-3, *wail (*sigh), *storm (J. 684 means 'wail, storm' and reads dam-3); IE 2. tem- (for *atem-, mentally confused, stupefied, *choke (cf. Sanskrit tamati, suffocates)
HA-THO-ME-FA (+ set), CHOKING; Egyptian jtm.w, suffocation; IE 2. tem- (for *atem-), mentally confused, etc., *suffocation (cf. Middle Irish ta:m (*to:mu-), disease, lethargy, death
HA-THO-ME-NA (+ one), EXHALATION; IE e:t-me'n- (for *a:t-me'n-), exhalation, breath
HA-THO-ME, JUPITER (AS WIND); Egyptian Jtm, Atum (Jupiter as the wind); Sumerian Damu (for *Adam), Damu (divinity - J. 798 - written simply 'eye', i.e. the eye par excellence, Jupiter); IE in Greek mythic personages: Themis, Themisto, Athamas
ANIMAL
HA, EXHALE(R), GOOSE, DUCK; Chinese yā, duck
ADJECTIVAL
HA, EMPTY, HOLLOW
HA, VAGINA
GRAMMATICAL
-HA, (FEMININE TERMINATION); IE feminines in -a:; Arabic feminine -ah(t)
ADPOSITIONAL
HA, ON, AT (in movement at a stationary point across from/on top of); Sumerian locative -a (for *-ā); IE *a/*a: (listed under 1. e/e:, o/o:), *at (cf. Sanskrit ā, at)
HA, ANIMATE STATIVE ('BE A [NOUN})'; ACTIONAL CONTINUITIVE [last/persist in an activity])
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø |
ANIMATE NATURE
HE, RIVER (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from the top of' [cascades down]))
HE-¿E (+ -like), RIVERINE, GOOSE; Chinese é, goose
HE-RHA (+ bird), RIVER-BIRD; IE 1. er-, eagle, (larger) bird generally; Chinese è,osprey, fish hawk, sea eagle
HE, LOUSE; Sumerian 'i-2 (for *'î), louse, insect (beetle) (J. 717)
HE, DESCEND; Sumerian e-11(d) (Comb. 3095 = J. 809 + 410), descend; Chinese ē, play up to, pander to
HE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SINK, REST, DIE; IE 2. el-, rest; Sumerian el-3, rest (J. 407); Basque hil, die
HE-NHA, LIQUEFY, ROT; IE el-, become mouldy, rot
HE, GO, LEAVE, DISAPPEAR; IE in 1. ei- (for *e:i-, cf. Old Prussian e:it, goes), go
GRAMMATICAL
-HE, (RELATIVE FUTURE); Egyptian -j, 3rd p. sing. Old Perfective; in -kj, 1st p. sing. Old Perfective; in -tj, 2nd p. sing. Old Perfective; nomina agentis in -j; imperfective active participles in -j (HE) and -jj ('HE-¿E); Sumerian mâru 3rd p. sing. transitive in -e (Yoshikawa); imperfective participle in -e; IE optative in -ye: and -i/i:; 3rd p. sing. perfect -e; 1st p. sing. perfect in -a (K?E-HE XE -a); 2nd p. sing. -tha (THO-HE THE -tha); imperfective participle in -y(o); nomina agentis in -i
-HE, (ERGATIVE); Sumerian -e, ergative; IE <: in nominative (really ergative) forms where the vocative shows the original intransitive 'subject' form: N. p6té:r (PHO-THO-RO-HE) - V. p6ter- (PHO-THO-'RO); N. k^(u)wo:n - V. k^u(w)on
ADPOSITIONAL
HE, DOWN FROM THE TOP; IE 1. e/e:, o/o:, away
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø |
ANIMAL
HO, LION (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the top of (straddles)')
ANIMATE NATURE
HO, (ROTTEN) ODOR
HO-T?A (+ give), GIVE FORTH STRONGLY, SMELL; IE 1. od- (for *yed- - cf. Latin o:di:, abhor, hate; Lithuanian úodžiu, smell (*o:dyo:), smell; in Arabic ¿iTrun, a sweet odor
ANIMATE NATURE
HO, SUN, STAR
HO, HEAT, LIGHT, HOT; IE *o-, to be hot, in Hittite a-, to be hot
HO-MO, VERY HOT; IE om-, raw, bitter; Egyptian hm, be burning; Arabic Humma, to have fever
HO-RHE (+ become), BE HOT; Arabic Harra/yaHi/urru, be hot
HO, YELLOW
HO-QO (+ ball), BERRY, FRUIT; IE o:g-, grow, fruit, berry
HO-NHA (+ move back and forth), MIST; IE 3. el- (for *yel - cf. Old Norse ya:Ulda, moldy odor) : ol-, be moldy, spoil; Chinese yān, smoke, mist, vapor
VERBAL
HO, (CAUSE TO) GO ONTO, CHARGE, STRADDLE, TACKLE, APPROACH, PUSH ONTO
ADPOSITIONAL
HO, ACROSS TO THE TOP; IE o/o: (listed under 1. e/e:, o/o:), to, with
* * *
- H H -
Chinese: HH=Ø (not indicated in writing)
|
ANIMATE NATURE
HHA, WATER CURRENT (animate: literally, 'who is in movement underneath/below'); Sumerian a, water (J. 949); in(?) Nama â, drink
HHA-?A-THO-¿E (+ noble), SEALORD/SOVEREIGN; Egyptian jtjj, sovereign, is sometimes written with two crocodiles as if it were an adjective in - jj); IE *ati-, fish name, *sturgeon (cf. attilus, a sturgeon-like large fish in the Po)
HHA-¿E (+ -like), WATERY, IRRIGATION DITCH; Sumerian e, irrigation ditch (J. 574)
HHA-¿E, BE STEAMING; Chinese âi, mist, haze
HHA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), FLOOD; Sumerian *ed-x (for éd(a)), innundation (Sign 949). This reading of Sign 949 is based on the fact that Sign 949 means 'inundation`; and the Akkadian equivalent is edû, flood)
HHA-¿E, CLEAR, COLORLESS, SHINY: Sumerian e-3, shine (Comb. 2549 - J. 684 + J. 410); IE 4. a/a:i-, burn, light
HHA-¿E-KHXO (+ mollusc); MOLLUSC, POSSESSION; Sumerian ak(u), possess (J. 159); aka-2, possess (J. 362); IE e:ik-, own, have the power to [for *a:ik-])
HHA-¿E-KHXO-THO (+ assemblage), POSSESSION; Egyptian jx.t, possession
HHA-¿E-KHXO-THO-¿E (+ -like), PROPERTY; IE e:ik-ti-, possession (for *a:ik-ti-), listed under e:ik-, own, have power to
HHA-¿E, BE ILLUMINATING; Sumerian e-3, shine (Comb. 2549 - J. 684 + J. 410); IE 4. a/a:i-, burn, light
HHA-¿E-RHA(+ color), BRIGHTNESS; IE a/a:ier-, a/a:ien, day, morning
HHA-¿E-RHA (+ bird), EAGLE; Sumerian erû, eagle, vulture (Comb. 2023 - J. 628 (a-2, strong) + J. 157 (mušen, bird) - erû is for ?O-¿A-RHA-'FHA, eagles)
HHA-¿E-RHA-¿E (+ -like), EYRIE; IE *oiri in Frenche aire, nest of an eagle
HHA-¿E-RHA-KHO (+ little), HAWK; IE *6ira:ko in Greek í:re:x/iéra:x, hawk, listed incorrectly under 3. wei-, 1. to go after something, etc.
HHA-¿E-SHA (+ state), NUGGET, METAL; IE ayos- (for *a:yas-), metal, copper, bronze, iron
HHA-¿E-T?SE (+ release), IGNITE; Egyptian *jD, *ignite (Egyptian U28/29, 'fire-drill'; IE ai-dh-, burn, light, *ignite (cf. Greek aitho:, ignite); Sumerian izi, fire (J. 339)
HHA-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), HEARTH, HOUSEHOLD; IE aidh-, *residence (cf. Latin aede:s, temple), listed under ai-dh-, burn, illuminate; IE 2. edh- (for *(a)yedh, *residence; cf. Anglo-Saxon eodor, residence); Egyptian j', tomb (residence); Sumerian id-3 (for *it-3), fortress (J. 835 [J. 834 (enclosure) + J. 14 (sun)]; Basque etxe, home
HHA-¿E-T?SO, SHINE; IE aidhu-, fire, listed under ai-dh-, burn, light
HHA-¿E-T?SO-RO (+ high degree), BRIGHT; IE aidhro-, bright (sky), listed under ai-dh-, burn, light
HHA-¿E-T?SO-RO-THO (+ assemblage), BRIGHT SKY; Egyptian j'r.t, abode of god (ether, bright sky)
HHA-¿E, SNOW WHITE; Chinese ái, pure white, snow white
HHA-¿E, LOW; Chinese âi, short (of stature), low
HHA-FHA (+ set), WATERS; IE 9. aw(e)- (for *a:wa-), sprinkle, wet, flow, *water
HHA-FHA-¿E, WATERY, DARK GREEN; Arabic Hawiya/yaHwaya, be or become dark green; Hawîyun, small pond
HHA-FHA-KHXO (+ mollusc); MOLLUSC, POSSESSION
HHA-FHA-KHXO-¿E (+ -like); POSSESS; Basque in euki, possess
HHA-FHA-KHXO, COOKING PAN; IE auqw(h)- (for *a:uk(h)6- - cf. Old Indian ukhá- , pot, cooking pot) : uqwh-, cooking pot, warming vessel with a big belly and a small mouth
HHA-FHA-KHXO-NO (+ jar), COOKING POT; IE *a:uk(h)6no- in Gothic aúhns, oven, listed under auqw(h)- (for *a:uk(h)6- - cf. Old Indian ukhá-, pot, cooking pot) : uqwh-, cooking pot, warming pan
HHA-FHA-RE (+ make), BISON; IE 2. u:r-, awer-, in OHG u:ro, u:rohso, Latin loanword u:rus, bison, listed under 9. aw(e)-, awed-, awer-, sprinkle, dampen, flow; Arabic Hawarun, ox
HHA-FHA-RO (+ raise), PREGNANT; Egyptian jwr, conceive, become pregnant; Chinese yù, give birth to
HHA-FHA-RHE (+ rain), RAINWATER; IE 9. aw(e)-, awed-, awer-, sprinkle, dampen, flow; Basque ur, water, juice
HHA-FHA-RHE-¿E (+ -like), MEADOW; Sumerian ag~ar-2, meadow (J. 856); IE awer- (for *awar-), swamp, listed under 9. aw(e)-, sprinkle, wet, flow
HHA-FHA-SO (+ pull), DRAW (WATER); IE aus-, draw (water) [shaduf?]
HHA-FHA-SO, HEAVY, WEIGHT
HHA-FHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), WEIGH OUT, BUY; IE (*a)wesi-, buy, listed under 8. wes-
HHA-FHA-SO-FA (+ set), SCALE (BALANCE); Egyptian jws.w, scales
HHA-FHA-SO-NA (+ one), WEIGHT, PRICE; Arabic wazana, weigh; wazuna, be heavy
HHA-FHA-SO-NA-¿E (+ -like), WEIGH OUT, SELL; (*a)weseni- in Hittite waššaniya, sell, listed under 8. wes-, buy, sell
HHA-FHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), WET
HHA-FHA-SO-¿E-NA (+ one), WELL; Basque (o)sin, well
HHA-FHA-T?O (+ lump), AMNION
HHA-FHA-T?O-RO (+ part), WOMB; IE udero-, uterus, womb; Sumerian udul-7, child ('womb-product`); Sumerian 'u-3-tur (for *dur; Comb. 2715 = J. 717 + J. 273), womb >
MA-HHA-FHA (mound +), BANK (OF WATERS); Sumerian mu-11, *bank (J. 171 reads mu-11, and means 'bank')
SA-HHA-FHA (strong +), BEVERAGE; Egyptian zw, drink; IE se:u-, beverage (cf. Old indian su:ra-, intoxicating drink; listed under 1. seu-)
SA-HHA-FHA-RO (+ raise), QUAFF; Egyptian zwr, drink; IE se:ur-, *quaff (cf. Old Indian su:ra-, intoxicating drink; listed under 1. seu-); Basque zurrut, sound of a gulp, small swallow, sip; Tibetan g-sol-wa, drink (from <-*zHol)
MA-HHA-FHA (area +), HEAVENS; Sumerian mu-9, *heaven (J.171 reads mu-9, and means 'heaven')
MA-HHA-FHA-RO (+ part), CONSTELLATION; Sumerian mul, constellation
SA-HHA-FHA (strong +), RAIN; IE 1. seu-, rain
MO-HHA-FHA (dirty +), (MUDDY) WATERS; Egyptian mw, water; Sumerian mu-11, *waters (J. 171 reads mu-11, and means 'bank'); IE 1. meu-, wet, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty; also wash, purify
MO-HHA-FHA-¿E, (THICKLY) WATERY; Egyptian mw.jj, be watery; Sumerian mu-12, *blood(y) (J. 127 reads mu- 12, and means 'blood'); IE (moi-?), spot, dirty, listed under 2. mai-
MO-HHA-FA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), SEMI-LIQUID, URINE, BLOOD; Egyptian mw.jjt, urine; Sumerian mud/t/t*, blood (J. 127); IE meu-d-, *wetness (cf. Greek mudos, wetness, decay), listed under 1. meu-, wet, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty; also wash, purify
HHA-FHA, SIMMER; IE 9. aw(e)- (for *a:u:-) etc., moisten, dampen, flow, *simmer (cf. Old Indian o:dati:, the welling up, simmering thing); Chinese āo, cook in water, boil
HHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BOIL; Chinese áo, boil, stew, decoct, endure, hold out
HHA-P?A (+ cleft), STREAM (RIVER-BED); IE ab-, water, river; Sumerian ab-3, flowing water (J. 274)
HHA-PHA (+ flat), BANK, SHORE; IE 2. a/a:p-, water, river; in a:pero-, bank; Sumerian a-ab-ba, sea (J. 949+222+5)
HHA-RHA (+ color), REFLECTIVE, BRIGHT, (BLUISH) WHITE; Sumerian ar, shine, illuminate, boast, fame, praise, be distinguished (J. 800); IE in ar-dh-, *lance, pole?; ar-di-, (*arrow) point, spike; ar-wa:-, intestine (fat); 3. ar-, nut (white one); Japanese ara, new
HHA-RA-HA (+ stative), BE BRIGHT; Arabic Harâha, sparkling of fire
HHA-XHA (+ very large plural); WATER-MASS; IE akwa:-, water, river
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
HHA, BE SWEET; Sumerian a-10, sweet (J. 658 means 'sweet', and reads a-10)
HHA-MO (+ overall), SWEET; Egyptian jm(3), kind, gentle, well-disposed, pleasing, be gracious, delighted, charmed
HHA-MO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BECOME SWEET; IE *a:mel-, sweet, in Albanian ambëlë, sweet, listed incorrectly under om-, om-, raw, bitter
HHA-NO (+ jar), WATER-JAR; Egyptian nw [for (j)n(w)], *water-jar (Egyptian W24, 'bowl')
HHA-NO-THO (+ assemblage), JAR-RACK; Egyptian *jn.t, *jar-rack (Egyptian W17, 'water-pots in a rack', which is currently mistakenly read xn.t, which stands for K?XO-NA-T?O, HOLDER)
KHXA-HHA-NO (pointed +), POINTED JAR; Egyptian Hn(w), jar; Sumerian kan, *pointed jar (J. 271 reads kan, and means 'pointed jar'); IE *ka:n- in Modern Irish canna, can, vessel
HHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BECOME SWEET
HHA-NHA-FHA (+ past participle), SWEETENED; Arabic Hulwun, sweet, agreeable; IE alu- (for *a:lu-), bitter, beer, alum (rather *sweet(ened); cf. Old Prussian alu, mead)
HHA-NHE (+ little), FOAM(Y), WHITE; IE 6. al-, white, shiny
HHA-P?E (+ pour out), EJACULATE; DESIRE STRONGLY; Sumerian ab-3, *ejaculate (J. 274 pictures a penis entering vulvae); ab-2, procreate, bear (J. 759); IE 7. au-, like; Arabic Habba, love
HHA-P?E-¿E, BE DESIRING STRONGLY; Egyptian jb (for *jpj), desire, will, mood; probably ib, think, suppose; Sumerian ib-2, anger, be angry (J. 411); IE awe:i-, listed under 7. au-, like; Arabic Habba, love
HHA-RHA (+ color)
HHA-RA-¿E (+ -like), PALE, COLORLESS; Sumerian ari-2, *pale (J. 112 reads ari-2, and means 'dead'); IE *ar- (for *a:r-), *white, theorized under ar(e)-g^-, shining, whitish
HHA-RA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY PALE, PALENESS; Egyptian j3r, be dim (of eye), be weak (? of heart); j3r, sadness (really paleness); Sumerian alala-3, *pale (for *arala - J. 684 reads alala-3, and means 'white')
HHA-RA-¿E-RO-FA (+ set), GRAPES; Egyptian j3r.w, rushes (for *grape-vines - the ancient determinative is a vertical hand with fingers separately articulated to suggest the five-fingered leaf of the vine); IE *arir- in Latin arillus, raisin, grape-seed
HHA-RHA-¿E, NORDIC/CAUCASIAN; Sumerian ari, Akkad (J. 661); IE a:ri- in Sanskrit arí, foreigner, stranger
HHA-RHA-THO (assemblage), SHEEP; Basque in ardi, sheep, ewe
HHA-RHA (+ bird), WATER-BIRD, EAGLE; IE 1. er- (for *a:r- - cf. Modern High German Aar, eagle), eagle, (larger) bird generally; Sumerian ara-2 (J. 684 [sun] + J. 410 [go], i.e. go from out of the sun, a characteristic of eagles), a certain bird, *eagle; Basque in arrano, eagle
HHA-RHA-NA, EAGLE; IE 1. er- (for *a:r-n- - cf. Modern High German Aar, eagle, and Hittite haranaS, eagle), eagle, (larger) bird generally; Basque in arrano, eagle
HHA-SO (+ pull), BE DRIED OUT, BAKED, DEPRIVED; IE a/a:s-, burn, glow
HHA-SO-?A (+ stative), DRY, LIGHT (IN WEIGHT), LOST; IE *ase-, *dry (cf. Latin a:reo:, am dry), listed under a/a:s-, burn, glow; Egyptian jz(j), light (in weight), written with M40, 'bundle of reeds', burned for heat and illumination [?A-SA-¿E, 'plant-tie']); Sumerian eš-5, dry (J. 965)
HHA-SO-?A, OLD; Egyptian *jzj, old (this word is written with the 'herb', L2, which stands for ?A)
HHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), DRY; IE *a/a:si-, dry, in Latin a:ridus, dry, listed under a/a:s-, burn, glow
HHA-SO-¿E, OLD; Sumerian eše/i-3, old (J. 112)
HHA-SO-FA, DRIED OUT, OLD; Egyptian js (for *jz.w), old
HHA-T?A (+ side), BANK
HHA-T?A-FA, BANKS; IE ad(u)-, watercourse
HHá-T?A-RO-¿E (+ part), MEADOW; Egyptian jtr(.w), river (really 'two riverbanks'); Sumerian *adar-x, meadow (J. 856 reads agar-2, and is composed of J. 834 and J. 648, which reads dar-5; we add the reading adar-x (cf. also Comb. 3634 = J. 949 + J. 629 + J. 800 = *adar (ugaru), steppe, field, meadow); IE ad-ro- (for *ád6r6i-; cf. Adria in Venice), watercourse, listed under ad(u)-
HHA-T?SO (+ hold), SOAK, WASH; Egyptian j', wash
HHA-T?SO-FA (+ set), SOAKINGS, WASHINGS; Egyptian j'.w, washing; Sumerian a-tu-5, purification, washing (Comb. 3639 J. 949, a, water + tu-5 = J. 651, hand + J. 323, alkaline plant used in making soap + J. 457, ointment - probably tu-5 should be emended to read atu)
¿A-HHA (much +), LAKE, SEA
¿A-HHA-MA (+ mound), SEA; Sumerian am-3, *sea (J. 949 + J. 14); Egyptian jjm, sea; Arabic yammun, sea, ocean; IE *a:m-, river, in Latin amnis, stream, river-water, listed incorrectly under ab-, water, river
MA-¿A-HHA (mound +), WATER-LEVEL; Egyptian mj(.w), waters; Sumerian me-5 (probably for *mí: - cf. Comb. 3625 = J. 949, me-5 + J. 597, la-6, strong, powerful, respected = Akkadian mîlu, flood-crest); IE 3. mei-, wander, go, word for river-names (cf. Middle Irish Moín)
SA-HHA-T?SO (strong +), SOAK COMPLTELY; IE *swa:dh-, seethe, be moving violently, listed under 4. seu-
MO-HHA (+ surface), BODY OF WATER
HHA, SEMEN; Sumerian a, semen (J. 949)
HHA-HHA, SEMINAL FLUID, SEED, SON; Sumerian *a.a (for *â'á), *semen (J. 949 means 'semen' and 'son'); Sumerian a.a (for â'á), seminal fluid, son (J. 954 = J. 949 + J. 949)
HHA, MANY; Egyptian j- in old demonstrative plurals, jpn, these
HHA, MOVE
GRAMMATICAL
HHA, (INDEFINITE ANIMATE INCLUSIVE PLURAL); IE -: in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stems (-o:)
-HHA, (REFLEXIVE DURATIVE - Stem V)
-HHA, (COLLECTIVE); IE -a:, collective
ADPOSITIONAL
HHA, UNDER, BELOW
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese initial ¿=y; final accented ¿=i final unaccented=' (rising tone) Tibetan ¿=y Tibeto-Burman: ¿A=ya in bya, bee (P?FA-¿A) ¿E=yi |
ANIMATE NATURE
HHE, SMOKE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from below'); Sumerian i, smoke (J. 270)
HHE-¿E, SMOKE-COLORED, (ORANGE-)REDDISH; IE 3. ei-, reddish, many-colored
HHE-¿E-FA (+ leaf), YEW, GRAPE; IE (e)i-wa:, yew, and oiwiya:, grape, listed under 3. ei-, reddish, many-colored
HHE-RHA (+ color), RED; IE er-, listed under e/e:rebh-, dark-red, brownish tints
HHE-RHA-¿E, SHINY REDDISH COLORED; Egyptian *j3, shiny (Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard' - HHA-RA-¿E-T?SO, SPEAR, for HHE-RA-¿E-THSO, EAST - THSO, direction, is written with Egyptian D41, 'forearm with palm of hand downwards'); Sumerian ara-2 (for *ari - composed of J. 684 and J. 410, which reads ri-6), *shiny [Comb. 2549 - J. 684 (sun) + J. 410 (come)]; ar, shine (J. 800); IE er- (for *a:r-), color root, listed under e/e:reb(h)-, in words for dark red, brownish hues
HHE-RA-¿E, DEER; IE 2. er-, ram (he- goat, buck), sheep, cow, roe deer, perhaps originally (red) horned animal
HHE-RA-¿E-THO, DEER; IE 2. er-, ram (he-goat, buck), sheep, cow, roe deer, perhaps originally horned animal; in Latin arie:s, arietis, ram
HHE-RA, METAL (COPPER)
HHE-RA-¿E (+ -like), METAL BLADE
HHE-RA-¿E, CUT WITH A METAL BLADE, PLOUGH, DICE; Sumerian ar-3, grind up (J. 723); IE ar(6)- (for *a:ry6- cf. Gothic arjan, plough), plough
HHE-RA-T?SO, SPEAR; Egyptian *j3', spear (Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard'); IE ardh-, pole?, *spear (cf. Armenian ardn, lance, spear)
HHE-RA-THA (+ tear loose), PLOUGHED LAND; IE *art- in OHG art, ploughed land; Arabic Haratha, till and sow the earth
HHE-RA-¿E (+ -like), HHE-RA-¿E, PERTAINING TO THE MORNING; Sumerian ara-2 (for *ari - composed of J. 684 and J. 410, which reads ri-6), *sunrise [Comb. 2549 - J. 684 (sun) + J. 410 (come)]; IE *a:ri- in Greek ê:ri, in the morning, listed under a/a:ier, day, morning
HHE-RA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), EAST; Egyptian j3b(jj), east; Sumerian in ara-2-pu-muSen, wild duck (bird of the east - cf. Akkadian arabu: - under Comb. (2549); IE e/e:reb(h)- (for *a:ribh-), in words for dark red, brownish hues (cf. Modern Low German Erpel, drake)
HHE-RA-¿E, LEFT; IE *ari- in Greek aristeros, left, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, fit
HHE-RA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), LEFT (the speakers of the Proto-Language faced south towards the sun when naming directions); Egyptian j3b(jj), left
HHE-RA-¿E-THSO (+ direction), EAST; Egyptian *j3', east (j3b, with Egyptian D41, 'forearm with palm of hand downwards' is to be read either j3b or j3' - this is also indicated by the employment of Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard', which is 'HHE-RA-¿E-T?SO, SPEAR)
HHE, GO (UP) OUT OF/FROM UNDER, COME, APPEAR, RISE; Egyptian j(j), come; Sumerian e-3, come (up) out (J. 684 (sun) + J. 410); Arabic Hayya/yaHayyu, live (cf. Hayya halâ, make haste)
HHE-FHA (+ frequentative), COME UP COMPLETELY, OUTRAGE; Egyptian jw, wrongdoing (this is written was E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest`, which are forced to stand immediatle after birth (it is determined with G37, sparrow, which stands for orange bird, an omen of evil
HHE-PHA (+ diminutive), BRING; IE e:p-, 'grasp, take, reach, listed under 1. ap-; Egyptian jp, count, pay, muster, etc.; Sumerian eb-2, *bring (J. 411 reads eb-2, and means bring); Basque ipini, place, put, put on (clothing)
HHE-PHA-¿E (+ -like), BE BRINGING; IE e:p-, 'grasp, take, reach', listed under 1. ap-; Egyptian jpj, count, pay, muster, etc.; Sumerian eb-2, *bring (J. 411 reads eb-2, and means bring); Basque ipini, place, put, put on (clothing)
HHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO GO (UP) OUT OF; IE 6. el-, drive, set in motion, move one's self, go, *come (cf. Greek ê:lthon, came (aorist)); Egyptian in, bring about; Sumerian il-2 (for *el-x), carry, bring (J. 595); Basque heldu, reach, attain
HHE-NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), ARRIVE; IE eleu-, *come (cf. Greek eílé:lutha, came (perfect)); Egyptian jn(w), reach, attain
HHE-NA, BRING
HHE-NA-FA (+ ingressive), BRING AWAY; IE e/e:neu-, without; Egyptian in(w), bring, fetch, carry off, bring away; Sumerian inu, *steal (J. 15 reads inu, and means 'steal')
HHE-¿E, BE GOING (UP) OUT OF; Sumerian i, go out (J. 270); IE 1. ei- (for *e:i-, cf. Old Prussian e:it, goes), go; Arabic Hayya/yaHayyu, live (cf. Hayya halâ, make haste)
HHE-¿E, BRING ABOUT (OUT OF); Sumerian i-10, bring about (J. 684 + J. 410)
HHE-HHA (+ stative), BECOME DRY (SMOKED); Sumerian e-8, become dry (J. 684)
HHE, MIST, MOISTURE
+HHE-SE (+ emit), DRY UP
HHE-SE-?A, ABSENT, DEAD; Basque ez, not; Sumerian eš-7, dead (J. 112)
HHE-HHE (+ reduplication), BE GOING (UP) OUT OF; Egyptian jj, come; Sumerian i-10, come out (J. 684 (sun) + J. 410)
HHE, OTTER, BEAVER
HHE, TICK
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese initial ¿=y; final accented ¿=i final unaccented=' (rising tone) Tibetan ¿=y Tibeto-Burman: ¿E=ya in bya, bee (P?FA-¿E)
¿E=yi |
HHO, SNAKE, EEL, BEAR (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to below')
HHO-¿E, SNAKELIKE
HHO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), NEST OF SNAKES; Arabic Haiyatun, viper, serpent
HHO-¿E, WORM
HHO-XHA (+ large plural), WORMS; IE uk- (for *o(u)kw-), expression of disgust; Sumerian uhu, worm (J. 717)
HHO, DIVE(R), SUBMERGE
HHO, WASH ONE'S SELF, BATHE; Sumerian u-5, wash one's self, bathe (J. 123)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
HHO, FALL DOWN, FINISH, REST, SLEEP, HIBERNATE, DIE; Sumerian u-3, sleep, rest (J. 805)
HHO-¿E, RESTFUL; Chinese ái, suffer, endure, drag out, delay, stall, play for time
HHO-¿O (+ causative), CAUSE TO BE RESTING; Chinese âi, friendly, amiable
HHO-FA (+ bird); Egyptian *hw, *sparrow (this bird, depicted by Gardiner's G37, and which means 'snake/worm-bird', sounded the same as HO-FA, wrongdoing, “neglect?” and became a symbol employed as a determinative for any word describing misconduct or misfortune.)
HHO-NA (+ one), (START TO) REST; Chinese ān, peaceful, quiet, tranquil, calm, set someone's mind at ease, rest content, be satisfied, safe, secure, in good health, etc.
HHO-NA-RO-¿E (+ part), DREAM; IE oner- (for *o:nar6i-), dream
HHO-RHE, COME DOWN (v. infra under RHE)
* * *
- K ? -
Chinese: K?=j; final K?=ng
Tibetan K?A-HHA=ga
Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?A=ka (possibly *ga devoiced by prefix) |
BODY
K?A, JAW (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest at back'); Sumerian ga-14, *jaw (J. 15 reads ga-14, and means 'mouth'); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (s-)ka (possibly *ga devoiced by s-), jaw, chinK?A-?A (+ stative), SHOUT; IE ge:(i)- (for *ga:-), sing, call, cry out
K?A-?A-¿E (+ like), BE SHOUTING (TRANSITIVE); Egyptian kj, cry out; Sumerian gi/e-4, report, answer (J. 605); IE ge:(i)- (for *ga:i - cf. Lithuanian gaidy~s, rooster), sing, call, cry out; Chinese jī, *shout, in jī-jī, zhā-zhā, chirp, twitter
K?A-?A-¿E-T?O (+ lump), SONG; Egyptian kj.t, cry of acclaim; IE ge:id-, *sing (cf. Lithuanian gíedu, sing, crow), listed under ge:(i)- : go:(i)- : gi:-, sing, call, cry out; Arabic kitta/yaktitu, hum softly, simmer
K?A-?A-¿E-T?O-¿E (+ -like), SONGSTER, ROOSTER; IE *ge:id6i- in Lithuanian gaidy~s, rooster; Chinese jī-zi (zî), chicken
K?A-?A-¿E-K?A-?A-¿E (+ reduplication), BE CHIRPING; Chinese jī-jī, chirp
K?A-?A-¿E, CHICKEN; Chinese jī, chicken
K?A-?A-¿E-T?O (+ lump), COMMUNICATION
K?A-?A-¿E-T?O-P?FO (+ leg), WRITING ROLL; Arabic kitâbun, document
K?A-?A-FA (+ frequentative), REJOICE; IE ga:u-, rejoice, boast joyfully; Tibetan ga-wa, be pleased
K?A-?A-FA-NA (+ one), DOG; Chinese qun, dog
K?A-?A-FA-T?SO (+ hold), REJOICE; Egyptian H'w (for *kjw'), rejoice; IE ga:udh-, rejoice [cf. Latin gaudeo:, rejoice], listed under ga:u-, rejoice
K?A-¿E, BE OPENING THE JAWS, SHOUTING
K?A-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE INFORMED (DEITY), INVOKED; Egyptian Hw, Authoritative Utterance, royal ordinance, *oracular pronouncement; Sumerian gu-3, speak, call, cry out (J. 15); IE g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, invoke
K?A-¿E-FA-FA (+ set), INVOCATION, INFORMATION; Egyptian Hww, proclaim
K?A-¿E-FA-THO (+ assemblage), INVOCATION; IE g^hu/u:-to- (for *gyau-to-), invoked, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, call upon
K?A-¿E-FA-THO-¿E (+ -like), BE INVOKING; Egyptian Hw.t, name of a goddess (invoker); Sumerian gu-3-de-2, speak, name (J. 15 + J. 635); IE *gyauti- in Gothic gudja, priest, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, call upon
K?A-¿E-FA-THO-¿E-HHA (+ stative), INVOKER, PRIEST, GOTH; Egyptian Hw.tjj, name of the sun-god (invoker); Sumerian Gu-ti, tribal name; in Gu-ti-um, land of the Gu-ti; IE *gyau-tya: in Gothic gudja, priest, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), call, invoke; *gyau-tya: in Latin Gothus, Goths
K?A-¿E-FA-THO, TEMPLE; Egyptian Hw.t, temple
K?A-¿E-NA (+ one), JAW-BONE
K?A-¿E-NA-FA (+ set), JAW-BONES; IE 2. g^enu- (for *g^yanu-), jaw-bone(s), chin
K?A-¿E-P?FO (+ place), JAW; IE g^ebh- (for *g^yabh-), jaw, mouth, eat, devour, listed under g^ep(h)-
K?A-¿E-RE (+ make), WAIL; Egyptian H3, mourn; IE g^a/a:r-, call cry out, lament
K?A-NA (+ one), CLENCH (THE JAWS); IE gen- (for *gan-), as a basis for extensions in the meaning 'press together, pinch, sag, what is pressed together, balled, *clenched (further, clap the jaws together)
K?A-NA-THO (+ assemblage), CLENCHING (THE JAWS), DISLIKE; Egyptian kn.t, dislike
K?A-NHA (+ ingressive), CALL; IE 2. gal-, call, cry out
K?A-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE CALLING TO; Egyptian knj, call
K?XE-K?A (face +), WHISPER
HE-K?A-RE (+ voice), WHISPER; Sumerian i-5-gar, thought (Comb. 200 - J. 15 + J. 970)
K?XE-K?A-RE (+ make), WHISPER (MAGIC SPELLS); in Egyptian Hk3.w, magic spells
K?A-RHE (+ come), WHISPER; Egyptian k3, say, think, plan; IE 2. ger- (for *gre:-), cry hoarsely
VERBAL
K?A, BE CHEWED; Sumerian ga-4, *chew apart (J. 970 reads ga-4, and means 'chew apart')
K?A-¿E (+ -like), CHEW; Egyptian *H (for *kj), *chew (Egyptian F18, 'tusk of elephant', really 'jaw')
K?A-¿E-FA (+ set), PAIR OF JAWS; IE g^(y)eu-, chew, *jaw [cf. OHG kewa, jaw]
K?A-¿E-FA-¿E (+ -like), CHEW; Sumerian gu-7, eat (J. 55); ku-2, eat (J. 55); IE g(y)eu- (for *g^yewi- [cf. Common German *kewian]), chew; Chinese jiáo, masticate, chew, munch
K?A-¿E-FA-SHA (+ content), ENJOY, FEAST ON; Egyptian Hz, favor, praise, please, *enjoy; IE g^eus-, try, taste, enjoy, in Germanic and Keltic: choose, in Indo-Iranian and Albanian: love
K?A-¿E-P?O (+ swell), CHEEK
K?A-¿E-P?O-NHE (+ little), TADPOLE; Egyptian Hfn, tadpole (Egyptian I8, 'tadpole'); IE gyaul- in Middle Low German ku:le, tadpole, listed incorrectly under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch
K?A-¿E-PHA (+ graze), CHEW, NIBBLE; IE g^ep(h)- (for *gyep-), g^ebh-, jaw, mouth, eat, devour
K?A-RE (+ apply), CHEW APART; Sumerian gar, chew apart (J. 970)
K?A, HAPPY
MINERAL
K?A, CUP; Egyptian *k, *cup; (Egyptian V31, 'wickerwork basket with handle`); Sumerian ga, *cup (J. 594 reads ga, and depicts a milk-bucket'); ga-5, measure of capacity (J. 103)
K?A-NA (+ one), CONTAINER, BOWL; Sumerian gan(a), *bowl (for *gan - J. 271 reads gan(a), and means 'jar'); IE *gan-, container, listed under gan(dh)-, container
K?A-NA-FA (+ set), CONTAINERS
K?A-NA-FA-NA (+ one), JAR, CAN; IE *ganwan- in Germanic kanno:n, can, listed under gan(dh)-, container
K?A-¿E, WELL; Egyptian *H, *well (Egyptian N41, 'well full of water')
K?A-¿E-MA (+ mound), WELL; Egyptian *Hm, *well (Egyptian N41, 'well full of water')
K?A-?A (+ stative), CUPLIKE, CUPPED HAND
K?A-?A-FA (+ frequentative), CLAP (INTRANSITIVE); Egyptian Hw, clap; IE ga:u- (for *gya:u-), rejoice, happily boast
K?A-?A-FA-RO (+ high degree), CLAPPING GREATLY, REJOICING; Sumerian hul-2, joy, rejoicing (J. 915); IE g6u-ro-s (for *ga:u-ro-), proud, listed under ga:u-, rejoice, happily boast
K?A-?A-P?A (+ diminutive), BE MADE INTO A (LITTLE) CUP, BE EMBRACED BY WRAPPING THE ARMS AROUND, BE PUT AGAINST
K?A-?A-P?A-T?O (+ lump), OAR; Egyptian Hp.t, oar
K?A-?A-P?A-¿E (+ -like), BE EMBRACING, BE AGAINST; Sumerian gab/p(a) (for *gaba), go against, approach, seal, press into, over, on (J. 326); IE ghabh- (for ghaba:-), seize, take, with e:-format (really ya-), durative, have, hold firmly to
K?A-?A-P?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), EMBRACE; Egyptian Hp.t, embrace
K?A-?A-T?SO (+ hold), HOLD HANDS TOGETHER IN ANTICIPATION, REJOICE; Egyptian H', rejoice; IE *gya:dh-, rejoice (cf. Greek ge:theo:, rejoice), listed under ga:u-
FA-K?A (around +); HOOF
FA-K?A-¿E (+ -like), HOOFED, QUICK; IE weg^-, fresh, strong
FA-K?A-¿E, HOOF; IE 1. wa/a:g- (for *wa:gi-; cf. Latin va:gi:na, scabbard), cover over; Egyptian *wH (for *wkj; kj becomes H as in Hw, food = g(y)eu-, chew; F25, sign with which it is written, portrays 'leg and hoof of ox'; the reading wHm.t for hoof is in error, and stems from the use of the hoof in writing wHm, repeat)
K?A-RE (+ make), COLLECT; Egyptian *k3, work (Egyptian A9, 'man steadying basket [W10] on head'); Sumerian gar, (J. 970 reads gar, and means 'enclose, include, lay down, set, have'); IE *gre- (cf. Doric Greek agretās, collector), put together, collect, listed under 1. ger-
K?A-RE-THO (+ assemblage), COLLECTION; Egyptian k3.t, work, construction
K?A-RE, GRANARY; Sumerian gar-3, granary (J. 503)
K?A-RE (+ scratch), SCOOP OUT
K?A-RE-P?FO (+ place), INDENTATION; IE gerebh-, scratch, notch (cf. Anglo-Saxon ceorfan, cut, notch)
K?A-RE-P?FO, MAKE INDENTATIONS; Arabic karaba/yakrubu, plough (the ground) before (sowing)
K?A-FA (+ set), CLENCHED FINGERS; IE gaw6-?, hand, grip, hand over, listed under gow6-
K?A, VULVA, WOMB
K?A-¿E (+ -like), VULVALIKE
K?A-¿A-FA (+ set), VULVAE
K?A-¿E-FA-MO(-THO) (+ flesh), VULVA; Egyptian H(w)m.t, vulva, cow; IE *gyaund- in Middle Low German kunte, vulva
K?A-¿E-MO (+ flesh); in Egyptian Hm.t, woman (kj H) (Egyptian 'penis and testicles touching triangle' - not numbered in Gardiner); Sumerian gem-3/gim-3, young girl
K?A-¿E-MO-¿E (+ -like), FEMALE SLAVE; Sumerian geme-2, female slave (J. 919)
K?A-¿E-MO-¿E, WIFE; Sumerian geme, wife (J. 919)
K?A-¿E-MO-¿E, MARRY; IE g^em(e)- (for *g^ami- [cf. Greek gameo:, marry]), marry
K?A-¿E-MO-HA (+ female); WIFE; Sumerian gimu, wife (J. 919)
K?A-¿E-NO (+ be stored), BEAR (A CHILD); Sumerian gan(a), pregnant, bear (a child); IE g^no:- (for *g^no- - cf. Greek gignomai, become, arise), engender, *bear (cf. Sanskrit janati, engenders, bears, listed under 1. g^en-
K?A-¿E-NO, PROGENETRIX; Sumerian gana-4, brood-ewe (J. 849)
K?A-¿E-NO-MA (+ mound), BREEDING PEN; Sumerian ganam-5, breeding pen (J. 848)
K?A-¿E-NO-THO (+ feminine), PROGENETRIX; Egyptian Hn(w).t, mistress
K?A, KNEECAP
K?A-P?FO (+ leg), KNEE
K?A-P?FO-HA (+ stative), KNEEL, SUBMIT; Sumerian gab/p-2 (for *gapu), assistant (really war-captive) (J. 141)
K?A-P?FO-SHA (+ immobile), GO DOWN ON KNEE, SUMBIT; IE *gabh6s- in Old Norse kefser, captive; Anglo-Saxon cefes, maid, concubine
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?=j; final K?=ng
Tibetan K?A-HHA=ga
Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?A=ka (possibly *ga devoiced by prefix) |
BODY
K?E, ERECT PENIS, FORMANT FOR NAMES OF MALES, TAIL (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from the back')
K?E-¿E (+ -like), PENIS, MALE; Egyptian k(3), bull; Sumerian gi/e-3, *male (J, 831 reads gi/e-3, and means 'king', i.e. 'the man'); ge-15 (for *gi-15), *male (J. 1 reads ge-15, and means 'man')
K?E-NA (+ one), ENGENDER; IE 1. g^en-, engender, bear
K?E-NA-NA (+ one), CHILD; Sumerian ginan, child (J. 273); IE *g^enan- in Old Irish gein, birth, listed under 1. g^en-, engender, bear
K?E, SPROUT, SPLIT OPEN
K?E-?A (+ stative), SPROUT, BE OPEN; IE *g^e:- (cf. g^i:-), sprout, split one's self open, bloom
K?E-?A-¿E (+ -like), SPLIT OPEN; IE g^e:i-, sprout, split one's self open, *split open (cf. OHG ki:l, wedge); Basque gehitu, grow, augment, multiply, enlarge, increase
K?E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), SHOOT; IE g^eit- in OHG frumaki:di, first growth
K?E-THO (+ assemblage), SMALLNESS; Egyptian kt, pettiness
K?E-THO-THO (+ reduplication), TRIFLE; Egyptian ktt, small, trifling, a trifle
PRONOMINAL
K?E, I (MASCULINE); in Egyptian -k(j), 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective
K?E-¿E (+ -like), I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kj, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective
K?E-FA (+ topical); I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kw, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective
K?E-FA-¿E (+ -like), I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kwj, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective
K?E, BE BOWED FORWARD, BENT OVER
K?E-?A, TURNED; Sumerian ge, turn, return (J. 131)
K?E-?A-FA (+ frequentative), BOW/BEND OVER (INTRANSITIVE); IE ge:u- (for *g^e:u-), bend, crimp, arch
K?E-?A-FA-T?O (+ organ), INTESTINE; IE geud-, intestine, listed under ge:u- (for *g^e:u-), bend, crimp, arch
K?E-?A-FA-T?O, ANUS; Sumerian gudu-3, anus (J. 694 = J. 689, intestine + J. 750, hole)
K?E-?A-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BOW (NOD); Egyptian kw.t, respect
K?E-?A-RHE (+ conme), RETURN; IE *g^e:r- in MHG kehren, return; in g^ren- in Lithuanian gri~@,žti, return, listed under 3. ger-, turn, wind; Arabic karra/yakurru, return; Tibetan gar, dance
K?E-¿E (+ -like), BE BENDING OVER, TURNING BACK; IE gei-, turn, bend; Tibetan gya-pa, disfigured (cf. gya-gyu, crookedness)
K?E-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE TURNING AWAY FROM; Arabic kayâ, to shy from ???
K?E-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), DIVERT; in Arabic kayyafa, enliven, divert
K?E, BE STIFF
K?E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO STIFFEN, FREEZE; IE 3. gel(6)- (for *g^el-), cold, freeze
K?E-NHA-HA (+ stative), BE FREEZINGLY COLD, VERY STIFF; IE *g^la:, in English glower (loanword?); Egyptian knj, be sullen; Arabic kalaHa/yaklaHu, to be stern-looking (cf. kâliHun, severe (winter)
K?E, (STRAIGHTENED) FINGER
K?E, STICK (INTO), POKE, CALL ATTENTION TO VERBALLY
K?E-¿E (+ -like), CHIP, SHAVING
K?E-¿E-P?A (+ piece)
SA-K?E-¿E-P?A (strong +), TO HAVE GIVEN SHAPE TO; IE skei-b-, *give shape to (cf. Latvian šk'ibît, hew, cut, strip of branches, listed under ske\e:i-, cut, separate, part
K?E-¿E-PHA (+ flat), CHIP AT; in Arabic kayyafa, to give a shape to
?A-K?E (pointed +), PROD, PLANT; PIE ag^-, drive (really probably 'drive by swinging arms', swing, set into motion, lead (cf. Old Indian aSTra:-, prod for driving cattle; also ak-to-s, emissary with Egyptian jkkw, councilors?); Egyptian jkw, stone-quarry; jkjj, quarryman; jknw, hoe (pick, digging stick?); Sumerian ag, cultivate; in Arabic ?akara, till; ?akamatun, rising ground (cf. PIE ag^ro-, field; ag^mo-s, furrow); confused with ?A-K?O, TIE UP (FOR TRANSPORT)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?=j; final K?=ng
Tibetan K?A-HHA=ga
Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?A=ka (possibly *ga devoiced by prefix) |
BODY
K?O, NECK (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to the back' [twisted]); Sumerian gu-2, neck (J. 171)
K?O-?A (+ stative), SHOUT; IE go:-, listed under ge:(i)- : go:(i)- : gi:-, sing, call, cry out
K?O-?A, NECK; Sumerian gu-2, neck (J. 171)
K?O-?A-THO (+ assemblage), THROAT; IE gu:/u-t-, throat, listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch
K?O-NHA (+ move back and forth), SWALLOW, GULP; IE 2. gel-, swallow
K?O-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE GULPING REPEATEDLY, EXHAUSTED; IE *g6la:y- in Old Indian gla:-ti/glá:yati, feels exhausted, listed under 2. gwel-, drip down, run over, well up, throw; Arabic kalla/yakillu, to be tired, weary
K?O-NHA-P?FE (+ animal name), DOG; Arabic kalbun, dog
K?O-NHA-P?FE, GULP DOWN; Arabic kaliba/yaklabu, eat voraciously
K?O-NHA, HAVE STARTED TO LIFT ITSELF UP (IN SHORT INCREMENTS); IE *g6là:-, *climb, in various extensions, such as MHG klingen, climb; Old Saxon *kla:tiro:n, climb; OHG klimban, climb, listed under 1. gel-, ball up, ball one's self up, what is rounded, ball-shaped
K?O-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE LIFTING UP; Egyptian Tnj, lift up
K?O-SA (+ sinew), SPINAL CORD; Egyptian Tz, spine; Sumerian gu-2-sa (Comb. 856), spinal cord; IE *gus- in Polish guza, backside, listed incorrectly under geng, lump, lumpy; geus- (for *gos-), bird crop (cf. Faroese kjos, crop), listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch; IE *gos- in French gosier, throat
K?O, ROPE; Egyptian T, rope (Egyptian V13, 'rope for tethering animals'); Sumerian gu, cord, tendril (J. 924)
K?O-¿E, HOISTNG
SA-K?O-¿E-SO (strong +), HOIST UP; IE *(s)kois- in Modern English hoist
K?O-SO (+ pull), HOIST (Egyptian U39, 'post of balance', rather 'hoist'); Egyptian Ts, raise, lift up; Sumerian gu-2-us-2 (Comb. 867), raise (the head)
K?O-SO, HOIST ONE'S SELF UP; Egyptian Ts, go up
K?O-SO, RILE ONE'S SELF UP; Egyptian Ts, be angry
FA-K?O-SO (around +), WEAR; Egyptian wTs, raise, lift up, wear
K?O, TWIST
K?O-¿E (+ -like), BE TWISTING; IE gei-, turn, bend; Sumerian ge/i-16, bind (J. 110)
K?O-¿E-SO, KNOT, VERTEBRA (Egyptian S24, 'girdle knot'; Egyptian Ts, vertebra; Ts, tie, weave, join, rejoin, knit together, form, unite, build, model, marshall, levy, clot
K?O-¿E-SO-¿E, SAND, GRAVEL; Egyptian Tz, sandbank; IE geis- (for *geisi-), gravel (listed under g^eis-, gravel
K?O-FA (+ past participle), TWISTED; IE gou-, *be twisted (cf. gou-no-m, what is curled, arched; gou-ro-s, curled hair, wool), listed under ge:u- (for *gou-), bend, crimp, arch
K?O-FA-P?FE (+ foot), SOLE, SANDAL; IE ge:u-, bend, crumple, arch; Egyptian T(w)b.t (for Tbw.t), shoe; Tibetan n-gop-so, cobbler (from m-gob?)
K?O-FA-SHA (+ immobile), KNEEL; Egyptian Ts, sit (really kneel); Sumerian gu-2-ša (for gu-2-sa-x?) (Comb. 904 = J. 171 + 650), bend down, humble (of men); IE geus-, bend, listed under ge:u- (for *gou-)
?A (PLANT-TOP)+, ?A-K?O, TIE UP (FOR TRANSPORT); PIE ag^-, drive (really probably 'drive by swinging arms', swing, set into motion, lead, weigh, send? (cf. ak-to-s, emissary, 'one sent around'?); Egyptian jT, take (possession of), conduct, carry off, remove, arrest, move, steal; Sumerian ag-2, send; confused with ?A-K?E, PROD, PLANT
* * *
- K H -
Austronesian: KH=k
Chinese: KH=g
Tibetan: KHE=khy
KHE-'¿E=khyi
Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff): KHA=ga (possibly *ka, voiced by prefix) KH(E)-FHA=kwɢ
|
ANIMAL
KHA, (KASHMIR) GOAT, RUMINANT, MOUFLON SHEEP, (POSSIBLY FOX)(animate: literally, 'who is in movement at the back')
KHA-¿E (+ -like), HAIRY, LONG-HAIRED
KHA-¿E-SE (+ separate), HAIR FILAMENT; IE kais-, hair
KHA-FE (+ male), RUTTING MALE, STRONG-SMELLING
KHA-FE-¿E (+ -like), GOATLIKE, WHEY, SOUR-SMELLING; IE 1. k^wei- (for *kwa:i-), mire. manure, dirty, *whey (cf. Old English hwaeg, whey)
KHA-FHA (+ set), GOATS
KHA-FHA-SHO (+ clan), LARGE GOATHERD
KHA-FHA-SHO-THO (+ assemblage), GOATHERD; Egyptian Hz.t, herd of sheep (goats)
KHA-FHA-SE (+ emit), SMELL SOUR, CHEESE, KVAS (BEER); Egyptian *Hz, *kvas (Egyptian W14, 'tall water-pot', which reads Hs, is really 'beer-jar', KHA-FHA-SE-FA; Hz(3), slime, mucus, dough (sourdough) (Egyptian k(h)w - H; cf. also kjw, 'jaws` [K?A-¿E-FA], Hw); Sumerian kaš, intoxicating beverage, beer, *kvas (J. 431 - portrays a beer-jar); kaš-2, intoxicating beverage, beer, *kvas (J. 324); IE *kwa:s- in Latin cāseus, cheese, listed incorrectly under kwat(h)-, ferment, become sour, decay
KHA-FHA-SE-FA (+ set), BEER-JAR; Egyptian Hs, *beer-jar (v. supra); Sumerian kaš, *beer-jar (J. 431 portrays a beer-jar)
KHA-FHA-SE-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BEER-JAR; Egyptian Hs.t, water-jar
KHA-FHA-SE-RHE (+ rain), (BUTTER)MILK; Egyptian Hz3, milk
KHA-FHA-SE-RHE-FA (+ set), CURDS, THE MILKY WAY; Egyptian Hz3.w, a body of water in the sky
KHA-FHA-SE-RHE-THO (+ feminine), MILK-ANIMAL, HESAT (Hz3.t, EGYPTIAN GODDESS OF THE MILKY WAY); Egyptian Hz3.t, Hesat
KHA-K?E (+ male), BILLY-GOAT; IE kag^o-, (billy-)goat
VERBAL
KHA, (STRONGLY) DESIRE, LUST, VOLITIVE; Sumerian ga, cohortative prefix (really volitive); IE ka, particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under ka/a:-; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (m-)ga (possibly *ka, voiced by prefix), want, thing, love
KHA-¿E (+ -like); DESIRABLE; k^ei- (for *kyai-), intimate, dear, listed under 1. k^ei-, lie; Chinese gāi, ought to, should, deserve
KHA-¿E-MO (+ overall), GREATLY DESIRABLE; IE k^ei-mo- (for *kyai-mo-), familiar, listed under 1. k^ei-,
KHA-¿E-MO-THO (+ assemblage), OBJECT OF DESIRE, HOME; Egyptian km.t, Egypt
KHA-MO, GREATLY DESIRABLE; IE kom (for *kam), particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under IE ka/ā-; Chinese gān, sweet, pleasant, willingly, of one's own accord
KHA-HA (+ stative), BE DESIROUS, LUSTFUL; IE ka:-, like, desire; kā, particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under ka/ā
KHA-HA-MO (+ overall), GREATLY DESIROUS; IE ka:-mo-, desire, listed under ka:-, like, desire; ka:m-, desire, listed under ka:-, like, desire; kom (for *ka:m), particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under IE ka/a:-
KHA-HA-RE (+ make), AVIDLY PLAN; Egyptian k3, think about, plan, plot; sDm.k3.f verbal form, volitive
KHA-HA-RO (+ high degree), VERY DESIROUS; Sumerian gul, overly full, amply rich (J. 772); IE ka:-ro-, dear, desirable, listed under ka/a:-, like, desire
KHA, HORN, SPIRAL, WIND AROUND
KHA-SO (+ pull), SCRATCH, COMB; IE kes- (for *kas-), scratch, comb
KHA-SO-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SCRATCH, BE PAINFUL; Egyptian qsn, painful, wretched; IE ks-en-, *rough (cf. Latin sentus, rough), listed under kes-, scratch, comb
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?=j; final K?=ng
Tibetan K?A-HHA=ga Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?A=ka (possibly *ga devoiced by prefix) |
ANIMATE NATURE
KHE, SHADOW (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from the back'); Egyptian N2-3, 'sky with a broken (?) w3s-sceptre suspended from it', RATHER 'sky with zigzag spear symbolizing lightning and droplet of rain'; Egyptian k3, soul, in early spellings, is written simply k (and as a plural: kkk for k.w); this strongly suggests that Egyptian *k, shadow, was in competition with k3 (KHE-?A-RA) as a designation for the spirit or ghost of a man; Sumerian ge-6, night, black, shadow (J. 770)
KHE-?A (+ stative), SHADOWY, GREY, DIRTY
KHE-?A-¿E (+ -like), SHADOWY
KHE-?A-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), STORM; Basque ekaitz, storm
KHE-?A-¿E (+ -like), SHIMMER; IE sk^a:i-, shimmer subduedly
KHE-?A-RHA ( + color), TURNED SHADOWY-COLORED, GHOST; Egyptian k3, ka, phantom (cf. k3.w, spirits); IE k^e:-ro-, color designation, in Greek Ke:r, goddess of death
KHE-?A-SE (+ unattached male), HARE; Egyptian ks, *harelike (determinative is a non-identifiable animal; said of the attitude of a captive); Sumerian kis, *hare (J. 766 reads kis, and depicts an animal with long ears); IE k^as-, gray, *hare (cf. Old Indian s'as'á, hare; Arabic khazazun, male hare
KHE-¿E (+ -like), GRAY; Egyptian *kj, *gray (Egyptian D28, 'arms extended so as to embrace?`, reads *kj rather than k3); Sumerian gi-6, night, black, shadow (J. 770); IE 2. k^ei-, dark
KHE-¿E-?A (+ stative), GROWN GRAY; IE k^eya:, shadow (in Latvian seja, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-})
KHE-¿E-?A-MO (+ overall), DARK GRAY; Sumerian *kim-4, probably an unrecorded reading for J. 677, black, which is a gunu-variant of J. 675, which has the reading kim-3; Egyptian k(j)m, black (really, dark gray); IE k^ye:-mo (for *k^ya:mo), dark gray
SA-KHE-¿E-?A (strong +), GROW COMPLETELY GRAY; IE sk^iya:- {for *sk^i[y]a:-}, shadow, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-}, in Greek skia:, shadow
KHE-¿E-?A, TURN GRAY; Egyptian Hjj (listed as jHjj - first <i is j-augment), grow dark; IE *k^(h)a:ya:- in Sanskrit cha:ya:, shadow, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-}
KHE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), MAKE GRAY
KHE-¿E-FA (+ color adjective), DARK, COLOR; Sumerian ku-10, darkness (J. 770); IE k^i-wo-, color, listed under 2. k^ei-
KHE-¿E-FA-KHE-¿E-FA (+ reduplication), TOTALLY DARKEN, DARKNESS; Sumerian kuku, darkness (J. 770)
KHE-¿E-RHA (+ color), GRAY-COLORED; IE k^ei-ro-, dark, gray, and brown {for (reddish-)brown, better KHO-¿E [see below]}
KHE-FHA (+ frequentative), TURN COMPLETELY GRAY
KHE-FHA-¿O (+ causative), INCINERATE; IE 2. k^eu- (*k^eui-; cf. Greek kaío:, ignite, light), ignite, burn up?
KHE-NHE (+ little), PUPPY
KHE-NHE-P?FE, WILD DOG; Sumerian lib/p (for *klip - cf. Akkadian kalbu, dog), *wild dog (J. 657 reads lib/p, and means 'wild dog'
KHE-RHA (+ color), SHADOW-COLORED; Sumerian possibly in geštin gir-2-ra, where geštin means 'grape'; gir, pig (the gray one) (J. 643); IE k^er-, a color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues, listed as a variant under 6. ker-
KHE-RHA-MO + overall), OVERALL SHADOW-COLORED
KHE-RHA-MO, GRAPE; Sumerian girim, fruit (J. 834); in Egyptian k3m.w, vineyard - k3m, vintner
KHE-RHA-MO-NA (+ one), WEASEL; IE k^or-men- (for *k^er-men-), stoat, weasel, listed under 6. ker- (for k^er-)} in Lithuanian s'armuony~s, weasel
KHE-RHA-MO, GARLIC; IE k^erem- , garlic, onion, listed under (kerem-)
KHE-RHA-NA (+ one); Sumerian girin, fruit (J. 834); in Egyptian k3n.w, vineyard - k3n.jj, vintner
KHE-RHA-NA, ICE; IE in k^er-no-, ice, snow (cf. Old Russian serenyi, white), listed under 6. ker (for k^er-), a color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues
KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), DARK; Egyptian kk, be dark; Sumerian gig-2, night, black, shadow (J. 770)
KHE, OTHER; IE k^e, *other, listed under k^o-, k^e, pronominal stem 'this', originally I-deictic, later also 'that'; Armenian k'ez, to you
KHE-¿E (+ -like), NEARBY THAT; IE k^(e)i-, this, originally I-deictic, later also that (for nearby that), listed under k^o-, k^e; Chinese gāi, this, that
KHE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), OTHER; Egyptian kjj, other
KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), COMPLETELY NEARBY, SURROUND; Sumerian gi-4-gi-4, surround (J. 605 - Comb. 1942)
KHE-FA (+ topical), YOU; Egyptian -T (for *kw), your (feminine); IE *k@^ew-, *you, in Armenian k'o, of you
?E-KHE (+ that); THERE NEARBY
?E-KHE-¿E (+ -like), THERE NEARBY; IE *ek^ei-, there, in Greek ekeî, there, listed under k^o-, k^e, pronominal stem 'this', originally I-deictic, later also 'that'
?E-KHE-RE (+ something), SOMETHING NEARBY; Arabic ?âkhru, other
KHE, BROTHER; Chinese gē, (elder) brother; in gēr, brothers, boys; Proto-Yao k≫, older brother
KHE-¿E (+ -like), (ELDER) BROTHER, Shilluk ká:yò, elder brother; Salinan kaai, older brother
KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), ELDER BROTHER; Chinese gēge, (elder) brother; Proto-Austronesian kaka, older brother; numerous American Indian examples on p. 123-4 of Ruhlen's The Origin of Language
VERBAL
KHE-¿E (+ -like), MAKE THAT/OTHER, ALTER; Sumerian gi-4, *alter (J. 605) [in har-gi-4-gi-4, alter (Comb. 2833), and a-gi-4-a, alter (Comb. 3629)]; Chinese gâi, change, transform
KHE-¿E (+ -like), CANINE; Tibetan khyi, dog
KHE, HORN
KHE-RE (+ nail), HORN; IE 1. k^er-, horn
KHE-RE-¿E (+ -like), HORNY; Egyptian k3, bull; IE k^erei-, ram, listed under 1. k^er-, horned animals
KHE-RE (+ scratch), GORE; IE 4. k^er-, damage (cf. Albanian tsirrís, puncture (*k^er-n-)
KHE-RO (+ part), HORN
KHE-RO-THO-¿E (+ Egyptian feminine dual), TWO HORNS; Egyptian kr.tj, two horns
KHE, GORE
KHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO GORE; IE 2. kel-, puncture
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?=j; final K?=ng Tibetan K?A-HHA=ga Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?A=ka (possibly *ga devoiced by prefix) |
ANIMAL
KHO, ANIMAL YOUNG, SMALL, FORMANT OF DIMINUTIVES; (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the back' (around the neck?), i.e. '[self-]coverer'); Egyptian G47, 'duckling'; IE diminutive in -ko
VERBAL
KHO, COVER (WITH BLOOD FROM PROCESS OF MAMMALIAN BIRTH)
KHO-¿E (+ -like), REDDISH BROWN; IE *k^oi (for *k6i-) [listed under 2. k^ei-], in color terms, mostly for dark colors - cf. Greek kira, fox, and Old Irish ciar, dark brown
KHO-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY REDDISH BROWN; Sumerian: possibly a non-attested meaning of *reddish-brown for J. 339, which means 'fire', and reads kum-2
KHO-¿E-RHA, REDDISH-BROWN COLORED; IE k^oi-ro- for *koi-ro, listed under 2. k^ei-, in color terms, mostly for dark colors - cf. Greek kira, fox, and Old Irish ciarr, dark brown
KHO-¿E-RHA-FA (+ color adjectives), REDDISH BROWN
KHO-¿E-RA-FA-NA (+ one), BLOOD; Sumerian kurun-3, blood (J. 575)
KHO-FA (+ frequentative), BE COVERED; Sumerian gu-5, a reading of J. 893, which includes among its meanings 'clothing, clothed, be clothed'; IE 2. (s)keu-, cover, wrap up (for (s)ku:- from (s)kou-). The initial (s)- is the final result of an unaccented SA.
KHO-MO (+ overall), OVERALL REDDISH-BROWN; in Egyptian Tms, red, ruddy (KHO-MO-SO, where SO is 'skin'), and TmH, Libyan (KHO-MO-K?XA, where K?XA is 'hair'); IE: possibly in Lithuanian k~emuras, grape, listed under 1. kem-, to press together, etc., instead of a non-present *kom-, reddish-brown.
KHO-MO-K?XA (+ hair), REDDISH-BROWN HAIRED, LIBYAN; Egyptian TmH, Libyan
KHO-MO-SO (+ skin), REDDISH-BROWN SKINNED, RUDDY; Egyptian Tms, red, ruddy
KHO-RHA (+ color), REDDISH-BROWN COLORED; IE 6. ker-, color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues (cf. Sanskrit karata, dark red (?), and OHG horo, excrement) - the basis for Old English gor, dung, dirt, from which Modern English 'gore' is derived.
KHO-RHA-FA (+ set), BLOOD; Sumerian 'blood' is kurun-3 (J. 575), and a gunu-variant, J. 577, reads guri/u(n), but is attested meaning only 'fruit'. We assume that J. 575 also reads an unattested *guru-x for KHO-RA-FA while kurun-3 represents KHO-RA-FA-NA; IE l. kreu- (for *kra:u-, cf. Lithuanian krau~jas, blood), thick, coagulating blood, bloody, raw meat
KHO-RHA-FA-PHA(+ diminutive), COAGULATE; IE kreup-, scab, scab over
KHO-RHA-SO (+ skin), STRONGLY REDDISH-BROWN; IE kra:s-, red (listed mistakenly under 3. ker(6)-, burn, glow, heat)
KHO-RO (+ high degree), BLOOD; Egyptian Tr, blood
KHO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), COVERING
KHO-FA-THO-¿E (+ -like), COVERING; Sumerian gu-2-e-3 (Comb. 889), clothing. Sumerian e-3 is a sign composed of ud (J. 684) and du (J. 410). In this case, it should not be read e-3 but ud-du, producing *gu-ud-du; IE (s)ku/u:-ti-, skin, listed under 2. (s)keu-.
SA-KHO-FA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY COVERED; IE 2. (s)keu- (v. supra)
KHO-RE-FA (+ frequentative), DON, BEAR ON ONE'S SELF; Egyptian T3(w), take up, seize, snatch, don, bearer; Sumerian gur-3, lift, bear, bearer (J. 595); IE 5. (ker-?), hang, hang up; Chinese gài, lid, cover
KHO-RE-FA, DON UP; Egyptian T3w, take up, seize, snatch, don, bearer; Sumerian guru-3, lift, bear, bearer (J. 595); IE 5. (ker-?) for *keru- [cf. Lithuanian kariu, karti, hang (up) with a cord], hang, hang up
KHO-RE-MO (+ overall), AREA COVERING; Egyptian T3m, foreskin, cloak, veil, close (a wound); IE (s)kre:-m- (listed incorrectly under 4. (s)ker-, cut), scurf, scab, surface, skin
KHO, NEST; Chinese gā, *depression, in gāzhiwō, armpit, and gālár, nook, cranny
KHO-¿E, NESTLING; Egyptian T3 (for *Tj[3]), fledgling, child
KHO-¿E, NEST; Sumerian ga-2, house (J. 458); IE 1. k^ei- (for *koi-), lie, camp, homestead, trusted, dear. Derivatives like Latin cu:nae (*koi-na:), cradle, nest — and Old Norse hi:dh, lair of the bear (*kei-to), substantiate the original meaning 'nest'
KHO-¿E-¿E (+ like), RESTING; IE 1. k^ei- (from *kyei-), lie, rest
KHO-¿E-MA (+ mound), CAMP; Sumerian hum, camp (J. 935), where KHO-¿E-MA has become first KH-XO:-MO ('KXO:-MO) then XO:M; IE *kei-ma: (Greek keima, camp), listed under 1. k^ei- (for koi-), lie, etc.
KHO-¿E-RA (+ tall), ADOLESCENT; Egyptian T3, fledgling, child; Sumerian gur-4/kur(u)-4 (J. 834), sprout, small - gur-8/kur-9 (J. 99), engender - gur-12/kur-2 (reduplicated J. 101), grow, sprout; IE 2. k^er-, grow, make grow, nourish (cf. Homeric Greek kouros, adolescent, and koure:tes, battle-aged band of adolescents). The initial palatal is the result of KHO-¿E-RHE becoming KHOI-RE: then KH6I-RE:, and finally KHYRE: (IE k^re-)
KHO-THO (+ assemblage), NESTFUL; Egyptian T.t, colloquial: staff, gang, partisans; Sumerian gud-x (written u-2-ki-si-3-ga), nest; Sumerian gud-6, camp, stall (J. 935); IE kot- (listed under ke/e:t-), living quarters, but cf. Old Bulgarian kot`s`, cella, nest
* * *
- K ? X -
Chinese: K?X=q
K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu
Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy |
BODY
K?XA, HAIR (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended over points in back'); Sumerian ka-3, *hair, wool (J. 594 reads ka-3, and means 'hair, wool')
K?XA-¿E + -like), HAIRY
K?XA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), MASS OF HAIR, FOLIAGE, FLEECE; Sumerian kid-9, flax, *wool (J. 147 - this sign written twice, combined with ninda, cup, [J. 970] also written twice, reads kinda, (sheep-)shearer; this indicates that J. 147 was taken from animal husbandry as wool and applied in agriculture to flax); kid-4, *fleece (J. 580 reads kid-4, and means 'fleece')
K?XA-¿E-THO-HA (+ feminine), HAIR CURLS, FOLIAGE; IE ghait-a:, curly or wavy hair, *foliage (cf. Greek khaite:, curly hair, free flowing hair, mane, foliage)
K?XA-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), OVERFLOW (HANG DOWN SIDES); IE g^heu- ( *ghye(:)u-), pour, *overflow (cf. Greek khude:n, profuse; OHG gussa, inundation)
K?XA-¿E-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; IE g^her- ( *ghyer-), bristle up *be frightened (cf. Latin horreo:, become stiff, bristle up, shudder, be horrified), listed under g^hers-
K?XA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), FLEECE, GOAT; IE ghaido-, he-goat, goat
K?XA-¿E, LUSH, DISORDERED; Chinese qī in qīqī, luxuriant; qī, crooked, uneven, disorderly, irregular
K?XA-FA (+ set), HEAD OF HAIR
K?XA-FA-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; IE ghou-ro-s, fearsome, fearful
NO-K?XA-FA (negation +), NAKED, BALD; IE *noghw- nogw- , *bald naked
NO-K?XA-FA, NEGRO, BLACK; IE *negw- ( *noghw- - see above), *black, in Indian Naga-, aboriginal
NO-K?XA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), NIGHT, BLACKNESS; IE nokw-(t-), night (*noghw- nogw-+to nokw-t(o)-)
NO-K?XA, NEGRO; Tibetan in nag-po, black
NO-K?XA, BLACK; Egyptian *nH, *black (Egyptian G21, 'Sennâr guinea-fowl`)
NO-K?XA-SO (+ skin), NEGRO; Egyptian nHs(jj), Nubian
NO-¿E-K?XA, BLACK
NO-¿E-K?XA-RO (+ high degree), VERY BLACK; IE *noigh-ro- in Latin niger, black
NO-K?XA (negation +), BARE
NO-K?XA-P?FO (+ place), NECK
NO-K?XA-P?FO-THO (+ assemblage), NECK; Egyptian nHb.t, neck
NO-?A-¿E-K?XA (negation +), BARE
NO-?A-¿E-K?XA, NECK; IE *no:ig(h)- (cf. Middle English no:k, angle, corner), neck, in Middle Low German necke, listed incorrectly under 1. ken-, press together, etc.
K?XA-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; Egyptian Hr, terror, terrible, terrify (Egyptian Aa19, 'doubtful`, portrays a stylized body with bristles); Sumerian kal-2, *bristle up (J. 640 portrays a feather headdress, and reads kal-2)
K?XA-RHE (+ fall), MANE, AWN; Egyptian H3, *mane (Egyptian F4, 'forepart of lion' shows mane clearly); Sumerian kiri- 5, *mane, *lion (J. 789 shows the forepart of a lion, means 'lion', and reads kiri-5); IE g^her-, *mane (cf. Armenian jar [g^heri], mane of a horse), listed under g^hers-, bristle up; 2. ghers-, names of weeds; g^erzd(h), the prickly, bearded grain, barley; Basque gari, wheat
K?XA-T?O (+ lump), TUFT OF HAIR, SNAG; Egyptian Ht, become entangled (of hair); Sumerian kad/t/T, (hank of) flax, *wool (J. 147)
K?XA-K?XA (+ redulication), ALL HAIRY, LUXURIANT; Chinese qīqī, luxuriant
VERBAL
K?XA, HANG; Chinese qī, (of birds) perch, dwell, stay
K?XA-¿E (+ -like), BE HANGING ON, STAYING; Chinese qí, ride (an animal or bicycle), sit on the back of
K?XA-¿E-SHA (+ immobile), BE HANGING BY ONE'S SELF, ADHERING; IE ghais-, remain fixed, remain stuck, delay
K?XA-¿E-SHA-NHA (+ one), HOSTAGE; IE *ghaisel- in Old High German gi:sal, hostage, listed incorrectly under gheidh-, desire, be covetous
K?XA-FA (+ frequentative), HANG UP, SUSPEND OVER
K?XA-FA-P?A (+ piece), HANG UP LOW, CAUSE TO BE SLIGHTLY SUSPENDED, OVER, CAUSE TO STOOP
K?XA-FA-P?A, BE HANGING UP LOW (INTRANSITIVE), BE HOPPING, MAKING SHORT, QUICK MOVEMENTS, DARTING, STOOPING, CRUMPLING; Egyptian xp, travel, encounter; xp, die; IE gheub(h)- (for *ghauba:-), bend, stoop, move, *hop (cf. Islandic goppa, hop up and down)
K?XA-FA-P?FO (+ leg), LEG-JOINT, KNEE; Egyptian xb, *leg-joint (Egyptian A32, 'man dancing', pictured with one upraised leg bent at the knee'); Sumerian *hup-2, *leg-joint (J. 141 reads hub/p-2, and pictures a leg bent at the knee); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaubh-), bend, stoop, move, *joint (cf. Polish przegub, joint)
K?XA-FA-P?FO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO HANG LOOSELY, BECOME LAX, SLUR (SPEECH); Egyptian xbn, distort (speech), be distorted, wrongful; IE *ghaubhol- in English gabble, gobble
K?XA-FA-P?FO, HANG LOOSELY, DANCE, KNEEL; Egyptian xb, dance ; Sumerian (lu-2) hup-2-pu, acrobat (Comb. 704 = J. 611 + J. 141 + J. 675 (LU-2, determinative, man) + hub/p-2 (for *hupu), *be suspended + pu (phonetic determinative); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaubho:-), bend, stoop, move, *kneel
K?XA-FA-P?FO, BE MAKING TO HANG LOOSELY, SUSPEND LOOSELY, KNEEL ON, OVERPOWER; Egyptian xb, deduct, subtract, reduce, lessen, waste (time), exact (dues), be hushed; Sumerian hub/p-2 (for *hupu-2), overpower (J. 141); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaub6i-), bend, stoop, move, *suspend over (cf. Lithuanian gaubiù, cover over, wrap around, arch over)
K?XA-FA-P?FO-RE (+ make), KNEEL ON, OVERPOWER, HANG LOOSELY, DISREGARD; Egyptian xb3, destroy, lay waste, ravage, subvert, downcast (of face); Sumerian *hupar, overpower (J. 146 = J. 141, hub/p-2, *knee + J. 684, which reads par (phonetic determinative)
K?XA-FA, OVERFLOW (HANG DOWN SIDES); Egyptian Hw, overflow; Sumerian ha ( *kwa), overflow (J. 271)
K?XA-P?A (+ diminutive), HANG A LITTLE, GAPE SLIGHTLY; IE g^h6b-, gape, listed under 1. g^he:-, be empty, lack; Basque gabe, without; gabetu, deprive of
K?XA-P?FO (+ leg), FORK, GROIN; Sumerian kab/p (for *kap), *groin (J. 141 reads kab/p, and pictures a bent leg)
K?XA-P?FO-NHA, START TO PART INTO A FORK
K?XA-P?FO-NHA, MAKE INTO A FORK; IE ghabh(o)lo-, -la:, branch fork, forking, fork
FA-K?XA (around +), BE SUSPENDED FROM
FA-K?XA-¿E (+ -like), BE SUSPENDING (FROM), LIFTING UP FOR INSPECTION, WEIGHING, CONSIDERING; Egyptian wH('), investigate; wH(') in wH(')-ib, capable of (rather *considering); IE weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related; *weigh (cf. Old Icelandic vega, move, swing, lift, weigh)
FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), WAGON; IE *weg^ha-to in Old Indian vahát-, river, vehicle, listed under weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related
FA-K?XA-¿E-RHE (+ come), DRIVE; Sumerian g~ig~ir, mount a wagon (Comb. 3095 = J. 809 + J. 410 (ri-6, come)
FA-K?XA-¿E-RHE, WAGON; Sumerian g~ig~ir, wagon (J. 834); g~ig~ir-2, wagon; g~ig~ir-3, wagon (J. 860)
FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ twirl), BOAT; Egyptian wH', *boat (Egyptian P4, 'fisherman's boat with net'); IE weg^hi-tho-, *boat (cf. Old Indian vahítra-, vehicle, ship), listed under weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related
FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO-¿E (+ -like), FISH (WITH NET); Egyptian wH', fisherman, fowler
FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), DISPERSE; Egyptian wH', loose, release, go home after work (be released), return from (be released from)
FA-K?XA-RE, SUBMERGE; Sumerian g~ig~ri-2, submerge (Comb. 1356 = 2 x J. 398, gir-5)
FA-K?XA-FA-K?XA (+ reduplication), BE TOTALLY LIFTED UP OFF, DISAPPEAR; Egyptian wHwH, disappear
PREPOSITIONAL
K?XA, BEHIND; IE *gha in g^ho:, behind, after, on account of
K?XA-¿E, BEHIND; IE in g^ho:, behind, after, on account of
K?XA-RHE (+ fall), BEHIND; Egyptian H3, behind; Sumerian in egir (this is possibly ?E-K?XA-¿E-RHE = 'no hair' = 'neck'/'back' [for *igêr]), back, backside (J. 416)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?XO=ku |
K?XE, FACE, FACIAL FEATURES (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended from points in back'); Egyptian *H, *face (Gardiner D2, 'face')
K?XE-FA (+ set), FACES, FACELIKE
K?XE-FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO MAKE A FACE, FROWN; Egyptian xn, scowling
K?XE-FA-NHA-¿E (+ like), MAKE FROWN, BE UNPLEASANT; Egyptian xn, rebel; Sumerian hul, evil, despise, spoil, devastate, touch, tease, enemy, devil, laboriously, sickness, trifling, easy, rebellious, anointer (J. 806); hul-3, evil (J. 452); IE g^hwel-, bend one's self, bend away from an upright position (also mentally and conventionally), *unpleasant (cf. Lithuanian atz`ulas, gruff, hard, impolite, pitiless), *evil (cf. Russian zol, evil, bad)
SA-K?XE-FA-NHA-¿E (strong +), BE COMPLETELY UNPLEASANT, SCOWL; IE *skwel- in Modern English scowl
K?XE-RO (+ part), FACE; Egyptian Hr, face (Egyptian D2, 'face'); Sumerian kir-4/kiri-3, face (J. 15); IE g^her6- (listed under 3. g^her-), shine, gleam, shimmer (cf. Russian dialect zorok, face; Czech zrak, face; Polish wzrok, face
K?XE-RO-FA (+ bird), HORUS (EGYPTIAN MARS); Egyptian Hrw, Horus
K?XE, BARE
K?XE-?A (+ stative), BARE, EMPTY; IE 1. g^he:-, be empty, missing; Basque -ge, suffix denoting lack, privation
K?XE-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE EMPTYING OUT; IE g^he:i-, *empty out (cf. Greek khê:ros, robbed, empty), listed under 1. g^he:-, be empty, missing
K?XE-?A-¿E, BE STRIPPING; IE 1. g^he:i-, be empty, missing
K?XE-?A-¿E, WINTER; IE 2. g^hei- : g^hi-, winter, snow
K?XE-?A-¿E, WINTRY, COLD; Chinese qī, chilly, cold, bleak, desolate
K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), EMPTY OUT; IE g^heu- (for *g^he:u-), pour, *empty out (cf. Latin fundo:, pour, let flow, empty out)
K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), CALL OUT; IE g^ha:u-, call out, call to; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) gaw, call
K?XE-?A-NA (+ one), MOUTH; IE g^han-, yawn, gape, *mouth; Egyptian in Hn', together with (in front of the arm); Tibetan gan, near
K?XE-?A-RO (+ high degree), YARD; Egyptian Hr.t, *yard, in Hr.t(-š), garden (the š is Egyptian N37, 'garden-pool', a semantic determinative for 'yard'; cf. (š-)Hr.t, tomb-garden)
K?XE-?A-SE (+ emit), URINATE; Sumerian kaš-3, urine (J. 427)
K?XE-?A-SE-¿E (+ -like), URINOUS
K?XE-?A-SE-¿E, ANT; Sumerian kiši-9, ant (J. 547); kiši-8, ant (J. 537 - J. 536 + J. 11, pincer); kiši-7, ant (J. 541 = J. 536, *harub(u), ant + J. 541, ki/e-2); IE: cf. English pismire
K?XE-?A-SE-MHA (+ ant), ANT; Sumerian kisim-3 (for *kišim), *ant (J. 551 reads kisim- 3, and means 'a kind of grasshopper, and is a compound of J. 536, *harub(u), ant + J. 894, si- 6 + J. 120, maš-2); IE: cf. English pismire
K?XE-?A-SE-T?O (+ lump), ANTHILL; Sumerian *kûšid, *anthill (J. 540 means 'insect', and is composed of J. 536, *harub(u), ant, and J. 104, šid-2); IE: cf. English pismire
K?XE-?A-SE, EXCREMENT; Egyptian Hs, excrement
K?XE-FA (+ frequentative), POUR OUT; IE g^heu-, pour
K?XE, GAPE
K?XE-?A (+ stative), GAPE; IE 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open
K?XE-?A-¿E (+ -like), HUNGER, YEARN, (VOLITIVE); Sumerian he-2, precative (really volitive) (J. 271); IE g^he:i-, yearn (cf. OHG gi:ri, desirous), listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open; 2. g^(h)i/i:, emphasizing particle (cf. Sanskrit hi, emphatic with imperatives, indeed, assuredly), listed under ghe (for *g^he), particle
K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), DESIRE; Egyptian Hw, would that!; Sumerian ha, precative (really voluntary) (J. 961); IE g^he:u-, *desire (cf. Anglo-Saxon giwian, desire, demand (yearn for something with an open mouth), listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open
K?XE-¿E-RE, MOAN; Egyptian H3, mourn, wail, screech; IE 1. gher- (for *g^hir- - cf. Latin hirrīe, moan, grumble), in words for sounds, mostly only later parallel word creations, mostly with expressive vowel change and gemination; Chinese qì, weep, sob
K?XE-?A-RHE (+ come), DO GLADLY; Egyptian H3, would that; IE *g^he:-r-, do gladly, in OHG gi:ri, desirous, listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open; g^here:(i)- (for *g^he:re:), hunger, listed under 1. g^her-, desire, enjoy; Chinese qià, be in harmony, agree
VERBAL
K?XE, SPLIT OPEN/OFF (Egyptian M16, 'clump of papyrus')
K?XE-¿E (+ -like), (CLEARED) EARTH, SOIL; Sumerian ki/e, earth (J. 812)
SA-K?XE-¿E, COMPLETELY CLEAR; IE ske:i- (for *sk^e:i), cut, separate, decide
K?XE-¿E (+ -like), SUCH, THOSE (SPLIT OFF); IE *g^hei in Greek -khí, strengthening particle, listed under ghe-, gho-, and similar enclitic particles for strengthening the previous word; Chinese qí, his, her, its, their, he, she, it, they, that, such
K?XE-¿E, SCRAPE; IE g^hei-, wound, etc.
K?XE-FA, LOOSENED, EXCAVATION; Chinese qiū, grave, pond, pool
K?XE-FA-¿E (+ -like), EXCAVATION; IE g^heweya: (for *g^hewi- - cf. Greek kheiá, hollow, hiding-place), listed under gheweya:, excavation, hollow
K?XE-MA (+ mound), (CLEARED) EARTH, SOIL; IE g^h(dh)m- (for *g^he-mo-), earth, soil
K?XE-MA, FARMER; IE g^hemo:-, man (cf. Old Latin hemo;, man ('clearer (of forest)'), listed under g^hdhem- (for *g^he-mo-), earth, soil; notice Egyptian Hm.t, woman; Sumerian gimu, woman; is this an indication that women were the original farmers?; gim-3, slave (farmer?)
K?XE-MHA (+ tool), AX; Sumerian kim, *ax (J. 785 reads kim, and pictures an ax); gim-2, ax (J. 968 reads gim-23 and means 'ax')
K?XE-RE (+ scratch), BARE, STRIP(PED), CATGUT; Egyptian H3, run aground; Sumerian kir-2, catgut (J. 765); IE 2. g^her-, scratch, slit, scrape; 5. g^her-, intestine; Chinese qì, engrave, carve; Tibetan sgren-mo (s-gre-n-mo), naked
K?XE-RE, BE RUBBED; IE 2. gher- (for *g^her-), pass over hard, rub
K?XE-RE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO RUB APART; IE ghren-, pass over sharply, rub apart; Arabic jarana/yajrunu, grind wheat, be worn out
K?XE-RE-?A (+ stative), GLEAM DULLY, POLISHED; IE g^hre:- (listed under 3. g^her-), shine, gleam, shimmer
K?XE-RE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), MAKE GLEAM DULLY, POLISH; IE 2. ghre:u- (for *gh^re:u-), rub over vigorously, rub apart
K?XE-RE-?A-THO (+ assemblage), CLOUD
K?XE-RE-?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), CLOUDINESS, BLEARINESS (OF EYE); Egyptian H3.tj, cloudiness, bleariness (of eye)
K?XE-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE STRIPPING
K?XE-RE-¿E, BARE, CLOUDY WHITE, SWINE; Sumerian kir(i), pig (J. 643); kir-5, old (gray) (J. 112); IE g^hre:i- (listed under 3. g^her-, shine, gleam, shimmer), gray, old, pig (cf. Modern High German greis, gray, old - Swedish-Danish gris, pig)
K?XE-RE-¿E-¿E (+ -like),BE STRIPPING ONE'S SELF, BE NAKED, GREEK; Egyptian H3jj, be naked; H3(ii).w nb.w, Aegean islanders, Greeks; IE *ghre:i- in Latin Gra:ius, Greek
K?XE-RE, DESERT; Egyptian H3, the desert-god; IE 2. gher-, sweep over hardly, rub (for *g^her-, *desert - cf. Greek kherás, gravel); Chinese qì, moraine, desert
SA-K?XE-RE (strong +), STRIP COMPLETELY; Egyptian sH3, strip, reveal; IE 4. (s)ker-, cut, *strip off (cf. Armenian k'erem, scratch, shave)
K?XE-¿E, SLOPING
K?XE-¿E-QO, SLOPE; IE geig^(h)- (for *geingy-), sloping, turned diagonally downward, lying diagonally, bent, squinting; Tibetan in gyiq-mo, gently sloping; gradually descending or subsiding; Gliq, Tibet (from l-gyiq)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?XO=ku |
BODY
K?XO, THROAT, PASSAGE, TUNNEL (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended to points in back'); Sumerian ka, *throat (J. 15 reads ka, and means 'mouth' but ku-x); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ku(w), mouth
K?XO-¿E (+ -like), STRANGLE; in IE *ghei- in AS gi:pian, gasp for breath, listed under 2. hē-, yawn, gape
K?XO-K?XO (+ reduplication), THROAT; Egyptian xx, throat; Sumerian gugu (for *kuku-x), throat (J. 15)
K?XO-K?XO, LAUGH; IE gha-gha, laugh; Egyptian, cf. xx, throat; Tibetan in ga-ga tshil, tickle
MINERAL
K?XO, (TUBULAR) HOLE, SHADE, BLACK, EMPTY; Sumerian ka-4, hole (J. 103); for ku-x (v. supra)
K?XO-¿E (+ -like), PIT; IE in gh6(w)i(a:) (for *gh6i- - cf. Latin fovea, ditch, depression),listed under gheweya: (g^heweya:), excavation, depression; Chinese qú, canal, ditch, channel
K?XO-FA, EMPTY, FALSE; Egyptian xw(w), baseness, wrongdoing; IE ghawo- (for *ghow-), false, fabricated; Chinese qū, bent, crooked, wrong, unjustifiable
K?XO-FA-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SOUND; Egyptian xn, play music; IE g^hwen-, sound
K?XO-NA (+ one), HOLE
K?XO-NA-THO (+ assemblage), RACK; Egyptian xn.t, jar-rack (a mistaken reading of Egyptian W17, 'water-pots in a rack', which is properly *jn.t, HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack); IE ghend-, hold, take hold of, grasp
K?XO-NHA (+ ingressive), CALL; IE ghel-, call, cry; Egyptian xn, speech, utterance
K?XO-RE (+ make), YARD; Egyptian x3, office, bureau; IE 4. g^her- (for *ghor-), grip, hold, enclose, include, *yard (cf. g^hor-to-s, fenced place, and Greek khoros, dance-place); Armenian jor, valley, listed under g^heu-, pour; Basque gorta, stable, stall
K?XO-RHE (+ come), GROW; Sumerian kur-9, bear (better grow) (J. 99); IE ghre:-, *grow, listed under 3. gher-, stick out; (ghre:-), grow, sprout
K?XO-RHE-FA (+ set), PLANTS; Egyptian x3.w, plants
K?XO-RHE, ENTER; Sumerian kur-9, enter (J. 99); Egyptian x3, investigate; Arabic jarra/yajurru, induce
K?XO-RHE, ENTRANCE; Egyptian x3, hall (entrance)
SA-K?XO-RHE (strong +), REMEMBER (CAUSE TO ENTER); Egyptian sx3, remember
SA-K?XO-RHE (strong +), SPEND THE NIGHT; Egyptian sx3, spend the night
K?XO-RHE (+ fall), FALL INTO
K?XO-RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), FALL INTO; Egyptian xr (for *x3w), fall; Sumerian kur-3 (for *kuru-3), fall (J. 187); IE 1. ghre:u-, fall together, fall into, fall on
* * *
- K H X -
Chinese: KHX=k Tibetan: KHXA=k Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) initial KHX(A)=k initial KHX(E)=k(y)? |
KHXA, BEE, (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points in back' [hangs in a hive]); Japanese ka, mosquito
KHXA-¿E, BEELIKE, YELLOW
KHXA-FHA (+ set), SWEET; Sumerian ku-7, sweet, mead, fat (J. 186)
KHXA-NA (+ one), BEE
KHXA-NA, HUM, BUZZ (TRANSITIVE); IE kan- (for *k(h)a:n-), sing; Arabic in ghanna/yaghannu, sing, recite verses
KHXA-NA-KHO (+ little), HONEY-YELLOW; IE ken6kó, honey-yellow, golden yellow
KHXA-NO (+ jar), BEE-HIVE
KHXA-NO-QE (+ juice), HONEY; IE *k(h)a/a:neng-, honey, in OHG honang, honey, listed under ken6kó, honey-yellow, golden yellow; Egyptian Hnk.t, beer (mead)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE/EFFECTIVE
KHXA, BURNING SENSATION
KHXA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO STING, PENETRATE; IE 2. kel- (for *k(h)a:l-; cf. New Welsh cal, penis), stick; Arabic ghalla/yaghillu, to insert a thing into another, penetrate
KHXA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE STINGING A LITTLE, PINCHED, GRASPED; IE kap-, grasp
KHXA-PHA-¿E (+ -like), BE HURTING A LITTLE, PINCHING, GRASPING; IE *kapi-, grasp (cf. Latin capio:, take), listed under kap-, grasp
KHXA-PHA-THO (+ assemblage), BE REPEATEDLY GRASPING AT, CLUTCHING AT; Egyptian Hpt, embrace; IE kapto-, grasp (cf. Greek kápto:, catch at, swallow; Latin capta:re, seek to get hold of), listed under kap-, grasp
KHXA-PHA-THO-¿E (+ -like), HANDFUL; Egyptian Hpt, armful; IE *kapati-, handful (in Old Indian kapaTi:, two handfuls), listed under kap-, grasp
VERBAL - EFECTIVE
KHXA, STING, STICK
KHXA-¿E (+ -like), BE STICKING (STINGING); Egyptian Hj, drive in mooring post (listed as Hw); Sumerian ki-3, plant (vb.) (J. 159); IE (s)k(h)ai- (for *ka:i-), beat, whack, *stick (cf. Armenian xait', stick)
KHXA-¿E, STING (TRANSITIVE), MAKE STING (BEAT); Sumerian ki/e-2, *hurt, *sickness (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'hurt, sickness'); IE (s)k(h)ai- (for *k(h)a:i-), beat, whack, *stick (cf. Armenian xait', stick)
KHXA-¿E-FA (+ set), BURNING; IE 2. k^e:u- (for *k(h)ya:u-) : k6u-, ku:-, ignite,burn up; Chinese kû, bitter
KHXA-¿E-T?A (+ give), MAKE PAINFUL; IE k^a:d- (for *k(h)ya:d-; cf. Greek ké:do:, trouble, sadden, also damage, hurt), ill feeling, grief, hatred; Sumerian kid-5/-6, be inimical, drive away (J. 655)
KHXA-¿E-T?A, CLUB APART; IE (s)k(h)ai-d- (for *ka:idai-), *club apart (cf. Latin caedo:, hew, beat, strike dead), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff
KHXA-¿E-T?A, SLAP; IE (s)k(h)ai-d- (for *khaidi- - cf. Latin caia [*caidya:], caning, *slap (see before), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff
KHXA-¿E, CLUB; Sumerian ki/e-2, *club (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'staff'); IE k(h)ai-, *club (cf. Middle High German heie, mallet, wooden hammer, drop-hammer), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff
KHXA-¿E-RHE (+ come), ILLUMINATE (BY FLASHING); Egyptian H3, shine, illuminate; Sumerian kiri-5, *illuminate (J. 789 reads kiri-5, and means 'light, day')
KHXA-¿E-RHE-¿E (+ like), BE FLASHING; Egyptian in H3jj, shine, illuminate; Sumerian kiri-5, *be flashing (J. 789 reads kiri-5, and means 'storm-demon'); IE k^rei- (for *k^(h)re:i-), shine forth, distinguish one's self
KHXA-¿E-T?SA (+ ovoid), MACE/CLUB; Egyptian HD/, mace (Egyptian T3, 'mace with pear-shaped head (vertical)'); Sumerian kid-4 (for *kit-x), *club (J. 580 reads kid-4, and means 'club')
KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), FRIGHT OF BEING HURT; Sumerian kid-5/6 (for *kit-x), *be frightened (J. 655 reads kid-5/6, and kad/t/t*-4/5, and means 'be inimical, drive off'); IE khai-t- (for *khaite:-), *be frightened (cf. Armenian xit'am, be fearful), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff
KHXA-¿E, BE HEATED; IE 3. ka/a:i-, heat
KHXA-¿E-T?A (+ give), BURNING; IE ka:id-, hot, listed under 3. ka/a:i-, heat
KHXA-¿E-T?A-¿E (+ beam), GLITTER; Egyptian HD, white, bright; IE 2. k^ad- (for *k(h)adi- - cf. Middle Irish ca:(i)d, holy), glitter, be resplendent, excel
KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HEAT; IE ka:it-, *heat, listed under 3. ka/a:i-, heat; Tibeto-Burman kyit, burn, scratch
KHXA-HA (+ stative), BE STUCK, STUNG
KHXA-HA-THSE (+ stick into), HURT; Egyptian HD, injure, destroy, disobey, annul, upset, waste, eclipse, be destroyed, perished, lacking, fail, damage, destruction; Sumerian kad/t/T-4/5, *hurt (J. 655 reads kad/t/T-4/5, and means 'be inimical, drive off')
SA-KHXA-HA-THSE (strong +), HURT SEVERELY, DAMAGE, INJURE; IE ske:th- - cf. Anglo-Saxon skađian, damage), damage
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE/EFFECTIVE
KHXA, HURT
KHXA-FA (+ frequentative), HURT; Egyptian Hw, hit; Sumerian ku-13, beat apart (J. 380); IE ka:u-, beat, hew (hew is from *k(h)o:u- from KHXO-FA)
KHXA-FHA (+ wind), CRY; IE ka/a:u- (for *k(h)a:u- - cf. Greek kō-kúō, cry, lament), ke/e:u-, ku:-, cry; Chinese kū, cry, weep
KHXA, HUM, BUZZ, SING
KHXA-FHA (+ frequentative), HUM, APPROVE (OF), LISTEN; IE keu- (for*k(h)awy-/*ka:wy- - cf. Sanskrit kaví-, smart, wise; Greek koéo:, notice, hear), skeu-, heavy basis ke:u-, pay attention to (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice
KHXA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), APPROVED OF, WISE; IE keu- (for *k(h)awy-/*ka:wy- - cf. Sanskrit kaví-, smart, wise; Greek koéo:, notice, hear), skeu-, heavy basis ke:u-, pay attention to (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice
KHXA-FHA-SE (+ emit), APPROVE OF, PRAISE; IE keu-s-, pay attention to, (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice listed under 1. keu-; Egyptian H(w)z, praise, favor
KHXA, POINTED
KHXA-?A (+ plant), REED; Tibetan ka-a, post (pillar)
KHXA-?A-¿E (+ -like), FLAX
KHXA-?A-¿E-RE (+ -make), THREAD; Sumerian kir-3, *net (J. 834 reads kir-3, and means 'net'); IE *k(h)yari-, *thread (cf. Greek kairos, strings to bind the weaving fabric), listed under 3. k^er-, string, etc.
KHXA-?A-NA (+ one), REED; Egyptian Hn(j), rush, *reed; (Egyptian M2, 'herb'); Sumerian *kan-4, reed (*J. 131 - J.271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'reed'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, reed, for J. 131); IE kanna (for *ka?na) in Greek kanna, reed, cane
KHXA-?A-NA-FA (+ set), ROD; Sumerian *kan-4, rod (*J. 131 - J. 271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'staff'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, staff, for J. 131); IE *ka?nwa in Greek kanón, rod
KHXA-?A-NA-FA, TUBE; Sumerian *kan-4, tube (*J. 131 - J. 271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'tube'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, tube, for J. 131); Akkadian qanû, pipe
KHXA-?A-NA-FA, VESSEL; Egyptian Hn.w, vessel
KHXA-?A-THO (+ assemblage), LINEN; Sumerian kad/t, *linen (J. 147 reads kad/t, and means 'linen'); IE 1. kat-, turn together by twisting into chains, cords, trellis-work, *netting (cf. Latin cassis, hunter's net)
KHXA-¿E (+ -like), REED; Sumerian ki/e-2, *reed (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'reed')
KHXA-¿E-RE (+ make), SPIN (INTO THREAD); Sumerian kir-5, *spin (J. 112 reads kir-5, and means 'spin'); IE 3. k^er- (for *k(h)yar-), string, weaving thread, plait, attach
KHXA-¿E-RE-¿E, BAND; Sumerian kiri-2, *band (J. 170 reads kiri-2, and means 'band'); IE *k^ereya: (for *k(h)yareya:), *band, listed under 3. k^er-, string, etc.
KHXA-¿E-RE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), BANDAGE; Egyptian H3jj.t, bandage
MO-KHXA-¿E (wood +), FLAX; Egyptian mHj, flax
KHXA-FA, PICK OUT (AFTER BURNING), HOLLOW OUT; IE ka:u-, hew, beat (cf. Latin caudica, a boat made from a tree trunk); Chinese ku, hollow out
KHXA-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE HOLLOWING OUT SLIGHTLY; IE ku:pa:, cavity, hollow vessel, listed under 2. keu-, bend, etc.; Tibetan kup, anus (cf. Old Indian kú:pa, ditch, hollow)
PLANT
KHXA, PEG
QHE-HA-KHXA (sharply angled +), BE SUSPENDED (ON A PEG); IE 2. k^a/a:k-, bough, branch, peg; Egyptian qH (usually written q'H, a convention that grew out of the use of Gardiner's D41, 'forearm with palm of hands downward' as a determinative; its use for 'elbow, shoulder', then 'arm' shows that the basic meaning is 'point of suspension', secondarily, 'what is suspended'), elbow, arm, shoulder, corner, bend; note qH m Dr.t, 'bend to one's will', rather &'dangle from the hand'); Tibetan kyak-pa, weigh
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy
|
KHXE, DEER, FAST (animate: literally, 'who extends himself from points in back' (rubs off his velvet)
KHXE-¿E (+ -like), FAST, HURRY; IE *k^e:-, *run (cf. Greek kio:, go away, drive), listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement (cf. ke:i-bh-/ke:i-gh-, fast); Sumerian ke-6 (for *kî-x), hurry (J. 410 reads ke-6, and means 'hurry'); Tibeto-Burman in m-kyit, move; k(y)at, run, dance, kick (cf. Latin cito:, set in motion [*ke:it- = KHXE-¿E-THO])
KHXE-¿E, ANTLER(-TINE), POINTED; IE k^e:(i)- : k^o:(i)- : k^6(i)-, sharpen, hone; Nama /kxê, pointed
KHXE-MA (+ breast), DOE, ANTLER/HORNLESS; IE 2. k^em- (for *k^(h)em-), hornless; Egyptian Hm, coward
KHXE-RA (+ tree), ANTLER(S); IE 1. k^er- (for *k^(h)er-), (horn), antler
KHXE-RA-¿E (+ like), ANTLERED; Sumerian kir-6, cattle [antlered for horned] (J.763)
KHXE-RA-¿E, CHIP OFF AS WITH AN ANTLER-TINE; PIE 4. k^er(6)-, 'damage'; intransitive 'fall apart, moulder', *conquer (cf. Greek keraídzo:, 'lay waste, plunder')
KHXE-RE (+ make), SHED; PIE 4. k^er(6)-, 'damage'; intransitive 'fall apart, moulder'
KHXE-RO (+ part), TRACK
KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), TRACK; Egyptian Hr.t, way
KHXE-RO-THO-¿E, ROAD
KHXE-RO-THO-¿E, TRAVEL BY ROAD; Egyptian Hr.t.jj, travel by land; IE *k^erti-, *hurry (cf. Anglo-Saxon hradian, hurry, and IE k^ers-, run), listed under 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, move one's self in a circle, swing
PHA-KHXE-RO (over +), RACE
PHA-KHXE-RO-RO (+ reduplication), BE RACING; Egyptian pHrr, run
PHA-KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), RACECOURSE; Egyptian pHr.t, course
SA-KHXE-RO (strong +), MAKE RUN, DRIVE OFF; Egyptian sHr, drive off, remove, deliver from
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
KHXE, RUN
KHXE-¿E, MAKE RUN, DRIVE; Egyptian H(w), drive off; IE ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement; Sumerian ke-6, hurry (J. 410 reads ke-6, and means 'hurry')
KHXE-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), START ONE'S SELF GOING; Egyptian Hw, tread, roam; IE kyeu- (for *k^(h)ya:u-), get going, listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement
KHXE-NA (+ ingressive), START BEING FAST, WORK; Egyptian Hn, occupy one's hands; Sumerian kin (J. 900), work, send; IE 4. ken- (for *k(h)^e/e:n-), busy one's self, strive ardently, spout; Arabic ghanna, be lively; Basque ekin, persist, continue, keep on (doing), attempt, undertake; Tibetan in -mkhan, to be skilled (active) in
KHXE-NA-¿E (+ -like), BE CAUSING TO START RUNNING; Arabic ghaniya, occupy a place
KHXE-NA-FA (+ frequentative), ERRANDS
KHXE-NA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SERVICE
KHXE-NA-FA-THO-¿E; SERVANT; Egyptian Hnw.tjj, 'servant' (cf. Greek egkonís, servant-woman, listed under IE 4. ken- (for *k^(h)e/e:n-), busy one's self, strive ardently, spout)
KHXE-NA-THO (+ assemblage); FAST ACTIVITY; Egyptian Hn.t, occupation, craft
KHXE-HA (+ stative), BE RUNNING; Sumerian ka-7, run (J. 398); IE *k^e:-, *run (cf. Greek kio:, go away, drive), listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement (cf. ke:i-bh-/ke:i-gh-, fast)
KHXE-HA-RE (+ make), CAUSE TO RUN AWAY, SCARE; Sumerian kar(a)-2, drive away (J. 655); IE 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really move (one's self) by turning, swing; possibly in k^er6-, mix, stir into
KHXE-HA-RHE (+ come), RUN AWAY, FLEE; Sumerian kar(a), run fast, flee (J. 680 + J. 949 [also reads e-4); IE 7. ker-, jump, turn; 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really move (one's self) by turning, swing; in 2. k^ers-, run
KHXE-HA-SHE (+ separate one's self), MAKE A DASH FOR; Sumerian kaš-4, run, race (J. 398)
KHXE-FA, CAUSE TO MAKE A RUN, THROW; IE in sk^(h)eu-, throw, shoot, push, shoot toward (intransitive); Sumerian ku, throw (J. 893)
KHXE-FHA (+ frequentative), MAKE TO GO FAST; IE in sk^(h)e:u-, throw, shoot, push, shoot toward (intransitive)
KHXE-NHA (+ ingressive), JUMP; IE 5. kel- (for *k^el-), drive, force into fast motion; (s)k^(h)el-, jump; Sumerian kil, run, race (J. 834 reads kil, and means 'run, race')
KHXE-RO (+ high degree), HURRY, JUMP; Egyptian Hr, be far from, remove one's self from (run from); Sumerian kil, run, race (J. 834 reads kil, and means 'run, race')
KHXE-RO-SHE (+ separate), GO FAST; 2. IE k^ers-, run, wagon
KHXE-RHE, DANCE; Egyptian H3, dance
SA-KHXE-RHE (strong +), DANCE; IE skre:- (for *sk^(h)re:-), *dance (cf. Greek skairo:, jump, hop, dance), listed under 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, move one's self in a circle, swing
KHXE-RHE, JUMP
SA-KHXE-RHE, JUMP HIGH; IE sker6- (for *sk^er6i-), 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really: move in a turn, swing
KHXE-SHE, CAUSE TO MAKE A DASH FOR; Sumerian ki/e/š-2, chase, drive (J. 281)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
KHXE, ANTLER
KHXE-RA (+ tall), TALL, IMPORTANT, SUPERIOR; IE 1. k^er-, peak
KHXE-RA-¿E (+ -like), IMPORTANT; Sumerian kiri-5, powerful (J. 789); IE k^rei- (for *k^(h)rai-), shine forth, distinguish one's self
KHXE-RA, SKY; Sumerian kiraši consists of J. 636 (aš-2), 949(a), and 14, which means 'sky'; we assume *kir-7, *sky); kir-5, *sky (J. 112 reads kir-5, and means 'sky')
KHXE-RA-T?O (+ organ), HEART; Egyptian H3t, heart; IE k^e:rd-, heart, listed under (k^ered-)
KHXE-RA-T?O-¿E (+ -like), HEART; Egyptian H3tj(j), heart; IE k^e:rdi- (cf. Armenian sirt, heart), listed under k^ered-), heart
KHXE-RA-T?O-T?SO (+ hold), TRUST; Egyptian H3t-', local nomarch (trustee); IE k^red-dhe:- (for *k^(h)rad-dho), trust, listed under (k^ered-), heart
KHXE-RA-THO (+ assemblage), FOREHEAD, FOREMOST; Egyptian H3.t, forehead, foremost
KHXE-RO (+ part), TOP; Egyptian Hr(w), upper part, top (Egyptian N1, 'sky')
KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), SKY; Egyptian Hr.t, sky
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?XO=ku |
ANIMAL
KHXO, MOLLUSC, SHELL (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points in back' [makes a hole]); Sumerian ku-6, (shell-)fish (J. 962); Japanese kóo, shell
KHXO-¿E (+ -like), SHELLFISHLIKE, SHINY, PEARLY WHITE; Sumerian ku-3, pure, bright (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell); Basque -ki in itsaski, shellfish (itsaso, sea)
KHXO-¿E-FA (+ set), SEASHELLS
KHXO-¿E-FA-KHO (+ little), COWRY, MONEY; Sumerian kug, silver, bright, pure, purification
KHXO-¿E-FA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), SHINY, PEARLY WHITE; IE k^euk-, shine, bright, be white, glow (cf. Sanskrit Sukti-, fem. mussel)
KHXO-¿E, PAN
KHXO-FHA (+ set), SHELLFISH (PLURAL)
KHXO-FHA-T?A (+ allot), WEALTHY; Egyptian xwd, rich, wealthy
KHXO-FHA-T?SE (+ release), SHELLFISHERMAN
KHXO-FHA-T?SE-FA (+ frequentative), SHELLFISHERMEN; Egyptian xwD.w, class of fisherman
KHXO-HHA (+ water), SHELLFISH; Sumerian kua, (shell-)fish (J. 962)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
KHXO, BE ENCLOSED BY ONE'S SELF, COVERED, HIDDEN
KHXO-PHO (+ thumb), ENCLOSE ONE'S SELF TIGHTLY, CLAIM; IE 1. (s)kep- (for *k(h)o:p-; cf. Greek skepáo:, cover, enclose, protect; Sumerian kub/p-3 (for *kubu-3; J. 141 also reads gub(u)-3), overpower (J. 141 reads kub/p-3, and means 'overpower'; pictures a bent left leg, at the back of which are the human hamstrings); IE *ko:pui-, capture (cf. Latin capio:, take), listed under kap-, grasp; Egyptian xf, plunder; in xf', grasp, capture; Arabic ghaffa/yaghaffu, take what is sufficient for sustenance
KHXO-PHO-RE (+ make), ENCLOSE SOMEONE TIGHTLY, CAPTURE, HUMBLE; Sumerian kub/p-2 (for *kubar; Comb. J. 146 = J. 141 (*kubu-3) + 146 (bar-11)), throw down, beat down (J. 146)
KHXO-PHO-T?SO (+ hold), GRASP; Egyptian xf', fist (rather 'grasp')
KHXO-NHA (+ ingessive), START TO CLOSE ON ONE'S SELF, SQUAT, CRUMPLE; IE 4. (s)kel-, bend, lean, crooked (also morally: wrong, unjust), bend; especially in names for body parts: flexible joint, heel, knee, hip
KHXO-NHA, CRUMPLED, BADLY BENT, IMMORAL; Egyptian xn, scowling, rebel; IE 4. (s)kel-, bend, lean, crooked (also morally: wrong, unjust), bend; especially in names for body parts: flexible joint, heel, knee, hip
SA-KHXO-NHA (strong +), START TO CLOSE ON ONE'S SELF COMPLETELY, CRUMPLE UP; IE skhel-, stumble, misstep
KHXO-MO (+ overall), VERY CLOSED, IGNORANT; IE 1. kem-, press together; Egyptian xm, not know
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
KHXO, BE SCRAPED, CUT (OUT), EXCAVATED; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in r-ko-t (also r-go-t), dig out, scoop up
KHXO-¿E (+ -like), BE SCRAPING, CUTTING; IE ske:i, cut, separate, leave; Sumerian ki-5, *cut (J. 785 means 'build', pictures an adze, and reads ki-5)
KHXO-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE SCRAPED OFF, CLEANSED; IE 2. k^eu-, shine, bright, *clean (cf. Armenian srbem, cleanse, make holy {k^eu-bh-ro} and Sanskrit Súndhati, cleanses {k^eu-n-dh-})
KHXO-FHA (+ frequentative), BE SCRAPED OFF, SEPARATED; Egyptian xw, protect, exclude, set aside, avoid, prevent, exempt (Egyptian D43, 'forearm with hand holding flagellum S45', a device for separating husks from grain; Sumerian ku- 5, cut (J. 13); IE k6u- (for *ko:u-), hew, beat (listed under ka:u-)
SA-KHXO-FHA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY SCRAPED OFF; Egyptian sxw, slaughter-house; IE 6. ske:u- (for *sko:u-), listed under 6. ske:u-(t-), cut, separate, score, poke, hunt about; (s)ku/u:-ti-, skin, listed under 2. (s)keu-, cover, envelop
KHXO-FHA, SCRAPED WITH A STRIGIL, CLEANSED; Sumerian ku-3, pure, bright (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell)
KHXO-KHXO (+ reduliaction), ALL SCRAPED OFF, CLEANSED; Sumerian kuk-2, *cleanse (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell, and means 'pure, bright')
SHE-KHXO (separate +), SAW APART; IE 2. se/e:k-, : (sekyo-, skin); Basque saki, incision; Sumerian sig-4 (for *Sek-x), *engrave, *husk (J. 937 reads sig-4, and means engrave, husk
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
KHXO, CUT/BREAK THROUGH, EMERGE
KHXO-T?SO (+ tool), HELM(ET-CREST); Egyptian x'(w), crown (Egyptian N28, 'hill over which are the rays of the rising sun', really 'helm(et) with crest'); perhaps the idea is what can be seen over the melêe: a rallying point; Sumerian (KUŠ)-ka-du-3 (for *ka-tu-x), leather container (or helmet?) (Comb. 35: J. 8, ka + J. 454, du-3); IE kadh- (for *k(h)6dh- - cf. Anglo-Saxon ho:d, cap), protect, cover protectively, *helmet (cf. OHG huot, hat, crest, helm(et)
KHXO-T?SO-HA (+ stative), CREST (VERB); Egyptian x', rise (sun), appear in glory (god or king), be shining (*start shining, *crest)
KHXO-T?SO-¿E (+ like), CREST; Egyptian x'/, (crest of a) hill
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
KHXO, (RE)SOUND
KHXO-NHA (+ move back and forth), MAKE NOISE; IE 6. kel-, call, cry, make noise, (re)sound; Egyptian xn, speech, utterance, clap hands, make music; Arabic ghulghulatun, confused clamors
* * *
- M -
Chinese: M=m Tibetan ME=m Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ME-¿E=mi |
MA, FEMALE BREAST, MOTHER (inanimate: literally,'what is at rest on an area'); Chinese mā, mother
MA-FA (+ set), PAIR OF BREASTS; Sumerian mu-10 (for *mû-10), woman (J. 919); Chinese mû, mother, one's female elders, female (animal), nut, origin, parent
MA-FA-MA (+ breast), AUNT; IE *moma: in OHG muoma, aunt, listed under 3. ma:-, mother
MA-FA-THO (+ feminine), MOTHER; Egyptian mw.t, mother; Sumerian mud/t/T (for *mûd/t/T), bear (child) (J. 127); IE *ma:u-to- in Lithuanian mote, woman, wife, listed under ma:tér, mother
MA-FA-THO-RO (+ high degree), MOTHER; IE ma:tér (for *mwa:t6r - cf. Anglo-Saxon mo:dor, mother), mother
MA-HA (+ stative), MOTHER (NURSER); IE 3. ma:-, mother; Arabic *mah in plural of ?ummun, mother: ?ummahâtun
MA-HA-¿E (+ -like), MOTHERLY; Sumerian me (for *mê) or mi-3, mother (J. 889)
MA-HA-NA (+ one), MOTHER; IE *ma:n, *mother (cf. Modern Greek manna, mother), listed under 3. ma:-, mother
MA-HA-MA-HA (+ reduplication), NURSER, MOTHER; IE ma:ma:, mother, listed under 3. ma:
MA-NA (+ one), BREAST
MA-K?XA (+ hang), YOUTH; IE magh- in maghos, young
MA-K?XE (+ strip from), SOLDIERS; Egyptian mš(.w) (for *mH.w - the forearm (Gardiner D36) is a mistake for Gardiner D42, 'forearm as last, but with upper arm straight', which reads mH) , soldiers, army; IE mag^h- (from *maghy-), fight; Tibetan d-mag, troops, army, soldiers
MA-SE-FA (+ suck out), NURSE
MA-SE-FA, NURSELING; Egyptian ms, child; Sumerian maš-2, kid (J. 120)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
MA, FULLY MATURE; Sumerian *ma, *fat, in ma-d-am, fullness (J. 639)
MA-?A (+ stative), BE FULL, RIPE; Sumerian ma, date (J. 639); IE ma:-, good, at a good time, rightly timed
MA-?A-NA (+ one), MATURE PERSON; IE in mannu- (for *ma:nu), man
MA-?A, REMAIN FULL, BE MANY; in Arabic mi?atun, hundred
MA-?A-NO (+ jar), FULLY PACKED; IE ma:-no-, good, listed under 2. ma:-, good, at a good time, opportune; Chinese mân, full, filled, packed
MA-¿E (+ -like), FULL; Chinese mí, full, overflowing
MA-¿E (+ -like), FATTY
MA-¿E-T?SE, DRIP FAT; IE mad- (for *maidy- - cf. Sanskrit me:dya-, fat), wet, drip, also drip fat, ripe, fat, fattened
MA-¿E-T?SE-T?O (+ lump), FAT; Egyptian mD.t, oil (*fat); IE *maidy-do- in OHG mast, fattening), listed under mad- (for *maidy-), wet, etc.
MA-FA (+ frequentative), RIPENED, TENDER, SOFT; IE *mau-, *tender (cf. mu/u:ro-, mud, swamp), listed under 1. meu-, wet, etc.
MA-FA, FILL ONE'S SELF UP, BEAR (CHILD); Sumerian mu-5 (for *mû-5), puff up, become heavy, thick (J. 456 reads mu-5, and means 'puff up, become heavy, thick, fat`); mu-12 (for *mû-12), *bear (child) (J. 127 reads mu-12, and means 'bear (child)'
MA-FA-RO, VERY SOFT; IE meuro-, swamp, listed under 1. meu-, wet
SA-MA-FA-RO (strong +), VERY TENDER; Basque samur, tender, soft
MA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), WEIGHT; Egyptian mw.t, weight
MA-NHA (+ ingressive), FILL; IE 4. mel-, strong, large
MA-NHA-?A (+ stative), FULL; Arabic mala?a, fill
MA-SHE (+ unattached male), MALE CONSORT; Sumerian maš, ibex, gazelle, deer (J. 118); IE *mas- in Latin mas, male
MA-MA (+ reduplication), FILL UP; Sumerian *ma-ma, *fill up, in a-ma-ma, be flooded with water (2x J. 639)
FO-MA (curl +), THICK; Sumerian g~ama, *become heavy,*thick (J. 456 reads g~ama, and means 'puff up, become heavy, thick, fat`)
FO-MA-NA (+ one), THICK THING; Sumerian um-men-2, the pregnant one (Comb. 1107 = J. 889, um + J. 889, men-2 {for *man}); IE o:man- in Latin o:men, fat, listed incorrectly under 2. eu-, dress; *o:mni- in Latin omnis, all (FO-MA-NA-¿E), listed incorrectly under 1. op-, work, etc.
FO-MA-NA-THO (+ assemblage), THICKNESS; Egyptian wmt (for wmnt), thick (the <m is written with Egyptian D52, 'phallus`, which is <mn, i.e. MHA-NA, man); Sumerian um-men-2-da, the pregnant one (Comb. 1109 = J. 235, um + J. 889, men-2 {for *man} + J. 629, da); IE *omant6- in Latin o:mentum, fat, listed incorrectly under 2. eu-, dress
MA, THERE; Sumerian ventive -m- in e-2-a g~iš-hur-bi im-g~a-2-g~a-2, he places the plan of the house on it
GRAMMATICAL
MA, WHERE(?)
MA, PARTICLE OF ASSEVERATION; Egyptian m, behold (really, verily); in Sumerian ma-, conjugational prefix ( *me from MA-¿E, verily you, an unrecognized reading of mu, (J. 102); IE *ma (cf. Greek má, asseverative), listed under sme, sma/a:, approximately verily, in any case
MA-FA (+ set), ASSEVERATION+RELATIVE; Sumerian mu- conjugational prefix
MA, MOUND, AREA; Sumerian ma, land (J. 639)
-MA, (NOUNS OF PLACE); in Egyptian msxn, abode (from sxn, occupy) ; IE -mo in Greek keûthmos, hiding-place, tórmos, hole
-MA-¿E, (NOUNS OF PLACE); IE -moi in Greek dru:mós, woodland, and ardmós, drinking-place
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: M=m Tibetan ME=m Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ME-¿E=mi |
ME, TONGUE (inanimate: literally,'what is moved from an area'); Egyptian *m, tongue (properly Egyptian Aa14, 'not specified', rather 'tongue'; after confusion with QO-SO, ARMPIT, SHOULDER, SIDE, then D38, 'forearm with hand holding a rounded loaf'); Sumerian me, *tongue (J. 889 reads me, and depicts a tent-pole supporting a tent)
ME-?A (+ stative), CALLED OUT, (MENTALLY) MEASURED; Sumerian me (for *mê), speak, call (J. 889); IE 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off
ME-?A-NA (+ one), (MENTAL) MEASURE; Sumerian men-2, *measure (J. 889 reads men-2, and means 'speak, call'); IE me:-no-, measure, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.
ME-?A-NA-FA (+ set), (MENTAL) MEASURES
ME-?A-NA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), (MENTAL) MEASUREMENT, MONTH, HOUR; Egyptian wn.wt, hour; IE me:no:t-, month, moon
ME-?A-THO (+ assemblage), (MENTAL) MEASURE; IE *me:-to- (cf. Anglo-Saxon moe:dh, measure), measurement, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.
ME-?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), (MENTALLY) MEASURE (VERB), IE *me:ti-, measure (cf. Latin me:tior, measure), listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.
ME-?A-THO-¿E, (MENTALLY) MEASURELIKE, PRECISE; IE me:-ti-, measurement, smartness, listed under 3. me:-, stake out
ME-¿E (+ -like), TONGUE; Sumerian mi-3, *tongue (J. 889 reads mi-3, and means 'tongue'); Basque mihi, tongue
ME-¿E (+ -like), CONVERSE, AGREE, ANNOUNCE; Sumerian mi-3, speak, call (J. 889)
ME-¿E-NA (+ one), DECEIVE; IE mein-, *lie, listed under 2. mei-, exchange, trade; from which, common, exchange-gift, payment, deceive; Arabic mâna/yaminu, lie
ME-¿E-NA, ANNOUNCEMENT; IE mei-no-, opinion, view; Sumerian men-2, speech (J. 889 reads men-2 (for *min), and means speech'); Basque mintzo, speech, language; Arabic ma¿ana, acknowledge or disown a thing
ME-FA (+ frequentative), BE SPOKEN OUT, BE SILENT; IE 1. mu/u:-, sound limitation of the dull noise produced by lips pressed together, speak unintelligibly, murmur inarticulately (therefore also words for dumb), mouth, animal mouth, hold the mouth closed or close
ME-FA-RO (+ high degree), RETICENT; IE IE mo:[u]-ro : mu:-ro-, dull, foolish; Chinese mò, silent, tacit
ME-FA, NAME; Sumerian mu (for *mü), name (J. 102)
ME-NA (+ ingressive), START TO CALL OUT, THINK; Sumerian men-2, *start to call out (J. 889 reads men-2, and means 'speak, call out'); IE 3. men-, think, be mentally excited, *start to call out (cf. Sanskrit mánati, mentions)
ME-NA (+ one), MEASUREMENT
ME-NA-THO (+ assemblage), STAKING OUT, (PHYSICAL) MEASUREMENT
ME-NA-THO-¿E (+ -like), (PHYSICAL) MEASUREMENTLIKE, PRECISE; Egyptian mtjj (for *mn.tjj - written with D54, 'phallus', properly MO-NA, MALE), straightforward, precise; IE me:-ti- (for *m6:ini- ti- cf. Latin me:nsa, table), measurement, smartness, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off
ME-NA-THO-RO (+ high degree), VERY (PHYSICALLY) MEASURED, ACCURATE; Egyptian mtr (for *mntr - written with D54, 'phallus', properly MO-NA, MALE), exact, precise; IE *m6:nt-ro- in Middle Welsh medr, skill, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off
ME-NA-THO-RO-¿E (+ -like), TESTIFY; Egyptian mtrj(j) (for *mn.trj - written with D54, 'phallus' properly MO-NA, MALE), testify; IE *m6:ntro:-, *testify (cf. Latin monitor, reminder, and mo:nstrum, reminder), listed under 3. men-, think, be mentally excited
PRONOMINAL
ME, WE (FIRST PERSON PLURAL); in Egyptian -w(j)n, 1st person plural of the Old Perfective (ME-NO); cf. in the regular conjugations in the 2nd and 3rd plural persons: -Tn (KHO-NO) and -sn (SHO- NO); and in the 2nd person plural of the Old Perfective - tj(w)n(j) (THO-¿E-ME-NO); Sumerian me, dative element 'for us'; -me, possessive suffix 'our'; in the independent pronoun for 'we', menden, considered by Sumerologists to consist of the copula me + a pronominal ending (-enden)- strengthening this view is that the 2nd person plural independent pronoun is menzen (me + -enzen) - however, the element men is ME-NO, found in Egyptian -w(j)n (v. supra), and in IE (v. infra) - in Sumerian, men has been weakened to mean 'the people who stand out', and is suffixed by the element de-3 (T?A-¿E, by the side; IE de- [for *dya-], demonstrative, I-deictic) - me-en-de-3-en; on the other hand, menzen (me-en-ze-2-en) is suffized by ze-2, which represents THSA-¿E, the genitive of THSA, *za, you; IE -me as a 1st person plural ending, attested in the present primary - mes (ME-SHO), and in secondary -me: in Lithuanian dirba-me, we work, and the Sanskrit imperfect abhara:-ma, we were bearing (-me) - also found in the medium as - medh6 (for *me-dha; T?SA is a reflexive element) - -me, 1st person plural of the perfect
ME-NO (+ collective plural), CONVERSATION, CONVERSATIONAL GROUP, (ANIMATE PLURAL); Sumerian me-en in me-en-de-3-en, we, and me-en-ze-2-en, you (plural); IE -men in Greek -men, 1st. p. pl. secondary active; Chinese -men, animate plural
ME, STICK OUT
ME-¿E (+ -like), PICKET; IE 1. mei- (for *mo:i-), fortify; nominal picket, woodwork
ME-¿E-NA (+ one), PICKETED ENCLOSURE; Egyptian *mn, *picketed enclosure (Egyptian Y5, 'draught-board (znt)', rather 'picketed enclosure'); Sumerian ma-nu, cage, enclosure (J. 639, ma + J. 119, nu)
ME-¿E-NA-¿E (+ -like), POUND IN PICKETS
ME-¿E-NA-¿E, BE POUNDED IN, MOORED; Egyptian mnj, moor
MHA-¿E-NA-¿E, PICKET
ME-¿E-NA-¿E-FA (+ set), PICKETS, FORTRESS; Egyptian mn(n).w (for *mjnj.w), fortress; IE *moini-, *fortress (cf. Latin moenia, enclosure, city walls), listed under 1. mei-, fortify; nominal picket, wood work
ME-QE (+ gum), LIE; IE meng- (for *meng^- — cf. Old Indian ma:jú-, beautiful, dear), beautify, deceptively beautify, only nominal; Chinese mēng, cheat, deceive, dupe, make a wild guess
ME-¿E-ME-¿E (+ reduplication); WORD; IE *me(i)mei- in Hittite memiya(n), word
?E-ME (there +), MEASURE OUT; IE 3. me:- (for *?me-), stake out, measure, measure off; Arabic ?amma/ya?ummu, direct one's steps towards (a place), propose
?E-ME-RE (+ make), DECIDE; Egyptian m3' (for *jm3 - the ' is to indicate the variant *jm'), true, rightful; Arabic ?âmara, command, order
?E-ME-T?A (+ allot), DETERMINE; IE 1. me/e:d-, measure, weigh; Arabic ?amata/ya?mitu, conjecture, determine
?E-ME-T?SO (+ hold), BE MEASURED; Egyptian m3' (for *jm' - the 3 is to indicate the variant *jm3), true, rightful; Arabic muddun, measure of various standards
ME, MIDDLE; Egyptian *m, *middle, half (Egyptian Aa14 reads ¿E-ME-HA, tongue, ME, tongue, middle; in the middle of 'side', it is QO-'SO, ARMPIT, SHOULDER, SIDE); IE 2. me-, as a basis for adverbs (prepositions), in the middle, into the middle
ME-T?SE-¿E (+ finger), MIDDLE, BETWEEN; IE medhi-, middle
VERBAL
ME, EXPEL; Sumerian me-5, *expel (J. 949 reads me-5, and means 'engender')
ME-¿E (+ -like), REJECT; Chinese mî, put down, get rid off, remove
ME-¿E, (PROHIBITIVE); Egyptian m, negative imperative particle;IE negative prohibitive particle 1. me:- (for *mei-; cf. Armenian mi); Chinese méi, negative particle
?E-ME-¿E (there +), REFRAIN; Egyptian jm, negative verb, e.g. m.j r.k r.j jm.f sqr w(j), only come to me so that he refrains from restraining me; Sumerian J. 362 reads em-3, and includes the meanings 'undamaged, possess' - these meanings might be related to 'hold away from' - perhaps em-3, *hold away from; IE em- (for *emei-; cf. Hittite u-2-e-mi-ja-mi, grasp, find), take
ME-NA (+ one), STICK OUT; IE 1. men-, stretch upwards; Sumerian min-5, separation (J. 2)
ME-NA, CROWN; Sumerian men, min-7, crown (J. 518); men-4, crown (J. 873)
ME-NA (+ stone), MOUNTAIN; IE mo/o:niyo-, mountains, listed under 1. men- (for *mo:n-), reach upward
ME-NA-THO (+ assemblage), MOUNTAIN; IE mn-t-, mountain, listed under 1. men-, stretch upwards; Basque mendi, mountain
+SA (SINEW), ME-SA, NOTABLE; Sumerian mes, strong, hero
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: M=m |
MO, FLESH, BLOOD, FILTH, IMPURITY (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to an area'); Egyptian *m, flesh (Egyptian D37, 'forearm with hand holding X8, 'conical loaf')
MO-¿E (+ -like), MEMBRANE; Chinese mó, membrane
MO-¿E, MUSHROOM; Chinese mó, mushroom
MO-FA (+ set), IMPURITIES
MO-FA-HA (+ feminine), WATER; Arabic mâhun, water
MO-HHA, SCUM, DIRTY WATER
MO-HHA-FHA (+ set), SECRETION, FILTH, BLOOD, SALTY (also WATER); Egyptian mw, water, semen; Sumerian mu-12 (for *mû-12), *blood (J. 127 reads mu-12, and means 'blood'); IE mu/u:- (for *mo:w-), wet, musty, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean, listed under 1. meu-
MO-HHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), FILTHY; IE moi- (for *mo:wi-), spot, dirty, listed under 2. mai-
MO-HHA-FHA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), FILTHINESS, URINE; Egyptian mwjj.t, urine
MO-HHA-FHA-HA (+ feminine), WATER; Arabic mâhun ( m-H-w-h), water
MO-HHA-FHA-SE-FA (+ suck), MOSQUITO; IE mus- (for mo:us6-), gnat, fly, listed under 2. mu:-
MO-HHA-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), FILTHINESS, BLOOD, MUD; Sumerian mud/t/T, blood; IE meu-t- (for *mo:ut-), mud, listd under 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean
MO-HHA-FHA-THSO (+ whirl), MOTH (MOSQUITO); Sumerian mud/t-2, *moth (J. 112 reads mud/t-2, and means 'moth'); IE moth- (for *mo:ut(h)-), in words for gnawing, biting worms or pests, listed under 1. math-
MO-HHA-NA-FA (+ stones), SALT-CRYSTALS; Egyptian mnw, a kind of stone; Sumerian munu-2, *salt (J. 812, earth + J. 339, sparkling); munu-3, *salt (J. 471 = J. 458, container + J. 155, salt); Sumerian mun(u), salt (J. 155 = J. 154, post + J. 668, mountain = pillars of salt in mountains)
MO-HHA-RO (+ high degree), LAKE; Egyptian mr/, canal, artificial lake; in IE mori, mo:ri, sea; Germanic, also 'standing water'
MO-HHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), SEA; IE mori, mo:ri, sea; Germanic, also 'standing water'
MO-FA (+ set), FOUL LIQUID; IE 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, unclean liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean
MO-FA-T?A-FA (+ give off), EXUDE FOUL LIQUID, BE DEAD; IE 1. meu-d-(w), listed under IE 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, unclean liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean (Greek mudáo:, am foul); Arabic mâta (mwt), be dead
MO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), FOULNESS, DEATH; Egyptian m(w)t, die
MO-NO (+ jar), URINE; Sumerian man-3, *urine (J. 2 reads man-3, and means 'excrement'); IE mo:n6- in Middle Irish mu:n, urine, listed incorrectly under 1. meu-, wet, etc.
MO-FA (+ frequentative), BULGE, PROTRUDE
MO-FA-SA (+ sinew), MUSCLE; IE mu:s, muscle
MO, CREATURE, HUMAN, WOOD; Sumerian mu-9, *human (J. 561 reads mu-9 and means 'human')
MO-?E (+ -like), MALE; Sumerian mu(i)a, hero, man (J. 560); mu-6, hero, man (J. 560); Chinese mû, male
MO-NA (+ one), FLACCID PENIS; v. supra ME-NA, MEASUREMENT
MO-NA (+ stone), TESTICLE, MALE; Egyptian *mn, man (Egyptian D54, 'phallus', reads mn); *mn, bull; Sumerian man, *man (J. 822 pictures two testicles, reads man, and means 'comrade, brother'); Shilluk ma@┴no@!, testicles
MO-NA-FA (+ set), PAIR OF TESTICLES, MEN, MANLY; IE manu-s (for *ma:nwa-) and monu-s (mo:nwa-), man, human
MO-NA-THO (+ assemblage), MANLINESS
MO-NA-THO-FA (+ set), EJACULATION
MO-NA-THO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SEMEN; Egyptian mt.wt (for *mnt.wt), semen
MO-RO (+ adult), MAN; Arabic in mur?un, man
MO, BLOOD, RED, FRESH (NEW) AS OF MEAT; SALTY
MO-FA (+ bird name), VULTURE; IE *mew-, *vulture, applied to gull (mew); Egyptian mw, vulture (Gardiner G14, 'vulture (Gyps fulvus)
MO-FA-RO (+ high degree), GULL; IE *meuro-, gull, in fulmar, a gull-like Arctic bird with smoky gray plumage
MO-RHA (+ color), DARK (PURPLISH) GRAY, BLACKBERRY, MULBERRY; IE 3. (mer-), mor-(u)-, blacken, dark color, dirtspot; moro-, blackberry (then carried over to the mulberry in Southern Europe); Chinese mò, black, pitch-dark; Basque more, purple
MO-RO (+ high degree), BLOOD-RED, REDDISH BLACK; IE 3. (mer-), mor-(u)-, blacken, dark color, dirtspot; moro-, blackberry (then carried over to the mulberry in Southern Europe); Sumerian mal-2, red, brown (J. 214 reads mal-2, and means 'red, brown'); Chinese mò, black, pitch-dark; Basque more, purple
MO-RHE (+ fall), SINK DOWN, DEAD; IE 4. mer-, mer6- (for *mo:ri- - cf. Lithuanian mèris, death), die (= 5. mer-, be rubbed apart); Chinese mò, sink, submerge, overflow, rise beyond, disappear, hide, till the end, die
MO-SO (+ pull), STRIP OF FLESH; IE me:s, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat
MO-SO-RO (+ part), CUT OF FLESH; IE me:(m)s-ro, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat
MO-SO-QO (+ ball), BRAIN (AS FOOD); IE moz-g-o- (for *mo:z6(n)g-) , moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-, marrow, brain
MO-SO-QO, MARROW; IE moz-g-o-(for *mo:z6(n)g-), moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-, marrow, brain
MO-SO-MO-SO (+ reduplication), MEAT; IE me:s, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat
MO-T?O (+ lump), PORTION OF FLESH, MEAT; IE mad-do- (for *mod-), feed, listed incorrectly under mad-, wet, drip, etc.
-MO, OVERALL, COMMON SUPERLATIVE, COMMON UNIVERSAL (ALWAYS DOING/DONE); Egyptian -m; Sumerian -m; IE -mo, superlative suffix
-MO, REIFICATION SUFFIX, CONVERTS ANIMATE NOUN INTO NON-AGENT; IE accusative in -m; neuter in -m
VERBAL
MO, SMOOTH
MO, BE RUBBED, GROUND, FELT (TACTILE); Sumerian ma-5, grind apart (J. 51); better, mu-3, grind (J.51)
MO-¿E (+ -like), BE RUBBING OVER, POLISHING; Chinese mó, copy, trace, rub, wear, grind, polish, wear down, wear out, obliterate, die out, dawdle, waste time
MO-¿E, MAKE SLIPPERY, WASH; IE *mo:i-, wash, listed under 1. meu-, mew6- : mu/u:-, damp, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, purify
MO-FA (+ frequentative), BE RUBBED APART; Sumerian mu-8, beat apart, separate, crush apart, chew apart (J. 970 reads mu-8, and means 'beat apart, etc.'); mu-3, mill (J.51); IE 1. meu- (for *mou-), wash, purify; 2. mew- (for *mow-), push away, *rub (cf. Lithuanian mauju, graze, rub against); Chinese possibly in mù, wash one's hair
MO-HA (+ stative), BE SMEARING OVER; Chinese mô, put on, apply, smear, plaster, wipe
MO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO RUB; IE 1. mel-, crush, hit, grind (specially grain); from 'rubbed apart' also 'fine, tender, soft' and 'rubbed over, weak'
MO-RE (+ make), RUB FOR A PURPOSE; IE 5. mer-, rub on, rub
MO-RO-¿E (+ -like), MILLSTONE; Chinese mò, mill
MO-RO-¿E-NA (+ one), MILL; IE *mor6in- in Greek maraíno:, rub up, consume, devitalize, passive use myself up, gradually disappear, tire, listed under 5. mer-, mer6-, rub on, rub
MO, BE SLIPPED OVER, TOUCHED, FELT; Chinese mō, feel, stroke, touch
* * *
- M H -
Chinese: MH=m Tibetan MHA=m |
ANIMAL
MHA, ANT, posssibly BISON (animate: literally,'who is in movement on an area' [anthill])
MHA-FHA (+ set), ANTS, ANTLIKE
MHA-FHA-RO (+ part), PINCER
MHA-FHA-RO-MHA (+ ant), BITING ANT; IE mormo- (for *morma:-), listed under morwi/i;-, ant
MHA-FHA-RO-MHA-KHO (+ little), LITTLE BITING ANT; IE *ma:urma:ko- in Greek murme:x, ant, listed under morwi/i:-, ant
MHA-FHA-KHO (+ little), SMALL ANT
MHA-FHA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), MIDGE, GNAT; IE *ma:ukya- in OHG mucka, gnat, listed under 2. mu:-, gnat, fly; Chinese méng, horsefly, gadfly
MHA-FHA-RO-¿E (+ part), PINCER; IE *ma:uri- in Avestan maoiri:-, ant, listed under morwi/i:-, ant
MHA-FHA-RO-FA (+ set), PINCERS
MHA-FHA-RO-FA-¿E (+ -like), PINCERLIKE, ANTLIKE; IE morwi/i:- (for *ma:urwi:- - cf. Germanic meuro-), ant
MHA-FHA-SE (+ suck), MOSQUITO; IE *ma:use:i -in Flemish meuzie, fly, listed under 2.mu:-, gnat, fly
MHA-KHO (+ little), FLYING ANT
MHA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), GNAT; IE mak^o- (for *ma:ky-), horsefly, gnat
MHA, BITE/NIBBLE OFF
MHA-¿E (+ -like), CUT A LITTLE OFF, WHITTLE; Sumerian ma-5, grind up (J. 51); IE 1. mai- (for *ma:i-), hew, hew off, prepare with a sharp tool
MHA-¿E (+ -like), LESSEN; IE 5. mei-, lessen
MHA-¿E-KHO (+ little), SMALL ANT
MHA-¿E-RO-¿E (+ -like), PINCER; Sumerian me/ir(i)-3, scorpion('s pincers) (J. 11); mer, scorpion (J. 644); mir, scorpion (J. 644); IE *ma:iri- in Middle English mire, ant, listed incorrectly under morwi/i:-, ant
MHA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), ANTHILL, ANTS; IE mai-d- (for *ma:id6- - cf. Modern English mite), ant, listed under 1. mai-, hew, hew off, work with a sharp tool
?A-MHA-¿E-T?O (grass +), ANTS; IE *ama:id6- in Archaic English emmet, Modern English ant, listed under 1. mai-, hew, etc.
SA-MHA-¿E, CUT A LITTLE COMPLETELY OFF, WHITTLE OUT; 2. sme:i- (for *sma:i-), whittle, work with a sharp tool
MHA-FA (+ frequentative), WHITTLE OFF, GRIND; Sumerian mu-3, mill (J. 51); IE 2. mew- (for *ma:w-), push away, *rub (cf. Lithuanian mauju, graze, rub against)
MHA-NA (+ ingressive), DIMINISH; IE 4. men-, small, make small, single
MHA-QHO (+ wrap around), PULVERIZE; Egyptian wg, chew; Sumerian *mañ, *pulverize (J. 51 reads ma-5, grind up, and is composed of J. 15, mouth, and J. 893, millstone, which reads nu-10 (for *ñu-10, i.e. 'QHO-FA, SQUEEZE OUT) - we assume an unrecorded reading of *mañ for J. 51); IE *ma:nku- (cf. menku-, soft), *pulverize, listed under men(6)k-, knead (squash, pulverize)
MHA-QHO-THO (+ assemblage), CHEWING APPARATUS; Egyptian wg.t, jaw; IE *mant- in Welsh mant, jaw-bone, mouth, listed incorrectly under 1. men-, reach up
MHA-QHO, PYTHON, THROTTLER; Chinese mâng, boa, python
MHA-QHO-QHO (+ reduplication), BE CONGESTED; Egyptian wgg, feebleness, weakness
MHA-RO-¿E (+ part), PINCER
MHA-RO-¿E-NA (+ one), ANT; Sumerian marun, ant (J. 543)
MHA, CEASELESSLY ACTIVE; Sumerian ma, cultivate (J. 639)
MHA-HA (+ stative), BE CEASELESSLY ACTIVE; Sumerian ma, cultivate (J.639); IE *ma:- (cf. Greek maíomai), strive, endeavor, listed under 5. me:-, mo:-, m6-, be of powerful and strong will, mightily strive; IE *ama:- in Old Icelandic aml, unceasing, especially unsuccessful occupation with a matter, listed under om6-, proceed energetically, etc.; Chinese mâ in mâ-shàng, at once, immediately, straight away, right away
MHA-T?SO (+ arm), ENERGETIC
MHA-T?SO-RO (+ high degree), VERY ENERGETIC; Egyptian m'r, fortunate, successful, flourishing; IE m(o)nd-ro- (for *ma:dh-ro-), vigorous, in Latin Mars, god of war
MHA-T?SO-RO-THO (+ assemblage), ENERGY, MARS; IE Ma:worts- in Latin Mars, god of war
MHA-T?SO-RO, RUDDY; IE madhro, blue, madder
MHA, RIGHT HAND
MHA-NA (+ one), RIGHT HAND; Egyptian mn, *palmful, in phrase mn jr.jj, a sample (palmful) of it; IE *man- in Latin manus, hand, listed under m6-r, hand
MHA-NA-¿E (+ -like), SACRIFICIAL BOWL(-MACE); Egyptian mn(w), mace (Egyptian T1, 'prehistoric mace with cup- or dish-shaped head'); Sumerian amna, *mace (J. 684 reads amna, and means 'iron mace'); IE *mnai- in Greek amníon, bowl in which the blood of the victims was caught
MHA-NA-¿E (+ -like), HANDFUL, MINA; Egyptian mnj, measure of capacity; Sumerian ma-ne-6, measure of weight (Comb. 2098 = J. 639, ma + J. 114, ne-6); IE *mnai- in Greek mnâ, mina, measure of weight (15 oz. 83.75 grs.) = 100 drachmae = 600 obols
?A-MHA-NA (there +), RIGHT, WEST; Egyptian jmn, right, west
?A-MHA-NA-THO (+ assemblage), WEST (NOUN); Egyptian jmn.t, West; Sumerian arm + J. 130 ze/i, right + J. 629, da, hand, and is Akkadian imnu, right - J. 130 is zi, rung, *arm, for T?SO-¿E - as a result of this, it has the unrecorded reading of *man, (right) hand; mad/t/t* (for *ama(n)d(a)), foreign country (J. 668)
?A-MHA-NA-THO-¿E (+ -like), WESTERNER, SLAVE; Egyptian jmn.tj, Westerner; Sumerian amat (for *ama(n)d(u) - cf. Akkadian amtu, maid, slave-girl, where Sumerian <d corresponds regularly to Akkadian -tu), slave-girl (J. 923 = J. 919, woman + J. 668, mad/t/t* (for *ama(n)d(a)), foreign country)
MHA-RO-¿E (+ part), HAND; IE m6-r (for *mari- - cf. Greek maris, liquid measure), hand
MHA, HOLD
MHA-FA (+ frequentative), HOLD ON; Egyptian m, take!; Sumerian J. 970, which reads mu-8, and means 'remove, pacify', can perhaps be related to 'avoid, hold' - mu-8, *hold
-MHA, FORMER OF TOOLS AND PROFESSIONS
MHA, BE SLAPPED, POUNDED
MHA-FA (+ frequentative), POUND APART, BE BEATEN OFF; Sumerian mu-8, beat apart,separate, crush apart, chew apart (J. 970 reads mu-8, and means 'beat apart, etc.'); mu-3, mill (J.51); IE 1. meu- (for *mau-), wash, purify; 2. mew- (for *maw-), push away, *rub (cf. Lithuanian mauju, graze, rub against)
MHA-NA, POUND (NOUN); Egyptian mn, press with the fingers; IE 2. men- (for *m(a)na- - cf. Russian mnu, stamp, etc.), tread, stamp apart, press together
MHA-NHA (+ ingressive), MAKE A SLAP
MHA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE SLAPPING, POUNDING; IE ml-e:i- (for *mla:i-), crush, beat, grind, especially grain; from rub apart, also fine, tender, soft, and rubbed apart, weak
MHA, SIGNAL, WAVE, GESTICULATE, WARN; IE 1. ma:-, signal with the hand
MHA, OWL; Egyptian *m, *owl (Egyptian G17, 'owl'); IE in vulgar Latin amma, owl, listed under am(m)a, ami/i:, mother (from h-ma???)
MHA, OCCUPANT, DWELLER
MHA-NA (+ one), OCCUPANT
MHA-NA-FHA (+ set), OCCUPANTS, MEN; IE manu-s (for *ma:nwa-), or monu-s, man, human
MHA-NA (+ ingressive), OCCUPY, DWELL; Egyptian mn, remain, dwell; IE 5. men- (for *ma:n-; cf. Latin maneo:, stay), stay, (reflectively) remain; Sumerian men-3, stand (J. 410 reads men-3 and means 'stand');Proto-Altaic mana, stand watch
MHA, BE PRESENT
MHA-HHE (+ come), COME!; Egyptian mj, come!
MHA, GIVE, OFFER ON HAND
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: M=m Tibetan ME=m Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ME-¿E=mi |
ANIMAL
MHE, EEL, HYRAX(?), NEW MOON(?), (TAPE-)WORM(?), ANTELOPE/GAZELLE(?) (animate: literally,'who moves himself from an area'); Sumerian me-8, *hyrax(?) (J. 688 reads me-8, and depicts a long-eared animal)
MHE-NHE (+ little), MOUSE; IE me:lo-, smallish animal
MHE-NHE-NA (+ one), MOUSE-FUR; Sumerian milla, *mouse-fur (J. 893, clothes + J. 429, powder + J. 684, bright); IE *me:lna- (cf. Latvian mil(n)a, rough cloth), listed under 7. mel-, wool, woolen garment
MHE, SOFT, SMOOTH, GENTLE
MHE-¿E (+ -like), SOFT; IE 7. me:i-, mild, soft, dear; Sumerian mi-2 (for *mî-2), *soft (J. 919 reads mi-2, and means ‘woman’ = '*soft'); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) mi, female, girl
MHE-¿E, WOMAN; Sumerian mi-2, woman (J. 919 reads mi-2, and means 'woman')
MHE-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY SOFT; IE me:i-ro-, *very dear, in Albanian mirë, good, beautiful, listed under 7. me:i- : mo:i- : mi:-, often expanded with -l, -n, -r, -t, mild, soft, precious
MHE-¿E-RO, HONEY; Chinese mì, honey, honeyed, sweet
MHE-NA (+ ingressive), MAKE SOFT; IE 4. men-, *soft (cf. Old Irish mi:n (me:ni-), smooth, soft), small, make small, single; Basque unatu, get tired, become bored, tire, bore
MHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SOFTEN; IE 1. mel-, crush, beat, mill, especially grain; from rubbed apart, also delicate, fine, tender, soft, and rub open, weak
MHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), SOFT; IE mli:-, soft, listed under 1. mel-, crush, beat, mill, especially grain; from rubbed apart, also delicate, fine, tender, soft, and rub open, weak; Chinese mián, silk floss, continuous, soft
MHE-NHA-¿E, BE MELTING, SOFTENING; Sumerian mel, *melt (J. 812, oven + J. 339, heat)
MHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), POWDER; Sumerian mil(i), *dust (J. 429 reads mil(i), and means 'dust')
MHE-NHA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HONEY; IE meli-t, honey
MHE-NHA-KHO (+ little); IE mla:k-, listed under mel6-k-, soft, weak, colorless, foolish; Arabic malakha, become tasteless
MHE-NHA-T?SA (+ body); IE meldh-, soft, listed under 1. mel-, crush, beat, mill, especially grain; from rubbed apart, also delicate, fine, tender, soft, and rub open, weak; Arabic malida, become soft
MHE-RE (+ make), SOFTEN; IE 5. mer-, rub over, rub; Basque urtu, melt
VERBAL
MHE, SINGLE ONE'S SELF OUT, MOVE OFF OF; Sumerian *me, hero (me is an unrecognized reading of mu, (J. 102); cf. mu-lu-2, human, Akkadian amêlu); mi-6, heavy (J. 791); IE 4. me:-, great, notable
MHE-¿E (+ -like), OUTSTANDING; IE 7. me:i- : mo:i : mi:-, gentle, soft, lovely; Chinese mêi, beautiful, pretty
MHE-NA (+ one), SINGLE; IE 4. men-, small, make small, single (cf. Attic Greek mónos, alone, single)
MHE-RO (+ high degree), VERY SINGLED OUT, OUTSTANDING; Sumerian *me-lu-2, *hero (Comb. 318 (J. 102 + J. 611) is read mu-lu-2 but the Akkadian equivalent is amêlu, human, but also qarradu, hero); IE me:-ro-, great, listed under 4. me:-, great, notable; Egyptian wr, great, much, many, important; Basque urri, scarce, rare, little, defective
MHE, MOUSE
MHE-?A (+ stative), MOUSEY SMELL, MOUSE
MHE-?A-FHA (+ predator), CAT; Egyptian mjw, cat; Arabic al-mâ?ayyatun, cat; ma?â, mew; Chinese māo
MHE-¿E (+ -like), MOUSEY SMELL, MOUSE
MHE-¿E-SE (+ emit); MOUSE SPRAY, BAD SMELL; IE *meis-, *bad smell, in German Mist; Egyptian miz.t, *liver (better: bladder; cf. Basque maskuri, bladder)
MHE-¿E-SE; CAT (MOUSE[R]); IE *meis-, cat, in German Mies
MHE-FHA (+ set), MICE
MHE-FHA-SE (+ emit), MOUSE-SPRAY, BAD SMELL; IE mu:s-, mildew
MHE-FHA-SE, MOUSE; IE mu:s, mouse (note Old Indian mu:s'-, mouse, showing effect of palatalization); Basque moz- in mozolo, owl (HHO-NHA-FHA, bring down)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: M=m |
ANIMAL
MHO, GIRAFFE ('who rubs'), HORSE (perhaps from 'long necks'), perhaps, *ORYX; Chinese mâ, horse
MHO-¿E (+ -like), HORSELIKE; IE *mey-, *horse, in Old Indian maya, steed, listed under 6. mei-, imitative sounds for bright, thin tones and cries
MHO-?E, WHINNY; IE 6. mei-, whinny
MHO-KHXA-¿E (bee-like), HORSEFLY; IE mok^-o- (for *mo:k(h)i-) , *horsefly (cf. Latvian masalas, horsefly), listed under mak^o-, horsefly, gnat; Chinese méng, horsefly, gadfly
MHO-RA (+ back), HORSE(BACK)
MHO, perhaps RIDE
MHO, WANDER, NOMAD, SPREAD OUT OVER EVENLY (GIRAFFE BEHAVIOR)
MHO-HA (+ stative), BE WANDERING (CEASELESSLY); Sumerian ma, go (J. 639)
MHO-HA, BE INATTENTIVE, BE DISTRACTED; Chinese mâ in mâhu, careless, casual
MHO-HA-¿E (+ -like), CAUSE TO WANDER, BOTHER; IE *mo:i- in Old High German muoan, unsettle, bother, listed under mo:-, mo-lo-, exert one's self
MHO-HA-¿E, BE PERSISTING AT; IE mo:- (for *mo:i- - cf. Old High German muoan, unsettle, trouble), mo-lo-, exert one's self; Chinese mó, worry, pester, keep on at
MHO-HA-RO (+ high degree), VERY INATTENTIVE; IE mo:[u]-ro: mu:-ro-, dull, foolish; Chinese mò, desert, indifferent, unconcerned
* * *
- N -
Chinese: N=n Tibetan NE=ny Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) NA=na |
BODY
NA, NASAL PASSAGE, NOSTRIL, NOSE (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest inside`); Egyptian *n, *nose, proposed reading of Gardiner U20, which portrays a 'nose'; and is not an O.K. form of U19; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (s-)na, nose; in s-na:r, nose
NA-HA (+ air), BE SNIFFING
NA-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE SNIFFING AT, NOTICING
NA-HA-¿E, BE GUIDING; IE 1. nei-, ney6- : ni:- (for *na:i-; cf. Hittite na:i-, guide, lead), lead (*into)
NA-HA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), NOTICE, ENVY; IE *nei-to- (for *na:i-to- - cf. Old Frisian ni:th, ardor, hatred, envy, listed under IE 1. nei-, ney6- : ni:- (for *na:i-; cf. Hittite na:i-, guide, lead), lead (*into)
NA-HHA (+ water), BE SNIVELING (IN FEAR), FEAR; IE 2. na:-, be fearful, be ashamed
NA-HHA-¿E (+ -like), FEARFUL; Sumerian ni-2, fear (J. 721)
NA-HHA-¿E-RHE (+ fall), SHAME; IE *na:ire:- in Old Irish ná(i)re, shame, listed under 2. na:-, be fearful, be ashamed
NA-HHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY FEARFUL; IE *na:r- in Old Irish na:r, modest, listed under 2. na:-, be fearful, be ashamed
NA-HHA-RO, BE VERY FEARFUL, FEAR; Egyptian nr, fear
NA-HHA-RO-FA (+ set), FEARS; Egyptian nr.w, fear, dread
NA-¿E (+ -like), NASAL
NA-¿E-T?A (+ give), SNIFF (AT), DISDAIN; IE 1. neid-(for *naid-), upbraid, revile
NA-¿E, TUBULARLY HOLLOW
NA-¿E-T?O, REED; IE nedo- (*nyado-), reed?
NA-RE (+ make), SNUFFLE; IE 1. (s)ner- (for *(s)nar- - cf. Middle High German snarren, rattle), onomatopoeic murmur, snarl
NA-RE-K?A (+ jaw), SNORT, IE snerg- (for *snargw6- - cf. Middle High German snarken, snore, snort, and Latvian snirguôt, sob, hiss like geese), listed under 1. (s)ner- (for *(s)nar- - cf. Middle High German snarren, rattle), onomatopoeic murmur, snarl; Chinese nâng, snuffle
NA-SO (+ skin), NOSTRIL; IE nas-, nose
NA-SO-RA-¿E (+ spine), NOSE(-BONE); IE *nasri- (cf. Latin na:ris, nasal cavity; OBg. nozdri, nasal passages), nose, listed under nas-, nose (NA-SO)
NA-T?A (+ give), SNORT; IE 2. ned- (for *nad-), sound, roar, rustle
NA, SMALL BALL OF DRIED NASAL MUCUS, KNOT, (WATER-)DROP, DRIP
MINERAL
NA, ROCK (JAGGED); Sumerian na-4, stone, jewel (J. 453); Old Indian na, jewel, pearl, and nu, weapon (stones?) (both lexigraphic mention only)
NA-?A-SHA-T?O (+ sit-lump), SEAT, THRONE; Egyptian nst, seat, throne; IE ni-zd-os, nest, *seat (cf. Armenian nist, position, seat, residence), listed under sed-, sit
NA-¿E (+ -like), ROCKLIKE, ARROWHEAD
NA-¿E, GRIDDLE; Sumerian ni-5, *griddle (J. 339 reads ni-5, and means 'oven'
NA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), (POISON) ARROW; Egyptian *njt, *(poison) arrow (one of the names of the goddess of morning Mercury was Neith, i.e. N(j)t (for *Nj-twj (I suspect that twj is an older form for twrj, 'clean': the One of Cleanliness) - this name is punningly written with crossed arrows (NA-¿E-THO-FA-¿E, i.e. *njt.wj, 'two arrows') on a shield or quiver, and the regular determinative, Egyptian R24/25, is 'two bows tied in a package (sometimes also vertically)', which is 'bow quiver' (NA-¿E-THO-FA-¿E, i.e njtw.j)
NA-¿E-THO-FA (+ set), (POISON) ARROWS; Egyptian *njt.w, *poison arrows (see comments under NA-¿E-THO, (POISON) ARROW)
NA-¿E-THO-FA-¿E (+ -like), BOW QUIVER; Egyptian *njtw.j, *bow quiver (see comments above under NA-¿E-THO, (POISON) ARROW)
GRAMMATICAL
NA, (DEFINITE INANIMATE SINGULAR); ONE OF TWO(?)/MANY
NA-¿E (+ -like), THING; Sumerian ni-3 (read more usually nig-2), thing, something (J. 970)
-NA, (PASSIVE INGRESSIVE - Stem IV)
-NA, INANIMATE FACTITIVE; 'cause to be adjective'
PREPOSITIONAL
NA, INSIDE, INTERIOR
NA-RHE (+ come), BE MOVING INSIDE, PENETRATING, SUBMERGING; IE 3. ner- (for *nare:- - cf. Old Bulgarian nřti, penetrates), penetrate, submerge, hiding-place, hole; Chinese nì, drown
NA-RHE, BE MOVED INSIDE, PENETRATED, SUBMERGED; IE 3. ner- (for *nare:i- - cf. Lithuanian neriù, submerge, dip, swim through, flee, slip into), penetrate, submerge, hiding-place, hole; Chinese nì, hide
NA-SHE (+ separate), ISOLATE, RESERVE FOR ONE'S SELF; Sumerian ne/iš, both, twin, comrade, brother (J. 822); IE nes- (for *nas- - cf. Tocharian A naSu-, friend, unite, be hidden
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: N=n Tibetan NE=ny Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) NA=na |
BODY
NE, NASAL MUCUS (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from inside'); EGYPTIAN SIGN:(Egyptian D41, 'forearm with palm of hand downwards')
NE-HA (+ stative), OOZE; IE *le:- in 4. le/e:i-, pour, flow, drip
NE-HA-¿E (+ -like), MAKE OOZE; IE 4. le/e:i-, pour, flow, drip
NE-PHA(+ diminutive), START TO OOZE
SA-NE-PHA (strong +), SLOBBER; IE slep-, slobber, in Islandic slevja, slobber, listed under le/e:b-, hang down loosely
VERBAL
NE, BE EMPTIED
NE-?A (+ stative), EMPTY; Sumerian la-3, not (J. 119)
NE-¿E (+ -like), BE EMPTYING; Egyptian nj, drive away, avoid, throw down, turn back, get rid of, parry, darken (sun = go away), shrink from
NE-¿E, EMPTY, NOT; Egyptian nj, negative (Elmar Edel in Altaegyptische Grammatik (1955) established on pp. 567-9 that the proper reading of the negation n is nj; IE *lei-, *not, in Hittite li-e, negative command particle
?E-NE (there +), ABSENT; IE 5. el-, ol-, negate, ruin??, *starve (cf. Old Irish el-tes, lukewarm)
?E-NE-¿E (+ -like), NEGATE; IE *ely- in Greek oléo:, negate, listed under 5. el-, ol-, negate, spoil??
?E-NE, NOT, ABSENT FROM, EMPTY OF; Egyptian nn (*for *jn), not
?O-NE (mouth +), STARVE, BE SEVERELY DEPRIVED; IE 5. el-, ol-, negate, ruin??, *starve (cf. Bretonic ol-buid, lack of food); 7. el- (for *ol-; cf. Old Irish olc, bad), el6-, hungry, bad(?)
?O-NE-FA (+ frequentative), DEPRIVED; Sumerian ul-2, not (J. 119); IE *elu- in Greek óllu:mi, ruin, listed under 5. el-, ol-, negate, ruin??, *starve (cf. Bretonic ol-buid, lack of food); Arabic ?alâ/ya?lû, to be unable
VERBAL
NE, BE STUCK, CLING TO
NE-¿E (+ -like), BE STICKY; IE 3. lei-, slimey, ground slippery through wetness, slide out, slip or slide over, also travel over smoothingly, on the other hand, slimey = sticky; Tibetan nyi, snare
NE-¿E-MO (+ overall), (BIRD)LIME; IE *(s)lei-ma:-, *lime, listed under 3. lei-, slimey, ground slippery through wetness, slide out, slip or slide over, also travel over smoothingly, on the other hand, slimey = sticky; Chinese nián, sticky (cf. nián-yè, mucus)
NE-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), START TO BE STICKY; IE leip-, smear with fat, adhere
NE-HHA (+ water), ADHESIVE, BE STICKING; Arabic laHHâ, stick together
NE, HANG DOWN SLACKLY
NE-FA (+ frequentative), HANGING DOWN SLACKLY; IE (s)leu-, slackly hanging down, limp; Tibetan in nyo-re, slack, languid; cf. NE-RHE (Tibetan nya-re)
NE-RHE (+ fall), FALL SLACKLY; IE *ler-, fall slackly (cf. Latvian slarpata, old rag), listed under (s)lrg and sler-, imitative (?!); Tibetan nya-re, slack, languid
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: N=n Tibetan NE=ny Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) NA=na |
BODY
NO, STOMACH (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to inside'); EGYPTIAN SIGN: (Egyptian W24, 'bowl' [or *basket]); in Sumerian nu-6-nu-6, womb (Comb. 684 = 2x J. 133); in nu-6-me-da-6, interpreter of oracles (Comb. 691 = J. 133 + J. 889 (me) + J. 219 (da-6); translated Akkadian bêl tirti)(cf. *newi- in Old Irish no'id, “makes known”, under 2. neu-, “give a kick or jerk”)
NO-P?FE (+ digit), NAVEL; IE 1. (enebh-), embh-, ombh-, no/o:b- (ne:bh-?), Mbh-, navel
NO, PASSION, COURAGE, FEE EMOTION, INNER WILL
NO-¿E (+ -like), PASSIONATE, COURAGEOUS; Sumerian ni-5, *be excited (J.339 reads ni-5, and means 'be excited'); IE 2. nei-, ney6- : ni:- (for *n6i-), be moved animatedly, be excited, shine, *intend (cf. Greek noéo:)
NO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), PASSION, COURAGE; IE nei-to-, ni:-tu- (for *no/o:i-to- - cf. Welsh nwyd, passion), passion, listed under 2. nei-, nei6- : ni:- (for *no:i-), be moved animatedly, be excited, shine
NA-¿A-THO-FE (+ male), NETO (HISPANIC WAR-GOD); IE ni:-tu- (for *no:i-t6u) in Hispanic Ne:to:, Neto, war-god, listed under IE 2. nei-, nei6-, ni:-, be vigorously moved, excited, gleam lead (*into)
NO-RO (+ high degree), VIGOR; in Egyptian nr.w, strength, power; nr.t, mankind; in Sumerian nir-6, *strong (J. 597 reads nir-6 and means 'strong, man, prince` (NO-RO-¿E); IE no/o:ro-, listed under 1. ner-(t-), aner- (6ner-?), 1. (magical) vitality, 2. man; in Arabic nirbun, strong man?; Chinese nù, anger, rage, fury, *vigor (cf. nù-fàng, in full bloom)
NO-RO-¿E (+ -like), VIGOROUS; IE n6r6i- in Latin nerio:sus, resistant, strong, listed under 1. ner-(t-), aner- (6ner-?), 1. (magical) vitality, 2. man
VERBAL
NO, BE STORED, PUT AWAY/INSIDE, DISCONTINUE, LIE DOWN
NO-FA (+ frequentative), STORE UP; Ancient Chinese nu, store, treasury (94 y.)
GRAMMATICAL
NO, (CATEGORICAL NEGATION), IE 1. ne, ne:, nei (for *no/6, *now, *no/6i), which represent NO-¿E and NO-FA - English no (no:) and Latin no:n, among others, show that no: (from *now) should also be reconstructed)
NO-¿E (+ -like), (NEGATION); IE nei (for *no/6i), listed under 1. ne, ne:, nei, sentence negation
NO-FA (+ frequentative), (NEGATION); Sumerian nu, not (J. 119); nu, the negative particle, is used like a verb: šu peš-da-bi ba-nu, 'there was no fishing'; lu-2 še lugal-g~u-10 in-nu, 'this man is not my king'
-NO, FORMANT OF COMMON COLLECTIVE PLURAL
PLANT
NO, BASKET, BOWL, HANGING NEST, JAR
NO-FA (+ set), BASKETS
NO-FA-NO-FA (+ redplication), CAPACIOUS; Sumerian nun, large (J. 133)
* * *
- N H -
Austronesian NHAHH=la Chinese initial NHA=n; NHE=l; NHO=l; initial (S)NH=n; final NH=n Tibetan NHA/O=l; NHE=ny Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) NHA=l |
ANIMATE NATURE
NHA, WAVE, possibly WATER-BUFFALO or DUIKER (animate: literally, 'who is in movement inside'); EGYPTIAN SIGN: (N35, 'ripple of water'); Egyptian *n, *wave (N35, 'ripple of water'); Sumerian na-3, *water (J. 159 pictures a cultivated field with water for irrigation)
NHA-¿E (+ -like), WAVY
NHA-¿E-P?O (+ bud), WAVY-HORNED, CROOKED; Egyptian nf, wrong, wrong-doing (determinative shows a special kind of cattle); IE laiwo- (for *la:iwi- - cf. Latin laevi boves, cattle with horns bent sideways, left, originally crooked
NHA, ANXIOUS (TO DO), FIDGET FROM IMPATIENCE TO COMMENCE, COMMENCE, ABOUT TO DO = INCEPTIVE
NHA-NHA (+ reduplication), BE REJOICING, HAPPY; in Egyptian n(jj)n(jj), greeting! (cf. Old Indian alalā Egyptian nn is a digraph for *jn, i.e. ¿A-NHA, 'much waves', and for the negative nn, i.e. (Coptic an; ?E-NE, 'absent') and HA-NHA, 'start to pant, be weak', in HA-NHA-¿E-HA, nnjj (*jnjj), ill)); IE ala: and similar, hello!; Arabic ?ahhala, welcome (may be a modified Stem IV of halla, to rejoice, which has been misconnected with ?ahlun, family)
NHA, GLITTER, GIVE OFF COLOR, VIBRATE
NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), SHIMMER
NHA-FHA, SHINY STONE; IE 2. le:u-, stone
NHA-FHA-KHO (+ little), SHIMMER; IE leuk- (for *le:uk-), 1. shine, light; 2. see
NHA-FHA-KHO-RO (+ high degree), SHIMMERING BRIGHTLY, GOD; IE leuk-ro- in Welsh lloer, moon, listed under leuk-, 1. shine, light; 2. see; Egyptian nTr, god (cf. Coptic noute, god)
NHA-FHA (+ set), BOOTY (GLITTERING PROPERTY)
NHA-FHA-P?FO (+ place), BOOTY-CHAMBER, BOOTY, MAN WITH BOOTY (LORD); Egyptian nb, lord; Sumerian nab/p (for *nup), god (really 'lord') (J. 227 = 2x J. 14, heaven, *nab/p-x, NHA-FHA-P?FO); nap-3, constellation, abundance (J. 228 = 3x J. 14, heaven, *nab/p-x, NHA-FHA-P?FO); IE *la:ubh-, booty, in Lithuanian lo6~bis, property, possession, riches, listed under labh- (for *la:ubh-), hold, grasp
NHA-FHA-P?FO-¿E (+ -like), DESIRE BOOTY, HAVE BOOTY, BE RICHLY ENDOWED; Egyptian nb, all; Sumerian nap-3, beautiful, complete (J. 228 = 3x J. 14, heaven, *nab/p-x, NHA-FHA-P?FO); IE *la:ubhi- (cf. Sanskrit lubhyati, experiences violent desire), listed under leubh-, like, desire, dear
NHA-FHA-P?FO-FA (+ past participle), DESIRABLE BOOTY, METAL, NUBIA; Egyptian nbw, gold
NHA-FHA-P?FO-RO (+ high degree), VERY VALUABLE
SE-¿E-NHA-FHA-P?FO-RO (seed +), VALUABLE METAL DUST; IE *silubhro- in English silver
NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), ACQUIRE BOOTY; IE la:u-, gain or take as booty, enjoy; Basque lotu, grasp
NHA-FHA-RO (+ high degree), RICH; IE *la:u-ro- in Old Irish lour, enough, listed under la:u-, gain or take as booty, enjoy
NHA-HA (+ stative), GLISTEN
NHA-HA, OIL, FAT; Sumerian na, fat, oil (J. 456)
NHA-HA-¿E (+ -like), OILY, FATTY IE lai- (for *la:i-), fatty
NHA-HA-KHO (+ cover); BE SHINY; Austronesian lak, shine (cf. Kambera lalaku, oily, shiny)
NHA-HA-PHA (+ diminutive), GLITTER; Austronesian lap, flash, sparkle
NHA, GUST (OF WIND)
NHA-FHA, BREEZES
NHA-FHA-PHO (+ blow), ATMOSPHERE
NHA-FA-PHO, SPORADICALLY BLOW
NHA-FHA-PHO-FE (+ male), SAILOR; Egyptian nf.w, skipper, sailor
NHA-FHA-PHO-THO (+ assemblage), BREEZE; Egyptian nf.t, breath, wind; IE *la:up-to- in Gothic luftus, air, heaven, listed incorrectly under leup-, shell, peel, break off, damage
NHA-P?FO (+ place), SHORE; Sumerian nab/p, river, ocean (J. 227); nab/p-2, locality (really *shore) (J. 668)
NHA-P?FO, HEAVEN; Sumerian nab/p, *heaven (J. 227, nab/p, god = 2x J. 14, god, heaven)
SA-NHA-P?FO, ATMOSPHERE; IE *na:bh- (for *sna:bh-), *heaven, in Sanskrit na:bhaH-, atmosphere, heaven, listed under 2. (enebh-), damp, water, therefrom steam, mist, fog, cloud
ANIMAL
NHA, INSECT LARVA
NHA-¿E (+ -like), INSECT; Sumerian ni-6, insect (J. 717 reads ni-6, and means 'insect')
ANIMAL
NHA, MEMBER; Sumerian na-6, human (J. 611)
NHA-¿E (+ -like), FEMALE; Sumerian ni-4, lady (J. 921)
NHA, MEMBERSHIP
NHA-¿E (+ -like), MIX INTO
NHA-¿E, BE INCLUDING; Sumerian ni-2, *include (J. 721 reads ni-2, and means 'self')
NHA-¿E, MEMBERSHIP
NHA-¿E, MEMBERLIKE, MEMBER, PERSON; Chinese nî, you (singular and plural), one, anyone
NHA-¿E-SHE, FELLOW; Sumerian niš, *fellow (J. 822 means 'two, both, twin, fellow, brother', and reads niš); niš-2, *fellow human (J. 561 reads niš-2, and means 'human`)
NHA-¿E-T?SA-¿E (+ self), FELLOW MEMBER
NHA-¿E-T?SA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), (POPULAR) MASS; Egyptian nD.t, serfs; Sumerian nit(a)-2 (for *nitâ(d)), slave (J. 89)
NHA-FHA (+ set), CROWD OF PEOPLE; IE *la:u- in Greek la:ós, the people
NHA-FHA-T?SA-¿E (+ self), ONE'S OWN PEOPLE; IE leudhi-, people, listed under 1. leudh-, grow up, grow high, leudho-, leudhi-, progeny, people
NHA-FHA-T?SA-¿A-SHE (+ individual), MEMBER OF ONE'S OWN PEOPLE; Egyptian nDs (for *nDz), commoner, citizen
NHA-FHA-T?SA-¿E-SHE, COMMONS; IE leudheyes in Burgundian leudis, commons, listed under 1. leudh-, grow up, grow high, leudho-, leudhi-, progeny, people
VERBAL
NHA, MOVE AROUND INSIDE, PUSH, MOVE BACK AND FORTH, VIBRATE, DUCK/DIVE INTO
NHA-PHA (+ diminutive), START TO MOVE ONE'S SELF IN SMALL INCREMENTS, MAKE A SWIMMING STROKE, MOVE BY/IN WATER; Egyptian nb, swim; IE la:p-, *slow-witted (cf. Modern High German Lapp, simpleton), listed under le/e:b-, hang down loosely
SA-NHA-PHA (strong +), BATHE; IE sna:p-, *bathe, listed under sna:-, flow, wetness
NHA-P?A (+ diminutive), START TO MOVE IN SMALL INCREMENTS, VIBRATE; IE la:b- (for *(e)la:b-), *waver (cf. Latin labo:, waver, shake), listed under le/e:b-, hang down loosely
NHA-P?A-¿E (+ -like), VIBRATING, LIP; IE la:bi-, *lip (cf. Latin labium, lip), listed under le/e:p-, hang down loosely
NHA-HHE (+ come), BE MOVING IN SMALL INCREMENTS, PROPELLING ONE'S SELF, SWIMMING; IE la:- (for *ela:-), drive forward, drive), listed under 6. el- (for *ela:- - cf. la:-), drive forward, set in movement, move one's self, go)
NHA-HHE-¿E, POUR; IE 4. le:i, pour out, flow, drip
SA-NHA-HHE (strong +), BATHE; IE sna:-, *bathe, listed under sna:-, flow, wetness
NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE SWUM TOWARDS
NHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), HAVE SAILED TOWARDS
SA-NHA-FHA-¿E (strong +), SAILBOAT; IE na:wi- (for *sna:wi-) in Latin na:vis, ship, listed under 1. na:us-, ship
SA-NHA-FHA, HAVE REACHED BY SWIMMING; IE sna:u-, swim, listed under sna:-, flow, wetness
NHA-FA (+ frequentative), PROPEL; IE el-eu- (for *ela:u- - cf. Greek elauno:, drive forward, drive), listed under 6. el-(for *ela:- - cf. la:-), drive forward, set in movement, move one's self, go); la:u-, gain or take as booty, enjoy, *drive into a trap (cf. Old Bulgarian loviti, catch, hunt)
NHA-FA-T?SO (+ hold), BE CONVEYED; Egyptian n', travel, traverse, convey; IE el-eu-dh-, drive, set in movement, move one's self, go, listed under 6. el-
¿E-NHA (from below +), BE MOVING UP FROM; IE 6. el- (for *yela:-; cf. Greek iállo:, send, throw), el6- : la:; el-eu-(dh-), drive, set in motion, move one's self, go
¿E-NHA-¿E (+ -like), HIGH; Sumerian il(i/u)-3 (for ili-3), high (J. 14); Arabic ¿aliyun, high
¿E-NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), ELEVATED, HEIGHT; Sumerian il(i/u)-3 (for ilu-3), high (J. 14); IE 6. el- (for *yela:u-; cf. Greek elaúno:, drive, travel), el6- : la:; el-eu-(dh-) (cf. Armenian eLanem, I climb up, come up out of), drive, set in motion, move one's self, go; ¿alâ/ya¿lû, to become high, lofty, to go up
VERBAL
NHA-P?A (+ diminutive), LICK; IE lab- (for *(e)la:b-), noisily lick
VERBAL
NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE WATERING; Sumerian ni-3, *water (J. 970 reads ni-3, and means 'flood')
NHA-¿E, BE IMPREGNATING
NHA-¿E-THSA (+ rear up), STUD; Sumerian nit(a), male, *stud (J. 424 pictures a penis emitting semen, and additionally means 'ejaculate')
NHA-¿E-THSA-XHA (+ large quantity), STUD; Sumerian nitah, male, *stud (J. 424 pictures a penis emitting semen, and additionally means 'ejaculate')
¿A-NHA (many/much +), (BIG) WAVE
¿A-NHA-T?SO (+ tool), TROUGH; IE aldh-, trough
VERBAL
NHA-HA (+ stative), BE HIDDEN; IE 2. la:-, be hidden, concealed
NHA-MA (+ place), SWAMP; IE la:ma:, f. puddle, swamp
NHA-MA-¿E (+ -like), DWARF; IE 1. lem-, break apart, broken apart, weak, lame; 2. lem-, spirits of the night (Latin lemure:s; Egyptian nm, dwarf (perhaps also 'lame'; the determinant shows a severely pigeon-toed figure, with arms strangely bowed out; for derivation from NHA-MA, swamp, note the phrase nm.w b m.w, dwarfs of the water); Sumerian lamma, slave (J. 597); Basque lami-a, elf, gnome, brownie, troll
ANIMAL
NHA, CATERPILLAR
PREPOSITIONAL
NHA, INSIDE
GRAMMATICAL
-NHA, (ANIMATE DEFINITE SINGULAR [ONE OF TWO{?}])
NHA, (REFLEXIVE INGRESSIVE - Stem III), CAUSE ONE'S SELF TO BECOME ADJECTVE
NHA, NOMEN AGENTIS
NHA, NOMEN INSTRUMENTI
NHA, INCEPTIVE
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: N=n Tibetan NE=ny |
ANIMAL
NHE, WORM (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from inside'); EGYPTIAN SIGN: (Egyptian R24, 'two bows tied in a package', rather 'chastity belt'; or M22, 'rush with shoots')
VERBAL
NHE, ENTWINE
NHE-¿E (+ -like), SPIN OUT; IE (s)ne:i-, turn threads together, manipulate threads, and therefore weave, spin, sew
NHE-¿E-NHE-¿E (+ reduplication), BE SPINNING OUT; Chinese niân, twist with the fingers, something made by twisting
NHE-FHA, ENTWINE ONE'S SELF
SA-NHE-FHA (strong +), ENTWINE ONE'S SELF COMPLETELY; IE *(s)ne:u-, turn one's self, listed under sne:u-, turn, especially turn together threads, fasten, on the other side, turn one's self, fast movement
NHE-PHA (+ diminutive), SPIN (PULL OUT AND TWIST INTO THREAD)
SA-NHE-PHA (strong +), SPIN COMPLETELY; IE *(s)ne:p- in Latin napurae, straw-ropes, listed under (sne:p-), turn together into a cord, bundle, sheaf
NHE-T?O (+ lump), BE ENTWINED TIGHTLY; IE 1. ned- (for *ne:d6-), twist together, attach
NHE-T?O, CHASTITY BELT, NEITH (EGYPTIAN VIRGINAL GODDESS OF CHASTITY {EVENING MERCURY}, LEDA; Egyptian nt, the goddess Neith (Egyptian R24, 'two bows tied in a package', rather 'chastity belt')
NHE-FA (+ frequentative), TURN INTO THREAD
NHE-FA-THO (+ assemblage), THREAD; Egyptian nw.t, yarn for weaving, cord
SA-NHE-FA (strong +); TURN INTO THREAD COMPLETELY; IE *(s)ne:u-, turn one's self, listed under sne:u-, turn, especially turn together threads, fasten, on the other side, turn one's self, fast movement
NHE-FA-NA (+ one), WOOL; IE leun-, *wool, listed under 2. leu-, cut off, separate
NHE-FA-NA, FLUFFY; Egyptian nwn, disheveled; Basque leun, soft, fluffy
NHE-FA (+ frequentative), TWIST OFF; IE 2. leu-, cut off, separate, detach; Tibetan nyo-wa, buy, obtain by payment
NHE-MO (+ overall), LAME; IE 1. lem-, break apart, broken apart, weak, lame; Egyptian nm, dwarf (better *lame)
NHE-MO-¿E (+ -like), TRUDGE; IE 1. lem-, break apart, broken apart, weak, lame, go forward stiffly and with difficulty; Egyptian nmj, travel (the sands)
NHE-THO-RO (+ agentive), WORM-PIT, SNAKE-PIT; IE ne:-tr- (for (s)ne:-tr-), snake, adder
NHE, BE SLACK, LOOSE, COME APART
NHE-¿E (+ -like), DROOP; IE 3. le:(i)-, slacken
NHE-?E-QHO (+ wrap one's self around), HAVE CONNECTED ONE'S SELF LOOSELY WITH; Sumerian nig/k/q-2 (for *nig≈-2), formant of nouns from verbs: e.g. nig-2-gu-7, food (loosely connected with chewing); *loosen (*loosen: J. 970 portrays a cup with a decorative streamer, and means 'beat apart, separate'); IE leikw- (for ko: - cf. perfective li-n-kwo:), let, leave behind, be left over
NHE-¿E-QHO, BE CAUSING TO BE LOOSELY WRAPPED; Egyptian ng, break open (dam), break up; Sumerian nig/k/q-2 (for *nig≈-2), *loosen (J. 970 portrays a cup with a decorative streamer, and means 'beat apart, separate'); IE *leinko:i-, *cause to be loose(ly wrapped) (cf. Sanskrit rícyáte:, is freed from something, gets lost), listed under leikw- (for *leinko: - cf. perfective li-n-kwo:), let, leave behind, be left over
NHE-¿E-RHE (+ fall), DISTEND (HANG DOWN); IE *(s)le:ir- in MHG slier, mud, listed under (s)leu-, hang down slackly, slack; Tibetan ldir-wa (from n-lir-wa), be distended
NHE-FA, SAW OFF; IE 2. leu-, cut off, separate, let loose (from the back and forth motion of cutting)
NHE-FA-RO (+ high degree), VERY LOOSE, ROCKY; IE le:ur, collection of rocks; Basque lur, land, ground, earth, soil, dirt
NHE-FHA, RELAX, GO SLACK; IE 1. le:u-, relax, slack; Sumerian nu-2, lie down, resting spot, become quiet, sleep (J. 774); Basque lo, sleep
NHE-MHA (+ bite off), SAW; IE 1. lem-, break apart, broken apart, weak, lame, *ax (cf. Middle Irish la(i)me, ax); Egyptian in nm.t, slaughter-house; nm, knife, *saw? (Gardiner T34, 'butcher's knife'); Sumeriam li/ammu-2, lim-2, lam-4, *saw (J. 219 is written with J. 218, which means 'four' (lim-2), and is composed of a duplication of J. 215, which reads tab/p (T?SA-P?FE, long-finger), which is a redupliction of J. 1, which means 'one', and reads dili (for T?A-¿E, finger + NHA-¿E, bring inside); plus J. 662, which is probably a mere variant of J. 663, which reads uma, and means heaven. J. 662 is named "di-li-te-na", tying it in with these numbering terms. Di-li-tena probably means, hide finger (which is) extended, an appropriate description for 'four'. Cuneiform seems to be indicating that J. 219, which means 'dagger/knife', should be read lim+uma but a recognized reading of J. 218 is liammu-2 so now we can see that a similar reading is being indicated for J. 219. The archaic sign shows a dagger with four oblique lines on the blade. I conclude that J, 219, knife, has an unrecognized reading of liuma (hide thick one [FA-MHA] or active (index finger), and shows us a variant for 'saw' with medial w<; Basque lima, file, rasp.
?A-NHE (plant +), DECAY; IE 3. el- : ol-, be moldy, decay
NHE-HHA (+ water), PUTRIFY; IE *le:-, *putrify (cf. Anglo-Saxon le:f, weak), in 2. lei- (for *le:i-), putrify, come to an end, take away, disappear, thin, emaciated
NHE-HHA-¿E (+ -like), THIN, EMACIATED, PUTRID; IE 2. lei-, come to an end, take away, disappear, thin, emaciated; Chinese nêi, hungry, famished, disheartened, disspirited, (of fish) putrid
NHE, LITTLE, FORMANT OF DEPRECATIVES; IE -lo(:), diminutive
NHE-FHA (+ set), LITTLE ONES, CHILDREN
NHE-FHA-T?SA (+ body), WOMAN; IE 1. leudh-, grow up, come up, *woman (cf. North German lüd/t, female, girl)
NHE-T?SA (+ body), SMALL
NHE-T?SA, SERF; Sumerian nit(a)-2, slave (J. 89)
NHE-T?SA-THO (+ assemblage), GROUP OF SERFS; Egyptian nD.t. serf
NHE-T?SA-SHE (+ individual); LITTLE (PERSON), Egyptian nDz, commoner, little, small
NHE, SLIP, SLIDE/GLIDE (THROUGH)
NHE-¿E (+ -like), SLIPPERY
NHE-¿E-FHA (+ frequentative), SLIDE DOWN OR OFF; IE *l6:iw-, *slide off, smooth, in Latin le:vis, smooth), and leiwo- (for *l6:iwi-), smooth, listed under IE 3. lei-, slimey, ground slippery through wetness, slide out, slip or slide over, also travel over smoothingly, on the other hand, slimey = sticky; Chinese liū, slide, glide, smooth, sneak off, slip away
NHE-¿E-RE (+ make), CAUSE TO BE SLIPPERY, SMEAR; Chinese nì, cover or daub with plaster, putty, etc.
SA-NHE-¿E-RE (strong +), SMEAR COMPLETELY; IE *sleir- in Modern High German Schliere, slimey mass, and Archaic English slear/sleer, smear, listed under (s)leu-, hang down loosely, loose
NHE-¿E-RE, MUD, CLAY; IE *sleir- in Modern High German Schliere, slimey mass, and English slur, listed under (s)leu-, hang down loosely, loose; Chinese nì, putty, plaster
NHE-FA, SLIP OFF; IE 2. leu- (for *(e)lo:u-), cut off, separate, let loose
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: N=n Tibetan NE=ny |
ANIMAL
NHO, FOX, OSTRICH, SNAIL (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to inside'); EGYPTIAN SIGN: (Egyptian U19, 'adze')
HHA-NHO (water + [fox]), EEL; IE *a:lo:-, eel, in Modern High German Aal, listed incorrectly under e:l-, stripe
HHA-NHO, EEL-COLORED, DARK REDDISH BROWN; IE alo:-, *reddish brown, listed under 1. el- (for *a:lo:-), red, brown
HHA-NHO-PHA (+ diminutive), FOX, ANUBIS (EGYPTIAN GOD OF MORNING MERCURY), ALOPE; Egyptian Jnp(w), Anubis; jnp, *fox (Egyptian E15, 'recumbent dog', rather 'recumbent fox with exaggeratedly long tail'); Sumerian lub/p, *fox (J. 657 reads lub/p, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [puh], 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka- 5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest'); IE lup- (for *a:lo:pe - cf. Greek alo:pe:x, fox), fox, listed incorrectly under wlp-, in designations of predatory animals, especially from the canine family (fox, jackal, wolf)
NHO, BURROW IN, ELUDE, TRICK
NHO-K?XO (+ hole), CAMP; IE legh-, originally only punctually aoristic, 'lay (one's self down)', later durative 'lie'
NHO, AVOID, DENY
NHO, STRIPE LEFT BY TRAIL OF SNAIL
NHO-¿E (+ -like), SNAILLIKE, SLIMEY; IE 3. lei- (for *(e)lo:i- - cf. loi-mo-, wet earth), slimey, ground slippery through wetness, slide out, slip or slide over, also travel over smoothingly, on the other hand, slimey = sticky; Sumerian li-2, fat, oil (J. 456)
NHO-¿E, SNAIL TRAIL, STRIPE; IE e:l- (for *elo:- — cf. Old Icelandic a:lo:ttr, striped), stripe
NHO-FA, THIN SHELL, SNAILSHELL; Chinese luó, spiral shell, snail
NHO-FA, MAKE A STRIPE; Sumerian nu-4, *cut off, *cut apart, *rip up, *break off (J. 935 reads nu-4, and means 'cut off, cut apart, rip up, break off); IE 2.leu- (for *(e)lo:u-), cut off, separate, let loose
NHO-FA-P?A (+ piece), TAKE OFF IN STRIPS; IE leub- (for *(e)le:ub-), shell, peel, break off, damage, listed under leup-
NHO-FA-P?FE-¿E (+ flake), STRIP, BARK; IE leubh- (for *(e)le:ubhi- - cf. Old Irish luib, vegetable), listed under leup-, shell, peel, break off, damage
NHO-FA-P?FE-¿E-MO (+ overall), COMPLETELY STRIPPED; IE *(e)le:ubh-mo- in Old Irish lomm, bare, naked, listed under leup-, shell, peel, break off, damage
NHO-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), COME OFF IN STRIPS; IE leup- (for *(e)le:up-), shell, peel, break off, damage
NHO-FA, ADZE; Egyptian *nw, adze (Egyptian U19/20, 'adze'); IE in e:la: (for *elo:u- - cf. Germanic e:lo:), awl
NHO-FA-THO (+ feminine), ADZE; Egyptian nw.t, adze
NHO-P?A (+ piece), PULL OFF IN A STRIP; IE lo/o:b- (for (e)lo:b- - cf. Greek ellobos, pod-bearing), hang down slackly, *pull off in a strip (cf. Greek lobos, (pea-)pod)
NHO-PHA (+ diminutive), COME OFF IN A STRIP; 2. lep- (for *(e)lo:p- - cf. lo/o:po-, rag, and Greek ellops, epithet of fish, being with scales), shell, flay, split off; IE lo/o:b- (for (e)lo:p-), hang down slackly, listed under le/e:b-
NHO-PHA-¿E (+ -like), THIN (SHEET/STRIP), SURFACE; Sumerian nap-3 (for *nab/p-3), foot, sandal, shoe (J. 228 = 3x J. 14, heaven {*nab-x, NHA-FHA-PHO, breeze}); IE lo:p-(for *(e)lo:pi- - cf. Old Icelandic lo:fi, flat hand), listed under le:p-, be flat, surface of the hand or foot, shoulder-blade, shovel, rudder
* * *
- P ? -
Austronesian P?AF=pu Chinese: P?=zh P?A-'¿A-¿A chāi; P?A-'¿A-RHE chè; P?A-'¿A-RHE-FA chào Tibetan P?E=c Tibeto-Burman P?A=ba P?O=bə |
BODY
P?A, ANAL CLEFT, BUTTOCK (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest at a spot'); Sumerian ba-3, part of the intestine (J. 823)
P?A-¿E (+ -like), HUMPLIKE
P?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), LOAF; Egyptian p3.t (for *pj.t), loaf; Sumerian bad/t/t*-2 (for *bêd-x), *bread (J. 820 reads bad/t/t*-2, and means 'bread')
P?A-FA, BUTTOCKS (+ set); Sumerian bu-7, buttocks (J. 893 reads bu-7, and means 'buttocks'); in IE *bau- in Modern German Popo, backside
P?A-FA-T?O (+ lump), BACKSIDE; IE *baud- in English buttocks; Austronesian but, buttocks, bottom
P?A-T?O (+ lump), HUMP; IE bed- (for *bad), swell??
P?A-T?O-¿E (+ -like), BUTTOCK; IE bhad6i- in older Danish arsbatte, buttock, listed under bed- (for *bad-), swell
P?A-T?O-RO (+ high degree), LARGE HUMP; IE *bad6ro in Armenian port (*bodro {for *badro}), navel, stomach, middlepoint, listed under bed- (for *bad-)
P?A, MAT, PELT; Egyptian p(/), mat; Sumerian ba-3, mat, pelt (J. 823 reads ba-3, and means 'sunset')
P?A-¿E (+ -like), PELT
P?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), TENT; Egyptian pt (for *pjt), (tent of) heaven; Sumerian bad-3 (for *bêd-x), festival tent (J. 281); bad is a reading of J. 112, which has a recorded meaning of 'heaven'; bid, *tent (J. 599 reads bit/d/t*, and means 'house' - cf. Akkadian bîtu, house); Arabic baitun, house, dwelling
P?A-¿E-THO-HA (+ feminine), TENT; IE baita:, goatskin, *tent (cf. Greek báite:, tent)
P?A, SEAT; Egyptian p, base for a statue, *seat (Egyptian Q3, 'stool of reed matting'); Sumerian ba-3, *seat (J. 823 reads ba-3, and means 'sunset')
VERBAL
P?A, BE SEATED; Chinese zhā, prick, run or stick (a needle, etc.) into, plunge into, get into
P?A-¿E (+ like), BE SEATING; Chinese zhá, pitch (a tent)
P?A, BE SITTING; Sumerian ba-3, *sit (J. 823 reads ba-3, and means 'sunset')
P?A-¿E (+ -like), SEAT (NOUN), RESIDENCE; Chinese zhái, residence, house
P?A, HALF, PIECE; Sumerian ba-3, piece (J. 823); ba, piece (J. 5); Tibeto-Burman ?-ba1, patch
P?A-?A (+ stative), BE CLEFT; IE 2. wa:-, apart
P?A-¿E (+ -like), HALF, PIECE; Sumerian be-2 (for *bê-2), piece (J. 5)
P?A-¿E-T?A (+ tear), BREAK BREAD; in Egyptian pD.w, (pieces) spread out (Egyptian X7, a half-loaf of bread, is the determinative for this word; repeated, it means 'eat' and supposedly is read wnm); pD, measure for pigment (pinch); Sumerian bad/t/t*-2, take off, break into pieces (J. 820); IE bheid- (for *baidi-), split, *bite (cf. Gothic beitan, bite)
P?A-¿E-T?A-P?A-¿E-T?A (+ reduplication), EAT; Egyptian wnm (for *pDpD), eat (Egyptian X7, with which it is written double, reads pD [see P?A-¿E-T?A)
P?A-¿E, WITHE; IE 1. wei- (for *wai-), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend, *withe (cf. Greek itéa, willow); Chinese zhī, branch, twig
P?A-¿E, PLAIT; IE 1. wei- (for *wai-), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend; Chinese zhī, weave, knit
P?A-¿E, HALVE, DIVIDE; Egyptian *pj, *divide (Egyptian X6 depicts a round loaf with a piece cut from it); Sumerian be-2 (for *bê-2), divide (J. 5); Chinese chāi, tear open, take apart, pull down, dismantle
P?A-¿E, ALONE, APART; IE wi/i:-, apart, really in two, also two; Chinese zhī, single, one only
P?A-¿E, BE DISTRIBUTED, ALLOTTED; Sumerian be-4, allot (J. 5)
P?A-¿E-T?SE (+ release), SEPARATE; Egyptian p(j)D, stretch out, separate; Tibetan b-cad-pa, separate
P?A-¿E-T?SO, HOLD APART, TRUST, BE LOYAL; Sumerian bat-3-mah, (*great) trust (Comb. 1241 - J. 298, bad-3 + J. 98, mah, great); IE bheidh- (for *baidh-), bind, plait; 1. bheidh- (for *baidh-), persuade, force, be persuaded, trust
P?A-¿E-T?SO-THO (+ assemblage), LOYALTY, LOYAL CONTINGENT; Egyptian p'.t, humans, really *loyal contingent; IE bheidh-to- (for baidh-to-), loyal (cf. Greek pistos, reliable, loyal, trusting), listed under 1. bheidh- (for *baidh-), persuade, force, be persuaded, trust
P?A-KHXA-¿A (+ stick), PROP; IE bak- (for *bak(h)i- - cf. Latin bacillum, little staff), staff as support, also stick, push, beat?, *hook (cf. Old Irish bacc, hook, crook
P?A-QHA (+ angular), CRUTCH; IE bak- (for *bank-), staff as support, also stick, push, beat?, *hook (cf. Old Irish bacc, hook, crook)
VERBAL
P?A, PART
P?A-?A, BE PARTED; IE 1. wa:-, beat, wound
P?A-NA (+ ingressive), START TO PART (TRANSITIVE); IE wen-, beat, wound; Basque banatu, separate
P?A-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PART, INHERIT; IE 8. wel-, wound; Sumerian bal(a), break through (J. 10)
P?A-NHA, OPEN THE EYES; IE 1. wel-, see
SA-P?A-NHA (strong +), START TO PART COMPLETELY; IE in Germanic swaljan, swell; Basque zabal, wide, broad
GRAMMATICAL
P?A, (PARTITIVE INANIMATE SINGULAR ARTICLE), SOME
P?A-¿E (+ -like), SOME; Egyptian pj, the (*that); Chinese bî, that, those, the other, another (25 g.)
?A-P?A (here +), SOMEONE; IE 4. au-, that
P?A, (PASSIVE DIMINUTIVE - Stem II)
P?A, INANIMATE DIMINUTIVE
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian P?AF=pu Chinese: P?=zh P?A-'¿A-¿A chāi; P?A-'¿A-RHE chè; P?A-'¿A-RHE-FA chào Tibetan P?E=c Tibeto-Burman P?A=ba P?O=bə |
BODY
P?E, URINE (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from a spot'); Sumerian be, *urine (J. 112 reads be, and means 'groundwater')
VERBAL
P?E, BE POURED OUT
P?E-¿E (+ -like), POUR OUT, URINATE; Sumerian bi, *pour out (J. 431 reads bi, and means 'pour out'); IE *bi- in Modern English pee; *wi- in Modern English wee
P?E-¿E, JUICE, LIQUID, TREE OR PLANT SAP; Sumerian bi, liquid (J. 431 reads bi, and means 'liquid'); Chinese zhī, juice; zhī, fat, grease, tallow, rouge
P?E-¿E-HHA (+ water), URINATE, INSEMINATE; Egyptian pjj, engender
P?E-¿E, PENIS
P?E-¿E-NA (+ one), PENIS
P?E-¿E-NA-T?O (+ lump), GLANS PENIS; IE *bind- in Middle Low German pint, penis, listed under bend-, protruding point
P?E-¿E-RO-¿E (+ part), KIDNEY; Sumerian bir, *kidney (J. 722 reads bir, and means 'kidney')
P?E-¿E-SO (+ pull), URINATE; Egyptian bs (for *pjs), flow forth; Sumerian biz/s, press oil, drip, pour out, shatter; IE *bis- in Modern English piss; *wis- in Modern English w(h)izz(le)
P?E-¿A-SO-SO (+ reduplication), URINATE; Egyptian bss (for *pjss), *urine (noun of unknown meaning mentioned beside 'dung')
P?E-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE POURED OUT (INTRANSITIVE)
P?E-FHA-RHE (+ fall), BE STEADILY POURING OVER, PORING OVER; IE *(s)pe:ur- in Middle English pouren, pour, pore; we:r- in Avestan va:r-, rain, listed under 1. we:r-, wer-:, c) awer-, water, rain, river, 9. aw(e)-, awed-, awer-, moisten, dampen, flow; 8. wer- (for *we:ur- - cf. Latin vereor, honor, fear), accord, pay attention to; Chinese zhù, pour, concentrate, fix, stakes (in gambling), annotate, explain with notes, record, register
P?E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO POUR OUT; IE *wel- in 2. welk-, welg-, damp, wet; Chinese zhān, moisten, wet, soak
P?E, RANK
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian P?AF=pu Chinese: P?=zh P?A-'¿A-¿A chāi; P?A-'¿A-RHE chè; P?A-'¿A-RHE-FA chào Tibetan P?E=c Tibeto-Burman P?A=ba P?O=bə |
BODY
P?O, CHEEK (ANAL also BUCCAL) (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to a spot'); Sumerian bu-4, cheek (J. 867); IE 2. b(e)u- (for *bo[u]-), blow up, swell, *cheek
P?O-?E-¿E (+ -tooth), TUSK, NAIL; Chinese zhī, nail
P?O-?E-¿E-FA (+ set), TUSKS (PAIR OF), PIG; Chinese zhū, hog, swine
P?O-?E-¿E-RO (+ high degree), BOAR; IE *bhoi-ro (for *boi-ro- - taboo deformation - in Germanic *bairoz, boar; Chinese zhì, pig, swine
P?O-FA (+ set), MOUTH; Arabic fâ, mouth(accusative)
P?O-FA, KISS, LIPS; Sumerian bu-3, honor, kiss (J. 36); IE bu-, lip, kiss
VERBAL
P?O, SWOLLEN, STRETCHED; Sumerian bu, flare up (J. 675)
P?O-¿E (+ -like), BEAD OF PERSPIRATION
P?O-¿E-T?A (+ give), HAVE SWEATED; Egyptian fd, sweat; Sumerian *bid/t/t*, *sweat (J. 112 is composed of J. 750 [take away] and J. 1 [man], and means 'groundwater', '*putrescence, *dew?')
SA-P?O-¿E-T?A, HAVE SWEATED OUT; IE 2. *swoidi- (cf. swoido-, sweat, and Sanskrit svídyati, sweats), sweat, listed under 2. sweid-, sweat
P?O-¿E, BE PERSPIRING; Sumerian be-3, *sweat (J. 456 reads be-3, and means 'sweat')
P?O-FA (+ freqentative), SWOLLEN, ABUNDANT
P?O-FA-¿E (+ -like), SWELLING, ABUNDANT; IE *bheu:i (for *bo:wi) - in Avestan baiyo:, (more, temporally =) longer, longer than, listed under 2. b(e)u, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell
P?O-QO (+ ball), CLUB
P?O-QO, BE BEATEN ON; IE bheng- (for *bong- cf. Latvian bunga, hit), *beat on, listed under bheg-, bheng, beat apart, break apart
P?O-QO, BELL(-CLAPPER); Chinese zhōng, bell
P?O-QO-¿E (+ -like), HAVE SIGNALED, ENDED; IE bheng- (for *bongi-, *end — cf. Lithuanian baigiù, end), *beat on, listed under bheg-, bheng, beat apart, break apart; Chinese zhoōng, end, finish, death
P?O, BUBBLE
P?O-¿E (+ -like), BUBBLE (noun), BUD; Sumerian bi and pi/e-2, *bubble (J. 431 depicts a beer-jar); bi-5, *bud (J. 344 reads bi-5, and means 'fresh, new' ('budding'); it depicts a stalk of barley with head)
P?O-¿E-RO (+ raise), BOIL UP
P?O-¿E-RO-P?O-¿E-RO (+ reduplication), COMPLETELY BOIL UP; Egyptian brbr, boil (written with W10*, br)
P?O-¿E-RHE (+ come), BUBBLE, BOIL (INTRANSITIVE); Egyptian b3 (for *fj3), *boil (Egyptian R7, 'bowl for incense with smoke rising from it'); Sumerian bur-10, move back and forth (J. 871); IE bh(e)ri/i:-, boil up, move violently, listed under 2. bher-; Chinese zhì, broil, roast
P?O-¿E-RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), BOIL UP (trans.); Egyptian b3w (for *fj3w), boil(ing pot); IE bh(e)reu-, move violently, seethe; Basque bero, heat
P?O-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE COOKED BY BOILING; Chinese zhû, boil, cook
P?O-FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START BOILING (INTRANSITIVE)
P?O-FA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), START BOILING (TRANSITIVE); IE *bhauli- (for *b6auli-) in English boil
P?O-FHE, LARGE SPIDER; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) bəw, insect, vermin. bug, snake; Chinese zhū, spider
P?O-FHE-P?O-FHE (+ reduplication), INSECT, SPIDER; IE *bob- (for *bo:ub-) in Swedish bobba, insect, listed under 2. b(e)u-, blow up, swell; Chinese zhū-zhu, spider
P?O-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO FORM A BUBBLE, GROW; IE 2. bel-, strong; wal-, be strong; in bhle:- (for (*bla:-) in Greek phale:s, penis, listed under 3. bhel-, blow up, swell up, bubble up, puff up
P?O-NHA-¿E (+ -like), MAKE A BUBBLE, BLOW UP (TRANSITIVE); Sumerian b/pul, blow on, fan (J. 871); IE 2. bhlei- (for (bla:i-), blow up, swell, puff up, overflow
P?O-NHA-NA (+ one), BUBBLE; Egyptian bnn, bead, pellet; IE 3. bhel- (for *bhla:-), blow up, swell up, bubble up, puff up
P?O-QO (+ sack), LUMP
P?O-QO-¿E (+ -like), BE GIVING A LUMP, HITTING; IE *bongi in English poke, listed under 2. b(e)u, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese zhòng, hit, fit exactly
P?O-QO, PAUNCH, NAVEL, CENTER; IE *bo(n)g- in Old French pance, paunch - should be listed under 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese zhōng, center, middle, China, in, among, amidst, fit for, good for
P?O-QO, EMOTION; Chinese zhōng, inner feelings, heart
P?O-RO-¿E (+ part), MOLE; IE 2. wer- (for *wroi- - cf. Latin varix, varicose vein), raised place (on land or in the skin); Chinese zhì, nevus, mole
P?O-RHE, BOIL; IE 2. bher-, boil up, move violently; Sumerian bar-11, *boil (J. 684 reads bar-11, and means 'set a cooking-pot on the fire`; Basque bor-bor, (noise of a) boil(ing liquid)
P?O-RHE-¿E (+ -like), BOIL (TRANSITIVE); IE bh(e)re:i, boil up, move violently, listed under 2. bher-
P?O, BLOW UP, INFLATE, GROW LARGE
P?O-FA (+ frequentative), ABUNDANT; Chinese zhū, all, various
P?O-FA-¿E (+ -like), PLANT; IE *bh(e)wi:- (for *bo:wi-, *plant - cf. Armenian bois, shoot, herb, plant), listed under bheu-, etc., grow, thrive; Chinese zhú, bamboo
P?O-FA-QO (+ sack), SWELLING, STOMACH; IE *boung- in Old Icelandic bu:kr, stomach, body, listed under 2. b(e)u, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese zhông, swelling, swollen, guts, grit
P?O-FA-QO-¿E (+ -like), BIG; IE *beugya in English big, listed under 2. b(e)u, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese zhòng, many, numerous, crowd
P?O-FA-SE (+ seed), GROWTH; Sumerian b/puš-2, sprout (J. 101 reads b/puš-2, and means 'sprout')
P?O-FA-SE-FA (+ set), GROWTHS, OUTCOME, PREGANANCY; Egyptian bs, result, consequence; Sumerian p(b)uš-3, *pregnant (J. 643 reads p(b)uš-3, and means 'pregnant'); IE *bhes6-, growth (for *bo:us- - cf. Middle High German bu:s, inflation), listed under 2. b(e)u, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell
P?O-NA (+ one), BELLOWS; Sumerian bun, bellows (J. 866); bun-2, bellows (J. 44)
P?O-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BLOW UP
P?O-NHA-FA (+ -like), BE BLOWN UP COMPLETELY, COCOON; Sumerian bul-2 , *cocoon (J. 12 reads b/pul-2; it consists of J. 2 [excrete] and J. 3 [thread]); IE bhleu- (for *bla:w-; cf. Greek phle(w)o:, puff up, am overly full), blow up (snort, roar), swell, puff up, boil over, flow
P?O-NHA-FA-¿E (+ -like), BLOW UP COMPLETELY; Sumerian bulug~2-2, *cocoon (J. 12 reads b/pul-2; it consists of J. 2 [excrete] and J. 3 [thread]); bulug~2-3, large, grow large, sprout (2x J. 101); bulug~2-4, *grow (J. 101 + J. 669 [grain] + J. 101); bulug~2-5, *grow (J. 669 [grain] + 2x J. 101); IE *bhla:wi- in Greek phloios, rind, hull, listed under bhleu-, puff up, am overly full), blow up (snort, roar), swell, puff up, boil over, flow
P?O-NHA-NA (+ one), MAKE A SWELLING; Egyptian bnn, beget, become erect, overflow; Sumerian b/pul-3, overflow, pour out (J. 10); IE *bhalni- in Latin follis, bellows, listed under 3. bhel- (for *bhla:-), blow up, swell up, bubble up, puff up
P?O, BUD(DED)
P?O-¿E (+ -like), BUD(DING)
P?O-¿E-RO (+ high degree), NEW; Sumerian bil-2, fresh, new (J. 344); bil, new (J. 339); (gi-)bil-4, new (J. 131 + J. 339 - J. 131 [plant] is a determinative, and should not be pronounced)
NO-P?O-¿E (negative +), NEW; Sumerian nab/p-3 (for *nub/p),*beautiful (J. 228 reads nab/p-3, and means 'beautiful'); IE newyos (for no:wy-), new, listed under newos
NO-P?O-RO (+ high degree), VERY NEW; Egyptian nfr, beautiful; cf. IE nowero- (for *no:wi-ro), new, listed under newos
P?O-FA (+ frequentative), BUDDED, GROWN; Sumerian bu-8, plant, *grow (J. 593); bu-10, *grow (2x J. 101); IE 2. b(e)u- (for *bo:u-), bh(e)u:-, blow up, swell
P?O-FA-T?O (+ lump), BUD; IE *beud- in Middle English budde, bud, listed under 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell
P?O-FA (+ round), BEAD; Chinese zhū, pearl, bead
* * *
- P H -
Austronesian -PHA=-p; -PHAHH=-p; PHO-=p- Chinese initial PH=b Tibetan PHE=ph Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) PHE=phj |
ANIMAL
PHA, FLEA, TURTLE, TICK (CHIGGER/CHIGOE) (animate: literally, 'who is in movement at a spot'); Sumerian ba-9, *flea (J. 112 reads ba-9, and means 'moth')
PHA, FLAT
PHA-?A (+ stative), BE FLAT
PHA-?A-T?E (+ foot), (SOLE OF THE) FOOT; IE 2. pe/e:d-, foot; Egyptian pd, foot (Budge p. 255) (Coptic pat)
SA-PHA-?A (strong +), FLATTENED COMPLETELY; IE sp(h)e:-, in words for 'long, flat wooden piece'; Basque zapatu, press, compress
PHA-NA (+ ingressive), FLATTEN
PHA-NA, FELT (NOUN); IE pa/a:n, textile (felt[?])
PHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BECOME FLAT; IE pla:-, wide and flat, etc., listed under pel6-, wide and flat, etc.
PHA-NHA-¿E, PLUCK FLAT; IE ple:i-, bare, bald; Arabic falâ/yaflî, to louse the head
PHA-NHA-T?O (+ lump), FLAT THING
PHA-NHA-T?O-HHA (+ reflective[?]), FLATTEN OUT; Arabic falTaHa, flatten, make flat
PHA-NHA-THO (+ assemblage), FLATNESS; Egyptian pnt, knead out or squash; Sumerian banda-4, *coating (J. 937 reads banda-4, and means 'coating'); IE pla:t- in Latvian pla:t, apply thinly, listed under pel6- (for pla:-), wide and flat, spread out, flatten by pressure or beating, pat or beat out
SA-PHA-NHA (strong +), FLATTEN OUT; Basque zapaldu, crush, flatten, stomp
PHA-NHA (+ ingressive), FOLD; IE 3. a. pel-, fold
PHA-NHE (+ deprecative), FLEA
PHA-NHE-FHA (+ set), FLEAS; IE plou- (for *pla:u-), flea(s), listed under blou-, flea(s)
PHA-QO (+ ball), FROG; IE pang-, swell, (cf. dial. German Pogge, frog)
PHA-QO-QO (+ reduplication), FROG
PHA-QO-QO-THO (+ assemblage), SWARM OF FROGS; Egyptian pgg.t, frog(s)
PHA-RE (+ nail), SPEARHEAD
PHA-RE-PHA-RE (+ reduplication) bar-bar, spear (2x J. 118)
SA-PHA-RE (strong +), SPEAR; IE 1. (s)per- (for *(s)pari-; cf. Old Icelandic spari, skewer, spar, beam), spar, pole, spear, stretch out with spars, support, prop, spread one's self out
PHA-RO-¿E (+ part), RIB; Egyptian in (s)pr, rib (Egyptian F42, 'rib'); IE 1. (s)per- (for *(s)pari-; cf. Old Icelandic spari, skewer, par, beam), spar, pole, spear, stretch out with spars, support, prop, spread one's self out
SO-PHA-RO-¿E (skin +), RIB AREA; Egyptian spr, rib (area)
PHA-T?A (+ tear), CRUMBLE; Arabic fatta, bruise, crush, crumble something with the fingers
PHA-T?E (+ foot), RUN AT FULL SPEED; IE ped- (also pedy-), go (listed under 2. pe/e:d-, foot, go, fall); Egyptian pd, run away, flee, hasten
PHA-T?E-¿E (+ -like), OUTRUN; IE pedy- (cf. Old Indian pádyate, goes, falls), go (listed under 2. pe/e:d-, foot, go, fall); Egyptian pdj, run away, flee, hasten (Coptic po:t, run, flee, go); Arabic fatâ (fty), to surpass anyone in generosity
PHA-T?O (+ lump), FLATTENED MATERIAL, SPREAD OUT
PHA-T?O-HHA (+ ?), FLATTENED OUT); possibly Egyptian pt, break open; Arabic faTaHa, flatten
PHA-THE (+ stretch out), FLATTEN; Arabic in fatha?a, to allay the boiling of a cooking pot with cold water; faththa, scatter from a basket
PHA-THO (+ assemblage), FLAT THING(S); Egyptian in ptpt, tread, trample (Coptic potpt); IE 1. pet- (for *pat-), spread out, *stamp (cf. Latin patera, flat dish)
PHA-PHA (+ reduplication), FLATTENED; Austronesian pap, flattened
PHA, OPEN (MAKE COVERING FLAT)
PHA-THO (+ assemblage), OPEN; IE 1. pet- (for *pat-), spread out, *open (cf. Latin pateo:, stretch out, stand open); Sumerian bad/t, open (J. 112)
PHA-THO-RO (+ high degree), OPEN WIDE, SEE; Egyptian ptr, see, behold
PHA, WING
PHA-¿E, WING(ED)
PHA-¿E, WING, FLYING INSECT; Sumerian bi-4 (for *bî-4), *flying insect (J. 112 reads bi-4, and means 'moth')
?A-PHA-¿E (plant +), HONEYBEE; IE a(:)pi- in Latin apis, bee
¿E-ME-PHA-¿E (hum +), GNAT; IE empi-, gnat, bee, listed under embhi-
PHA-RHA (+ be above), FLY; Egyptian p3, fly; Sumerian bir-5, locust, *fly (J. 124 reads bir-5, and pictures a standing bird); bar(a)-3 (for *bira-x?) (J. 534), roam around (*fly about); bara-2, *fly (for *bira-x?) (J. 112 reads bara-2, and means 'moth`); IE 2. B. per(6)- (for *pra:- [cf. Russian-Old Bulgarian pariti, fly]), lead, bring, or come over, set over, force through, fly; Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) phjV_r, fly; Tibetan H-phar-wa, leap up, fly up, bound, throb; Afro-Asiatic pir (Starostin), fly; Arabic farra, fly
PHA-HE (+ go), FLY; Egyptian *pj, fly (Egyptian G40, 'pintail duck flying); Sumerian be, *fly (J.112 reads be, and means 'moth`); IE pei- (for *pae:-), in pei-m(i)-, hasty, quick (PHA-HE-MO, QUICK)
PHA-HE-MO (+ overall), QUICK; IE pei-m(i)- (for *pae:-mo-), quick, hasty
PHA-HE-MO, UNDERSTAND; Arabic fahima/yafhamu, understand
PHA-THO (+ assemblage), WING(S); Sumerian bad/t, *wing (J. 112 reads bad/t, and one early sign from which it was developed portrays wings in flight; cf. the reading ziz, moth); IE pto(:)-, *wing (cf. pto:-to-, falling), listed under 2. pet-, plunge or plunge down upon, fly, fall
PHA-THO-HA (+ stative), FLY (VERB); IE pto:-, fly, listed under 2. pet-, plunge or plunge down upon, fly, fall
PHA, FLATTEN BY GRAZING, DEVOUR
PHA-HA (+ stative), FEED; Sumerian ba-9, *feed (J. 112 reads ba-9, and means 'moth'); IE pa:-, feed, nourish, pasture
PHA-HA-SHO (+ clan-member), MESSMATE; IE pa:só-s, relative?
PHA, BITE INTO
PHA-HA (+ stative), BITTEN
PHA-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE BITING; Egyptian pjj, flea; Sumerian bi-4, *flea (J. 112 reads bi-4, and means 'moth')
PHA-PHA (+ reduplication), DEVOUR; IE pap(p)a, food
PHA, FLATTEN A PATH BY GOING FIRST, BE AT THE FRONT/FIRST
ADPOSITIONAL
PHA, (MOTIONLESS) OVER; Egyptian in pHr.t, course, pHrr, run; IE in pi, to nearby, upon, to, listed under epi-, to nearby, etc.
PHA-RO (+ raise), BE RAISED OVER
PHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BE RAISING OVER, COMING FORTH, CROSSING OVER, ENTER; Egyptian pr(j), go, come out; Sumerian bal(a), break through, dig through, pull through, cross over, rise up, alter, change (J. 10); IE per6- (for *paroi-), lead over, bring over, come over, set over, force through, fly, listed under 2. per-, leading out over
PHA-RO-¿E, BUILDING (ACCESS), DOORWAY; Egyptian pr/, house; (Egyptian O1, 'house' with entrance clearly indicated); IE poro-s, access, listed under 2. per-, leading out over, etc.
PHA-RO-¿E, PALACE, PRINCE; in Egyptian pr, palace, temple; pr '3, Pharaoh; IE in pro/o:-wo- (for *par6(w)i-; cf. AS fre:a, lord), *lord, listed under 2. per-, leading out over; Chinese bà, chief of feudal princes, overlord
PHA-RO-¿E-¿E, ROOM; in Egyptian prjj.t, apartments
PHA-RO-¿E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), APARTMENT; Egyptian prjj.t, apartment
PHA-RHE (+ fall), TENT-FLAP, PASSAGE CURTAIN; Sumerian b/par(a)-2, *curtain (J. 641 reads b/par(a)-2, and means 'sack, dwell, dwelling, room, king' and depicts a structure with curtains); b/par(a)-3, net, *curtain, dwelling (J. 534 reads b/par(a)-3, and means 'net, dwelling, *curtain)
PHA-RHE (+ come), ENTER; Arabic in fara¿a/yafra¿u, ascend, go down
PHA-RHE-¿E (+ -like), BUILDING (ACCESS), DOORWAY; Sumerian b/par(a)-2, dwelling (J. 641 reads b/par(a)-2, and means 'sack, dwell, dwelling, room, king, and *curtain'); b/par(a)-3, net, *curtain, dwelling (J. 534 reads b/par(a)-3, and means 'net, dwelling, *curtain); IE poro-s, access, listed under 2. per-, leading out over, etc.
PHA-RHE-¿E, PALACE, PRINCE; Sumerian b/par(a)-2, dwelling, king (J. 641 reads b/par(a)-2, and means 'sack, dwell, dwelling, room, king, and *curtain`); in par-4-mah (for *b/para-3-mah), counselor, prince (Comb. 1591 = J. 534, b/para-2 + J. 98, mah, large); barag~ (for *barag~i), king (J. 641); IE pro/o:-wo- (for *par6(w)i-; cf. AS fre:a, lord), *lord, listed under 2. per-, leading out over; Arabic in far¿u(n) (al-qaumi), chief (of a tribe); Chinese bà, chief of feudal princes, overlord
PHA-RO-¿E-¿E, ROOM; Sumerian b/par(a)-2, room (J. 641)
GRAMMATICAL
PHA, (PLUPERFECT); Sumerian ba-, verbal prefix (J. 5); IE *pa, *over (cf. Albanian pa, before), listed under 2. per-, leading out of and over
PHA-RHE (+ come), COME DOWN OVER, BE PAST; Egyptian p3, auxiliary verb with past meaning; IE in pri-, before, listed under 2. per-, leading out of and over
PHA-RHE, SPREAD OVER, REACH; Sumerian bar(a)-3, spread out (J. 534)
-PHA, (INDEFINITE ANIMATE SINGULAR)
-PHA, (REFLEXIVE DIMINUTIVE - Stem I)
PHA, DIMINUTIVE, LITTLE
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian -PHA=-p; -PHAHH=-p; PHO-=p- Chinese initial PH=b Tibetan PHE=ph Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) PHE=phj |
ANIMAL
PHE, MOUSE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from a spot' ['urinator')
PHE-FHA (+ set), MICE; Tibetan in phu-se, mouse, mouselike, and similar rodent quadrupeds
PHE-NHE (+ little), MOUSE; in Egyptian pn.w, mice)
PHE-NHE-¿E, PALE, GRAYISH WHITE, ASHEN; IE 6. pel- (for *peli- [cf. peli-to-, gray]), in expressions for indistinct colors like 'gray, pale', *mousey (cf. Latvian pele, mouse)
VERBAL
PHE, QUIVER
PHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO QUIVER, BECOME TIMID; IE 1. pel-, shake, swing, (make) tremble; Chinese pà, fear, dread, be afraid of
PHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE QUIVERING, WAVERING; IE peli- in Greek pállo:, swing, shake, jump, twitch, listed under 1. pel-, G. swing, shake, tremble, move to and fro; Chinese pái, pace up and down, hesitate, waver, fluctuate
PHE, NIBBLE OFF, REDUCE
PHE-HA (+ stative), REDUCED; IE pe:(i)-, hurt, damage, revile, *lack (cf. Latin pe:nu:ria, lack); Sumerian be-4 (J. 5; probably better *bê-4 for P?A-¿E, allot) and be-6 (J. 688, better *bî-3) withdraw, diminish, reduce
PHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE CAUSING TO B REDUCED, DEPRIVE, DETRACT; IE pe:(i)-, hurt, damage, revile (cf. Greek pe:rós, truncated, blind)
PHE, THIN
PHE-¿E (+ -like), THIN
PHE-¿E-HHA, BECOME THIN; IE pe:(i)-, pi:-, hurt, damage, revile; Arabic fâHa (fyH), spread themselves wide for a raid (horsemen)
PHE-HA, SHARPEN TO AN EDGE
PHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), CUT WITH AN EDGED TOOL; Sumerian pî-6 (J. 118 reads pi-6 for *bî-x), means 'damage'); IE pe:(i), hurt, damage, revile
PHE, FOUL ODOR
PHE, SQUEAK, PEEP
PHE, (SAW)DUST
PHE, CLEAN BY SWEEPING
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian -PHA=-p; -PHAHH=-p; PHO-=p- Chinese initial PH=b Tibetan PHE=ph Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) PHE=phj |
ANIMAL
PHO, VENOMOUS SNAKE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to a spot' ['swells'); Egyptian *f, *venomous snake (Egyptian I9, 'horned viper`); Sumerian bu, snake (J. 675); Ancient Chinese ba, snake (39 a.)
VERBAL
PHO, PUFF; Sumerian bu, blow (J. 675); Chinese ba, draw on (pull at) one's pipe, etc.
PHO-?A (+ stative), VIPER; Egyptian Demotic fj(j), viper; Sumerian bu, snake (J. 675)
PHO-FHA (+ wind), BLOW; Sumerian bu-2, blow (intr.); IE 1. pu/u:-, blow up, blown up, swollen up, puffed up
PHO-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BLOW (trans.); Sumerian bu-5, blow on, fan (fire) (J. 871); IE pou- (for *po:wi- - cf. powio-, breath), blow up, blown up, swollen up, puffed up, *blow, listed under 1. pu/u:-
PHO-FHA-NA (+ one), BLOW-PIPE, BELLOWS; Sumerian bun, blow-pipe, bellows (J. 866)
PHO-FHA-RO (+ high degree), GUST; Sumerian bul, blow on, fan (J. 871); IE per6-, spray, squirt, sneeze, blow (nose), listed under 1. per-
PHO-FHA-SE (+ emit), DRIFT, SAND; IE 1. pe/e:s- (for *pwes-), blow, flutter; 2. pe:s-, dust, sand; Akkadian bâšu, sand(-dune)
PHO-FHA-SE, BUBBLE (aural); Sumerian buš, *beer (J. 324); IE pus-, ferment, in Norwegian foysa, ferment, swell up, listed under blow up, blown up, swollen up, puffed up, *blow, listed under 1. pu/u:-
PHO-FHA-SE-FA (+ frequentative), BOIL; Egyptian fs, cook
PHO-FHA-SO (+ pull), BLOW UP; IE p(h)us-, blow up, listed under 1. pu/u:-, blow up, blown up, swollen up, puff up; Basque puztu, inflate
PHO-FHA-PHO-FHA (+ reduplication), BLOW COMPLETELY, FAN (FIRE); Sumerian bubbu, blow on, fan (fire) (2x J. 871)
PHO-NA (+ ingressive), PUFF; Egyptian fn, weak, faint; Sumerian bun-2, blow, blow-pipe, bellows, thunder (not 'thunder` but 'gust' or 'sigh' of wind) (J. 44)
PHO-NA-FA (+ frequentative), PANT; IE pneu- (for *p6nau-), pant, breathe
PHO, SNIFF
PHO-NA (+ one), SCENT
PHO-NA-THSE-¿E (+ exuding scent), FIND, FOLLOW (BY SCENT); IE pent- (for *ponti-; cf. AS fandian, investigate), meet, find, listed under pent- (for *p6nthei-), tread, go; step on
PHO-NA-THSE-¿E, SCENT-TRAIL, PATH; IE pont(h)a:x-, weak stem pNt(h)6-, path, way, ford, bridge, listed under pent- (for *p6nthei-), tread, go; step on = meet, find
PHO-NA-THSE-¿E, NOSE; Egyptian fnD, nose; IE *pNt(h)i- in Armenian pinc or pinj, nostril; Ossetic finj, nose)
PHO-NHA, START TO PUFF
PHO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PUFF UP, SWELL UP, FILL; IE 1. pel-, fill; Sumerian bul, inflate (J. 871); bul-4, inflate, (J. 44); bul-5, inflate (J. ?)
PHO-NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE PUFFED ONE'S SELF UP
PHO-NHA-FHA-MA (+ place), LUNGS
PHO-NHA-FHA-MA-NA (+ one), LUNG; IE pl(e)u-mon-, lung
PHO-SE (+ enmit), EXHALE; IE 1. pe/e:s-, blow, sigh; Austronesian pes, empty,deflated
ANIMAL
PHO, TOAD
HHA-PHO (water +); Basque apo, toad (originally 'frog'[?])
SA-PHO (strong +), TOAD; Basque zapo, toad
PHO, MOVE TO A SPOT, LEAD
PHO-HA (+ stative), LEADER; Egyptian in jf (?A-PHO, family-leader) (written jtf for jt and jf), father; Sumerian ba-2, overseer (J. 560); ba-11, sage (J. 23); IE *po-, *leader, in Sanskrit nr-p-a, king, listed under 1. po:(i)-, pasture cattle (lead to pasture), tend, and thereform protect also through covering; in Chinese bà, pa, dad, father
PHO-HA-¿E (+ -like), LEAD (INTRANSITIVE); Sumerian bu, *move to a place (J. 675 reads bu, and means 'move to a place'); bu-6, sage, *lead(er) (J. 23); IE po:-, listed under 1. po:(i)-, pasture cattle (lead to pasture), tend, and thereform protect also through covering
PHO-HA-¿E, PROTECT(OR), LEAD TO SAFETY; Sumerian bu-7, *prince (J. 893 reads bu-7 and means 'prince'); IE 1. po:(i)-, pasture cattle (lead to pasture), tend, and therefrom protect also through covering
PHO-HA-¿E-SHO-¿E (_ herd), HERD-LEADER, BES; Egyptian Bs, Bes, god of prosperity
PHO-HA-¿E-SHO-¿E-NA (+ qone), HERD-LEADER, PAN; IE *pya:s6in, divine name, in Greek Pá:n, Pan, listed under pa:uson
PHO-HA-THO (+ assemblage), PROTECTION, SHEPHERD; Egyptian b.t, shepherd; Sumerian *bad, *shepherd (J. 560 reads ba-2 in *siba(d), shepherd [J. 560 + J. 894, si-6, sheep] - we assume an unattested reading of *pad, *beat, P?FA-?A-THO, for J. 560)
PHO-HA-THO-¿E (+ -like), SHEPHERD, FAMILY-HEAD; IE in poti-s, master of the house, lord, husband
PHO-HA-THO-¿E-SHO-¿E (+ herd), CHIEF SHEPHERD, CROWN-PRINCE, ENSI, PATESI, FAMILY-HEAD; Sumerian padesi, chief priest, prince (Comb. 1621 - J. 560, *ba-2 + J. 680, de-4 + J. 188, si - also read ensi, ?E-NA-SHO-¿E); IE poti-s (for *potis-), master of the house, lord, husband
ADVERBIAL
PHO, AHEAD
PRONOMINAL
PHO, HE (Egyptian ONLY); Egyptian -f in sDm.f conjugation
* * *
- P ? F -
Chinese: P?F=ch {tshh} Tibetan: P?FA=ba Tibeto-Burman: P?FA=bya |
BODY
P?FA, CHIN, BE PROMINENT (inanimate: literally, 'what extends at the surface'); Chinese chā, difference, dissimilarity
P?FA-HA (+ stative), STAND OUT, SHINE, WHITE, GHOST; Egyptian *b(3), *jabiru, soul (Egyptian G29, 'jabiru', from its white plumage); Sumerian pa, *glitter, *light up, *shine (J. 560 reads pa, and means 'glitter, light up, shine'); IE 1. bha:-, glitter, illuminate, shine, *white (cf. Old Irish ba:n, white)
P?FA-HA-¿E (+ -like), WHITE (WITH FEAR); IE bhi:- (for *bha:i-), be fearful, listed under bho:i-:bh6i-:bhi:-
P?FA-HA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO WHITEN
P?FA-HA-¿E-NHA-FA (+ frequentative), NUMBED; IE bheleu- (for bha:ilau-), beat, make powerless through beating, weak, sick, *evil (cf. Anglo-Saxon bealo, evil, bad)
P?FA-HA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY PALE (WITH FEAR); IE bha:i-ro- in Old Indian bhi:rú-H, fearful, shy, cowardly, listed under bho:i-, bh6i-, bhi:-, be fearful; Chinese chù, fear, inadequate, insufficient, shrink from
P?FA-HA-¿E-P?FA-HA-¿E (+ reduplication), ALL WHITE, VERY PALE; Egyptian bjbj, symptom of disease, *paleness
P?FA-HA-FA, SHINED UP; IE bha:-u-, shining, listed under 1. bha:-, glitter, illuminate, shine; Arabic bahâ/yabhû, to shine
P?FA-HA-FHA, SHINING; IE bha:u-, shining, listed under 1. bha:-, glitter, illuminate, shine; Arabic bahâ/yabhû, shine
P?FA-HA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO STAND OUT, BE NOTICED; IE *bha:l- in Old Indian sam-bha:layati, glances, and Greek pamphaláo:, look around shyly, listed under 1. bhel-, also bhel6-, shining, white; Chinese chān, observe, survey
P?FA-HA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), NOTICED, WHITE, BEAUTIFUL; Sumerian pal, day (J. 10); IE *bha:la:y- in Greek phaliós, shining, white, white-foreheaded, listed under 1. bhel-, also bhel6-, shining, white (cf. also Latvian ba:l-, 'bleach'); Chinese chán in chán-juān, lovely (used in ancient writings to describe women), *beautiful, *white
P?FA-HA-NHA-FA (+ frequentative), WHITENED, PALE, WEAK; IE bheleu- (for *bha:la:u-), beat, make powerless through beating, weak, sick; Chinese chán, frail, weak
P?FA-HA-QO (+ nut), BEECH; IE bha:gós, beech
P?FA-HA-RHA (+ color), BEAUTIFUL; Chinese chà, beautiful
P?FA-HA-RHE (+ come), SHINE DOWN; Egyptian b3, possess a soul (shine); Sumerian par, *shine (J. 684 reads par, and means 'shine'); IE bhe/e:ro-s (for *bha:r-), shiny, listed under 5. bher-, shiny, light brown; Arabic bahara/yabharu, shine
P?FA-HA-SO (+ skin), LIGHT; Egyptian bs(.w), flame (*light); IE bha:s-, light, listed under 1. bha:-, bho:-, bh6-, gleam, illuminate, shine
P?FA-RHA-¿E (+ color), SHINY, BRIGHT REDDISH BROWN; Egyptian (s)b3, star; Sumerian par (J. 684), shiny, bright; IE 5. bher-, shiny, light brown (for *bhara:i-); Chinese chì, red; chì, flaming, ablaze
P?FA-RA-¿E-SO (+ skin), SHINY SURFACE, METAL; IE bharis- in Modern English brass, and Latin ferrum, iron
SA-P?FA-RA-¿E-SO (strong +), COPPER; Sumerian zabar, copper (J. 40 - for *sapar(s) - cf. Akkadian siparru, copper - J. 40 is composed of J. 684, sap-2, and J. 15, zib-4 (for *sip), and J. 118, par-2, to indicate a variation between sapar(s) and sipar(s))
SA-¿E-P?FA-RA-¿E-SO (strong +), COPPER; Sumerian zabar, copper (J. 40 - for *sipar(s) - cf. Akkadian siparru, copper - J. 40 is composed of J. 684, sap-2, and J. 15, zib-4 (for *sip), and J. 118, par-2, to indicate a variation between sapar(s)and sipar(s))
P?FA, BE PROMINENT, ILL-BEHAVED, LOUD
P?FA-?A (+ stative), BE LOUD; Arabic in ba?â, boast of, glory in
P?FA-?A, CALL ATTENTION TO, NOMINATE; Sumerian pa-3, say, name (J. 799); IE 2. bha:-, speak
P?FA-?A-¿E (+ -like), ACCLAIM; Egyptian bj, good deed; in m bj, no! (let it not be acclaimed); Sumerian pi-8, *acclaim (J. 675 reads pi-8, and means 'choose`); IE *bha:i (cf. Lithuanian bei), particle of assurance and emphasis, listed under 2. bhe/e:
P?FA-?A-¿E-P?FA-?A-¿E (+ reduplication), ACCLAIM; Egyptian bjbj, acclamation
P?FA-?A-THO (+ assemblage), SPEECH; Sumerian pad-3, say, name (J. 799); IE bha:t- in Latin fa:tum, declaration, listed under 2. bha:-, speak
P?FA-?A (+ stative), STICK OUT
P?FA-?A-K?XA (+ hang), SHOULDER; Egyptian *bH, *shoulder (Egyptian b(')H, be in abundance ['P?FA-K?XA], is written with <', Egyptian D36, 'forearm', as a determinative for the reading P?FA/A:, underlain by *bH, shoulder); in IE bha:ghù-s (for *bha:g-), elbow, and lower arm, *shoulder(s) (cf. Anglo-Saxon, bo:g, shoulder)
P?FA-?A-K?XA-FA (+ set), PAIR OF SHOULDERS; IE bha:ghù-s, elbow, and lower arm, *shoulder (cf. Anglo-Saxon bo:g, shoulder)
P?FA-¿E (+ -like), BE PROMINENT, ILL-BEHAVED
P?FA-¿E-NA, START TO BECOME PROMINENT; Arabic bâna/yabînu, to be or become plain, evident; to appear, come out, come to light, become visible; to be clear, obvious
P?FA-¿E-NA (+ ingressive), START TO BE PROMINENT BY BAD BEHAVIOR; Egyptian bjn, bad, evil
P?FA-HA (+ air), WHISPER
P?FA-HA-NA (+ one), MURMUR; Chinese chán in chán-chán, murmur, babble, purl
P?FA-HA-NA, FLATTERY; Chinese chân, flatter, fawn on
P?FA-HA-NA-T?A (+ give), FLATTER; IE bhend- (for *bha:nd-), sing, sound beautiful, rejoice, *flatter (cf. Old Indian bhandate:, receives joyous acclaim, is praised, shines
P?FA-K?A (+ jaw), CHEEK; IE bhag-, *cheek (cf. Anglo-Saxon bako, cheek), listed under 1. bhag-, distribute, etc.
P?FA-K?XA (+ hang), BE, HAVE IN EXCESS; Egyptian b(')H (the ' is a determinative for 'P?FA-HA-K?XA, SHOULDER), be in abundance, be well-supplied; IE bhag-, distribute, determine a share, receive as a share or portion
P?FA-K?XA; OUTSIDE; IE bheg^, outside, listed under 1. b(h)e, except, outside, without; Basque baga, without
?A-MA P?FA-K?XA (on +), OUTSIDE; Egyptian m-b(3)H), in front of (written with the penis determinative because of PF?A-¿E-K?E-¿E)
P?FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BE PROMINENT, LOUD
P?FA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), RESOUND; IE 6. bhel- (for *bhali- - cf. OHG bellan, bark [llly), resound, orate, roar, bark
SA-P?FA-NHA-¿E, EMPHASIZE; IE (s)pel- (for s+bhali- - cf. Latvian pal'as, reproach, denigration), speak loudly, emphatically
P?FA-QO (+ sack), PAUNCH, PROSPERITY; Chinese chāng, prosperous, flourishing
P?FA-QO-¿E (+ -like), PAUNCHY, FAT, WEARY, PROSPEROUS; Egyptian b(3)gj, (be) weary, languid, *thick (of fluids); IE bheng^h- (for *bhang6i-), bhNg^h- (adjective: bhNg^hú-s), thick, dense, stout (cf. Greek pakhús for range of meaning: thick, large, stout, large and heavy, thick, curdled, clotted, stout, fat, great, large, considerable, thick-witted,, dense, stupid
P?FA, PROJECT, STAND OUT, EDGE, BRUISE
P?FA-?A, (+ stative), PUSHED OUT
P?FA-?A-FA, PUSH OUT BY BEATING; Sumerian pu, *push (J. 675 reads pu, and means 'push); IE 1. bha/a:u-, beat, push
P?FA-?A-THO (+ assemblage), RAISED IMAGE; Sumerian *pad, *beat out (J. 560 reads pa, and means 'beat', and 'supervisor' - in sipa(d), shepherd [J. 560 + J. 894, si-6] it reads *pad, for PHO-THO, shepherd); IE bha:t-, beat, push, *stamp out (cf. Welsh bathu, strike coins)
P?FA-FA (+ frequenative), MAKE STAND OUT
P?FA-FA-K?XA (+ hang), SHOULDER; IE *bhaug-, *shoulder, in Sanskrit bhúja-H, arm, listed under 3. bheug-, bend
P?FA-FA-K?XA, BANK (SHOULDER OF A RIVER), SWAMP; Egyptian b(')H, inundated land (the ' is retained as a semantic determinative from P?FA-HA-K?XA, SHOULDER); IE bho/o:gh- (for *bhaugh-), mud, swamp
P?FA-FA-K?XA-¿E (+ -like), SWAMPY
P?FA-FA-K?XA-¿E-NA, SWAMP; Sumerian bugin, *swamp (J. 878 reads bugin, and means 'swamp'); IE *bhaughin-, swamp, in Czech bahno, swamp, listed under bho/o:gh- (for *bhaugh-), mud, swamp
P?FA-FA-K?XA, TRIBUTARY (SHOULDER OF A RIVER); Egyptian b(')H, basin for irrigation (the ' is a semantic determinative from P?FA-K?XA, SHOULDER); IE bhog- (for *bhaug-), flowing water, stream
P?FA-FA-K?XA, BE BENT OUT, STOOPED, SQUATTED, PERCHED; Egyptin b(')H, *perch (Egyptian G32, 'heron on a perch' - the ' is retained as a semantic determinative from P?FA-HA-K?XA, SHOULDER); b(')H, name for birds (passerine, perching birds); Sumerian puk, *squat (J. 3 reads puk, and means 'excrete'); IE 3. bheug- (for *bhaug-), bend
P?FA-FA-K?XA-¿E (+ -like), BE BENDING OUT (TRANSITIVE); IE bheugh- (for *bhaughi-), bend, listed under 3. bheug-, bend
P?FA-FA-K?XA-RO (+ high degree), VERY SQUATTED, EXCRETING; IE *bhaugro-, excreting, in Old Irish buar, diarrhoea, listed incorrectly under bhogh-, flowing water, stream
P?FA-NHA (+ ingressive), ERECT PENIS, PHALLUS; IE bhala:- in Greek phále:s, penis, listed under 3. bhel- (for *bhala:-), blow up, swell up, bubble up, be distended
P?FA-NHA, ENGENDER; IE 3. bhel- (for *bhala:-), blow up, swell up, bubble up, be distended; Chinese chân, give birth to, be delivered of, produce, yield
P?FA-NHA-P?FA-NHA (+ reduplication), BEGET, BECOME ERECT; Egyptian in bnn, beget, become erect
P?FA, WELT
P?FA-¿E (+ -like), PRODUCE A WELT, BEE; Egyptian *bj, bee (Egyptian L2, 'bee'); Sumerian pi/e-3, *bee (J. 112 reads pi/e-3, and means 'moth'); IE bhei- (for *bhai-), bee; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) bya, bee, bird
P?FA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), SWARM OF BEES; Egyptian bj.t, bee(s); IE bheit- (for *bhait-), bee(s), listed under bhei-, bee
¿E-ME-P?FA-¿E (hum +), BUMBLEBEE; IE embhi-, gnat, bee
P?FA, BEARD
P?FA-¿E (+ -like), STUBBLE; Chinese chá, stubble; chá, short, bristly hair or beard, stubble
P?FA-¿E, FACE; Sumerian pi-4, *face (J. 15 reads pi-4, and means 'face')
P?FA-RE (+ scratch), BE STANDING OUT HABITUALLY (durative); Sumerian par-2, *outside (J. 118 reads par-2, and means 'outside'); IE bhar- (for *bhare-), what protrudes, bristle, point, awn, bearded grain
P?FA-RE-K?E (+ penis), ERECT PENIS; in Egyptian b3H, erect penis (P?FA-RE-K?E-¿E) (SEE under ?A-MA P?FE-¿E); IE 2. bhreg^-, stand up stiffly
P?FA-RE-SE (+ seed), BARLEY; IE bhares-, barley
SE-P?FA-RE (seed +), BARLEY; Sumerian še-par-2, barley (Comb. 2390 - J. 669 (še, grain) + J. 118 (par-2))
P?FA-RE, SCRATCH OFF PROTRUSION, PICK OFF
P?FA-RE-FA (+ past participle), WHAT IS PICKED OFF, SHELL, GHOST; Egyptian br (for b3w), soul (G53, 'human-headed bird preceded by W10*, 'pot perhaps used also as a lamp' - W10* is br, i.e. P?O-¿E-RHE-FHA, BOIL UP); Sumerian par-2-u, (Comb. 385 - J. 118, par-2 + J. 750, u), ghost
P?FA-RE-FA-NA (+ one), SHELL; IE bhru:-no-, the skin thrown off by shedding, listed under 1. bhre:u-, cut with a sharp tool, chip off, etc.
P?FA-SE (+ separate), TAKE OUT OF
P?FA-SE-FA (+ past aprticiple), TAKEN OUT OF; Egyptian bs (for *bzw), flow forth (into), influx; IE 2. bhes- (for *bhasu- - cf. Greek psúkho:, blow), exhale, blow, *expand (cf. Sanskrit bhástra:, fem., bellows, leathern bottle - Tocharian A päs, pour out, sprinkle, listed incorrectly under 1. bhes-, rub off, rub apart, strew)
P?FA-SE-FA, RESULT, OUTCOME; Egyptian bzw, result, consequence
P?FA-SO (+ pull), TAKE OFF OF
P?FA-SO-¿E (+ -like), BE RUBBING OFF PROMINENCES; IE 1. bhes- (for *bhasá:i- - cf. the forms arising from verbal extensions psa:(i)-, pso:(i)-, ps6(i)-, psi:-), rub off, rub apart, strew around
P?FA-SO-¿E-NA (+ stone), SAND; Egyptian bzn, gypsum (?), a cleaning substance, what is strewn in order to clean a house, *sand
P?FA-SO-¿E-NA-FA (+ set), SANDS; IE *bhasa:iná- in Sanskrit pa:Msú-(with metathesis after bhsa:nú- became psa:inú-), dust, sand, listed under 2. pe:s- (for bh(a)sa:-(i)), nasalized pe:ns- (for bh(a)sa:in(a)ú-), dust, sand
P?FA-SO-¿E-NA-FA-KHO (+ little), DUST, GRIT; IE *bhasa:inakó in Sanskrit pa:Msuká- *(with metathesis after bhsa:nú- became psa:nú-), dust, sand, listed under 2. pe:s-, (for bh(a)sa:-(i)), nasalized pe:ns- (for bh(a)sa:n(a)ú-), dust, sand
P?FA-SO-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), BEGINS TO BE RUBBED OFF, IS BEING POLISHED; IE *psi:l- (for bh(a)sa:il-) in Greek psi:lós, bald, bare, listed under 1. bhes- (for *bhasá:i- - cf. the forms arising from verbal extensions psa:(i)-, pso:(i)-, ps6(i)-, psi:-), rub off, rub apart, strew around
P?FA-SO-¿E-NHA-FA (+ set), POLISHING MATERIAL, SAND; IE psa:bhalú- (with metasthesis for bh(a)sa:il(a)ú) in Latin sabulum, sand, listed under 1. bhes- (for *bhasá:i- - cf. the forms arising from verbal extensions psa:(i)-, pso:(i)-, ps6(i)-, psi:-), rub off, rub apart, strew around
P?FA-HHA (+ water), GURGLE, BE HOARSE; Arabic in baHHa, to be hoarse
P?FA-T?A (+ thumb), EMMER
P?FA-T?A-THO (+ assemblage), EMMER; Egyptian bd.t, emmer
P?FA-T?O (+ lump), CHESTNUT (FROM THE PRICKLY BUR WHICH SURROUNDS THE SEED)
P?FA-T?O-¿E, CHESTNUTLIKE
P?FA-T?O-¿E-SO (+ skin), CHESTNUT-BROWN; IE badyos (for *bhadyas), yellow, brown, chestnut-brown (the b is a result of Latin borrowing from Celtic)
P?FA, SPROUT; Sumerian pa-4, *sprout (J. 101 reads pa-4, and means 'sprout')
P?FA, FOLIAGE; Sumerian pa, foliage, panicle, wing (J. 560)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: P?F=ch {tshh} Tibetan: P?FA=ba Tibeto-Burman: P?FA=bya |
BODY
P?FE, DIGIT TOE/FINGER FOOT, ROOT (inanimate: literally, 'what extends from the surface'); Egyptian *b, *foot (Egyptian D58, 'foot'); Sumerian pi/e, *foot (one of the original signs behind J. 688 depicts a pair of feet - in the phrases pi-apin, plough, and pi-mar, shovel, pi is 'foot' - (a)pin itself is (?A-)P?FE-NA, plant-foot-thing (ploughshare)
P?FE-¿E (+ like), DIGIT; Chinese zhí; in zhí-tou, finger, toe; zhī, toe, foot
P?FE-¿E-FA-¿E (+ pad), CLAW, PAW; IE *b6yawi in Middle English powe, paw; Chinese zhuā claw, talon; in zhuār, paw of a small animal, foot of a utensil
T?SO-FA-P?FE (hold +), PEG, FINGER; IE dheubh-, peg, wedge, hit?; Egyptian Db' (for *D[w]b OR '[w]b), finger, thumb, toe, digit; Sumerian in (for *tûb[bin]), law, finger, toe, hemp (plug?), talon, engraver's tool, wheel, wagon (J. 151); Tibetan m-dzub-mo, finger, toe, claw
P?FE, BARK
P?FE, BE SPLIT
P?FE-¿E (+ -like), PROBE; Chinese chá, check, examine, look into, investigate, look up, consult
P?FE-¿E, TOE-LIKE, FOOT-LIKE
P?FE-¿E-NA (+ one), TOE, TOENAIL
P?FE-¿E-NA (+ one), BONE, DIGIT; Sumerian *pîn, *bone (J. 399 portrays a leg, and means 'hip'; I presume the base meaning is '*bone', corresponding to a reconstructed *pîn); J. 151, which means 'finger, toe, claw, nail', and 'tow ('hemp'; for material to plug vessels)', as well as 'scarificator', and which has J. 399 as an element, reads dubbin, which I provisionally emend to *dupîn on account of J. 399; in the meaning 'finger', etc., I believe the initial du- represents T?SO, 'arm, limb', which should be Sumerian *tu-; I emend dubbin in this meaning to *tupîn, i.e. 'limb-bone'; for the meaning 'tow', I believe the reconstruction should be T?SO-FA, 'hold fast', so the initial element is *tû; this reconstruction is due to the existence of IE *dheubh-, 'plug', a shorter form of the word (Sumerian **tûp); in addition to J. 399, J. 151 also includes J. 147, 'flax', which provides the semantic link to 'tow/hemp', and J. 104, 'split', which connects with 'scarificator'; IE *bhoin- in Germanic baina, bone
P?FE-¿E, BE SPLITTING, EDGED BLADE
P?FE-¿E-NA (+ stone), WEDGE
T?SO-P?FE-¿E-NA (tool +), WEDGE; Sumerian dubbin (for *tupîn), 'scarificator' (or better 'wedge'?) (J. 151 = J. 147, flax + J. 104, split + J. 399, bone)
P?FE-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SPLIT; IE in *bheili-, *edged blade, in Old Irish biail, axe, listed under bhei(6)-, beat; *bhoili- in Old English bile, bill(hook)
P?FE-¿E-T?A-¿E (+ tear), MAKE A SPLIT; IE bheid- (for *bheidi-), split
P?FE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), CAUSE TO BE SPLIT IN MANY PARTS; IE *bhe:it- in Greek phi:trós, wood-chip, listed under bhei(6)-, beat
P?FE-HA (+ stative), BE SPLIT
P?FE-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE STAMPING OPEN, SPLITTING OPEN; Egyptian bj(3), mineral; Sumerian pi-6, *split off (J. 118 reads pi-6, and means 'split off'); IE *bhei- (for *bhe:i-), beat, *split (cf. Gallo-Latin vidubium, pick (wood-splitter)
P?FE-HA-¿E, SPLITTER, STONEMASON; Egyptian bjj, stonemason
P?FE-HA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), QUARRY; Egyptian b(j)j(3).t, quarry
P?FE-HHA-RE (+ make), CAUSE TO BE SPLIT; Arabic baHara, till, slit, cut open
P?FE-HHA-THO (+ assemblage), DIG FOR, SEARCH; Arabic baHatha, scrape (earth), search for
P?FE-NA (+ stone), BLADE; Egyptian *bn, blade (in Egyptian bnbn.t, pyramidion (Egyptian M44, 'thorn'); Sumerian pin, *blade (J. 97 depicts a plough); IE bhen-, beat, wound
P?FE-NA-P?FE-NA (+ reduplication), PYRAMID
P?FE-NA-P?FE-NA-THO (+ assemblage), PYRAMIDION; Egyptian bnbn.t, pyramidion
¿O-P?FE-NA (+ force), PLOUGH; Sumerian apin, plough (J. 97)
P?FE-RE (+ make), SPLIT (VERB)
P?FE-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE SPLITTING, BE HOEING; Egyptian b3, hack up (earth), hoe, destroy, devastate; IE bhre:i-, cut with a sharp tool, etc.; Chinese chài, be recovered (from an illness), i.e.'be brought through'
P?FE-RE, HOE; Egyptian b3, *hoe (Egyptian U8, 'hoe, without the rope connecting the two pieces`); Sumerian par-2, *hoe (J. 118 reads par-2, and pictures a hoe); 3. IE bher- (for *bhar- - cf. Greek *pháro:, split but Latin foro:, bore), work with a sharp tool, scratch, cut, rub, split, *hoe (cf. Armenian br-ič., hoe)
P?FE-RE-FA (+ frequentative), BE SPLIT APART, HOEING UP; IE 1. bhre:u-, cut with a sharp tool, chip off, especially Germanic, beat apart, break; Chinese chào, a harrow-like implement for pulverizing soil; level land with such an implement; Basque in barrundu, barruratu, penetrate >
P?FE-¿E (+ -like), FOOT (AS A UNIT OF LENGTH); Chinese chî, chi, unit of length (1/3 meter; 13+ inches)
P?FE-¿E, FLAKE
P?FE-¿E-K?E-¿E (+ prod), MINING PIT; Egyptian bj3 (for bjH - this word is written with Egyptian N41, 'well full of water`, which reads K?A-¿E, 'well', and Egyptian F18, 'tusk of elephant', rather 'jaw', which reads K?A-¿E, chew)
P?FE-RE (+ make), BE SPLITTING UP INTO PIECES (INTRANSITIVE); Chinese chè, split open, crack
SA-P?FE-RE (+ make), FLASH; Egyptian sb3, star; IE 1. sp(h)er-, flash (for *sp(h)e:r-)
P?FE-RHA (+ color), SPARKLE, FLASH; Sumerian pir, *reflective (J. 684 reads pir, and means 'shiny'
P?FE-RHA-¿E (+ -like), METAL ORE; Egyptian bj3, bronze
P?FE-RHA-¿E-K?A-¿E (+ pit), METAL MINING PIT; Egyptian bj3 (for *bj3H), mine
P?FE-RHA-QE (+ juice), BIRCH, SHINY WHITE; Egyptian b3q, moringa (oil), white, shiny; Sumerian pirig≈ (J. 789); light, pirig≈-2 (J. 684); bright, pirig≈-3 (J. 230), shiny; PAA *biriķ , lightning; IE bhre:g^- (for *bhre:(n)g^-), shine, white'; in s-mobile form: *(s)p(h)re:g^- (for *(s)p(h)re:(n)g^-), 'sparkle, sprinkle'
P?FE-¿E, AROUND; IE bhi-, around, listed under ambhi-, around, at both sides
P?FE-¿E-T?A (+ side), AT THE BORDER OF, TOGETHER WITH; Sumerian -bi-da (for *pi-2-da - J. 431 reads bi and pi-2), and means ???
?A-MA P?FE-¿E ('on +), AROUND ON; Egyptian m-b(3H), in the presence of; IE ambhi-, around, at both sides
P?FE-¿E (+ -like), FINGERNAIL
P?FE-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE SPLIT OFF
P?FE-FA-QE (+ stick), HAVE SWEPT AWAY, FINISHED WITH, FREED FROM; Egyptian bq (for *bwq), be hostile?, *recalcitrant; IE 2. bheug- (for *bheung^- - cf, Old Indian bhujiSyà-, free, independent, and Pali paribhuñjati, cleans, sweeps), bheugh-, do away with, clean, liberate; Chinese cháng, repay, compensate for (cf. cháng-qīng, clear off)
P?FE-FA, HAVE PUT FORTH; IE bheu-, bhew6- (bhwa:-, bhwe:-) : bho/o:u- : bhu:-, originally grow, thrive; Chinese chū, go or come out, exceed, go beyond, issue, put up, produce, turn out, arise, happen, rise well (with cooking), put forth, vent, pay out, expend
P?FE-FA (+ set), (PAIR OF) FEET
P?FE-FA-?A-T?SA (+ elongate), BE AWAKENED; IE bheudh-, be awake, wake, observe, wakened, mentally alert, be attentive, recognize or cause others to be (make pay attention, proclaim, order, present); Sumerian puta/i/u, decision, prince (J. 625); Arabic fû?âdun, heart; Basque bihotz, heart (as seat of will)
¿O-P?FE (force +), PLOUGH(SHARE); Egyptian hb, plough (Egyptian U13, 'plough'); Sumerian ub/p-2, *ploughshare (J. 893 reads ub/p-2, and means 'ploughshare`)
¿O-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), BE PLOUGHING; Egyptian hb, plough through, enter into (of knives)
¿O-P?FE-¿E, PLOUGHMAN, IBIS; Egyptian hb(.jj), ibis (from the habit of these birds to dig through the mud with their beaks while searching for food)
P?FE, CLAM; Chinese chē, giant clam
P?FE, TRACK
-P?FE, (FORMER OF ANIMAL NAMES); IE -bh(o/a:), former of animal names
P?FE-¿E (+ -like), TRACK
-P?FE-¿E, (FORMER OF ANIMAL NAMES)
P?FE, WHEEL(-SPOKE); Chinese chē, vehicle, wheeled machine or instrument, machine,lathe, turn, lift water by waterwheel
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: P?F=ch {tshh} Tibetan: P?FA=ba Tibeto-Burman: P?FA=bya |
BODY
P?FO, LEG (inanimate: literally, 'what extends to the surface')
P?FO-¿E (+ -like), LEGLIKE
P?FO-¿E, (LEG-)BINDING, BIND; Chinese chá, block up, jam, *hold up; Austronesian bej, wind around repeatedly
P?FO-¿E-NA (+ one), START TO BIND; Chinese chán, prolonged and intense contemplation, deep meditation, dhyana; chán, twine, wind, tangle, tie up, pester, deal with; chán, ancient name for ground allotted to a household
P?FO-¿E-NA-T?SO (+ hold), BIND; IE bhendh- (for *bhoindh- - cf. Greek peîsma, tow, rope), bind
P?FO-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), BIND; IE 2. bheidh-, bind, weave, plait; Austronesian *bejd, wind around repeatedly (cf. Tagalog habíd, entangling obstacle, listed under bej
P?FO-¿E, LEGGED
P?FO-¿E-QA (+ hump), BEETLE; IE bheug- (for *bhoing- - cf. Middle English bugge, beetle, louse, apparition), listed under 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese chóng, insect, worm
P?FO-FA (+ set), PAIR OF LEGS RUN
P?FO-FA-K?O (+ twist), HAVE RUN (AWAY); IE 1. bheug- (for *bh6wag-), flee; Chinese chuâng, rush, dash, charge
P?FO-FA-RO (+ high degree), MOVE FORCIBLY; IE 2. bher- (for *bheur-; cf. Old Indian bhuráti, moves itself, jerks, kicks, struggles); Sumerian pul, move back and forth (J. 871 reads pul, and means 'move back and forth')
?A-MA P?FO-FA (on +), ON BOTH SIDES; IE ambho:(u), both, listed under ambhi-, around, at both sides
P?FO, TRUNK, STICK, CLUB, BEAT; Sumerian pa, wood, stick, branch, mace (J. 560); pa-9, *trunk (J. 658 reads pa-9, and depicts a date-palm)
P?FO-¿E (+ -like), TRUNK, STICK, CLUB; Sumerian pi/e-3, *stick (J. 112 reads pi/e-3, and means 'stick'); IE *bhoi- in Middle Irish Fail-be, wolf-club, listed under bhei(6)-, beat; Chinese chái, firewood
P?FO-¿E, BE BEATING; Sumerian pa, beat (for *pi) (J. 560); IE bhei(6)- (for *bhoi-, cf. Illyrian tribal name, Boioi), beat; Chinese chī, beat with a stick, cane, etc.
P?FO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), BEATING; IE bhoit- in Russian bitva, fight, blow, listed under bhei(6)-, beat
P?FO-¿E-THO-¿E (+ -like), ADMINISTER A BEATING
P?FO-¿E-THO-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BEATER, MACE-MAN; Egyptian b(j).tjj, King of Lower Egypt, really 'warrior'; Sumerian pud, prince (J. 625)
P?FO-¿E, TEA; Chinese chá, tea
P?FO-FA, BEAT UP; Sumerian pu-2, blow, wound (J. 867 reads pu-2, and means 'blow'); IE *bhou- (cf. bhu:-), beat up, listed (incorrectly) under 1. bha/a:u-, beat, push; Chinese chōu, lash, whip, thrash
P?FO-FA-THA (+ tear loose), FORM BY BEATING; IE bha:ut- (for *bhouta:-), beat, listed under 1. bha:u- : bhu/u:-, beat, push; Chinese chōu-dâ, lash, whip, thrash
P?FO-FA, PESTLE; Chinese chû, pestle
P?FO-NA, STICK (NOUN); IE bhen- (for *bh6na-, *stick - cf. Welsh bon, stick), beat, wound
P?FO-QO (+ ball), KNOBBED STICK; IE bheng- (for *bhong- cf. Old Irish bongid, breaks, and English dialect bangle, knobbed stick), *beat apart, break apart, *knobbed stick; Chinese choōng, pound, pestle
P?FO, FORK; Chinese chā, fork, work with a fork, fork, stick in, insert, interpose, insert
P?FO-?A (+ stative), PART (TO FORM A FORK); Chinese châ, part so as to form a fork, fork
P?FO-?A-FA (+ set), FORKED, DEFORMED; IE *bho:w- in Old Bulgarian buj', wild, fearsome, foolish, listed under 2. b(eu)-, bh(e)u/u:-, blow up, swell; Chinese chōu, ugly, unsightly, hideous, disgraceful, shameful, scandalous
P?FO, BRANCH
P?FO-RA (+ tree), BRANCH; Chinese chà, branch (of a river, tree, branch off, fork, diverge
P?FO-RA-NA (+ one), BRANCH
P?FO-RA-NA-KHO (+ little), LITTLE BRANCH; IE *bhrank- in Middle English braunche, branch
P?FO, PLACE; Egyptian b, place
P?FO-¿E (+ -like), PLACELIKE, PLACE; Egyptian b/, place
P?FO-FA (+ set), PLACE; Egyptian b.w, place; IE bheu-, bhew6- (bhwa:-, bhwe:-): bho/o:u- : bhu:-, originally grow, prosper (probably swell), manifold nominal constructions with the meanings being, essence, dwelling, dwelling-place
P?FO-FA-¿E (+ -like), NEST; IE bh(e)wi:- (for *bh6wi-) in Armenian boin, nest, listed under bheu-, bhew6- (bhwa:-, bhwe:-) : bho/o:u- : bhu:-, originally grow, prosper (probably swell), manifold nominal constructions with the meanings being, essence, dwelling, dwelling-place; Chinese cháo, nest
P?FO-FA-HA (+ stative), STAY; IE bhwa:- (for *bh6wa:-), *stay, listed under bheu-, bhew6-, (bhwa:-, bhwe:-) : bho/o:u-: bhu:-, originally grow, thrive (probably = swell), wherefrom arise from, become, be, and further customarily be somewhere, dwell; Chinese chû, get along (with somebody), be situated in, be in a certain condition, manage, handle, deal with, punish, sentence, dwell, live
P?FO-FA-RO-¿E (+ part), ROOM; IE *bh6war6i- (cf. Messapian búrion, chamber, bauría, house), *room (cf. Anglo-Saxon bu:r, hut, room), listed under bheu-, bhew6-, (bhwa:-, bhwe:-) : bho/o:u-: bhu:-, originally grow, thrive (probably = swell), wherefrom arise from, become, be, and further customarily be somewhere, dwell; Chinese chù, place, point, part, department, office
P?FO-THO (+ assemblage), PLACE; Egyptian b.t, place
-P?FO, FORMANT OF PLACE NAMES
* * *
- P H F -
Chinese: initial PHF=p {ph} Tibetan: PHFA=ph; PHFE=ch PHFA-¿E-HHA=che |
* * *
PHFA, IBEX, SHEEP (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to points on the surface'; 'who has a beard')); Sumerian pa-8, *sheep (J. 580 reads pa-8,and means 'sheepskin, fleece')
PHFA-¿E (+ -like), SHEEPLIKE; Egyptian *bj, sheep (Egyptian E10/11, 'ram')
PHFA-RHA (+ fly), STINK
PHFA-RHA, RAM; Egyptian b3 (Egyptian E10/11, 'ram' is preceded by Egyptian R7, 'bowl for incense with smoke rising from it`, which reads b3, and is often confused with W10*), ram; Sumerian par- 2, *ram (J. 118 reads par-2, and means 'ibex, gazelle, deer')
KHA-PHFA-RHA (goat +), HE-GOAT; IE kapro-, he-goat, buck
PHFA-RHE (+ come), PASTURE(-RIGHTS); IE *por-, allotment, listed under C. per-, sell, allot; Basque in foru, name for individual; autonomous rights of the Basque people; notice Basque foruria, pasture
PLANT
PHFA, SPONGE, FUNGUS (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to points on the surface') (cf. the sign accompanying Egyptian bw.t shows a strip of land with two mushrooms; cf. Dutch voos, spongelike, fungal)
PHFA-¿E (+ -like), SPONGY, FAT, RESILIENT, FLEECE(-WHITE); IE pey(6)- (for *pa:i-), be fat, puff up
PHFA-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY SPONGY, FOAMY
PHFA-¿E-MO-NA (+ one), FOAM; IE (s)poimno-, foam, froth
PHFA-¿E-NA (+ one), FOAM; IE pow-ino- (for *p(h)ain-), foam, listed under 1. pu/u:-, blow up, etc.
PHFA-FHA (+ frequentative), FOAM/BUSH UP; IE 3. peu-, foam
PHFA-FHA-XHA (+ packed together), FOX; Sumerian puh, *fox (J. 657 reads puh, and means *fox, and has other readings meaning 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'fox' [lub/p], 'lion' [lu- 5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest'); IE 1. pu/u:k- (for *pu:kw-), *fox (cf. OHG foha, vixen), thickly haired, bushy (bushy-tailed), densely wooled
PFHA, STINK
PFHA-¿E (+ -like), DISCHARGING, STINKING
PHFA-¿E-SE (+ emit), FISH; Egyptian bz (for *bjz), *fish (Egyptian K5, 'a fish (Petrocephalus bane); used as a generic determinative for fish); Sumerian piš (for *pîš), *fish (J. 643 reads pi/eš, and portrays a fish)
PHFA-¿E-SE (+ release), BE DEFLATED, EXHALED, DISCHARGED, RELEASED, WHISPERED; Egyptian bz, introduce, instal, initiate, inter, bring in, reveal (secret), exhale, breathe); speis-, blow
PHFA-¿E-SE-FA (+ set), WHISPERINGS, SECRETS, RELIGIOUS MYSTERIES; Egyptian bz(.w), secret(s), secret image(s), general designation for that which one may not say (aloud)
PHFA-¿E-SE-FA (+ set), (MORBID) DISCHARGES; Egyptian bz.w, morbid discharges
PHFA-¿E-SE-XHA (+ fish), DRIED FISH; IE peisk-, pisk-, fish
PHFA-FHA, STINK; Egyptian bw, (be) detest(ed); Sumerian pu-2, cistern, *stink (J. 867 reads pu-2, and means 'stink`); IE 2. pew6- (for *p(h)a:u-), rot, stink, listed under 2. pu/u:-; Chinese fû, rotten, putrid, stale, corroded
PHFA-FHA-¿O (+ cause to), MAKE TO STINK; Arabic fâ¿a/yafû¿, to diffuse its perfume
PHFA-FHA-SE (+ emit), FOUL; IE peus-, rotten, listed under 2. pu/u:-, rot, stink; in pezd-, softly let wind; Basque puzkar, fart
PHFA-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), STINK (NOUN); Egyptian bw.t, abomination; Sumerian pad-2 (for *pud-2), dead, old (J. 112); in IE pu:-ti, decay, listed under 2. pu/u:-, rot, stink
PHFA-FHA-THO-¿E (+ -like), BE STINKING/DECAYING; IE pu:-ti, decay, listed under 2. pu/u:-, rot, stink
PHFA-FHA-THSA (+ prolong), PUFF OF AIR; IE pu/u:-t-, listed under 1. pu/u:-, blow up, etc.; Basque futz, puff of air
PHFA-RHE(+ come), STINK/PERVADING
PHFA-RHE-T?A (+ give), STINK; IE perd-, flatulate loudly; Basque in fardo, spongy
PHFA-HA (+ stative), STINKING/FERMENTING
PHFA-HA, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; Sumerian *pa, *alcoholic beverage (J. 593 - Sumerian tap-3 (for *tapa, representing 'T?SA-P?FO-¿A), is *fitting [J. 715 + J. 593 - J. 715 reads dab/p-3, pictures a circle, and means 'good, sweet, lap, total, large mass, complete, mix, knee, grace, engender' — all of which can be united under the idea of 'fitting {together}'; J. 593 pictures a cup, and probably has an unrecorded reading of *pa, representing PHFA-HA, alcoholic beverage]
PHFA-HA, BE DRINKING (AN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE); IE 2. po:(i)- : pi:- and (from out of po:-) po-, drink
PHFA-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE DRINKING AN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; IE po:i-, listed under 2. po:(i)- : pi:- and (from out of po:-) po-, drink
PHFA-HA-THSO-FHA (+ circlings around), DRINKING BOUTS, DRINKING; IE po:tu-,drink(ing), listed under 2. po:(i)- : pi:- and (from out of po:-) po-, drink
PHFA-HA-THSO-FHA-PHFA-HA-THSO-FHA (+ reduplication), BE DRINKING; Egyptian b'b', drink
PHFA-RHE(+ come), STINK
PHFA-RHE-T?A (+ give), STINK; IE perd-, flatulate loudly; Basque in fardo, spongy,
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial PHF=p {ph} Tibetan: PHFA=ph; PHFE=ch PHFA-¿E-HHA=che |
ANIMATE NATURE
PHFE, SPARK, FLAME (animate: literally, 'who is in movement from points on the surface')
PHFE-¿E (+ -like), SPARKLE; Sumerian pi-5 {for *pî-5}, spark (J. 339 reads pi-5, and means 'flash')
PHFE-¿E, SPARKLIKE, SPOT(TED)
PHFE-¿E-K?E (+ tail), TRAIL OF SPARK
PHFE-¿E-K?E-RHA (+ color), PINK; Egyptian bk3, morrow, morning; IE *pik^-ro (for pe/ig^-ra:), brightly colored, listed under 1, peig-, mark through engraving or coloring (cf. Old Indian pinjára, reddish, golden yellow); speg- (for (s)p(h)a/aig^-), shine, listed under sp(h)eng-; Arabic fajrun, morning
PHFE-¿E-NA (+ one), SPARK; Egyptian bn(bn), sacred stone of Heliopolis
PHFE-¿E-NA-T?A (+ give), SPARK (VERB), MOVE ERRATICALLY; IE sp(h)e(n)d-(ro-), gleam, jerk, fidget; Egyptian bnd, difficult birth or abortion
PHFE-¿E-NA-T?A-RO (+ high degree), SPARKLE BRIGHTLY; IE sp(h)e(n)d-(ro-), gleam, jerk, fidget; Basque pindartu, sparkle, twinkle, scintillate, get angry
PHFE-¿E, IGNITE; Sumerian pi-5, ignite (J. 339)
PHFE-¿E-RO (+ high degree), BE BURNT UP; Sumerian pil, burn up (J. 339)
PHFE-FHA (+ set), SPARKS
PHFE-FHA-RHE, FIRE; IE pewo:r (for *phwa:re), pu/u:r, fire; in Arabic fawratun, vehemence of heat, anger
PHFE-RA, OAK (BECAUSE OAKS ATTRACT LIGHTNING); IE in perkwu-s, oak; Tibetan cha-ra, Himalayan oak
PHFE-RA-XHE-FA (+ pointedly angled + set), ACORNS; IE perkwu-s, oak
PHFE-RE (+ make), SEND SPARKS, FLY UP; IE 1. per-, emit sparks, spurt, burst out laughing, puff; Sumerian par, *flame up (J. 684 reads par, and means 'flame up'); Arabic tafarrara, laugh (at); Basque farre, laughter, laugh, smile
SA-PHFE-RE (strong +), SEND SPARKS STRONGLY; IE 1. sp(h)er-, jerk, kick away with foot, struggle, fly off with a jerk; Basque zapartatu, explode, blow out (a tire), erupt (volcano)
VERBAL
EFFECTIVE
PHFE, BURST, SPLIT APART BY ITSELF, DECOMPOSE
PHFE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SPLIT APART (BY ITSELF); Egyptian possibly in bnbn.t, pyramidion, stem (?; better prow?) of ship; Sumerian pe-el (for pi+il(i)-5 = *pil), dig, excavate; IE 1. (s)p(h)el-, split, split off, tear off
PHFE-NHA-HHA (+ be in motion below), SPLIT APART (BY ITSELF); Arabic falaHa, cultivate, tilll faliHa, be chapped
PHFE-RHE (+ come), BURST; IE 2. (s)p(h)er-, burst
PHFE-RHE-T?A (+ give), BURST; IE 2. (s)p(h)er-(d)-, burst
PHFE, SPRAY, SPIT
PHFE, SPOTTED HYENA (SPRAYER)
PHFE-¿E (+ -like), STING
PHFE-¿E-QE (+ sap), PINE-OIL
PHFE-¿E-QE-¿E (+ -like), PINEY, PRICKLY, HOSTILE; Egyptian b(j)q(j), be hostile; IE 2. pei-, inimically minded
PHFE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), PINE; IE pi:-tu- in Old Indian pi:tu-da:ru, a kind of spruce, listed incorrectly under pey(6), be fat; 1. (s)p(h)e/e:i-, pointed, pointed piece of wood
AFFECTIVE
PHFE-¿E, STING; IE pe:(i)-, hurt (split open), damage, revile; Sumerian pi-3, open (J. 112 reads pi-3 and means open); Sino-Tibetan ph(j)aj (Modern Chinese pī), divide, split, open
PHFE-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), CAUSE TO PAINFULLY STING; IE pe:(i)(u)- in Old Indian pi:yú-, jeer, revile, and Armenian hivand, sick, listed under pe:(i)-, hurt, damage, revile; Tibetan in chu-pur, boil
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial PHF=p {ph} Tibetan: PHFA=ph; PHFE=ch PHFA-¿E-HHA=che |
ANIMAL
PHFO, OX, CATTLE, possibly ELEPHANT or BUFFALO (BLACK WILDEBEEST) (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to points on the surface' ('who stamps/tramples')); Sumerian pi-6, *cattle (J. 118 reads pi-6, means 'mountain sheep, gazelle, deer, fat, damage', and portrays a horn over a foot imprint); Tibetan pa, *cattle, in pa, cow
VERBAL
PHFO, HEAVY, BIG, POWERFUL
PHFO-¿E (+ -like), HEAVY, FAT; Sumerian pi-6 (for *pê-x), *fat (J. 118 reads pi-6, means 'mountain sheep, gazelle, deer, fat, damage'); IE pey(6)- (for *pe:i-), be fat, puff up; Chinese pèi, copious, abundant
PHFO-¿E-HHA (+ move below), CAUSE TO BE FAT; IE IE pey(6)- (for *pe:y6-), be fat, puff up; Arabic ?afyaHu, 'wide, extensive`; Tibetan in che-wa, large
PHFO-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY FAT; IE pei-ro- in Old Indian pe:rú-, swelling, causing swelling, listed under pey(6)- (for *pe:i-), be fat, puff up; Arabic fîlun, elephant ('the fat one'); Tibetan H-phel-wa, increase in size, become larger
PHFO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HEAVY WEIGHT, FATNESS; IE poi-tu- (for *pe:i-to-), fat, listed under pey(6)-, be fat, puff up
PHFO-¿E-THO-FA (+ frequentative), FATTEN UP; IE poi-tu- (for *pe:i-to-), *fatten up, in Sanskrit pe:tv-a, buck, wether (fat), listed under pey(6)-, be fat, puff up
PHFO-¿O (+ cause to be), FATTEN
PHFO-¿O-MO (+ overall), VERY FATTENED; IE pi:mo-s, fat, listed under pey(6)- (for *pe:i-), be fat, puff up; Arabic fa¿imun, fat
PHFO-NHA, START TO BECOME BIG; IE polo-: po:lo-, swollen, thick, large
PHFO, STAMP, TRAMPLE, PRESS DOWN HARD ON
* * *
- Q -
Chinese: initial Q=g; final Q=ng Tibetan QO=q Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) QE=ghɢ Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) initial Q(E)=g; QE=ka final Q=ŋ |
BODY
QA, INTESTINE (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest in a ball' ['bent/folded over'); IE ang-, limb, listed under 2. ank-, bend
QA, LONG
QA-FA (+ set), BONES, SKELETON; Chinese gû, bone, skeleton, framework
QA-FA-¿E (+ -like), BONEY, BONE; Chinese gú, bone
QA-NA (+ one), SHAFT; Chinese gān, pole, staff, rod; gân, shaft or arm of something
QA, (SEMI)CIRCULAR, TUBULAR
QA-¿E (+ like), MARROW(LIKE)
QA, BEND OVER, FOLD OVER, LOOP
QA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BEND OVER
QA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), STARTING TO BEND OVER
QA-NHA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), CLIFF, CORNER; Egyptian qnb, corner (Egyptian O38, 'corner of wall'); IE gleibh- (for *gla:ibh-), cliff, listed under gel-, ball up, etc.
QA-NHA-¿E-P?FO-¿E (+ -like), BE MAKING A CORNER, BENDING OVER; Egyptian qnb, bend, bow, incline one's self, subjugate
QA-NHA-¿E-P?FO-THO (+ assemblage), CORNER; Egyptian qnb.t, corner, angle
QA-NHA-¿E-P?FO-THO, DAIS (OF JUDGMENT); Egyptian qnb.t, court
QA-RE, BE COILING; IE 3. ger-, turn, wind
QA-RE-P?FO (+ place), INTESTINE, INTERIOR; Egyptian q3b, intestine, interior, middle; IE gr-ebh-, *intestine (cf. MHG krëbe, basket, intestine), listed under 3. ger, turn, wind; Arabic bi-l-qarbi min, in the vicinity of
QA-RE, WAIST(-BAND); Basque gerri, waist; gerrikatu, gird, swaddle, encircle
QA-RO (+ high degree), WHIRLWIND (FUNNEL); Egyptian qr(j), storm, stormcloud
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial Q=g; final Q=ng
Tibetan QO=q Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) QE=ghɢ Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) initial Q(E)=g; QE=ka final Q=ŋ |
BODY
QE, MILK, JUICE, SAP (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from a ball'); Sumerian g≈e-20, butter (J. 594)
QE, TEAT (secondary)
QE, BE STUCK TOGETHER, CONGEALED, COAGULATED
QE-MO (+ wood), SAP, GUM; IE gem-, clump
QE-MO-¿E (+ -like), GUMS, GUMMY; Egyptian qm.j, gummy
QE-MO-¿E-¿E (+ -like), RESINY
QE-MO-¿E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), RESIN, GUM; Egyptian qm.jjt, gum, resin
QE-MO, STICK TOGETHER; Sumerian ñim, multiply (J. 777); IE gem-, press together, etc.
QE-NA (+ one), GUM-BALL; IE gen- (for *g^en-), press together, pinch, fold together, what is pressed together, what is balled up, *gum-ball (cf. gne-bh-, gnegh-, gner-, gnes-, gnet-, gn-eu-bh-, gn-eu-g^-, gn-eu-s-, gn-eu-t- - gummy excrescence)
QE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO FORM ONE'S SELF INTO A MASS; IE gel- (for *(n)g^el- - cf. Greek gagglion, swelling, and aglis, clove of garlic), ball up, form one's self into a ball, what is rounded, what is ball-like
QE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE FORMING INTO A MASS, STICKING TOGETHER; Egyptian qnj, embrace (Egyptian D32, 'arms enclosing or embracing'; IE glei- (for *g^la:i-), stick together, spread over, listed under gel-, ball up, etc.
QE-NHA, MILK-FAT, CREAM; Egyptian qn, fat; Sumerian g≈e-20-li/e-2, whole milk (Comb. 1840: J. 594, g≈e-20 + J. 456, li/e-2 = gar-10 [for *g≈er, cheese]); g≈e-20-al (for *g≈e-20-el), cream (Comb. 1842: J. 594, g≈e-20 + J. 564, al); IE *g^la:(i)- in Greek gla, milk, listed under glag-
QE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), CREAMY, YELLOWISH; IE g^el- (for *eng^li- - cf. Greek aglaos, bright, excellent), bright, shine clear, be happy, smile, laugh, *yellow (cf. Lithuanian gel~tas, yellow, blond)
QE-NHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE YELLOW; Egyptan qn.jj, be yellow
QE-NHA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), YELLOWNESS; Egyptian qn.jt, yellowness; IE *g^elito- in Lithuanian gel~tas, yellow, blond, listed under g^el-, bright, shine, etc.
QE-NHA-QE (+ juice), MILK; Sumerian g≈e-20-kalag-g≈e-20 (for g≈e-20-(g≈e)lag≈-g≈e-20), milk (under Comb. 1843: J. 594, g≈e-20 + J. 597, kalag [for *g≈elag≈] + J. 594, g≈e-20); IE glag- (for (en)g^ela:(n)g^-), milk
QE-NHA-QE-¿E (+ -like), MILKY, SMOOTH; IE gleg^- (for *(en)gla:(n)gi-), soft, tender
QE-NHA-QE-NHA (+ reduplication), MAKE STICK COMPLETELY TOGETHER; Egyptian qnqn, beat, pound up, beat out, flatten, deal wrongly with
MA-NHA-QE (breast-lick +), BREAST, MILK; IE me/e:lg^-, milk (verb); Egyptian mnq, milk; Arabic malaqa, 'suck (child)'
QE, COAGULATE
QE-RE (+ make), COAGULATE (INTO SMALL GRAINS), BUTTER; Egyptian q3(3/jj/.w), grains; Sumerian gar-9-gar-9 (for *g≈er-g≈er), (2x J. 594: reads gar-9, and means 'butter'); gar-10 (for g≈er), *butter (Comb. 1840: J. 594, g≈e-20 + J. 456, li/e-2 = gar-10 [SEE QE-NHA-'¿E, MILK-FAT]); IE g^re:-, rotten, mature, age, *butter (cf. OHG kërno, cream), listed under g^er-
QE-RE-HHA (+ water), BUTTERMILK; Sumerian gar-11 (for *g≈era), *buttermilk (Comb. 1848: J. 594, gar-9 [for *g≈er] + J. 949, a, water)
QE-RE-NA (+ one), CHURN; IE *g^ern-, churn, in Old Norse kirna, churn, listed under g^er-, rotten, etc.
QE-NHA, FREEZE, BE COLD; IE 3. gel(6)- (for *g^ela:-), cold, freeze; Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) ghɢl, hard, congealed, difficult; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) kal, congeal (the TB for PL
QE-NHA-FA (+ frequentative), FORM FULLY INTO A MASS, FREEZE, BECOME MILKY; IE 3. gel(6)- (for *g^ela:u-), cold, freeze
QE-P?FO, COOLNESS, DAMPNESS; IE embh-, damp, water, steam, vapor, mist, cloud, listed under 2. (enebh-)
QE-P?FO-¿E (+ -like), COOL, DAMP; Egyptian qb(b), cool (Egyptian W15, 'water-pot with water pouring from it', and W16, 'the same in a ring-stand'); IE embh- (for *Mbhi- *NG^bhey-), damp, water, steam, vapor, mist, cloud, listed under 2. (enebh-)
QE, FORMANT OF THICK LIQUID NAMES contrasting with HHA, water, THIN LIQUID NAMES
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial Q=g; final Q=ng Tibetan QO=q Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) QE=ghɢ Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) initial Q(E)=g; QE=ka final Q=ŋ |
BODY
QO, SKULL, HEAD, CREATURE (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to a ball'); Sumerian g≈u-3, *skull (J. 15 reads gu-3, and depicts a head)
QO-?A (+ stative), BE ROUND, (HOLLOWLY) GLOBULAR
QO-?A, SKULL, HEAD; Sumerian g≈u-3, *skull (J. 15 reads gu-3, and depicts a head)
QO-?A-FA (+ frequentative), MAKE ROUND; IE ge:u- (for *go:u-), bend, crimp, arch, *round (cf. guga:, ball; geu-lo-s, ball; gu:-ro-s, round)
QO-?A-FA-NA (+ one), BALL (OF FAT); Egyptian gn(n), be weak, soft; IE ongw-en-, salve, ointment, listed under ongw-, salve
QO-?A-FA-NA-FA (+ set), SALVE; Egyptian gn(n).w(jj), suet?
QO-?A-FA-SO (+ pull), ANOINT (WITH SALVE); Egyptian gs, anoint, smear on; IE *ongwes- in Sanskrit añjas, salve, listed under ongw-, salve
QO-?A-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SCROTUM; IE geut- (for *go:u-to-; late formation, therefore go:u- instead of ongwa-), sack, *scrotum (cf. Anglo-Saxon ce:od(a), sack, from which Modern English cod, scrotum), listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch
QO-?A-FA-QO-?A-FA (+ reduplication), COMPLETELY ROUNDED, BALL; IE guga:, ball, hump, listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch (cf. also Lithuanian guoge, head)
QO-?A-QO-?A (+ reduplication), COMPLETELY ROUND, SKULL; Sumerian g≈ug≈u, *skull (2x J. 15, which reads gu-3, and depicts a head); g≈ug≈, jewel, boil (J. 964); IE go:g-, something round, lumpy, *skull (cf. Lithuanian goge, head), listed under gag-
QO-?A-QO-?A-NA (+ one), KIDNEY; IE ngwé:n (for *ongngo:n), swelling, groin, *kidney (cf. negwh-ró-s, kidney, testicle - r/n-stem), listed under engw-
QO-?A-QO-?A-T?O (+ lump), KIDNEY; Egyptian gg.t, kidney
QO-QO (+ reduplication), ALL ROUND, BALL; IE gongu-s (for *gongo-), ball, listed under geng- , lumps, lumpy
QO-FA (+ frequentative), BE ROUNDED
QO, CUMULUS CLOUD
QO-P?E (+ urine), RAIN-CLOUD; Egyptian gp, cloud (Egyptian N4, 'moisture falling from the sky'); IE omb(h)- (cf. Sanskrit ambhas-, rain-water), damp, water, therefrom steam, vapor, mist, cloud, listed under 2. (enebh-)
QO, POT; Egyptian *g, pot (Egyptian W11/12/13, 'ring-stand for jars / red earthenware pot'); Sumerian g≈a, *pot (J. 458 reads ga, and means 'container'); IE *ong- in Greek ággos, pail, woven container, listed under 2. ank-, bend; Chinese gū, wine vessel, beaker, goblet
QO, SACK; Sumerian g≈a-5, *sack (J. 103 reads ga-5, and means 'dry measure'; it also reads šil-2 [XE-¿E-NHA, LEATHER BOTTLE]); IE *ong- in Greek aggos, pail, woven container, listed under 2. ank-, bend
QO-¿E (+ -like), SACKLIKE, RESTRICTIVE, NARROW; IE *angi- (for *ongi-) in OHG angi, narrow, listed under ang^h-, narrow, restrict, tie
QO-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE MAKING NARROW, RESTRICTING; IE ang^h- (for *ong^y-), narrow, restrict, tie
QO-FA (+ set), SACKS, SACKLIKE, NARROW; IE angw- (for *ongw-) in Gothic aggwus, narrow, listed under ang^h-, narrow, restrict, tie
QO-FA-SA (+ sinew), SACK-STRAP/SLING (PLACE), (TOP) SIDE (OF SHOULDER); Egyptian gs, side; Sumerian *g≈us, *side (J. 935 reads lum, which means 'bear fruit'; it depicts an arm and side - lum is RO-MO, SHOULDER, CARRY - it also means 'overflow', i.e. 'go over the side' - it reads guz, cut down - there is often a variation in a sign reading between s/z - we assume an unrecorded reading of *g≈us for J. 935, meaning 'side'); IE geu-s-, *angle, listed under ge:u-, bend, crumple, arch; Tibetan qos, side
QO-FA-SA-?A (+ stative), LEAN TO THE SIDE, SHOW PARTIALITY; Sumerian g≈us, feel pity for (J. 935 reads *gus/z [see under QO-FA-SA, SIDE], and means 'feel pity for'); IE ans- (for *onwsa: - cf. OHG unnum, favor), favorably inclined, be favorable towards
QO-FA-SA-?A, FAVORABLE (GUARDIAN) SPIRIT; Sumerian g≈us, ghost (J. 935 reads *gus/z [see under QO-FA-SA, SIDE], and means 'ghost'; IE ansu- (for *onwsa:-), spirit, demon
QO-FA-SA-RE (+ make), TILT TOWARDS; Egyptian gs3, tilt, favor
QO-FA (+ set), PAIR OF SCROTA, BULL; IE gwou- (for *ongwa:u-), cattle; Egyptian g.w, class of bull; Sumerian g≈u-4, cattle, bull (J. 563); Chinese gû, bull
QO-FA-¿E (+ voice), LOW (CATTLE); IE 1. gwei-, complain; PCirc q'oay6, bleat
QO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), HERD OF CATTLE; Sumerian g≈ud, cattle (J. 563); IE gwo:[u]-to-m (for *ongwa:uto-), herd of cattle, listed under gwou-, cattle
QO-FA-THO, BELLOW, ANNOUNCE; IE 2. gwet-, orate, speak; PCirc q'oatha, tell, report, announce, make known
QO-RE (+ make), MAKE NARROW, RESTRICT; Egyptian g3(w), be narrow, constricted (Egyptian 'bundle with hanging tie', not listed in Gardiner; later, V32, 'wickerwork frail'); Sumerian g≈ar-3 (ES mar), fetter, *restrict (J. 627 reads gar-3, and depicts a tied-up sack); IE ag^-ra:- (for *a(n)gre- (cf. Greek agreo:, take)), chase, hunt, *catch (cf. Greek agra:, hunt, catch), listed incorrectly under ag^-, drive, etc.
QO-RE-FA (+ frequentative), CATCH; Egyptian gr(g), snare, hunt, hunter; Sumerian g≈ar (ES mar), enclose, hang up, *catch (J. 970); IE *a(n)greu- in Greek agreuo:, successfully hunt, catch, listed incorrectly under ag^-, drive, etc.
QO-RE-FA, BE ATTACHED; Egyptian gr, found, establish, people, furnish, settle, put one's trust in; Arabic qarra, stay, dwell, persist, persevere
QO-SO (+ skin), SHOULDER; Egyptian gs, *shoulder (Egyptian Aa13, 'not specified', rather 'outline of the inside of the arm and outside of the adjoining portion of the body, meeting at the armpit', reads also QO-SHO, ARMPIT - this sign must be distinguished from Aa14, which depicts a 'tongue', and reads ¿E-ME, tongue, and ME, tongue, middle); IE om(e)so-s (for *on(g)so- - cf. Umbrian onse, Tocharian B a:ntse, shoulder), shoulder
QO-SO-¿E (+ -like), SIDE-PIECE, LITTER-POLE; IE ak^s- (for *o(n)ksi-), shaft, listed incorrectly under ag^-, drive, etc.
QO-SO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), LITTER(-POLES); Egyptian gz.t, seat, throne, *litter (Egyptian Q2, 'portable seat', rather 'litter'); Sumerian in g≈u-za-kaskal (ES mu[a]šde), throne, *litter (Comb. 3250 - (GIŠ)gu-za-kaskal, litter (J. 924 + J. 957 + J. 324, road - [metathesis from *g≈u-ša-da- g≈u-š-da- g≈ud-ša-])
QO, NUT
* * *
- Q H -
Chinese: initial QH=g; final QH=ng Tibetan: initial QHA=k/ng; initial QHE=ky initial QHE-¿E=nyi QHO=k(i) |
ANIMAL
QHA, CAT, WEASEL, CRAB (animate: literally, 'who is in movement at a ball' ('folds himself over'))
QHA-¿E (+ -like), FELINE, WEASELLIKE
QHA-THO (+ assemblage), PRIDE OF CATS; IE 2. kat-, *cat (cf. Latin catulus, animal young, especially young dog or cat), bear young, animal young; Arabic qiTTun, cat; Basque katu, cat
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
QHA, BE HUMPED UP, HILLY, ELEVATED
QHA-¿E (+ -like), HILLY, ELEVATED
QHA-¿E-RA (+ vertebrae), SUMMIT; IE 1. k^er-, summit
?A-QHA-¿E (top +), ELEVATED POINT, SUMMIT, PEAK; 2. ak^- (for *a(n)k^-), sharp, pointed, angular, stone; Chinese áng, hold (one's head) high, high, soaring
SA-QHA-¿E (strong +), BE STANDING UP; Sumerian sug≈-2, stand (2 x J. 410); sug-2-gi (for sug≈-2-gi), stand (Comb. 1377 = 2 x J. 410 + J. 131, gi/e)
QHA-¿E (+ -like), ANGULAR; IE 2. ak^- (for *a(n)ky-), sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-¿E (+ -like), EDGE, FORM; Egyptian qj, form, shape; IE *anky- in Anglo-Saxon ecg, edge, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pounted, angular, stone
QHA-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY ANGULAR, ROCK; IE ak^mo-/-a: (for *a(n)k^mo-), point, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-¿E-MO-NA (+ stone), ROCK, HAMMER; IE ak^-men-/-mer- (for *a(n)k^-mon-), stone, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-¿E-MO-RE (+ apply), HAMMER (VERB); Egyptian qm3, hammer out; IE k^omor- (for *(an)k^yamor-), stone hammer, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-HA (+ stative), BE ELEVATED, HIGH; Sumerian ña, high (J. 114)
QHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO FORM A HUMP
QHA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), HUMP, HARDEN; IE 1. kal- (for *kali- - cf. Old Bulgarian kaliti, cool off, solidify (glowing iron), hard
QHA-NHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE HUMPED OVER(CURVACEOUS), MUSCLED, STRONG, BEAUTIFUL; Egyptian qn(jj), brave, strong, sturdy, able, capable, dutiful, powerful, stout, active; Sumerian k~al, strong, powerful, sturdy, valuable, expensive (J. 597); IE kali-, beautiful, healthy, listed under 2. kal-
QHA-QO (+ ball), HAIL; IE in kaghlo-, small, round stone, gravel; Germ. 'hail'; Tibetan kang, snow
?A-QHA-¿E (top +), POINTED; IE 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
?A-QHA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY POINTED, SHARP, EXCELLENT; Egyptian jqr, excellent; IE ak^ro-, pointed, upper most, excellent, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-¿E-SO (+ skin), BONE; IE keis-, arm, thigh, etc.; Egyptian q(j)s, bone (Egyptian T19-20, 'harpoon-head of bone'; Sumerian ñiš-2, bone (J. 561)
QHO-¿E-SO-¿E (+ -like), BARB; Egyptian qs(j), harpoon (Pyramid Text 1212) (Egyptian T19-20, 'harpoon-head of bone'); IE ak^s-, *barb (cf. Greek oxínē, harrow), listed under 2. ak^-, ok^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone
QHA-¿E-SO-THO (+ assemblage), BONE; IE kost- (for *k^soto- < *(an)k^soto), leg, bone; ost(h)- (for *assoto- < an(k)soto-), bone
KHXA-?A--QHA-¿E (stick +), CROOK, GOAD, SHEPHERD; Egyptian *Hq, *goad (Egyptian S38, 'crook'); IE kenk- (cf. Old Icelandic hokja, crook), listed under keg-, peg for hanging up, hook, semi-circular handle, also, be pointed; Ancient Chinese kiang, Western tribes, *shepherd (712 a.-d. - composed of graphs for man and sheep)
KHXA-?A-QHA-¿E-RE (+ apply), HOLD A CROOK/GOAD, RULE, SHEPHERD; Egyptian Hq3, rule over, govern; Sumerian ki-in-g(~~)i-ra, Sumer [shepherds] (Comb. 3123: J. 812, ki/e + J. 277, in(i) + J. 131, gi/e + J. 609, ra - also rulership, translated Akkadian šamû u iršitu, heaven and earth)
KHXA-?A-QHA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), CROOK, GOAD; Egyptian Hq(3).t, sceptre; IE *k^a:nkito- in Russian kogot', claw, iron hook, listed under keg-, peg for hanging up, hook, semi-circular handle, pointed
QHA-¿E, GRASS; IE ak^o- (for *anki-), *grass, in Swedish ag, marsh-grass, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
QHA-¿E, SHRED; Sumerian ñi-2, *shred, beat apart, separate, crush up, chew up; IE 1. ak^- (for *anki-), eat
QHA-¿E-QHA-¿E (+ reduplication), SHRED UP; Egyptian qq, eat
QHA-¿E-QHA-¿E (+ reduplication), ALL POINTED, FANG; IE ak^o-kó- (for *ankinki-) in Norwegian dialect agge, tooth, listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular
QHA-FA (+ frequentative), BE HUMPED UP
QHA-FA, MUSHROOM; Chinese gū, mushroom
QHA-KHE (+ dog), WEASEL; Sumerian ka-6, *weasel (J. 969 - Comb. (DIG~IR) ñin-ka-6 means 'weasel, mongoose'); IE kek^-, weasel, hedgehog
QHA-MO (+ overall), VERY HUMPED; IE in kam-er-, arch, bend; kemer-, animals with armor; crab, turtle
QHA-RA, HUMP, HILL; Egyptian in q3(3), hill, high ground; q3(.t), height; Sumerian ñar-2, high (J. 603 reads nar-2, and means 'high'); IE *kar-, *height, in Old Norse horgr, heap of stones, listed under 3. kar-, hard
QHA-RA-¿E (+ -like), HUMPED, HIGH; Egyptian q3j, tall, high, exalted, be raised on high, uplifted (Egyptian A28, 'man with both arms raised'); IE ak^ri- (for *a(n)kri-), *high (cf. Greek ákris, point, mountain- peak), listed under 2. ak^-, sharp, pointed, angular, stone; Arabic in ma(-)qarâ, summit of a hill
QHA-RA-¿O (+ cause to), EMINENT; Arabic qari¿un, hero of his time; qirrî¿un, chief, hero
QHA-RA (+ back), WEASEL; Sumerian ñar, *weasel (J. 657 reads ñar, and means 'weasel', and has other readings meaning 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'fox' [lub/p] and [puh], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest')
QHA-RA (+ back), SHELL; IE 3. kar-, hard, *shell (cf. Greek karuon, nut)
QHA-RA, HARD, STRONG; Sumerian *ñar, *strong (J. 597 reads nir-6 [for ñar], and means 'strong'); IE 3. kar- (for *kari-), hard; Tibetan ngar, hardness
QHA-RA-¿E (+ -like), TEASE; IE 1. kar- (for *kari- - cf. Latvian karina:t, tease, irritate), abuse, punish
QHA-RA-NA (+ one), BONE; Arabic qarnun, bone
QHA-RA-P?FE (+ animal name), CRAB; IE *krabh-, borrowed into Germanic from a dialect that did not change IE k to h, listed as grebh- (for *grabh-), crab, incorrectly under gerebh-, scratch, and related
¿A-QHA-RA-P?FE (many +), CRABS, SCORPIONS; Arabic ¿aqrabun, scorpion; ¿aqrabu-l-mâ?i (of the water), crab
QHA-RA-THO (+ assemblage), HARDNESS, STRENGTH; IE kar-tu-, *hardness, *strength (cf. Ionic kartos, strength, power), listed under 3. kar-, hard
QHA-RA-QHA-RA (+ reduplication), CRAB; IE *karkar- in Sanskrit karka, crab, listed under 3. kar-, hard
QHA-RE (+ make), CLEVER; Sumerian ñar, deceptive (J. 657)
QHA-RE-T?A (+ give), CLEVER; IE 2. kerd- (for *kard-), occupationally accomplished, cleverly calculating
QHA-RE (+ make), PRAISE; Sumerian ñar, sing (J. 657); IE 2. kar-, praise loudly, boast, *sing (cf. ka:ru-, singer)
SA-QHA-RE (strong +), PRAISE COMPLETELY; Egyptian sq3, make high, set upright, exalt, extol, prolong; IE (s)kre-, *praise (cf. Old Norse skreyta, boast), listed under 1. ker-
QHA-RE-QHA-RE (+ reduplication), BOAST; Egyptian q3q3, *boast, in q3q3 jb, vainglorious
QHA-RO (+ part), HOOK, ANCHOR; IE ankro-, hook, in Greek ágku:ra, anchor, listed under 2. ank-, ang-, bend
QHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BE FIRMLY ATTACHED TO; Egyptian qrj, draw near, attend; Arabic qarra/yaqirru, settle in (a place)
QHA-RO (+ raise), MOUND; Egyptian qr, cloud; in qr.w, mountaineers (QHA-RO-FHA)
QHA-RO-K?XO (+ hole), CAVERN; IE *karogh-, cavern, in Germanic *har(u)gaz, heap of stones, place of sacrifice, listed under 3. kar-, hard
QHA-RO-SO (+ pull), HEAP UP A MOUND, BURY; Egyptian qrs, bury; IE kars-, scratch, curry, card; kar-, hard
QHA-RO-SO, MOUND; IE (s)kr-s- (for karso-), heap of stones, listed 3. kar-, hard
QHA-SO (+ skin), HARD SURFACE; in Egyptian qsn, painful, irksome, troubled, difficult, wretched; in Arabic qasâ/yaqsû, be hard, unyielding
SA-QHA (strong +), HIGH; Sumerian sa(n)g≈, upper, top (J. 194); IE sak- (for *sank-), make holy, make a treaty
SA-QHA-¿E (+ -like), MAKE HIGH, MAKE HOLY; IE sanki- in Latin sancio:, make holy, listed under sak-, make holy
SA-QHA-RO (+ high degree), HOLY; Egyptian sqr, *holy, in sqr 'nx, captive (living holy sacrifice); IE sak-ro- (for *sankro-), holy, listed under sak-, make holy, make a treaty
QHA-T?A, SCRAPE; Egyptian qd, *scrape, build, fashion (pots) (Egyptian Aa28-29, 'an instrument used by bricklayers?'); IE (s)k(h)ed- (for *kad-), split apart, spread apart
KXHA-QHA (hurt +), BE (DOUBLED OVER) IN PAIN, HUNGER; IE 2. kenk- (for *k(h)ank-, burn (parch), hurt; also especially of burning thirst and hunger; Sumerian kung-ga (J. 560 + 594, ga, milk = Comb. 1618), glossed as hunger
KXHA-QHA-RO (+ high degree), HUNGER; Egyptian Hqr, hunger; Sumerian kung-ga(la) (J. 560 + 594, ga, milk = Comb. 1618), glossed as hunger (possibly ga can be read gala?); IE kenkro- (for *k(h)ankro-; cf. OHG hungar (*kNkru-), hunger, under 2. kenk- (for *k(h)ank-, burn (parch), hurt; also especially of burning thirst and hunger
QHA-QHA (+ reduplication), MANURE, DUNG, BLACKENED, SHRIVEL UP THROUGH DRYING OUT
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial QH=g; final QH=ng Tibetan: initial QHA=k/ng; initial QHE=ky initial QHE-¿E=nyi QHO=k(i) |
ANIMAL
QHE, COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL, LIZARD, FROG, CROCODILE[?] (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from a ball' ('who is cool'))
QHE, COOL TO THE TOUCH
QHE-RO (+ high degree), FROG; in Egyptian qrr, frog
QHE-RO-KHO (+ little), FROG EGGS; IE 2. krek- (for *k^r6k-), frog eggs
QHE-RO-RO (+ reduplication), FROG; Egyptian qrr, frog; Arabic qarratun, frog [loanword ?)
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
QHE, BUSTLER, WRIGGLER (from the acute angles a lizard's body makes as it moves by twisting its lower body from side to side)
QHE-QHE (+ reduplication), BUSTLE ABOUT; IE 1. k^a:k- (for *k^e:k^-), jump, spout forth, bustle about vigorously
SA-QHE-QHE, BUSTLE ABOUT COMPLETELY; IE *sk^enk^- in Greek os, lizard, skink
NATURE
QHE, FLAME; Sumerian ñe, flame (J. 339)
QHE-¿E (+ -like), FLAMELIKE, BRIGHT
QHE-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), BRIGHT, SILVERY; IE 2. k^eu- (for *k(h)yau-), shine, bright; Sumerian ku-3, silver, bright, pure (J. 819)
QHE-¿E-FA-KHXO (+ mollusc-shell), MOTHER-OF-PEARL, SILVER; IE k^euk- (for *k(h)yauk(h)-), shine, bright, be white, glow, *pure (cf. Old Indian s'ukra-/s'ukla-, light, white, pure; Sumerian kug\k, silver, bright, pure (J. 819)
QHE-¿E-MO (+ overall), FLAMING; IE *k^ei-mo, *on fire, in Gothic skeima, light, torch, listed under sk^a:i-, shimmer subduedly, shadow (reflection); sk^i-ro-, clear; Tibetan nyi-ma, sun
QHE-HA (+ stative), BRIGHT
QHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), BRIGHTENING; IE (s)ka:i- (for *(s)k^a:i-), bright, shining
QHE-HA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), BRIGHTNESS; IE k6i-to- (*for *k(h)a:i-to-), brightness, listed under (s)ka:i-, bright, shining
QHE-HA-¿E-T?A (+ give), LIGHT A FLAME; IE (s)ka:i-d-, *lighted, listed under (s)ka:i- (for *(s)k^(h)a:i-), bright, shining
QHE, SPUR
QHE-¿E (+ -like), SPURRED, THORN(Y), CONICALLY POINT(ED); IE k^e:i-, sharpen, whet
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial QH=g; final QH=ng Tibetan: initial QHA=k/ng; initial QHE=ky initial QHE-¿E=nyi QHO=k(i) |
ANIMAL
QHO, CONSTRICTOR SNAKE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to a ball' ('who wraps himself around')); IE *onk- in OHG unc, snake, listed under angw(h)i-, snake, worm
QHO-FHA, CONSTRICTOR SNAKES
QHO-FA-¿E (+ -like), CONSTRICTOR-SNAKELIKE; IE angw(h)i- (for *ongwi- - cf. ogwhi-), snake, worm
QHO-P?FE (+ animal name), CONSTRICTOR SNAKE, GEB (EGYPTIAN EARTH-GOD; Egyptian Gb, Geb; IE *onkbh- in Greek ophis, snake, listed under angw(h)i-, snake, worm
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
QHO, WRAP ONE'S SELF AROUND; Egyptian *g, *wrap around (Egyptian V33, 'bag of linen', used as a determinative for 'tie up, pack, envelop')
QHO-¿E (+ -like), BE WRAPPING AROUND, THROTTLING; IE *onky- in Greek agkho:, throttle, listed incorrectly under ang^h-, narrow, restrict, tie up
QHO-¿E-QHO-¿E, ALL WRAPPED AROUND; Sumerian ñiñ-3, surround (J. 886); IE 1. kenk- (for *kinki-), gird, bind around, bind to
QHO-¿E, SCROTUM; Sumerian ñu, *scrotum (J. 119 reads nu, and probably means 'scrotum')
QHO-FA, WRAP UP, WIND; Sumerian ñu-10, millstone (J. 893 reads nu-10, and means 'millstone')
QHO-RE (+ make), WRAP (BY ROLLING); IE 3. (s)ker-, turn, bend
QHO-RE-¿E (+ -like), WRAPPER; Egyptian g3, *roll-pack (Egyptian V32, 'wickerwork frail'), used as a determinative in g3.wt, 'bundles' ); IE (s)krei-, *round container, list under 3. (s)ker-, turn, bend; Tibetan d-kri, anything to wrap with
QHO-RO (+ hgh degree), VERY WRAPPED AROUND, IMMOBILIZED, HOOKED; Egyptian gr, be silent, quiet, still, cease, desist; Sumerian g≈ul, plunder, hold back, capture (J. 772 depicts an anchor over water)
QHO, SNARE, HOOK INTO, BARB; IE *onk- in Latin uncus, barb, listed under 2. ank-, bend
QHO-FA (+ frequentative), BE SECURED WITH A HOOK; Chinese gōu, hook
QHO-RO (+ high degree), SNARE, HOOK; Egyptian *gr, *hook (Egyptian U17-18, 'pick excavating a pool`, rather 'anchor over water`); IE *onkro- in Greek agku:ra, anchor, listed under 2. ank-, bend
QHO-RO-¿E (+ -like), BE HOOKING INTO, ESTABLISHING; Egyptian gr(g), found, people, furnish, settle, provide for, set in order, be ready, put one's trust in, make preparation; Sumerian eng≈ar, peasant, *cultivate, *plant, *found (J. 97 reads engar, and means 'peasant, cultivate, plant, found`); IE *onkroi- in OHG angar, village green, pasture, listed under 2. ank-, bend
QHO-'RO, LIE; Egyptian gr(g), lie
QHO-SO (+ skin), ARMPIT; Egyptian gs, *armpit (SEE QO-'SO, SHOULDER); IE ak^s- (for *onkso-), axis, *armpit (cf. Anglo-Saxon o:xn, armpit)
* * *
- R -
Chinese: R=l; final R=` (falling tone) Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff): RA=ra RA-¿E=ri |
BODY
VERTEBRA(E), SPINAL COLUMN, NUGGET, KNOT (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest above'); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (g-)ra, fishbone/spine
RA-¿E (+ -like), NASAL BONE; Sumerian ri-13, *nose (J. 454 displays a nose); in IE *nasri- (cf. Latin na:ris, nasal cavity; Old Bulgarian nozdri, nasal passages), nose, listed under nas-, nose (NA-SO)
RA-¿E-NA (+ one), NOSE; IE *rain- in Old Icelandic rani, snout, trunk, listed incorrectly under 3. er-, set one's self into motion, etc.
RA-¿E (+ -like), VERTEBRAL
RA-¿E-P?FO-¿E (+ bone), RIB, CRESCENT MOON; Egyptian *3b, *rib (Egyptian 3bd, month, is 3b-d, 'rib-appearance [thumb]', referring to the new crescent moon; it is written with N11, 'crescent moon'; because *3b went out of fashion as a term for 'rib', another sign, F42, 'rib', is employed for spr, rib); Sumerian rib/p-an (for *rip-an), *rib (middle) of the sky (Akkadian biri:tum) (J. 597, rib/p); IE 2. rebh- (for *raibh-), arch over, roof over, rib
RA-¿E-P?FO-¿E-T?A (+ thumb), (BEGINNING OF THE) MONTH; Egyptian 3bd, month Sumerian *ripad, beginning of the month (J. 93 is a combination of J. 92 (month) and J. 112, pad-2)
RA-¿E (+ -like), SPINAL CORD; Egyptian *3j, *spinal cord (Egyptian F39, 'backbone with spinal cord issuing from it'); Sumerian ri-11, innards (J. 723 shows a back with ribs and spine)
RA-¿E-FA (+ set), VERTEBRAE, BACKBONE; Chinese lü^, backbone
RA-THO (+ assemblage), BACKBONE
RA-THO, STRENGTH; Egyptian 3.t, striking power of the god; IE *ra-to- in Avestan -6r6ti-, energy, listed incorrectly under 3. er-, set one's self into motion, etc.
K?XO-RA (hole +), MOUNTAIN PASS; Sumerian kur, mountain (J. 668)
K?XO-RA-THO (+ assemblage), MOUNTAIN RIDGE; Egyptian x3[s].t, hill-country; IE ghra-t-, *mountain ridge (cf. MHG gra:t, mountain ridge), listed incorrectly under 3. gher-, stick out
PLANT
RA, (CROWN OF THE) TREE, POST (Egyptian M1, 'tree')
RA-¿E (+ -like), BRANCH, STICK
RA-¿E-MHA (+ tool), LATH, THROWING STICK; Egyptian *3m, *throwing stick (Egyptian T14, 'throw-stick'; T14 is used as a phonetic determinant in qm3(m), throw; because it phonetically resembled *3m, *colored man (RA-¿E-MO), it also stands for *m3 (MHO-RHA-¿E, colored man); from these uses, it was generally used as a semantic determinant for foreigners); IE rem-,rest, lean upon, support; in Germanic, lath, moulding
RA-¿E-MHA-SO (+ pull), BOOMERANG; Egyptian 3ms, club, mace, *boomerang
RA-¿E, TALL, HIGH, LONG; Sumerian ri-5, *high (J. 603 reads ri-5, and means 'high`); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) s-riŋ, long
RA-FA (+ set), TREES
RA-FA, TENDRILS
RA-FA-T?A (+ give), GROW; Egyptian rd, shoot (of tree),grow; *rod- (cf. Russian rastu, grow [rod-to:]), grow, listed under er(6)d-, high, grow
RA-FA, ANTLERS; Chinese lù, antler
RA-FA, DEER; Chinese lù, deer
RA-KHO (+ little), POLE; IE 1. rek- (for *rak-), reach up, pole
RA-KHO-FA (+ set), POLES
RA-KHO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BED; Egyptian 3Tw.t, bed
RA-KHO-P?A (+ piece), START TO CARRY WITH POLES, START LOADING; Egyptian 3Tp, load
VERBAL
RA, TALL, HIGH
RA-MO (+ overall), ESTEEM; Egyptian (j)3m, be pleasant to, be gracious towards, be happy about (the word entered under jm3 is a conflation of ?A-MO, ?A-MO-¿E, ?A-MO-RE, and RA-MO); Sumerian ram(a), love (J. 362 reads ram(a), and means 'love'); IE *ram-, love, in Sanskrit ramate:, stands still, finds pleasure, practices love, listed under rem- (for *ram-), rest, prop up, prop
RA-MO (+ flesh), SHOULDER, SUPPORT; IE rem- (for *ram-), rest, lean upon, support
RA-MO-¿E (+ -like), SET UP; IE *ramoi- in Sanskrit r/a:mayati, stops, makes fast, listed under rem-, rest, lean upon, support
?A-RA (top +), TREE-TOP
?A-RA-THO (+ assemblage), STANDARD; Egyptian j3.t, standard
?A-RA-T?SO (+ branch), TREE; IE *ardh-, tree, in Latin arbor, tree, listed under er(6)d-, high, grow
?A-RA-T?SO-FA (+ set), HIGH; IE *ardwo- in Latin arduus, high, listed under er(6)d-, high, grow
RA, TALL, LONG; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) m-raŋ, high, long
RA-FA (+ frequentative), MADE TALL, OPEN; IE rew6-, open; Egyptian 3w, long (of space)
RA, BE FLEXIBLE/FLEXIBLY ATTACHED
RA, SHADE, DIM
ADPOSITIONAL
RA, OVER
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: R=l; final R=` (falling tone) Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff): RA=ra RA-¿E=ri |
BODY
RE, FINGER/TOENAIL (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from above'); (Egyptian D51, 'finger horizontally')
VERBAL
RE, SCRATCH
RE-?A (+ stative), SCRATCHED
RE-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE SCRATCHING (COUNTING MARKS), COUNT; IE re:i-, count, in Old Irish ri:m, number, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, fit
RE-?A-T?A (+ give), GIVE A SCRATCH; Egyptian 3d, be savage, aggressive, angry; IE 2. re:d-, score, chip, scratch, gnaw
RE-?A-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), KEEP COUNT; Sumerian rid/t/T, count (J. 580 reads rid/t/T*, and means 'count'); IE re:i-dh-, count, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, fit
RE-?A-¿E, SCRATCH, COUNTING MARK; Chinese lí, unit of length (1/3 mm, .1 fēn {1/3 cm}, .01 cùn {3-1/3 cm},.001 chî {1/3 m}, .0001 zhàng {3-1/3 m}); unit of weight .05 g, .1 fēn {.5 g}; unit of area (.666 m², .01 fēn {66.666 m²}); unit of currency (.001 yuán, .01 fēn, .1 jiâo); unit of monthly interest (.1%); unit of annual interest (1%)
RE-¿E, COMB; Sumerian ri-4, *comb (J. 920 reads ri-4, and means 'comb')
RE-¿E, SCRATCH INTO; Sumerian ri-11, *scratch into (J. 723 reads ri-11, and means 'scratch into'); IE 1. rei-, scratch, rip, cut; Chinese lí, plough, work with a plough, plough
RE-¿E-SO (+ pull), SCRATCH DEEPLY; IE reis-, damage, wound
MINERAL
RE-¿E, GRANULE, ROUGH; IE ere:-, *sand, in Old Russian rěn', sandbank, and Old Indian re:Nú-, dust, listed under d. erei- under 3. er-, put one's self into motion, arouse, raise up; Chinese shā, sand, granulated, powdered, hoarse, husky (of voice)
RE-¿E, ORE; Sumerian ri-11, ore (J. 723)
RE-¿E, STRIPED; IE 2. rei-, roi-, in words for brightly striped, speckled
RE-¿E-P?A (+ spot), STRIPE
SA-RE-¿E-P?A (strong +), STRIPE; IE streib-, *stripe, listed under 4. ster-, stripe, line, strand (SA-RE- s(t)re-)
RE-FA (+ frequentative), SCRATCH UP; IE 2. reu-, rip up, dig, root up, rip out, snatch
RE-FA-T?A (+ give), GIVE SCRATCHES; Sumerian rud, *trench (J. 129 reads rud, and means 'trench'); IE reud-, rip apart, listed under 2. reu-, rip up, etc.
?E-RE-FA (from the top +), SCRATCH OUT, INVESTIGATE; IE 1. ereu-, seek after, investigate, ask; Chinese lü`, consider, ponder, think over
RE-THO (+ assemblage), PERIOD OF TIME; Egyptian 3t, moment, instant; IE rt-, set time, listed under 1. ar-, stacking wood
RE, CLAW, STIFFLY FLEXIBLE
SA-RE (strong +), STIFF, CROOKED: IE 5. ser-, sickle, curved hook; 1. (s)ter-, inflexible, be stiff, strut, etc. (for str-; cf. Anglo-Saxon strec, inflexible); Sumerian *sar, *stiff (Comb. 1616 = 2x J. 560; a meaning of J. 560 is storm; the combination has Akkadian šâru, wind; it also has the Akkadian glosses for storm and stiff(en); we conclude an unrecognized meaning of J. 560 is sar, and attribute it the meaning stiff, but because of the â, possible this is *sur [for *saur]); Basque sor, stiff, unbending
VERBAL
RE, LET FALL, APPLY, MAKE
RE-FA (+ frequentative), BRING DOWN ON, PRESENT; Egyptian 3w(jj), present; Sumerian ri/e, present (J. 132 reads ri/e, and means 'present')
RE-FA-¿E (+ -like), BE PRESENTING; Egyptian 3wj(j), present; Sumerian rig-5 (for rig~(i)-5), present (J. 132)
GRAMMATICAL
RE, SMALL INDEFINITE INANIMATE PLURAL, ANY ONE (OF MANY); Sumerian ri-11 (for *re-11), it (J. 723 - usually transcribed ur-5 - means 'scratch' into)
-RE, INANIMATE TRANSFORMATIVE ('CAUSE TO BECOME')
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: R=l; final R=` (falling tone) Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff): RA=ra RA-¿E=ri |
BODY
RO, LIP; Egyptian *r, lip (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to above'); (Egyptian D21, 'mouth', rather 'lips')
RO-¿E (+ -like), LIPS, MOUTH; Egyptian r/, mouth (Coptic ro, mouth); IE *roi- in Modern Persian ro:i, face, listed incorrectly under 1. leudh-, grow high; Latvian rija, mouth/throat
RO-¿E, BOW; Egyptian *r, bow, in r-wD, bow-string (RO-¿E-FHO-T?SE); Sumerian *ru, bow (J. 111 reads ru, and means 'bow')
RO-¿E-FA (+ set), LIPS, LABIA MAJORA; Sumerian rag/k/q (for *rag~), *vulva (J. 919 reads rag/k/q, and means 'vulva')
VERBAL
RO, BE RAISED; Sumerian la-2, raise, hang up (J. 832)
RO-FA (+ frequentative), RAISE UP; Egyptian rw, dance, palpitate (heart), clap (hands)
RO-FA-T?SE (+ finger), EXERT ONE'S SELF STRONGLY; Egyptian rwD, hard, firm, strong, effective, persistent, prosperous, prosper, successful, succeed, prevail; IE ro:-dh-, succeed, bring about, prevail, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, fit
RO-FA, BE RAISED UP, VERY; Egyptian rw, go away, depart, pass away, advance, serve, expel, drive off, remove, leave, escape; Sumerian lu, abundant, be much (J. 894); IE rew- (for *row-; cf. Latin ruo:, rip up, root, score), rip up, dig, root up, rip out, snatch
RO-FA-¿E (+ -like), BE RAISING UP; Egyptian rwj, go away, depart, pass away, advance, serve, expel, drive off, remove, leave, escape
RO-FA-RO-FA (+ reduplication), ROOT UP
RO-FA-RO-FA, WILD BOAR; Egyptian rr(j) (for *rr - cf. rrw.t, sow), boar; Sumerian lul, *wild boar (J. 657 reads lul, and means 'wild boar', and has other readings meaning 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'fox' [lub/p] and [puh], 'lion' [lu-5], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - means 'pest')
RO-MO (+ flesh), SHOULDER; Egyptian *rm, *shoulder (Egyptian 'arm with shoulder and side', not listed in Gardiner); Sumerian lum, *shoulder (J. 935 reads lum, and means 'bear fruit',and depicts an arm and side); IE r:-mo-, arm (for *r6mo-, shoulder) in Serbian rame, shoulder, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, belong
RO-MO-NA (+ one), SHOULDER; Egyptian rmn, shoulder, arm, uprights (of ladder), side
RO-MO-NA-¿E (+ -like), CARRY, STAND AT THE SIDE; Egyptian rmn, shoulder, carry, support, stand beside, match, equal; IE *r6m6ny- in Sanskrit ramna:ti, bring to a standstill, secure, delight, listed under rem-, rest, prop up, support; Basque eraman, carry
RO-MO-¿E (+ -like), CARRY; Sumerian lum, bear fruit, *carry (J. 935); IE *r6mi- in Lithuanian remiu, support, listed under rem-, rest, prop up, support
BODY
RO, ADULT; Sumerian la-6, strong (J. 597); lu-2, human (J. 611)
RO-?A (+ stative), ADULT, MAN; Egyptian r/, in phrases like r/-Hrjj, master, chief; Sumerian ru-3, man (J. 1 reads ru-3, and means 'man'; IE *ro:- in Old Irish ru:(a)e, hero, listed incorrectly under 3. er-, set one's self into motion, etc.
RO-?A-MHA (+ right hand), MAN; Egyptian in rmT, man/men; Sumerian rum, *man (J. 1 reads rum, and means 'man'); lum, *manliness (J. 935 means 'manliness' and reads lum); cf. also IE *rōm6- in Latin Rōma, Rome; Old Indian ra:ma-, name of people; (cf. also lam-3, spouse (J. 922 reads lam-3, and means 'spouse') Romany rom, man, husband); Burushaski rôm, clan, tribe, community
RO-?A-MHA-NA (+ one), MAN; IE *rōm6:n- in Latin Rōmānus, Roman (cf. also Romany romano, gypsy man)
RO-MO, ADULT; Sumerian lam-3, spouse (J. 922 reads lam-3, and means 'spous)
-RO,(INANIMATE COMPARATIVE, 'MORE'); Egyptian -r; Sumerian -l; cf. la, fullness (J. 96); IE -(e)ro, comparative suffix
MINERAL
RO, PART; Sumerian la, shard (J. 96)
RO-¿E (+ -like), PART; Egyptian r(/), part
RO, RAISE VOICE, CALL OUT
RO, OPEN BY RAISING
GRAMMATICAL
-RO, NOMEN INSTRUMENTI; Egyptian -r; Sumerian -l; IE -ro, nomina instrumenti
-RO, NOMEN AGENTIS (NOMEN INSTRUMENTI USED AS NOMEN AGENTIS); Egyptian -r; Sumerian -l - e.g. ud/tul-6, shepherd (J. 544), from udu, sheep (J. 894) [FO-¿A-'THO]; IE -ro, sign of nomina instrumenti used as nomina agentis
-RO, INANIMATE AUGMENTATIVE ('DONE TO A HIGH DEGREE')
* * *
- R H -
Chinese: RH=sh RHA=r(r1) ; RHE=l(l2); RHO=l(l2) Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) RHE=ri |
ANIMAL
RHA, BIRD (animate: literally, 'who is in motion above'); (Egyptian G1, 'Egyptian vulture'); Egyptian 3, vulture, bird in general; IE 1. er- (for *(e)ra:-), eagle, larger bird in general
VERBAL
RHA, BE IN MOTION (HIGH ABOVE), FLY; SUSPEND; IE r-, *be in motion, listed under 3. er- : or- : r-, put one's self into motion, arouse, raise up; Chinese shā, kill, slaughter, fight, go into battle, weaken, reduce, abate, smart, take off, counteract, in the extreme, exceedingly
RHA-FA (+ frequentative), BE LOOSENED OUT, STRETCHED LONG, WIDE; Egyptian 3w, long (stretched out), *loose (Egyptian F40, 'portion of backbone with spinal cord issuing at both ends'); Sumerian rag/k/q (for *rag~), be wide (J. 919); IE rew6- (for *ra:w-), open, wide, *loose (cf. Avestan ravas-čarat, what moves itself freely); reu- (for *ra:u-), *loose, in Old Icelandic rogg, long hair, listed incorrectly under 2. reu-, rip up, dig out, root up, rip out, snatch
PHA-RHA (over +), FLY OVER, HOP OVER, BE JOYFUL; IE in pra:i-, like, spare, peaceful-happy emotion
PHA-RHA-¿E (+ like), FLY/HOP OUT OF; IE pra:i-, like, spare, peaceful-happy emotion
PHA-RHA-FHA (+ frequentative), FLY/HOP OUT OF; IE preu- (for *pra:u-), leap, hop; preu- (for *pra:u-), spray, spurt, sneeze violently, puff (listed under 1. per-)/
SA-RHA-FA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY LOOSENED OUT, STRETCHED LONG, WIDENED; Egyptian s3w, lengthen, prolong; Sumerian šal, wide, stretch out (J. 919)
RHA-HA (+ stative), UNCONNECTED. BE LOOSE, FOOLISH, RELEASED; Sumerian ra, beat, *be (let) loose (exx. gu-3...ra, shout (let loose from the throat); g≈iš...ra, thresh (let loose with a stick); kišib...ra, seal (let loose the cylinder); šu...ra, knead clay and make a clay tablet (let loose {soften} by hand); ti...ra, let loose an arrow); IE ra:- in Latin ra:rus, loose, listed under 5. er-, loose, unsound, distant, fall apart, come undone; Chinese shâ, stupid, muddleheaded
MINERAL
RHA, COLOR; IE 5. re:-, dark (for better *(e)ra:- as Latin ra:vus, gray, greenish yellow, shows)
RHA-¿E (+ -like), COLORFUL, COLORED, MOTTLED; IE 2. rei- (for *(e)ra:i-), brightly striped, flecked; Chinese shâi, color
RHA-¿E, DARKISH; IE 2. rei- (for *rai-, *darkish - cf. Lithuanian raî-nas, gray, brightly striped), roi-, in words for brightly striped, mottled
MO-RHA-¿E (blood +), COLORED MAN; *Egyptian *m3, *colored man (SEE RA-¿A-'MO above); IE mor(-u-), darken, dark color, dirt spot (cf. Greek Mauros, Moor)
SA-RHA-¿E (strong +), WELL-COLORED
SA-RHA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), DAPPLE; Egyptian s3b, dappled
-RHA, (FORMANT OF COLOR ADJECTIVES)
-RHA, (FORMANT OF [FLYING] INSECT NAMES)
ADVERBIAL
RHA, OVERHEAD
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: RH=sh RHA=r(r1); RHE=l(l2); RHO=l(l2 ) Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) RHE=ri |
ANIMAL
RHE, (LEO)PARD; Chinese shē, *leopard, in shē-lì, lynx; in Arabic hirrun, cat
RHE-¿E, LEOPARD, PANTHER; Chinese *lí, *leopard, in lí-māo, leopard cat
RHE-¿E (+ -like), SPOTTED; IE 2. rei- (for *re:i- - cf. Old Irish ri:abach, speckled), roi-, in words for brightly striped, mottled
+RHE-¿E-P?FE-¿E (+ animal name), SPOTTED ANIMAL; IE rei-bho- (for *re:i-bhei-), *spotted animal (cf. Latvian ràibs, colorful, speckled, especially of animals), listed under 2. rei-, roi-, in words for brightly striped, speckled
RHE-P?FE (+ animal name), (LEO)PARD
RHE-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), LEOPARDLIKE
RHE-P?FE-¿E-¿E, PANTHER; Egyptian 3bjj, panther
P?FO-RHE (trunk +), (LEO)PARD; Egyptian b3, leopard (Egyptian F9, 'head of leopard'); cf. Arabic ?abradun, leopard
P?FO-RHE-THO (+ assemblage), PACK OF (LEO)PARDS; IE *bh6re:t- in Greek párdos, leopard (from an Oriental source)
PHO-NA-THSE-¿E-RHE (path +), (LEO)PARD, PANTHER; IE *pNtheire: in Greek pánthe:r, panther
ANIMATE NATURE
RHE, RAIN (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from above') (Egyptian M15, 'clump of papyrus with buds bent down'): Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) in ri(a)j, water
RHE-¿E (+ -like), RAINY, WET; IE erei- (for *ere:i-), flowing, listed under 3. er-, put one's self in motion, etc.
RHE-¿E, DRIP, FLOW; Sumerian ri-4, *flow (J. 920 reads ri-4, and means 'flow' though the original meaning is 'comb', RE-¿E); IE ri:-, flow, listed under 3. er-, put one's self into motion, etc.
RHE-¿E-K?XO-¿E (+ hole), RAIN-PUDDLE; Egyptian 3x, *rain-flood (cf. 3x.t, innundation season); Sumerian rah (for *rih), downpour, innundation (J. 609); IE 2. reg^- (for *(e)re:ighy-), wet, water, rain
RHE-¿E-SE (+ emit), FLOW FAST, HURRY; Egyptian 3z, flow fast, hurry; IE reis- (for *(e)re:is-), flow, hurry, listed under 3. er-, set one's self in motion
?E-RHE-¿E (off of +), FLOW OUT; IE erei-, flow, listed mistakenly under 3. er-; Basque erion, to spill, pour, leak
RHE-KHE (+ gray); MOISTURE; IE 2. reg^-, rek^- (for *re:k^-) (rek-?), wet, water, rain; Chinese shāng, moisture in the soil
RHE-NA (+ stone), KIDNEY(-STONE); IE *re:na- in Latin re:ne:s, kidneys; Chinese shèn, kidney
SA-RHE (strong +), STREAM; Sumerian sar-3, *stream (J. 456 reads sar-3, and means 'flow out'; IE 1. ser- (for *sre:-), stream, move one's self fast and strongly
VERBAL
RHE, COME (DOWN); Egyptian 3, tread (Egyptian D56, 'leg'); Sumerian ri-6, go, come (J. 410, which portrays a 'leg'); IE *(e)r(e:), *come (cf. Avestan r6na, meeting), listed under 3. er-, put one's self into motion, arouse, raise up
RHE-¿E (+ -like), BE COMING
RHE-¿E-HE (+ go), BE COMING (AND GOING); Arabic râha/yarîhu, go and come
RHE-¿E-K?E (+ poke), BE REACHED; Sumerian rig-5, present (J. 132); IE re:ig^-, stretch, reach out, reach with outstretched hand or present and related, listed under (reig^-)
RHE-FHA, COME COMPLETELY, BE EXTENDED TO; Egyptian 3w(jj), extend; Sumerian ri/e, pull (to one's self) (J. 132); IE 2. reu-, rip up, dig, root up, rip out, snatch
RHE-FHA (frequentative), HURRY; ri-6, *hurry (J. 410 reads ri-6, and means 'hurry'); IE *(e)re:u- (in Latin ruo:, race, hurry, storm into, hurry, listed under 3. er-, put one's self into motion, arouse, raise up
RHE-FHA-¿E (+ -like), HURRY
RHE-FHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), AROUSE ONE'S SELF; Egyptian 3wjj, arouse one's self
HE-RHE-FA (river +), HURRY (COME BY BOAT); Sumerian ir-10, hurry (J. 410); IE ereu- (for *ere:u-), *hurry, listed under 3. er-, put one's self into motion
RHE-P?FE (+ foot), HURRY; IE 1. rebh-, move one's self, hurry around; Arabic in haraba/yahrubu, run away, flee
HE-RHE (river +), COME (BY BOAT); Sumerian i/er, come (J. 457); ir-10, come (J. 410); IE er(e)- (for *e:re:-), row, listed under 1. er6-, row
RHE-RHE (+ reduplication), ARRIVE; Sumerian (e)re-7 (ere for *rere), come (2x J. 410)
SA-RHE, COME DELIBERATELY;
SA-RHE (strong +), COME STRONGLY, ENTER; Egyptian z3, betake one's self to; IE 1. ser-, stream, move one's self quickly and forcefully; Basque sartu, enter, come in
SA-RHE-¿E (strong +), STRIVE; IE stre/e:i-, strive (for insertion of -t-, compare sreu- : English stream), mistakenly listed under 1. (s)ter-, stiff; Basque sarriketa, competition, contest
VERBAL
RHE, FALL
?E-RHE (off of +), FALL FROM
?E-RHE, CONDENSING MOISTURE, FLUID; Chinese yè, liquid, fluid, juice
HO-RHE (across to the to of +), COME DOWN; Egyptian h3, come down, go down, fall, charge down upon; Sumerian: since J. 805 (u-3, rest) is obviously HHO, and J. 123 means 'travel (board a boat), bathe, *go down (into); and in view of the meanings 'dog' (J. 945: ur, dog), 'doorleaf-post and strong' (J. 496: ur-3, strong, beam), among others, we should probably emend the reading of J. 123 to ur-x, representing HO-RHE; IE or- (for *o:re:-) , put into motion, raise, also of movement downwards, listed under 3. er-
HO-RHE-¿E (+ -like), FALL UPON, ATTACK, HUNT; Egyptian h3, come down, go down, fall, charge down upon; Sumerian ur, hunt (J. 945)
HO-RHE-¿E, HUNTSMAN; Sumerian ur, *huntsman (J. 945 means 'hunt' and 'human', i.e. 'huntsman'); IE *o:ri- in Greek O:rio:n, Orion the hunter
HO-RHE-¿E, PREDATOR, ENEMY; Sumerian ur, dog (J. 945); ur-ri, enemy (Comb. 3554: J. 945, ur + J. 132, ri/e)
HO-RHE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), PREDATORY, INIMICAL; Sumerian ur (for *uri), inimical (J. 945)
HO-RHE-¿E-HA-NO (+ breeze = sky), ORION (GREEK MARS AS HUNTER OF THE SKY); IE *o:riwa:n- in Greek O:rio:n, Orion the hunter
SA-RHE (strong +), FALL DOWN; IE stre:-, fall, listed under 1. (s)ter-, rigid, be stiff, stiff, firm object, especially a plant-stem, go stiffly, stumble, fall, strut (sr- s[t]r-)
SA-RHE (strong +), PRESS OUT; Sumerian šur, press out, tread out (J. 163); IE stre:-, spread out, listed under 5. ster-, spread out, strew about (sr- s[t]r-)
SA-RHE (strong +), EXCRETE; IE *stre:-, excrete, listed under 8. (s)ter-, in words for impure liquid, manure, befoul, decompose
RHE, SPRINKLE
RHE-¿E (+ -like), BE SIFTING; IE 5. er-, er6-, thematic (e)r-ĕ-, loose, unsound, distant, fall apart, come undone, *sift (cf. Lithuanian rê@∙tis, husk-sieve); Chinese shāi, sieve, sifter, screen, sift
RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), SPRINKLE OUT
SA-RHE-FHA (strong +), STREW; IE streu-, spread out, strew about, listed under 5. ster- (sr- s[t]r)
RHE, SCREAM
RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), ROARING; IE 1. reu-, roar; Tibetan ro-tsa, sexual instinct, lust
RHE-THO (+ assemblage), ROARING RAGE; IE re:-t-, screaming, listed under 3. rei-; Egyptian 3t, striking-power (really rage; Egyptian writes leopard's head as determinative)
GRAMMATICAL
RHE, SMALL INDEFINITE ANIMATE PLURAL, ANY ONE (OF MANY); Sumerian ri-11 (for *re-11), it (J. 723 - usually transcribed ur-5 - means 'scratch' into)
-RHE, INANIMATE TRANSFORMATIVE ('BECOME')
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: RH=sh RHA=r(r1); RHE=l(l2); RHO=l(l2 ) Sino-Tibetan (Starostin) RHE=ri |
ANIMAL
RHO, ANTELOPE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to above' ['jumps'])
RHO-FHA (+ set), ANTELOPES, ANTELOPELIKE; Sumerian lu, sheep (J. 894)
RHO-FHA-NA (+ one), ANTELOPE; IE *lo:un- in Middle Irish lon, wether, mutton, listed incorrectly under 2. leu-, cut off, separate, let loose
RHO-FHA (+ predator), LION; Egyptian rw, lion; Sumerian lu-5, *lion (J. 657 reads lu-5, *lion, and has other readings meaning 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'fox' [lub/p] and [puh], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest'); IE *lo:u- in Greek léo:n, lion
RHO-FHA-NA (+ one), LION; IE *(e)l6:u- in Greek léo:n, lion
RHO-FHA-NA-KHO (+ little), LYNX; IE *lo:unk- in Greek lúgx, lynx
VERBAL
RHO, SPRINGER, JUMPER
?E-RHO (off of +), RISE FROM; IE el6- (for *elo:-), drive, set in motion, move one's self, go, listed under 6. el-
RHO, LOUSE
RHO-FHA (+ set), LICE; IE luwa:, louse, listed under lu/u:s
GRAMMATICAL
-RHO, ANIMATE AUGMENTATIVE ('DO TO A HIGH DEGREE')
-RHO,(ANIMATE COMPARATIVE, 'MORE'); Egyptian -r; Sumerian -l; cf. la, fullness (J. 96); IE -(e)lo, comparative suffix
* * *
- S -
Austronesian -SE=-s Chinese: S=r Tibetan SE=z; SO=zh Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) SA=sa |
SA, SINEW (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest over lateral points'); Egyptian *z, sinew (Egyptian O34, 'bolt', rather 'cord with knot'); Sumerian sa, net, bundle, joint, *sinew (J. 169); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (r-)sa, vein, sinew
SA-¿E, VERTEBRA, SPINAL CORD
SA-¿E, SINEWY, STRONG (UNBREAKABLE)
SA-¿E-NA (+ ingressive), START TO STRENGTHEN; Basque in sendoketa, strengthening, fortifying, consolidation, solidification
SA, CORD
SA-?A (+ stative), TIED
SA-?A-¿E (+ -like), TIE; IE 3. se:(i)-, bind, etc.
SA-¿E, CORD; Egyptian z/, doorbolt; Sumerian ši-4 (for *sê-x?), *cord (J. 893 reads ši-4, and means 'cord'); IE si-, cord, listed under se:(i)- , bind, etc. sya- - cf. si:-
SA-¿E-MO (+ overall), TIE TOGETHER; Egyptian zm(3), unite, join (Egyptian F36, 'lung and windpipe', rather 'hive on branch', i.e. SHO-¿E-MO); Sumerian šem-3 (for *šim), a (*stringed) musical instrument (J. 765); sim-2, tie together (J. 322 reads sim-2, and means 'add to, grab, throw down'); IE *si-mo-, band, in Greek himao:, pull up by a rope, listed under 3. se:(i)-, bind, etc.
SA-¿E-MHA (+ hold onto), WILD BULL; Egyptain zm(3), wild bull; Sumerian šem-5 (for *šim), a tied-down cow (J. 763 = J. 759 [cow] + J. 170 [bind])
SA-¿E-NA (+ one), SINEW, VEIN; IE sein-, sinew, listed under 3. se:(i)-, bind; Sumerian *sin, *tie (Comb. 1337 = J. 362 + J. 832, glossed Akkadian šindu, tying); Basque zain, vein, artery, tendon
SA-¿E-NHA (+ go back and forth), START TO TIE; IE seil-, rope, listed under 3. se:(i)-, bind; Basque zail, hard, tough, difficult
SA-¿E-RE (+ apply), ATTACH; IE 4. s(y)er-, line up against one another, fasten together; Egyptian z3, cattle-hobble; Sumerian *sar, *chain (Comb. 1238, which means chain is 2x J. 281. which reads sar, and pictures a knot in a rope; Basque sare. web, net, network
SA-HA (+ stative), ROPED OFF
SA-HA-RE (+ apply), ROPE OFF, INSULATE, PROTECT; IE 2. ser- (cf. Greek Hé:ra, Hera, protectress), give careful attention, protect, preserve; Chinese sì, watch, await; Arabic sahira, keep watch
SA-HA-RE-FA (+ frequentative), ROPE OFF, PROTECT; IE serw- (cf. Old Persian haurva, protecting), protect, listed under 2. ser-, give caring supervision, protect, preserve; Egyptian z3(w) (for *zj3), guard, ward off, restrain, beware (Gardiner A47, 'shepherd seated and wrapped in mantle, holding a stick with appendage'; rather, 'holding a loop of cord'); Arabic in ?asara, tie, bind
SA-HA-RE-FE (+ agentive), GUARDIAN; Egyptian z3w, guardian, warden (Egyptian A47, 'shepherd seated and wrapped in mantle, holding a stick with appendage'); IE *se:ru-, *watchman, in Greek Hé:ra, Hera, protectress (from *Hé:rwa), listed under 2. ser- (for *se:r-), give careful attention, protect, preserve
SA-RE, ATTACH; IE 4. ser-, line up against one another, fasten together; Egyptian z3, cattle-hobble; Sumerian *sar, *chain (Comb. 1238, which means chain is 2x J. 281, which reads sar, a pictures a know in a rope; Arabic in ?asara, tie, bind
VERBAL
SA, STRONG (UNBREAKABLE); Sumerian za-3 (for *sa-x), strength (J. 625)
SA-FA (+ number), TOTAL; Sumerian verbal prefix šu-2, totality (J. 908) but written šu, hand (J. 651 - {SE-FA}); Basque zu- in numerous compounds
SA-HHA (+ water), POISON
SA-HHA-NA (+ one/stone), POISON ARROW; Egyptian *zjn, arrow (Gardiner T11, 'arrow', reads zjn and zwn); Sumerian šun / še/in, *arrow (J. 9 has both values, and means 'weapon' and 'war'; it pictures a pointed object with the sign for 'water' written on it; I assume this is a poison arrow)
SA, INTENSIVE PREFIX; IE *s-mobile
-SA, (PERFECTIVE); IE perfect (Latin -s perfects); s-aorists; s-mobile
SA, KNOT
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian -SE=-s Chinese: S=r Tibetan SE=z; SO=zh Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) SA=sa |
BODY
SE, BODILY EXCRETIONS (*SEMEN, EXCREMENT, URINE, SWEAT, FLATULENCE), SAP literally, 'what is moved from lateral points'); Sumerian še-10, excrement (J. 893); IE *se:-, excrement, in Latvian sievs, urine, listed incorrectly under sa:i-, pain, etc.; Basque sats, manure, fertilizer; Tibetan zla-wa, juice, semen
SE-HHA (+ water), SEMEN
SE-HHA-¿E (+ -like), SEMINAL
SE-HHA-¿E-NA (+ one), CHILD; Basque sein, baby, infant
SE-HHA-ME + expel), INSEMINATE, CONCEIVE; IE se:m-, seed, listed under 2. se:(i)-, send forth; Basque seme, son
SE, SEPARATE, APART
SE-?A (+ stative), DEPLETED
SE-?A-¿E (+ -like), DEPLETE
SE-?A-¿E-RE (+ make), MAKE DEPLETED, WEAKENED; Egyptian z3, weak; Sumerian šir-6, *weak (J. 273 reads šir-6, and means 'weak'); IE *se:r-, hurtful, in OHG se:r, hurtful, listed under sa:i- (for *se:i-), hurt, sickness, harm
SE-?A-K?XA (+ hang), SLUMP FROM WEAKNESS; Egyptian zk, perish, destroy; Sumerian šig/k/q, weak (J. 965); IE *se:g- in Modern English sick
SE-¿E (+ -like), SEPARATE
SE-¿E-MO (+ overall), (PART OF HAIR AT) CROWN (OF HEAD); Egyptian zm(3), scalp, side; IE *se:i-mo- in Sanskrit si:ma:, crown of head, listed under
SE-FA (+ frequentative), CLEARED AWAY, SWEPT; IE 3. seu-: su-: sew6-: su:- (for *se:u-), bend, turn, drive on, *sweep (cf. Old Irish so:(a)id, turns, sweeps; Chinese sâo, sweep, clear away, pass quickly along or over, put all together
SE-FA, WINNOW; IE 4. seu-, seu-t-, boil, be powerfully moved, *winnow (cf. Lithuanian siau~sti, winnow (grain), separate the chaff from the kernels, play, rave, rage; Chinese sāo, scratch; sāo, disturb, upset
SE-FA (+ palm), HAND (UNCLEAN), HAND (RIGHT); Sumerian šu-, (right) hand (J. 651) {the earliest speakers of Nostratic were predominantly left-handed, and assigned the right hand for unclean activities}
SE-FA-¿E (+ -like), PERTAINING TO HAND (UNCLEAN), LEFT; IE sewyo- (for *seuy-), left {the later Indo-European speakers who adopted Nostratic were predominantly right-handed, and assigned the left hand for unclean activities}
SE-HHA, URINE
SE-HHA-RHA (+ color), DIRTY WHITE/GRAY; IE 2. sal- (and *sa:r-); cf. Old Indian sa:ra, gray; Basque in saratxo, place of willows
SE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SEPARATE, SEGREGATE; IE *sein- (for *seni-) in Germanic OHG sin-fluot, great flood, listed under 2. sem-, one, together in one, unitarily, along with, with; Egyptian zn(j), cut off, sever; Basque in sendi, family; senar, husband
SE-NA-¿E (+ -like), RELATIVE; IE *sein- (for *seni-) in OHG sin-hi:un, spouses, listed under 2. sem-, one, etc.; Egyptian sn (for *zjn), brother; Egyptian sn (for *zn[j]), brother; sn.w (*zn[j].w), two; Basque senide, relative; senidego, brotherhood, sisterhood
SE-RE (+ let fall), EJACULATE; IE *ser- in Latin sero:, engender, and English sire, listed under 2. se:(i)-, send out
SE-RE, SON; Egyptian z3, son
VERBAL
SE, BE EMITTED, DRAWN OUT, EJECT, EXCRETE FORCEFULLY
SE-?A (+ stative), SHOT (INTRANSITIVE); Sumerian še-15, *shoot (J. 784 reads še-15, and depicts a 'bow'); Chinese sâ, sprinkle, spray, shed / scatter, sprinkle, spread
SE-?A-¿E (+ -like), SHOOT (TRANSITIVE); IE 2. se:(i)-, send out, throw, let fall, sow, alongside of relax, release, delay (late, slow, longlasting), relaxation, rest, sinking down, on the other hand, stick out the hand towards, string, strength
SE-?A-¿E-NA (+ stone), SPEAR(-HEAD); Egyptian zn, *spear (Egyptian T22 'two-barbed arrowhead', rather 'spearhead'); IE sein-, spear, in Old Indian se:na:, missile, throwing spear, under 2. se:(i)-, send out, etc.
SE-?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), SHOOT REPEATEDLY; IE *se:it-, shoot (cf. Old Indian prásita-, shooting at), listed under 2. se:(i)-, send out, etc.; Egyptian stj (for *zjt), shoot
SE-?A, SEED
SE-FA (+ frequentative), SHOOT OUT
SE-FA-NA (+ stone), ARROW(-HEAD); Egyptian *zwn, *arrow (Gardiner T11, 'arrow', reads zjn and zwn); Sumerian šun/še/in, *arrow (J. 9 has both values, and means 'weapon' and 'war'; it pictures a pointed object with the sign for 'water' written on it; I assume *zin/še/in is a poison arrow)
MO-HHA-SE-FA-NA (water +), HARPOON; Egyptian mzn, harpoon(er)
SE-FA-THO (+ assemblage)
SE-FA-THO-¿E (+ -like), SHOOT OUT REPEATEDLY, BOW; IE se:ut- in Old Indian prásu:ta-, sending off; Egyptian stj (for *z(w)tj), *bow (Gardiner's Aa31 [T10] depicts 'an archaic type of bow', and is used in the word for Nubia, which is therefore zwtj, Arabic aswad, black; Sumerian sud-3 (for *šud-3) is composed of J. 8 (su / šu-11) + J. 668 (šad) + J. 111 (ru, bow); we assume šud-3, bow; šud-2, *bow (J. 675 reads šud-2, and means 'pole, stick')
SE, DRIP
SE-¿E (+ -like), BE DAMPENING; IE sei-, drip, run, damp
SE-FA (+ frequentative), WETTED, MOISTENED, RAIN; IE 1. seu-, sew6- : su:- juice, wetness, press out juice, rain, run, sip (juice), suck; Chinese rú, immerse, moisten
SE-FA-¿E (+ -like), DAMPEN
SE-FA-¿E-T?A (+ give), GIVE OFF DAMPNESS; IE swe:id- (for *swa:id-), milk, *damp (cf. Old Indian kşvidyati, becomes damp), *dampen (cf. Latvian svadît, smear)
SE-FA-RHE (+ come), BECOME MOIST; IE 4. swer-, suppurate, fester; Chinese rù, humid, damp
SE-HHA (+ water), BE DRIPPING
SE-HHA-KHE, DARKEN FROM WATER LOSS, WITHER, DRY; Sumerian šig/k/q (for *šeg), dried, dry (J.965); IE 1. sek- (for *se:k^- - cf. Lithuanian skis, low spot), run off, dry up, sink in (of water)
SE-HHA-KHE-¿E (+ -like), DRY (TRANSITIVE); Egyptian zk, wipe, wipe away, wipe out
PLANT
SE, SEED; Sumerian še, barley, seed (J. 669); IE *se-, *seed, in Middle Welsh se, he, seed, listed incorrectly under 1. seg-, sow
SE-¿E (+ -like), BE SOWING; IE *sei- in Gothic saian, sow, listed under 2. se:(i)-, send off, throw, let fall, sow, etc.
SE-FA (+ set), SEEDS
SE-FA-K?O (+ twist), BE SCATTERING (SEEDS), SOWING; Sumerian šug-2, *seed (J. 669 reads šug-2, and means 'seed')
SE-FA-THO (+ assemblage), CEREAL; Egyptian z.wt, wheat; Sumerian šad/t-2, *seed (J. 102 reads šad/t-2, and means 'seed'); IE *sa:t - (from *sewat6-) in Old High German sa:t, sowing, seed, listed under 2. se:(i), release, throw, let fall, sow, etc.
SE-K?O (+ twist), BE SCATTERING (SEED), SOWING; Egyptian zT, strew, scatter, *sow (cf. zTw , sower) (Egyptian 'head with arms outstretched and a semicircle of grains stretching between them, with or without trunk and legs' — not in Budge); IE 1. seg-, sow; Chinese rēng, throw, toss, cast
GRAMMATICAL
SE, UNIQUE SINGULAR FORMANT FOR INANIMATES
-SE, INANIMATE SINGULATIVE ('DONE ONLY ONCE')
-SE, CONVERTS LEXICALLY DURATIVE VERBS TO PUNCTUAL
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Austronesian -SE=-s Chinese: S=r Tibetan SE=z; SO=zh Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) SA=sa |
BODY
SO, SKIN, THIN SHEET (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to lateral points (stretched)')
SO-¿E (+ -like), SKINLIKE; Egyptian *sj, *skin (Gardiner's F29 depicts a 'cow's skin pierced by an arrow'; it is used with s(j)t, shoot, to indicate j between s and t); Sumerian su, skin, flesh, body (J. 8)
SO-¿E-FA, (+ set); SKINS
SO-¿E-FA-RA (+ vertebrae), BACKSIDE; Egyptian s3, back; IE s(y)o:(u)ra: (for *syoura - cf. Latin su:ra, calf of the leg), calf of the leg; Sumerian *šur, *shoulder (Comb. 897 = J. 171, gu-2, neck + J. 832, lal = shoulder; the Akkadian transcription is šurru; J. 833, which is a duplication of J. 832, in combination with J. 281 (ši/er-3), reads šur-4; Basque *sor-, *back, in sorbalda, shoulder (balda, shelf); sorburu, shoulder (top); Chinese ròu, meat, flesh
SO-FA (+ set), SKINS
HHA-SO (water +), TESTICLE; Sumerian aš-7 (for *asw, i.e. "HHA-SO-FA), *testicle (J. 115 reads aš-7, and means 'testicle')
HHA-SO-FA-¿E (+ Egyptian dual), PAIR OF TESTICLES; Egyptian js.wj, pair of testicles
COLOR
SO, YELLOW; Sumerian sa-7 (J. 648)
SO, REDDISH-BROWN; Sumerian sa-11, fiery red (J. 191); sa-5, red, brown (J. 214)
SO-¿E (+ -like), REDDISH-BROWN; Sumerian si-4, red, redness (J. 191)
SO-FA (+ color formant), REDDISH-BROWN; Sumerian su-4, red, redness
BODY
SO, CLOTH ( HIDE ); Egyptian *s, cloth (Egyptian S29, 'folded cloth')
SO-XHE (+ curl around), TRAVEL-PACK; Egyptian in šms (for *sš), follow, accompany (the biliteral, with which this is written, Gardiner T18, 'crook (S39) with a package containing a knife, etc. lashed to it. The sign probably depicts the equipment of an early chieftain's attendant, pictures a walking stick with a pack tied on; a knife is occasionally made a part of the pack, a phonetic hint at sš, cut linen, which is determined with a knife; and sšm, form, similarly determined; given Coptic šmše, follow, this is probably metathesis brought on by a desire to distinguish it from sšm, lead; *sšm šms with the knife hinting at its earlier form. The final -m (then medial -m-) is from MO, human; IE *sek[w]- (for *sek^[w]-),follow
SO-XHE-¿E (+ -like), BROTHER (FRATERNAL); cf. Sumerian *siš (for šeš), brother (J. 622 reads še/iš, but also sis/š, and means 'brother'), listed under SO-¿E-XHE-¿E; IE *sek[w]y- (for *sek^[w]y-; cf. Latin socius, comrade; Old Indian sákhi-, companion [Gefährte]; *sok^[w]yos, follower), *fraternal brother (really *travelling companion), listed under 1. sek[w]-, follow
SO-XHE-MO (+ man), BROTHER (FRATERNAL); Egyptian šms (for sšm), follower (v. supra SO-XHE, TRAVEL-PACK); IE *sek[w]-m-, *follower, in Old Indian sa'kman-, following, listed under *sek[w]- (for *sek^[w]-),follow
SO-¿E (+ -like), CLOTH-LIKE, INSIGNIA
SO-¿E-XHE-¿E (+ wrap around), HEADBAND (INSIGNIA OF WARRIOR OR AGE-GROUP OR CLAN); Sumerian *siš, *headband (J. 622 reads siš, and pictures a headband; another reading of this sign, uri-2, may be based on FHA-RHE-¿E, CORDON)
SO-¿E-XHE-¿E, BROTHER (FRATERNAL); Sumerian *siš (for šeš), brother (J. 622 reads še/iš, but also sis/sš and means 'brother')
VERBAL
SO, PULL BACK TO, STRETCH, FOLD; Sumerian sa-9, *pull back (J. 118 reads sa-9, and means 'loosen, open, separate')
SO-¿E (+ -like), PULL BACK
SO-¿E-MO (+ overall), HAIR-STYLE, CHOPS, FACIAL HAIR; Egyptian sm3 (for *sjm), hairy part of the head, temple, hairs of the head; Chinese rán, whiskers, beard
SO-¿E-MO-KHA-¿E (+ hair), HAIR-STYLE, (FACIAL) HAIR; Egyptian smk (for *sjmkj), with long locks; IE smek- (for smok^-), chin, mouth-part, beard
SO, CART
SO, BE DRAWN INTO
SO-FA (+ frequentative), BE SUCKED OUT, SUCKED UP; IE 1. seu-, sew6- : su:- juice, wetness, press out juice, rain, run, sip (juice), suck; Chinese rû, breast, milk, give birth to, newborn (animal), sucking
SO-FA-KHXA (+ reed = straw), DRY BY SUCTION AFTER PENETRATION; IE seuk-, listed under 1. seu-, juice, dampness, suck, etc.; Egyptian in swH, wind; swH.t, egg; Basque xukatu, drain, dry
SO-FA, BEVERAGE; Egyptian sw, drink
SO-FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO DRINK; IE 1. swel-(k-), swallow, eat, drink (+KHXA-?A, straw)
SO-FA-RO (+ high degree), DRINK, SIP; Egyptian swr, drink; IE *seuro-, drink, in Sanskrit su:ra-, intoxicating beverage, and sura:, brandy, listed under 1. seu-, sew6- : su:- juice, wetness, press out juice, etc.; Basque zurrut, sound of a gulp, small swallow, sip
SO-¿E (+ -like), PULLED BACK, TOGETHER
SO-¿E-MHA (+ hold), BRING TOGETHER; IE seim- in Latin simi:tus, go together, listed under 2. sem-, one, together in one, etc.
SO-¿E-MHA-RE (+ apply), UNITE; Egyptian zm3 (for *sjm3), unite
SO-¿E-MHA, PUT TOGETHER, FIGURE OUT; Basque somatu, suspect, suppose
SO-¿E-RHE (+ come), COHABIT; IE s(y)er-, sexual congress, listed under 4. ser-, line up by one another, fasten; probably basis for English sire; Sumerian Sar-2, *procreate (J. 715 reads Sar-2, and means procreate); Basque sorrera, birth'; sormen, procreation
SO-FA (+ frequentative), SUCKED IN, SNIFFED, ABSORBED; IE 1. seu-, juice, wetness, press out juice, rain, run, sip (juice), suck; Basque sudur/sur, nose; suma, sense of smell; perhaps susmo, suspicion (su-su-)
SO-FA-¿E (+ -like), FRAGRANT
SO-FA-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY FRAGRANT; Sumerian šim, fragrant salve (J. 436); sim-4, evil-smelling, stink (J. 834 means stink, and reads sim-4); Egyptian s(j)m.w (for *swjm), pastures, plants, herbage, vegetables
SO-FA-KHO (+ little), SNIFF; Egyptian sT, odor, smell; Sumerian šag, sweet, good, merciful, grace (J. 658); IE seuk-, suck, listed under 1. seu-, juice, suck, etc.; swek-, smell (good), *sweet (cf. Welsh chweg, sweet, pleasant), *stink (cf. Old High German swehhan, smell, stink, well up)
SO-FA-MO (+ overall), FRAGRANCE; IE *swem-, fragrant, in MHG Schwamm, fungus; Sumerian sum, *onion (J. 322 reads sum, and pictures two tubers); Basque suma, (sense of) smell
SO-FA (+ frequentatve), DRAWN TOGETHER
SO-FA-K?O (+ twist), DRAWN TOGETHER BY TWISTING, COILED; IE sweg-, *wind around (cf. Old Indian svájate:, winds around, listed under sweng-, bend, swing turning, swivel
SO-FA-K?O, SNAKE; Sumerian sug-4, *snake (J. 677 reads sug-4, and means (black) snake; Basque suge, snake
SO-MO (+ overall), TOGETHER, SAME; IE som-, together, and somo-s, even, equal, same, common, listed under 2. sem- (for *so-mo-), one, together as one, unitary, together with, with; Chinese rán, right, correct, so, like that, but, nevertheless, however
-SO, OUTER LAYER OF ANY THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT, USED AS A FORMANT OF OBJECTS CHARACTERZED BY COLOR
* * *
- S H -
Chinese SH=s Tibetan SHE=s |
ANIMAL
SHA, SWINE, HIPPOPOTAMUS, SALTY, PINKISH (animate: literally, 'who is in movement at lateral points (horizontally unmoving))
SHA-FHA (+ set), SWINE (PLURAL), SWINISH; IE su/u:-s, domestic swine, sow
SHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), PORCINE
SHA-FHA-¿E-NA (+ one), PIG; IE su/u:i-no, pig, listed under su/u:-s, domestic pig, sow
SHA-FHA-KXHO-FA (+ cut off), SNOUT; Sumerian šah, swine (J. 94); IE *sukko- in Celtic *sukko-, swine, snout, ploughshare, listed under su/u:-s, domestic swine, sow
SHA-FHA-RO (+ high degree), SALTY; IE su:-ro-, sour, salty, bitter, later of cheeselike curdling
SHA-FHA-RO-¿E (+ like), SALTY, PORK; Basque zerri, pig
SHA-NA (+ one), PIG; Basque in zanpa-zanpa, like pigs, gluttonously; zantar, licentious, lustful
SHA, SATISFIED, SATED, FULL, LAZY, COME TO AN END, BE MOTIONLESS, IMMOBILE (ALSO FROM PARALYZING PAIN); Sumerian sa-5, be full (J. 214 reads sa-5, and means 'be full')
SHA, FEMALE (REFERRING TO LACK OF MOBILITY)
SHA-¿E (+ -like), IMMOBILE
SHA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), LEISURED, EXALTED, NOBLE, ELDER (OLD); Egyptian sr (for *zj), nobleman (Egyptian A21, 'man holding stick in one hand and handkerchief in the other'); Sumerian sal-2, become maturely strong (J. 456); IE stru-, old, honorable (syr syr s[t]r-); *sey-ro in Latvian sirm(i)s, old, gray with age; Basque zahar, old, aged
SHA-FHA (+ frequentative), SATISFIED
SHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), SATISFY, BE EQUAL; Arabic sâwâ, equal
SHA-FHA-MO (+ overall), SATISFIED, HIGHLY; OLDER; Sumerian in sumun, old (one) (J. 112)
SHA-FHA-MO-SHE, SATISFIED (ONE), HIGHLY; OLDER (ONE); Egyptian sms(w) (for *zwmz), old
SHA-FHA-NA (+ one), SATISFIED (ONE); OLD (ONE); Sumerian sun, old (J. 112)
SHA-HA (+ stative), BE SATISFIED; Sumerian sa-2, be equal, healthy (J. 807); IE sa:-,satisfied, satisfy
SHA-HA-¿E (+ -like), SATISFY; Sumerian si, become full, sated, make abundant (J. 188); IE sa:i- (cf. s6-yo:-), satisfy, listed under sa:-, satisfied, satisfy; Chinese sāi, fill in, squeeze in, stuff
SHA-HA-RE (+ make), SATISFY; Egyptian z3, be sated, satisfied; Sumerian sar-3, *be highly satisfied (J. 715 reads sar-3, and means 'be complete, good, make abundant, complete, be much, happy')
HA-NO-SHA-HA-RE (breathe +), GOOSE; IE a:n6sir- in Latin a:nser, goose
SHA-NA, IMMOBILE (ONE), OLD (ONE); IE sen(o)-, old
SHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BE SATISFIED, LIKE; IE 6. sel-, favorable, in a good mood, appease; zaletu, become fond of, begin liking
SHA-PHA (+ diminutive), ROLL IN MUD, SLOBBER; IE *sap- in Norwegian sabba, wade in mud, and Middle Low German sabben, slobber, and sabbelen, dirty
SHA-RE (+ make), MAKE SATISFIED; Egyptian z3, be satisfied; Arabic in yasara, to become tractable
SHA-T?O (+ lump), SEAT; Egyptian zt, seat, throne; IE sed-, sit
SHA, FORMANT OF STATES OR CONDITIONS
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese SH=s Tibetan SHE=s |
ANIMAL
SHE, FOX, HYAENA, JACKAL (CANIS AUREUS) (animate: literally, 'who is in movement from lateral points ['stinks'); Sumerian še-11, *fox, jackal (J. 657 reads še-11, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [puh], 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'wolf' [lib/p (for ulpi)], 'weasel/cat', [ñar], 'bee?' [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'fox' [lub/p])
SHE-RHA (+ color), FOX-RED; IE 3. ser-, red, reddish (cf. Lithuanian satas, foxy red); Basque sarna, mange, scabies; sarra, rust, oxidation; Tibetan in ser-po, yellow
SHE, COLD, ALONE
SHE-HA (+ stative), BE COLD
SHE-HA, COLDNESS; Sumerian še-4, cold, frost (J. 168 = J. 165, bundle + J. 949, water + J. 807, ša-18)
SHE-HHA (+ water), SLEET; Sumerian še-7, *sleet (J. 949, water + J. 14, sky); še-21, *sleet (J. 322 reads še-21, and means 'rain')
?E-SHE-HHA (tooth +), ICICLE; Sumerian še-12 (for *eš-x), cold, winter (J. 167 = J. 165, bundle + J. 949, water); IE 2. ei-s- (for *ais-), ice, frost
?E-SHE-HHA, ICE; Sumerian eš-13, cold, winter (J. 342 - J. 339, še-6 + J. 949, e-4); Basque iz in izotz, ice
SHE-HHA, ICE (FLOE); Chinese sī, ice floating on a river during the spring thaw
SHE, CREEP, CRAWL, HUNCH UP
SHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO CREEP, CRAWL; IE 5. sel-, crawl, creep
SHE-PHA (+ diminutive), CENTIPEDE; Egyptian zp(3), centipede
SHE-RHE (+come), MOVE BY CREEPING; Egyptian z3, betake one's self to; Sumerian šer-2, *creep (J. 675 means 'snake', and reads ši/er-2); IE 1. ser-, stream, move one's self quickly and strongly, *creep (cf. Middle Irish sirid, wanders through, and Lithuanian sira, rover)
SHE-RHE-P?FE (+ animal name), JACKAL; Egyptian z3b, jackal (Egyptian E17, 'jackal')
SHE-RHE-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), CAUSE TO CREEP; Egyptian z3b(j), make to tarry
SHE-RHE-PHA (+ diminutive), CRAWL, SKULK; IE serp-, crawl, *skulk (cf. Old Indian sárpati, skulk, crawl, go
SHE, SEPARATE ONE'S SELF; Sumerian še-13, go (J. 410 reads še-13, and means 'go'); Chinese sā, cast, let go, let out
SHE-FHA (+ frequentative), SELF-SEPARATED, ALONE; IE s(e)we- (for *swa:-), to one side, separated, for one's self, listed under se-
SHE-HA (+ stative), SEPARATE ONE'S SELF, BE SIFTED, WINNOWED, PURIFIED, BE ISOLATED; Sumerian še-3, sift (J. 893 reads še-3, and means 'sieve'); še-6, *be purified (J. 339 reads še-6, and means 'be purified`); še-8, *purify (J. 907 reads še-8, and means 'anoint`); IE 1. se:(i)- (for *se:-), sift
SHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), SEPARATE; IE 2. se:(i)-, send off, etc.
SHE-HA-¿E-NA (+ one), EXORCISE, PHYSICIAN; Egyptian z(w)jnw, physician; Basque sendatu, get well; sendagile, physician
SHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), SIFT, WINNOW; Sumerian ši-4, sift (J. 893 reads ši-4, and means 'sieve'); IE 1. se:(i)- (for *se:i-), sift
SHE-HA-¿E-P?A (+ piece), REMNANT AFTER SIFTING, SOAP; Sumerian šib/p, *soap (J. 889 reads šib/p, and means 'priest of purification, pure'); IE seib- (for *se:ib-), soap, listed under seip-, pour out, winnow, run, drip
SHE-HA-¿E-P?A, REMAIN AFTER SIFTING; Egyptian zp, remain over, be left out, excluded
SHE-HA-¿E-P?A-¿E (+ -like), SIFT; IE seib- (for *se:ibi- - cf. Germanic saip(y)o:-, soap), pour out, winnow, run, drip, listed under seip-
SHE-HA-SHE-HA (+ reduplication), ALL PURIFIED, PURE; Sumerian šeš, anoint (J. 907)
SHE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SEPARATE; Egyptian zn, cut off heads, sever necks; zn, open, reveal; Sumerian šen-3, *separate (J. 124 reads šen-3, and means 'sift, filter'); IE sen-, *take booty (cf. Greek enara, the equipment of the beaten foe, listed under sen-, prepare, etc.; Chinese sàn, break up, disperse
SHE-NA-¿E (+ -like), SEPARATE (ADJECTIVE); IE seni-, for itself, separated; Chinese sân, come loose, fall apart, not hold together
SHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BE SEPARATE; IE 3. sel-, take, grab, *attribute to, *expose (Old Irish to-ad-selb-); Basque salatu, accuse, denounce
SHE-PHA (+ diminutive), SEPARATE ONE'S SELF SLIGHTLY; Sumerian šib/p-2, *separate (J. 111 reads šib/p-2, and means 'throw away, separate, disaccustom, escape'); IE sep-, be content with something, hold in honor
SHE, SOURNESS
SHE-FHA (+ frequentative), SOURED, ACIDIC; Chinese sāo, the smell of urine, foul smell
SHE-FHA-NA (+ one), ACID, SOUR; Chinese suān, acid, sour, tart
SHE-FHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY SOURED; IE su:-ro, sou-ro (for *se:u-ro-), sour, salty, bitter, first of all of cheeselike curdling, slime wetness, also in river names, root sew(6)-, sow(6)- :su/u:- (cf. Old Icelandic sarr, dirt, animal semen; Russian suróvyi, rough, raw)
SHE-HA (+ stative), BE SOUR-SMELLING
SHE-HA-RO (+ high degree), BE VERY SOUR-SMELLING; Chinese sè, puckery, astringent, unsmooth, hard-going, obscure, difficult
SHE, INSECT; Basque sits, moth
SHE-¿E (+ -like), INSECT-LIKE; Chinese sī, silk, a thread-like thing
SHE, MALE (UNATTACHED) OF HERD ANIMALS, SOLITARY (animate: literally, 'who is in movement from lateral points')
SHE-¿E (+ -like), MALE; Egyptian z/, man; Sumerian še-14, *hero (J. 580 reads še-14, and means 'hero'; cf. Akkadian aššatu, wife; Chinese sī, male servant, fellow, guy; Basque sehi, domestic servant
SHE-¿E-HA (+ female), SHE; Egyptian dependent pronoun zjj, she, her, it; IE s(i)ya:-, si:-, listed under so(s), sa: (Greek) ho, hè:, originally only nominative singular masculine and feminine, the other cases from the root to-; feminine also si:
SHE-T?O (+ lump), IT; Egyptian st, it
SHE-¿E (+ -like), THAT; Chinese sī, this
GRAMMATICAL
SHE, UNIQUE SINGULAR FORMANT FOR ANIMATES (ONE SINGLE); IE -s, animate nominative singular
-SHE, ANIMATE SINGULATIVE ('DO ONLY ONCE')
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese SH=s Tibetan SHE=s |
ANIMAL
SHO, (FEMALE) HERD(-MEMBER) (animate: literally, 'who is in movement to lateral points' ('follow together as a unit'); Egyptian feminine pronominal s-
SHO-¿E (+ -like), SHEEP(HERD); Egyptian s/, sheep; Sumerian si-6, sheep (J. 894); IE so(:)i- in Tocharian B śaiyye, sheep; IE so: in Tocharian A śo ś , sheep
SHO-¿E-PHO-HA-THO (+ protector), SHEPHERD; *siba(d), shepherd (J. 8946, si-6, sheep + J. 560, *ba-2(d), PHO(-'THO), *shepherd, supervisor)
SHO-¿E-RO (+ adult), RAM; Egyptian sr, ram; Sumerian sil-8, *ram (J. 115 reads sil-8, and means 'ram')
SHO-¿E-RO-¿E (+ -like), RAMLIKE, LAMB; Sumerian sila-2, lamb (J.490)
SHO-¿E-RO-¿E-THO (+ feminine), EWE; Egyptian sr.jt, ewe
¿A-NA-SHO-¿E (watch +), CHIEF SHEPHERD, CROWN-PRINCE, ENSI, PATESI; Sumerian ensi, chief priest, prince (Comb. 1621 - J. 560, pa, PHO, leader + J. 680, de-4 + J. 188, si)
SHO, CLAN(-MEMBER)
SHO-¿E (+ -like), CLANSMAN; IE *soi- in Tocharian A śoşi (B: śaişşe), people
SHO, GOOD, WELL, FRIENDLY; SAME, ONE'S OWN; IE su/u:- (*sù-), well, good; Chinese ráo, rich, plentiful
SHO-¿E (+ -like), (EXTENDED) FAMILIAL, SIMILAR; Sumerian si-8, be alike (J. 807)
SHO-¿E-NA (+ one), (EXTENDED) FAMILY MEMBER; Sumerian *sin, brother (J. 822 reads sin, and means 'two, both, twin, comrade, brother'
SHO-¿E-NHA (+ member), (EXTENDED) FAMILY MEMBER, FRATERNAL BROTHER; Sumerian sil-9, undamaged (J. 807)
SHO-¿E-NHA-HA (+ stative), BE BROTHERLY, FAVORABLE; IE sla:- (cf. Greek hile:mi-, am favorable, gracious), favorable, happy, pacify, listed under 6. sel-
SHO-¿E-NHA-MO, (+ overall) VERY BROTHERLY, PEACEFUL; Sumerian silim, be healthy, prosperity (J.807)
SHO-FHA (+ set), CLAN
SHO-FHA-¿E, CLANNISH
SHO-FHA-¿E-NHA (+ member), BROTHER; Egyptian zn, brother (Egyptian T22, 'two-barbed arrowhead', rather 'spearhead'); IE *swil- in Albanian vëla, brother; swe-lo- (for *swil-), brothers-in-law that have sisters as wives
SHO-FHA-¿E-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BROTHER-IN-LAW; IE sweliyo(n)- (for *swili-), brothers-in-law that have sisters as wives
SHO-FHA-¿E-NHA-SHO-FHA-¿E-NHA (+ reduplication), BE BROTHERLY; Egyptian snsn, be brotherly
SHO-FHA-¿E, SON; IE *s([w])o:y-, *son, in Tocharian B soyä, son, in IE suyú-s, son, listed under 2. seu-, bear; Egyptian in z3 (for s(w)j[3]), son
SHO-FHA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), FAMILY MEETING, COURT; IE s(w)e-bh(o)- (for *swibh- - cf. Gothic sibja, clan), of the same kind, *meeting (cf. Sanskrit sabha:-, meeting)
SHO-FHA-¿E-P?FO-¿E (+ -like), JUDGE; Egyptian z(3)b, judge; Sumerian sib/p, *judge (J. 889 reads sib/p, and means 'conjuration-priest); IE *swibhi- in Sanskrit sabhya, judge
SHO-FHA-¿E-RE (+ make), (RECOGNIZED) SON; Egyptian z3 (for *s(w)j3), son
SHO-FHA-¿E-SHO-FHA-¿E (+ reduplication), BROTHER; Sumerian šeš (for *šiš), brother (J. 622)
SHO-FHA-KXHE-RO (+ top), FATHER-IN-LAW; IE swékuro- (for *swéke:r - cf. Latin socer, father-in-law, listed under swekrú:-, mother-in-law
SHO-FHA-NA (+ one), SON; IE in su:/unú-s, son, listed under 2. seu-, bear; Arabic perhaps in Sinwun, brother, son, uncle, nephew
SHO-FHA-RO (+ part), FEMALE FAMILY MEMBER; Sumerian Sal, woman (J. 919)
SHO-FHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BROTHER-IN-LAW; IE *swari- in Russian šurin, brother-in-law, listed under sye:[u]-ro-
SHO-FHA-SHO-RO (+ woman), SISTER; IE swesor-, sister
SHO-RO (+ part), WOMAN; Sumerian sal, woman (J. 919); IE -sor, woman, in swesor-, sister
SHO-SHO (+ reduplication), (HERD OF) SHEEP; IE *sos- in Tocharian A śoś, sheep
SHO, FOLLOW; FOLLOW(ER) AFTER (AS A UNIT), CLAN, CLAN-MEMBER
SHO-¿E (+ -like), (FOLLOWING) AFTER
SHO-¿E, AFTERWARDS; Chinese sī, then, thus
SHO-HA, FOLLOWED, GONE AFTER
SHO-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE FOLLOWING (SOMEONE), GOING AFTER SOMEONE TO, PURSUING; Sumerian si-4, *follow (J. 893 reads si-4, and means 'pursue'); Chinese suí, follow, comply with, adapt to, let somebody do as he likes, along with (some other action), look like, resemble
SHO-HA-¿E, DUCK; Sumerian si, *goose (J. 188 depicts a bird with a long beak)
SHO-HA-¿E-RHA (+ bird), DUCK; Egyptian z3 (for *sj3), duck (Egyptian G39, 'pintail duck')
HA-NO-SHO-HA-¿E-RHA (breathe +), GOOSE; IE a:n6sir- in Latin a:nser, goose
SHO-HA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), DUCKS; Egyptian z.t (for *sj.t), pintail duck(s)
SHO-RE (+ make), MAKE TO ASSOCIATE, PLAIT, ENCHANT; IE 4. ser-, line up beside each other, attach; Egyptian s3, amulet, (magical) protection, phyle of priests; s3w, magician (written with Gardiner V17-18, 'rolled up herdsman's shelter of papyruS; plaited?); Basque xoro, enchantment, fascination
SHO-RE, MAKE ASSOCIATIONS, BE PRUDENT; Egyptian s3(j), be wise, prudent (written with Gardiner Aa17-18, 'back of something'; this sign shows a rope handle coming from the back of a wicker basket (SO-RE, pull back))
SHO, THIS (PERTAINING TO 1ST, 2ND, OR 3RD PERSON; IE in Old Irish s-infixed pronoun of the 3rd singular feminine and 3rd plural; in Old Irish emphasizing particles se/sa (1st person); sio/so/su (2nd person); si (2nd person plural); si (3rd person feminine); sem/som/sium/sum (3rd person masculine/neuter and 3rd person plural for all genders), listed under so(s), sa: (Greek ho, hè), originally only nominative singular masculine and feminine; the other cases from the root to-; feminine also si:
SHO, HE/SHE; IE so, listed under so(s),sa: (Greek) ho, hè:, originally only nominative singular masculine and feminine, the other cases from the root to-; feminine also si:
SHO, CONDITIONAL FUTURE; in Egyptian (j)sk, which introduces concommitant events [SHO-KHE-¿E, following nearby (cf. Sanskrit saci, conjointly)]; in st, which introduces subsequent events (SHO-THO, following then [thereupon])); in sT, probably merely a variant of sk; Sumerian ša-, verbal prefix characterized by Thorkild Jacobsen as meaning "contrapunctive . . . correspondingly . . . he on his part"; in ši-, with similar meaning (SHO-?E-¿E, SHO + DECLARATIVE); IE particle so, so (OHG so:), listed mistakenly under se, separate; in swe, so (SHO) - (cf. Old Latin so:-c, so), listed mistakenly under se, separate; in Latin si:-c, so [SHO-¿E-KHE-¿E], listed mistakenly under se, separate; -s of desiderative (SHO); in -sye of future ('SHO-?E)
SHO, CAUSATIVE, FACTITIVE; Egyptian s-prefix, causative and factitive; e.g. srx.f, he (.f) causes him (s) to know (rx)
SHO, AFTER
SHO-?E-¿E (+ declarative), JUST FOLLOWING, THEREAFTER; Sumerian ši, verbal prefix characterized by Thorkild Jacobsen as meaning "contrapunctive ... correspondingly ... he on his part"; IE swe, so (listed mistakenly under se, separate); -sye future; Chinese suí, along with (some other action)
SHO-?E-¿E-KHE-¿E (+ nearby), JUST FOLLOWING; IE *si:k^- in Latin si:-c, so (listed mistakenly under se, separate)
SHO-KHE-¿E (+ nearby), JUST FOLLOWING; in Egyptian (j)sk, which introduces concommitant events; IE *so:k^ in Old Latin so:c, so (listed mistakenly under se, separate)
* * *
- T ? -
Chinese: T?=z T?A-'¿A=c Tibetan T?E/A=d Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?A=da |
BODY
T?A, THUMB HAND/FINGER (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest at the side'); Egyptian *d, *hand (Egyptian D46, 'hand'); Sumerian da, side, *hand (J. 629 portrays the right hand and arm); da-6 (J. 219 reads da-6, and means 'hand')
T?A, TORN/STRIPPED OFF FOR, PULLED AT THE SIDE, ALLOTTED, GIVEN; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (?-)da2, put, place; s-ta-t, put, place; Egyptian d, give; Sumerian da, *give (J. 629 reads da, and means 'carry' (to))
T?A-?A (+ stative), TORN; IE da:-, divide, cut apart, tear apart ; Tibetan dra-wa, cut, clip (<- r-da)
T?A-?A-¿E (+ -like), TEAR; Egyptian dj, *tear (Egyptian X8, 'conical loaf', rather 'a part torn off'); Sumerian di-5, pluck out, snatch away, pull up to one's self (J. 132); di, *tear (J. 807 pictures an object divided into three parts, and is used in the phrase di-kud, judge); di-x, *part (J. 798 reads di-x, and means 'part'); IE *dai-, tear, in Greek daíomai, divide, allot, listed under da:-, divide, cut apart, tear apart
T?A-?A-¿E-MO (+ overall), TEARING, JAGGEDLY SHARP
T?A-?A-¿E-MO-¿E (+ -like), MAKE JAGGEDLY SHARP; Egyptian dm, be sharp, sharpen
T?A-?A-¿E-MO-¿E, CUT WITH A JAGGEDLY SHARP BLADE, CIRCUMCISE (AT A NAMING CEREMONY), PROCLAIM NAME AND FATE; Egyptian dm, pronounce, proclaim name, mention (by name), be renowned; Sumerian dim-5, *cut, *proclaim (J. 13 reads dim-5, and means 'cut, judge'); IE *daimoi- in Greek daímo:n, fate, listed under da:-, divide, etc.
T?A-?A-¿E-MO-¿E-THO + assemblage), JAGGEDLY SHARPENED BLADE; Egyptian dm.t, knife
T?A-?A-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), MAKE A TEAR, MARK
T?A-?A-¿E-PHA-RE (+ mark), SPECIALLY MARKED, SUITABLE FOR SACRIFICE; Sumerian dapar, cattle (J. 563 reads dapar, and means 'cattle'); IE di/i:p- ro- (for *daiproi-), sacrificial animal, cattle
T?A-?A-¿E (+ -like), TIME DIVISION; IE di:- (for *da:i), *day, *time division (cf. Armenian ti, age, years, days, time), listed under da:-, divide, etc.; Chinese zâi, year
T?A-?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), DAY; Egyptian D.t, eternity (really, day - cf. in phrase D.t nHH, day and night - see 'NO-KHA-¿E-KHA-¿E); IE *di:-to- (for *da:i-to-) in Cornish dyth, day, listed incorrectly under 1. dei- (for *dai-), gleam brightly shine, etc.
T?A-?A-NA (+ ingressive), MAKE A TEAR/CUT; IE *da:n- in Sanskrit da:nam, cut off, listed under da:-, divide, etc.
T?A-¿E (+ -like), BE APPORTIONING, JUDGING; Sumerian di, judge (J. 807)
T?A-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), PORTION
T?A-¿E-NHA-¿E (+ -like), APPORTION; Egyptian dnj, share out; IE daili-, portion, in Runic da[i]lithun, they divided, listed under da:-, divide
T?A-¿E-NA-¿E-FA (+ past participle), APPORTIONED AMOUNT; Egyptian dnj.w, portion; IE dai-lo-, portion, listed under da:-, divide
T?A-¿E KHXO-FA (phrase: + inscription), PRONOUNCE (INSCRIBE) JUDGMENT; Sumerian di-ku-5, court (Comb. 3073 = J. 807, di, judge + J. 13, ku-5); IE deik^- (for *daik(h)6u-), show, wherefrom Latin and Germanic in part: indicate something with words, say; manifoldly developing also point out the law, point to the doer, incriminate
T?A-¿E KHXO-FA-THO (+ agentive), JUDGE (NOUN); Sumerian di-kud, *judge (in Comb. 3075 = J. 807, di, judge + J. 13, kud + J. 640, gal, great, i.e. di-kud-gal, chief judge)
T?A-FA (+ frequentative), TEAR APART
T?A-FA-?A (+ stative), TORN AWAY FROM ONE'S SELF, SEPARATED FROM ONE'S SELF; IE dwa:- (for dawa:-), listed under 3. deu- (for *dau-, i.e. T?A-FA), 1. move one's self spatially forward, press ahead, separate one's self, and therefrom later 2. temporal prolongation
T?A-FA-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE TEARING AWAY FROM ONE'S SELF, SEPARATING FROM ONE'S SELF (HYSTERICAL); IE dwei- (for *dwai-), fear
T?A-FA-?A-RO (+ high degree), VERY TORN APART, GREATLY SEPARATED; IE du:-ro-s (for *dwa:-ro-), long, far removed, listed under 3. deu- (for *dau-), 1. move one's self spatially forward, press ahead, separate one's self, and therefrom later 2. temporal prolongation
T?A-FA, GIVE (AWAY), ALLOT; Egyptian dw, give; Sumerian du, bring (J. 410); IE d6u- (for *dau-), give, listed under do:-, give
T?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), BE GIVING (AWAY); IE *dawi- (cf. Avestan dada:iti, gives, and Lithuanian daviau, gave), *be giving, listed under do:-, give; Basque dohe, gift
T?A-FA-¿E, RENDER (HOMAGE), CONSECRATE; Egyptian dw(3), praise, worship; IE 2. deu- (for *dwai-; Latin beo:, bless, revive [dw-éyo:]), somewhat, honor (religiously), grant, honorable, powerful; cf. Gothic taujan, make), somewhat, honor (religiously), grant, honorable, powerful
T?A-FA-¿E-RHE (+ come), COME TO RENDER (HOMAGE), CONSECRATE; Egyptian dw3, praise, worship
T?A-FA-¿E-RHE-THO (+ assemblage), WORSHIP (COMING TO RENDER [HOMAGE]), CONSECRATION; Egyptian dw3.t, praise, worship
T?A-FA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HOMAGE, CONSECRATION; Egyptian dw(3).t, praise, worship; IE 2. deu- (for *dawid-; cf. Gothic tawida, (take), somewhat, honor (religiously), grant, honorable, powerful
T?A-FA, HEMP; Sumerian *du, *hemp (J. 151 reads dubbin, and means 'claw, finger, toe, hemp, talon, cleaver' = J. 147, flax + J. 104, split + J. 399, bone, *pin {P?FE-¿E-NA} - we assume that J. 147 + J. 104 meant 'hemp', and read *du); IE *dau-, tow (hemp), in Old Friesian tow, tow, listed incorrectly under 2. (deu- or dou-), (religiously) venerate, etc.; Chinese zu, bedding or packing of straw (for objects presented) (46 q'.)
T?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), STRAW; Chinese zü, straw as bottom in shoe, bedding or packing of straw (for objects presented) (46 t.; q'.)
?A-T?A (+ top), RECOMPENSE; in Arabic ?âtâ, give, requite
T?A, DRIP (BE/HANG AT THE SIDE)
T?A-HHA (+ water), SEEP; Sumerian da-9, *drip (J. 635 reads da-9, and means 'drip'); IE da:-, liquid, flowing
T?A-HHA-¿E (+ -like), MAKE SEEP, OFFER (BY BLEEDING TO DEATH); Sumerian di-8, melt, pour, pour out, empty out, water, drip, speak, call out, yell (J. 635 reads di-8, and has these meanings); da:i- in Greek dais, sacrifice, listed under da:-, divide, cut apart, tear apart; Chinese zâi, slaughter, butcher
T?A-HHA-MO (+ overall), SEEPED THROUGH, MOIST; IE da:-mo-, moist
T?A-HHA-PHA (+ diminutive), SACRIFICE (BY BLEEDING); Sumerian dab, *sacrifice (J. 894 reads dab, and means 'seize, die'); IE da:p-, sacrificial meal, listed under da:-, divide, cut apart, tear apart
T?A-HHA-PHA-THO (+ assemblage), SACRIFICE(D VICTIM); Egyptian dp.t, loins (sacrificial meat)
T?A-HHA-PHA-THO-¿E (+ -like), SACRIFICE (VICTIM); IE *da:ptoi- in Greek dapto:, tear apart, tear to pieces, carve
T?A-HHA-PHA-THO-¿E-¿E (+ -like), SACRIFICE; Egyptian dp.tjj, offering
HHA-T?A-HHA (water +), BE LIBATING, CENSING; Egyptian jd(j), cense (Egyptian D46*, 'hand letting fall drops')
T?A-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SEEP IN, ACQUIRE (MENTALLY); IE *den- in 1. dens-, learn; Tibetan dran-pa, think of, ponder ( r-dan)
T?A-NHA (+ ingressive), START SEEPING
T?A-NHA-FA (+ frequentative), IRRIGATE; IE 4. del- (for *dalo-), drip (cf. Armenian te:lam, irrigate, and Middle Irish delt, dew)
SA-T?A-NHA (strong +), START SEEPING THROUGH COMPLETELY, IE 1. (s)tel- (for *s + dala- - cf. Greek stalásso, let run, drip, drop)
T?A, SLAP; Egyptian d, strike (with the hand)
T?A-PHA (+ diminutive), TOUCH LIGHTLY; IE dap-, touch quickly, listed under da:-, divide, etc.
T?A, FINGER
T?A-¿E (+ -like), FINGER(-=LIKE)
T?A-¿E-KHXA-?A (+ pointed), POINT AT
T?A-¿E-KHXA-?A-FA (+ frequentative), POINT OUT, ACCUSE
T?A-¿E-KHXA-?A-FA-THO-¿E-¿E (+ agentive), ACCUSER, THOTH (EGYPTIAN GOD OF MORNING MERCURY); Egyptian DHwt(jj) (for *djHwtjj), Thoth (but possibly T?SE-KHXA-?A-THO-¿E-¿E)
T?A-¿E-P?FE, FINGER; Egyptian Db' (for *Db - the spelling with D and ' indicates a variation between *djb (T?SE-¿E-P?FE, finger (bone)), and 'jb (T?SO-¿E-P?FE, arm-like digit, finger, thumb, digit, toe, 10,000 (Egyptian D50, 'finger')); IE *dyabhi- in English dib, knucklebone
T?A-¿E-RO (+ part), SPAN (OF THE HAND - FROM THUMB TO LITTLE FINGER - 9 INCHES); IE do:r- (for *dyor-), span of the hand, listed under 1. der-
T?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HAND; Egyptian d.t, hand
T?A, RAY (OF LIGHT)
T?A-¿E, RAY (OF LIGHT), CAST A RAY; Egyptian *dj, shine (Egyptian N15, 'star in circle'); Sumerian di-7, gleam, fire, flame (J. 339); IE dya:-, shine brightly, shimmer, shine (older: cast beams?), listed under 1. dei-
T?A-¿E, RADIANT
T?A-¿E-FA (+ set), RAYS (OF LIGHT), BRIGHTNESS; IE dyu-, bright, listed under 1. dei- (for *dai-), shine brightly, etc.; Chinese zâo, '(early) morning'
T?A-¿E-FA-¿E (+ -like), BRIGHT, LIKE A RAY OF LIGHT; Sumerian dig~i, *bright (J. 456 reads digi, and means 'bright'); dag~2-2, *shine (J. 684 reads dag-2, and means 'shine'); dag~2-3, *shiny (J. 453 reads dag-3, and means 'stone`); IE diwi-os, heavenly, listed under 1. dei- (for *dai-), shine brightly, etc.
T?A-¿E-FA (+ set), RAYS, DAY; IE diw-, day, listed under 1. dei- (for *dai-), shine brightly, etc.; Chinese zâo, (early) morning, long ago, as early as, fort a long time, early, in advance, beforehand
T?A-¿E-FA-RHE (+ come), MORROW (SUNSET - THE BEGINNING OF THE NEXT DAY); Egyptian dw3, morrow
T?A-¿E-FA-RHE-THO (+ assemblage), MORNING; Egyptian dw3.t, morning
T?A-¿E-FA-RHE, COME EARLY; Egyptian dw3, rise early
T?A-¿E-FHA (+ frequentative), RADIATE OUT; IE dye:u-, shining, divinely honored heaven and shining day, listed under 1. dei- (for *dya:i-), shine brightly, etc.
T?A-¿E-FHA-¿E, BE RADIATING OUT; Sumerian dig~/k/q, *shine (J. 456 reads dig/k/q, and means 'shine'); dig~2-2, *bright (2x J. 101 reads dig-2, and J. 101 means 'shine')
T?A-¿E-FHA-¿E-RHE (+ come down), SHINE DOWN AS RAYS (OF LIGHT), PLANETARY GOD, TYR; Sumerian dig~2ir, god (J.14); IE *diwir- in Old Norse Ty:r, *god, Tyr, listed under 1. dei- (for *dai-), shine brightly, etc.
T?A-¿E-RE (+ make), IRRADIATE; Egyptian d(w)3(w), dawn (written with a star or star in circle, Gardiner N14 or N15, properly THE-HA-RHE, star); Sumerian dir-2, *glitter (J. 191 reads dir-2, and means 'bright, flecked, blue'); IE de:i-ro- (for *de:i-re:-; cf. OHG ziari, costly, excellent, beautiful), *glittering, listed incorrectly under 1. dei-, shine brightly, etc.; Basque in dirdira, sunbeam
T?A-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY RADIANT, BEAUTIFUL; IE de:i-ro- (for *da:i-ro-, beautiful, costly, excellent, listed under 1. dei-, shine brightly; Basque dirdiratu, glow, gleam, shine
T?A-¿E-RHE (+ come), SKY; Sumerian dir-3, *heaven (J. 14 reads dir-3, and means 'heaven`)
T?A-¿E-RHE-THO (+ assemblage), NIGHTSKY; Egyptian d3.t, netherworld
T?A, STEM, (TREE-BARK)
T?A-¿E (+ -like), LEAF; Basque -di, suffix indicating orchard, forest
T?A-¿E-NA (+ one), LEAF; Sumerian tin, grape-leaf (J. 816)
T?A-¿E-RA-FA (+ trees), FOREST; Sumerian dir-4, forest (J. 679 reads dir-4, and means 'forest'); IE *dyar6i- in Greek dríos, bushes, thicket, listed under deru-, do/o:ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, drew6- : dru:-, tree, probably originally and actually oak; to that, words for certain wooden tools as well as for hardwood: hard, firm, loyal
T?A-¿E-RO (+ part), LEAF
T?A-¿E-RO-T?A-¿E-RO (+ reduplication), FOLIAGE; Egyptian DrDr (for *djr-djr), leaf
T?A-RA (+ tree), (DECIDUOUS) TREE; IE deru-, tree, probably originally and specially 'oak'; Basque in adar, branch, horn
T?A-RA, ANTLER; Basque adar, branch, horn, antler (adarberri)
T?A, SIDE; Sumerian da, side (J. 629)
T?A-¿E (+ -like), AT THE SIDE; IE de-, demonstrative, I-deictic; Chinese zī, this, now, at present; Sumerian in menden, we (v. infra)
T?A-¿E-MHA (+ hold), PUT WITH (PERMANENTLY), FITTED TOGETHER, JOINED; Egyptian d(j)m(3), bind together, tie together, gather together, collect (Egyptian S23, 'knotted strips of cloth'); Sumerian dim, bind fast, make fast (J. 154); IE dm- (for *dymo- - cf. Greek démo:, build), listed under dem-, dem6-, build, originally probably fit together, root noun de/e:m-, do/o:m-, dm-, dM-, derived thereform domo-, domu-, house
T?A-¿E-MHA-¿E (+ -like), BE PUTTING WITH (PERMANENTLY), FITTING TOGETHER, JOINING; Egyptian dmj (for *djmj), touch, reach (place), be joined, accrue to, cleave to, suit, befall
T?A-¿E-MHA-MHA (+ reduplication); BE PUT WITH COMPLETELY AND PERMANENTLY, UNITED WITH; Egyptian dmm, to unite with
T?A-¿E-NO (+ collective), PRESENT COMPANY, WE (INCLUSIVE); Sumerian de-3-en (for di-7-in-4) in me-en-de-3-en, we; Chinese zán, we (inclusive)
T?A-¿E-SO (+ pull back), DISPARAGE; Egyptian dsj, vilify; IE *disoi- in Anglo-Saxon teoswian, bother, disparage
T?A-FA (+ frequentative), PLUCKED AT, STRETCHED APART (INTRANSITIVE); Egyptian dw, *stretch apart (Pyramid 1434 {with N31, 'road bordered by shrubs' as determinative}); Sumerian du-20, *wide, *broad (J. 629 reads du-20, and means 'wide, broad'); IE 3. deu-, 1. move one's self spatially forward, press ahead, separate one's self, and therefrom later 2. temporal prolongation
T?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), STRETCH APART (TRANSITIVE), SPREAD OVER (TRANSITIVE); Sumerian dag/k/q (for *dag~2), stretch out (J. 534)
T?A-FA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), LENGTHEN; Egyptian dwn, stretch out (transitive), stretch, straighten, be stretched out, taut, be prostrate; Sumerian dagal (for *dag[~2]il), wide, be far, breadth, much (J. 462); damal (for *damil), ES wide, be far, breadth, much (J. 462); IE 5. del- (for *dwil-), long, verbally pull lengthwise
T?A-FHA (+ frequentative), STAY (AT THE SIDE), PERSIST; IE dwa:-, listed under 3. deu-, dew6-, dwa:-, du:-, 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, remove one's self, from which later 2. temporal prolongation
T?A-FHA-¿E, PERSISTING, STILL; IE *dwa:i- in Greek daón, for a long time, listed under 3. deu-, dew6-, dwa:-, du:-, 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, remove one's self, from which later 2. temporal prolongation; Chinese zài, exist, be living
T?A-FHA (+ frequentative), BE SPREADING LIGHT; Sumerian du-14 (Comb. 1960 = J. 611 (lu-2, man) + J. 339 (ne, fire), enemy); du-19, *shine (J. 635 reads du-19, and means 'gleam reddish'); IE da:u-, d6u-, du/u:-, 1. burn, 2. damage, torture, exterminate, inimical; uncertain whether identical in both meanings (somewhat partially as 'burning pain', partially 'destroy through fire, burn down the enemy settlements')
T?A-HA (+ stative), BE AT THE SIDE
T?A-HA-¿E (+ like), YOUNG ANIMAL; Chinese zâi, son, young animal, whelp
T?A-HA-MA (+ place), TOWN QUARTER; IE da:mo- in Greek dêmos, people, area, listed incorrectly under da:-, divide, cut apart, tear apart
T?A-HA-MA-¿E (+ place), TOWN QUARTER; Egyptian dmj, town, town quarter, abode, vicinity, quay
T?A-HA-MO (+ human), SPOUSE; Sumerian dam, spouse (wife or husband) (J. 922 = J. 921, lady + J.1, man, human or J. 561, human); IE do/o:m- (for *da:m- - cf. Greek dámar, wife), *spouse, listed under dem-, dem6-, build, originally probably fit together, root noun de/e:m-, do/o:m-, dm-, dmo-, derived thereform domo-, domu-, house
T?A-HA-MHA (+ hold), PUT WITH (TEMPORARILY), COLLECTED; Egyptian dm, to shut the eyes; d(j)m(3), bind together, tie together, gather together, collect (Egyptian S23, 'knotted strips of cloth'); Sumerian dam-3, bring, *put together, *collect (J. 411 pictures a pair of legs side by side, and reads dam-3, and means 'bring'); IE do/o:m- (for *da:m- - cf. Greek dámar, wife), listed under dem-, dem6-, build, originally probably fit together, root noun de/e:m-, do/o:m-, dm-, d-, derived therefrom domo-, domu-, house; Arabic tâHimun, weaver; Chinese zân, accumulate, hoard, save
T?A-HA-MHA-¿E (+ -like), BE PUTTING WITH (TEMPORARILY), COLLECTING, PUTTING INTO CONTACT; Egyptian dmj, touch, reach (place), be joined, accrue to, cleave to, suit, befall
T?A-HA-MHA-¿E, TAMED; IE dom6- (da:m6y- - cf. Old Indian da:myáti, is tame, tamed, listed under (dem6-), dom6-, dom6-, tame, restrain
T?A-HA-MHA-MHA (+ reduplication); BE PUT WITH (TEMPORARILY); Egyptian dmm, to unite with
T?A-QHE (+ shred), SHRED BY HAND, CARD; Egyptian dq(r), a process in spinning (carding); Sumerian dañ-3, become loose, pure, clear (J. 466, composed of J. 458 [basket] + J. 104 [separate]); IE 2. dek^- (for *da:nk^-), rip, rip apart, fray
T?A-QHE-RO (+ high degree), SHREDDED; Egyptian dqr, press (?), exclude (?); IE denk^-ro- in OHG zangar, biting, sharp (bitten apart), listed under denk^-, bite
T?A-RE (+ let fall), SLAP; IE *dre-, *slap, in Serbian u-drim, beat, listed under 4. der-, flay, etc.
T?A-RE-P?A (+ piece), SLAP INTO PIECES, TRIP; IE *dreb-, *trip, listed 3. (der-), dra;-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-, run, tread, trip
T?A, PLUCK
T?A-RE (+ scratch), PLUCK OUT
T?A-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE PLUCKING OUT, WEEDING; Egyptian d3j, subdue (lands); Sumerian dari, take away, *scratch into (J. 452 reads dari, and means 'scratch into`); IE d(e)ri:- (for *drei-), *rip (cf. Latvian dri:sme, rip), listed under 4. der-, lay, etc.
T?A-RE-¿E-FA (+ set), WEED-SKIRT; Egyptian d3j.w, loin-cloth; Sumerian dar(a)-2, a piece of clothing (J. 892)
T?A-RE-¿E-SO (+ cloth), WEED-CLOTH; Egyptian d3js, loin-cloth; IE deres- (for *dris-), *inferior cloth (cf. Czech drasta, rags, costume), listed under 4. der-, flay
T?A-RE-FA (+ past participle), WEED; IE dR-u- (cf. English tare, weed), listed under 4. der-, flay, etc.
T?A-RO (+ raise), HAVE FLAYED; Egyptian dr, subdue, expel, drive out, remove, repress, destroy; Sumerian dal (for *del), pluck out, snatch away, pull to one's self (J. 132); IE der6-, listed under 4. der-, heavy basis der6-, dre:-, flay, skin, split off, split; Arabic tarra / yati/urru, to be severed (limb), to go away, to retire apart from
T?A-RO-MO (+ overall), FLAYED COMPLETELY, SKINNED; IE *dermo- in Greek dérma, pelt, listed under 4. der-, flay, etc.
T?A-RO-PHA (+ diminutive), GIVE A PULL, PREPARE FOR SACRIFICE; Egyptian drp, sacrifice; IE drop-, *give a pull, in Serbian drâpām, rip, listed under 4. der- (for *der6-), flay, etc.
T?A-RO-PHA-FA (+ past particple), PULLED OFF COMPLETELY; IE *deropu- in Greek apodrúpho:, scratch off, flay off skin, listed under 4. der- (for *der6-), flay, etc.
T?A-RHA (+ fly), TREMBLE; Egyptian d3, shake, tremble, copulate; IE dra:-, run, tread, patter, *tremble (cf. OHG zittaro:m, tremble), listed under 3. (der-); Basque dardara, trembling, quivering, shaking, shivering; Tibetan H-dar-wa, quaking, shivering
T?A-RHA-P?A (+ piece), BE SHAKEN (TO PIECES); IE dreb- (for *dra;b-) in Lithuanian drebu, tremble, shake, listed under 3.(der-), run, tread, patter
T?A-RHA-MO (+ overall), VERY EXCITED; IE drem- (for *dra:m-), *shaken, listed under 3. (der-), run, tread, patter
T?A-RHA-FHA (+ flew out), HAVE REACHED OUT FOR, BE ACTIVE WITH; IE der6-, dra:- (for *dra:u-), work, *reach out for (cf. Latvian derêt, make a date, hire); Chinese zào, make, build, create, invent, cook up, concoct, train, educate, go to, arrive at, one of the two parties in a legal agreement or lawsuit
T?A-SE (+ separate), SHARPEN FLINT BY KNAPPING, KNOCK OFF; IE des- (for *das-), pluck off, listed under da:-, divide, etc.
T?A-SE, KNAPPED FLINT (BLADE); Egyptian ds (for *dz), flint, knife; IE *das-, *flint blade, in Modern Persian da:s, sickle, listed under da:-, divide, etc.
T?A-SE, SHINY BLACK, OBSIDIAN?, NEGRO, INIMICAL, OSTRACIZE; Sumerian daš, inimical (J. 945 reads das/š, and means 'inimical'); IE des- (for *das-), find, track, *enemy (cf. Sanskrit da:sá-H, slave, enemy)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: T?=z T?A-'¿A=c Tibetan T?E/A=d Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?A=da |
BODY
T?E, BALL OF THE FOOT (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from the side'); Sumerian de-6 (for di-7), *ball of the foot (J. 410 reads di-7, and means 'stand up, stand, be firm, tread', and depicts a foot)
TE-¿E (+ -like), HURRY (AFTER — ON BALLS OF THE FEET); Sumerian di-7, hurry (J. 339 reads di-7, and means 'hurry'); di-6, hurry, go (J. 410); IE 2. dey6- (dya:-, dy6-, di:-), swing (one's self), whirl around (Baltic and partly Greek), hurry, hurry after, strive; Chinese zé, standard, norm, criterion, imitate, follow, duty, responsibility, demand, require, question closely, call somebody to account, reproach, rebuke, denounce, punish
T?E, STAMP; Sumerian de-6 (for di-6), tread (J. 410)
T?E-PHFO (+ trample), STAMP HARD (TRANSITIVE); IE deph-, stamp, kick, knead
T?E, SPIN AROUND (ON BALLS OF THE FEET)
T?E-¿E (+ -like), BE WHIRLING ON THE HEELS
T?E-¿E-HA, REMAIN WHIRLING ON THE HEELS, BE DIZZY; IE 2. dey6-, swing one's self, whirl around; Arabic tâha/yatûhu, be disordered in the mind; tâha/yatîhu, be arrogant, proud
T?E-¿E-T?E-¿E (+ reduplication), BE WHIRLING COMPLETELY, BUSY; Chinese zī in zī-zī, diligent, industrious, hardworking
T?E-FA (+ frequentative), STEPPED OFF
T?E-FA-¿E (+ -like), STEPPNG OFF (INTO), IMMERSING ONE'S SELF IN; IE 1. deu- (for *dewi- - cf. Greek deíelos, evening), sink into, press into, slip into; Chinese zâo, bath
T?E-FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO TOTTER; IE 2. del- (cf. Old Indian dulá:, the swaying one (feminine); Sumerian dul-5, *sway (J. 893 reads dul-5, and means 'sway')
T?E-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE ADVANCED; Sumerian du, go, bring (J. 410); IE 3. deu- (for *de:u-), 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, distance one's self, therefrom later 2. temporal duration; Chinese zû, sacrifice at roadside on start of journey (46 b'.- c'.); zu, advance, go to (46 i'.)
T?E-FHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY ADVANCED, DISTANCED FROM, FAR IN FRONT, LONG AGO, SINCE, BEFORE, UNTIL; Egyptian Dr (for *dwr), in (archaic), since, before, until; Sumerian dul-6, *be long, *duration, *take away (J. 452 reads dul-6, and means 'be long, duration, take away); IE du:-ro-s (for *de:u-ro-), long, far removed, listed under IE 3. deu- (for *de:u-), 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, distance one's self, therefrom later 2. temporal duration
T?E-FHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), GREATLY PRECEDED, LASTED TO, ENDED; Egyptian Dr (for *dwrj), end, end up as, hinder, obstruct; Sumerian dari/u, duration, take away (J. 452); dur(u)-4/5, *be lasting, *end (J. 452 reads dur(u)-4/5, and means 'duration, take away`); IE *du:-roi- (in Latin du:ra:re, hold out), listed under IE 3. deu- (for *de:u-), 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, distance one's self, therefrom later 2. temporal duration
T?E-FHA, PRECEDE, ORIGINAL, EARLY; Egyptian dw, *early (Pyramid 1434); IE deu- (for *de:u-), 1. move one's self forward spatially, press forward, distance one's self, therefrom later 2. temporal duration (cf. Old Church Slavic davê, once); Chinese zû, first (46 b'.-c'.)
T?E-FHA-RHE (+ come), BE PRECEDING; Egyptian dw3, early; Sumerian ku-ku (for *dur-2-dur-2: J. 893 reads dur-2 as well as ku), light, morning (Comb. 3356 = 2 x J. 893)
T?E-FHA, ANCESTOR, GOD; Chinese zû, grandfather, ancestor (46 b'-c')
T?E-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BE DESCENDING FROM; Chinese zú, clan, race, nationality, class or group of things with common features
T?E-FHA-RHE, WORSHIP; Egyptian dw3, worship, praise
T?E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SPIN, TOTTER; IE 2. del-, totter, sway; Basque dildil, light tremor, trembling, vibration
T?E-RE (+ let fall), TREAD; IE *d(e)re-, tread, listed under 3. (der-), run, tread, patter
T?E-RE-FA (+ frequentative), HURRIEDLY; IE dreu- (for *dera:u- - cf. Avestan dra:vaya-, run), *hurry (cf. IE *drowent-, hurrying, in river-names), listed under 3. (der-), dra:-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-, run, tread, trip; Chinese zào, hurriedly, hastily; Tibetan dur-wa, hurry
T?E-RE-P?A (+ piece), STAMP (TO PIECES); IE dreb-, stamp, in Middle Low German trappen, stamp
T?E-RE-P?A-¿E (+ -like), STEP; IE dreby-, step, in Anglo-Saxon treppan (*trapjan), step
T?E-RE-T?E-RE (+ reduplication), CAUSE TO SPIN AROUND; Arabic tartara, shake, stir
T?E-RE-FA, BE DRONING; IE 2. (der-) (for *dereu- - cf. Old Indian dardurá-H, frog, flute), reduplicated der-der, dr̊dor-, broken reduplication dor-d-, dr̊-d-, growl, rumble, chatter; Chinese zào, chirp (of birds, insects, etc.), confusion of voices
T?E, BE SPUN AROUND, COILED AROUND, TIED AROUND; Chinese zā, tie, bind
T?E-?A, BE SPUN AROUND (INTRANSITIVE), COILED; Sumerian de-4, *bind (J. 680 reads de-4, and means 'bind'); IE de:- : d6- and de:i-, di/i:-, bind
T?E-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE SPINNING AROUND (TRANSITIVE), COILING, TYING; IE de:i-, bind, listed under de:- : d6- and de:i-, di/i:-, bind
T?E-?A-¿E, TURNCOAT, TRAITOR, SHIFTY; Chinese zéi, thief, traitor, enemy, crooked, wicked, evil, furtive, crafty, sly, cunning, deceitful, extremely, disagreeably
T?E-?A-RE (+ apply), GIVE A WRAP AROUND, RESTRICT; Chinese zè, narrow
T?E-?A-RE-¿E, WRAPPING
T?E-?A-RE-¿E-SO (+ cloth), CLOTHING, WRAP; Egyptian d3js, loin-cloth (Pyramid Text 1214); IE deres- (for *de:ris), *clothing-wrap, in Slovenian drásta, splinter, rag, clothing, listed incorrectly under 4. der-, heavy basis der6-, dre:-, flay, pull off the skin, split off, split
T?E-?A-¿E-FA (+ set), CLOTHING, WRAP; Egyptian d(3)jw, loin-cloth (Egyptian N18, 'a garment`); IE *de:yo- in Albanian duai, sheaf, listed under de:- : d6- and de:i-, di/i:-, bind
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: T?=z T?A-'¿A=c Tibetan T?E/A=d Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?A=da |
BODY
T?O, TORSO (CONTENTS OF THE BODY CAVITY), ORGAN, LUMP (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to the side'); Egyptian *t, *lump (Egyptian X1, 'bread'); Sumerian du-2, *lump (J. 99 reads du-2, and means 'seed-kernel with sprout)
T?O-¿E (+ -like), ORGAN, LUMP; Chinese zî, seed, egg, bundle, hank; zī, ancient unit of weight (1/4 liâng, now 50g)
T?O-¿E (+ -like), LOAF (OF BREAD); Egyptian t/, bread; Sumerian da in ninda, bread (J. 970)
T?O-¿E, HIVE
T?O-¿E-¿E (+ -like), HONEY; IE *dyai- in NHG Zeidel-, honey
T?O, TONGUE; Sumerian du-11, *tongue (J. 15 reads du-11, and portrays a head with the region of the mouth indicated by lines)
T?O-K?XO (+ hole), MOUTH TONGUE; Egyptian tx, plummet (cf. German Zünglein); Sumerian dug-4 (for *duk-4), speak, *tongue (J. 15); IE dng^hu: (for *dgho:-, i.e. *d(n)gho:- the (n) inserted for euphony)
T?O-K?XO-¿E (+ -like), MENTION; Sumerian dug-4 (for *duk-4), speak (J. 15); IE *dnghwi-, mention (cf. Old Irish tongid, swears), listed under dng^hu:, tongue
T?O, SCAT
T?O, BREAST MUSCLE, PECTORAL; Sumerian du-8, *breast (J.326 reads du-8, and means 'breast')
T?O-¿E (+ -like), ROUNDED HUMP, HEAP; Sumerian du-6, heap (J. 809)
T?O-¿E-K?XE (+ scrape), properly PLASTER but extended to KNEAD TOGETHER, MAKE POTTERY (T?SE-¿E-K?XE); Egyptian tH, *dough (Egyptian X2, 'loaf' [*DjH, properly T?SE-¿E-K?XE = finger-scrape, knead], is used with X1, 'bread', as a taboo deformation for Thoth (DHw.tjj)); Sumerian duk, clay pot, jug, container (J. 575 reads dug/k/q); IE dheigh^-, knead clay and wall or plaster (wall, rampart; pottery; then also for fabrication done in other ways); also of kneading dough (bakery goods)
PHA-T?O-¿E-K?XE (on +), PLASTER (VERB), PTAH (EGYPTIAN GOD); Egyptian ptH, Ptah, the Egyptian potter-god of creation; ptH, create
T?O, BE LUMPED TOGETHER
T?O-¿E (+ -like), LUMPING TOGETHER
THO-¿E-MO (+ overall), PUT TOGETHER COMPLETELY; Arabic Tâma/yaTîmu, fashion
THO-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PUT TOGETHER; Tâla/yaTûlu, procrastinate, lengthen
T?O-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE PUT ALL TOGETHER, BUILT; Sumerian du-6, *put together, *build (J. 809 reads du-6, and means 'rubbish heap, dwelling, ruin, chapel'); du-3, make, do, build, fasten, be full, fill, be responsible (J. 454); IE *dow-, *make, in Germanic taujan, make, listed incorrectly under 2. deu (for *dou-) or dou- : du, honor, guarantee, respectful
T?O-FA-¿E (+ -like), BE PUTTING ALL TOGETHER, BE BUILDING; IE *dowi- in Germanic taujan, make, listed incorrectly under 2. deu (for *dou-) or dou- : du, honor, guarantee, respectful
T?O-MO (+ overall), COMPLETELY PUT TOGETHER; INUNDATED; Arabic Tamma / yaTummu, flood
THO-MO, LATHER UP; IE 1. tem-, cut; Arabic Tamma, shave
T?O-PHA (+ diminutive), LITTLE LUMP
T?O-PHA-¿E (+ -like), TUFT, END, TOP; Egyptian tp(j), head, tip, example, the best of; IE *dopy- in Anglo-Saxon topp, point, peak, listed incorrectly under da:-, divide, etc.
T?O-PHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), ON TOP OF; Egyptian tpjj, being upon, principal, first
?A-T?O (+ top), PUT UP, ORDER; IE 2. ad-, establish, order; (in) Egyptian jt(jj), sovereign
T?O-FHA (+ frequentative), DRAW ONE'S SELF UP (SMALL), COWER; IE 2. deu- or dou- : du- (for *do:u- - cf. Old Indian duvo:yú-, honoring, respectful), approximately (religiously) honor, guarantee, venerable, powerful
T?O-FHA-NA (+ ingressive), START TO COWER, BE RESPECTFUL TOWARDS; Sumerian dun-5, *humble, bend down (J. 12 reads dun-5, and means 'humble, bend down'); IE *do:un- in Old Latin duenos, then duonos, Classical bonus, good, listed under 2. deu or dou- : du- (for *do:u-), honor, guarantee, respectful; Chinese zūn, senior, of a senior generation, respect, venerate, honor
T?O-FHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY COWERING; Egyptian twr, show respect to
T?O-FHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BE COWERING; Egyptian twrj, show respect to
T?O, NUT
T?O-RA (+ tree), OAK; IE deru-, tree, probably originally and specifically 'oak'
T?O-HHA (+ be in movement underneath), BE MIXED; Arabic TaHHa/yaTuHHu, spread something; TaHTaHa, break up, scatter; Chinese dâ, break, smash, mix, stir, beat, make in a smithy, forge
-T?O, (DEFINITE INANIMATE LARGE PLURAL); Egyptian -.t, collective; Sumerian -d, collective; IE -d-, collective
-T?O, (FEMININE); Egyptian -.t, feminine; IE -a/id-, feminine terminations; Arabic -t, feminine (phonological exception: normally we would expect Arabic emphatic T)
-T?O, (PASSIVE DISTRIBUTIVE - Stem XII)
-T?O, (INANIMATE ITERATIVE ('DONE REPEATEDLY TO COMPLETION')
* * *
- T H -
Chinese: TH=d Tibetan THA=t Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) THA=dā final THO=t; THO-FHA=du/tu |
ANIMAL
THA, RAT, MOVE AT THE SIDE OF (TREMBLE), TWITCH (AS OF THE RAT'S WHISKERS); Sumerian da-7, *rat (J. 684 reads da-7, and means 'rat')
VERBAL
THA, BE/TEAR LOOSE (AT THE SIDE)
THA-HA (+ stative), LOOSEN (DISCONNECT; TEAR LOOSE)
THA-HA-ME (+ tongue), INTOXICATED (LOOSE TONGUED); IE 2. tem- (for *ta:me-), commonly lengthened grade, mentally incapacitated, benumbed, *intoxicated (cf. Latin te:me:tum, intoxicant, mead, wine)
THA-HA-ME-RO (+ high degree), VERY INTOXICATED (VERY LOOSE TONGUED); IE *te:mero-, *very intoxicated, in Armenian t`m(b)rim, become numb, listed under 2. tem-, commonly lengthened grade, mentally incapacitated, benumbed, *intoxicated; Arabic thamalun (from *thahamalun?), intoxication
THA-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE LOOSENING/STEALING; IE (s)ta:i-, secretly deprive someone of something, conceal, steal
THA-HA-¿E-FE (+ male), LOOSENER, THIEF; IE ta:yu-s- (for *ta:yeu-), thief; Chinese dào, steal, rob, thief, robber
THA-HA-¿E-RHE (+ come), ABSCOND WITH; Sumerian dir-2 (for *dêr-x), *steal (J. 191 reads dir-2, and means 'take away')
THA-HA-¿E-RHE-RO (+ high degree), FORCEFULLY TAKE AWAY; Egyptian d3r, control temper, wishes, subdue, suppress, rob, steal
SA-THA-HA-¿E-RHE (strong +), COMPLETELY ABSCOND WITH; IE 3. ster- (for *sta:ire- - cf. Greek stereó:, rob), rob, steal
THA-FHA (+ frequentative), BE MAKING LOOSE; IE tew6-, sieve, chop; 1. (s)teu-, push, hit
THA-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BE LOOSENED OUT, DELAYED; IE tu:-lo-, slow and lengthy in working, speaking, and similar; Arabic thawila, be seized with staggers; mad
THA-FHA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE MAKING LOOSE A LITTLE; IE steup-, stump, listed under 1. (s)teu-, push, hit; Tibetan s-tub-pa, cut into pieces
THA-¿E (+ -like), BE LOOSENING
THA-¿E-MO (+ overall), BE LOOSENING COMPLETELY, FASHIONING; Egyptian d(j)m, be sharp, sharpen, pierce; d(j)m(3), cut off heads; in d(j)m.t, (carving?) knife; Sumerian dim-2 (for *dêm-x), *build (J. 785 reads dim-2, and means destroy, make, create, build, do, be made, construction foreman / worker; IE 1. tem- (for *tyem-), tend-, cut
THA-RHE (+ come), COME LOOSE, ESCAPE; Egyptian d3, become loose, escape, wobble
VERBAL
THA, TWITCH
THA-RE-MO (+ overall), SHIVERING; IE trem-, shiver, trip, trample
THA-RE-PHA (+ diminutive), SHUDDER A LITTLE; IE 1. trep-, trip, trample, tread, *shudder (cf. Latin trepidus, fearfully running around; 2. trep-, turn, turn away from shame
VERBAL
THA, WARBLE
THA-¿E (+ -voice), WARBLING
THA-¿E-FA, WARBLINGS
THA-¿E-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SCREAMING; Egyptian djw.t, shriek, bellow
THA-¿E-THA-¿E (+ reduplication), WARBLE A SONG; IE ti-ti-, imitation of birdcalls, hardly in the primitive language
ANIMATE NATURE
THA, DEW, MOLD (animate: literally, 'who is in movement at the side'); IE ta:i-, dew, cf. Ossetic thayun, bedew, listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes in dampness); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in dāy, dew
THA-¿E (+ -like), DEWLIKE, DROP; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) dāy, dew
THA-FA, BE DAMPENED COMPLETELY
THA-FA-KHXO (+ scrape), BATHE (MOISTEN AND SCRAPE WITH A STRIGIL); IE 2. twak-, bathe
THA-FA-P?FO (+ place), BRICK(-MOLD); Sumerian dub/p (for *dûp), clay tablet (J. 239); Arabic Tûbun, brick(work)(for *t-w-b [tw T {?})
THA-FA-P?FO-T?O (+ lump), BRICK; Egyptian Db.t (for *dwb.t - cf. Coptic tôbe, brick), brick (written with G22, 'hoopoe', i.e. THA-FA, 'dew bird`, hoopoe, which searches for worms on the early morning bedewed ground); Arabic Tûbatun, brick (for *t-w-b [tw T {?})
THA-FHA (+ set), DEW DROPS
THA-FHA (+ frequentative), FALL AS DEW; IE ta:u-, fall as dew, listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes)
THA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), DROPLIKE, DROP; Egyptian tj (for *dwj), *drop (U33 portrays a 'drop' rather than a 'pestle')
THA-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START FALLING AS DEW, DRIPPING; Arabic Talla/yaTullu (for *t-w-l [tw T {?}), bedrizzle, bespray (cf. Tallun, dew)
THA-FHA, MELT AWAY; Sumerian du-19, melt (J. 635 reads du-19 and means 'melt`); IE *te:u-, melt away, listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes)
VERBAL
THA, BE PRESENT AS DROPS OF MOISTURE
THA-HA (+ stative), BE FALLEN AS DEW, DRIPPED, DECAYED Sumerian da-9 (for *dâ-x), *be falling as dew (J. 635 reads da-9, and means 'drip'); IE ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes), *be falling as dew (cf. Ossete thayun, dew, melt)
THA-HA-¿E (+ -like), DECAYING
THA-HA-¿E-P?FO, WET PLACE; IE ta:ibh-, *swampy place, listed under IE ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes), *be falling as dew (cf. Ossete thayun, dew, melt)
THA-HA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), MARSH; Egyptian Djj.t (for *djj.t), (papyrus-)marsh
THA-HA-P?O (+ bubble), FALL IN SMALL PIECES, TO DRIP; IE ta:b-, *putrefy (cf. Latin ta:be:s, gradual disintegration), listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes)
THá-HA-P?O, DROP; Egyptian d(j)f, drop (Late Egyptian for *djpw); IE ta:bu-, *drops (cf. Latin ta:bum, urine, mucus, contagion (suppuration), listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes)
THA-HA-P?O-THA-HA-P?O (+ reduplication), BE MADE TO DRIP COMPLETELY OUT; Egyptian d(j)fd(j)f, drip
THA-HA-THA-HA (+ reduplication), BE FALLING GENTLY; IE *ta:ta:- in Avestan ta:ta-, falling (of rain), listed incorrectly under 2. pet-, pet6- : pte:-, pto:- (Greek pta:-), fall or fall down on something, fly, fall
THA-MO (+ overall), DAMP OVERALL
THA-MO-¿E (+ -like), BE DAMPENING OVERALL; Egyptian dm(j), sharpen; Sumerian dam-2 (for *dami-x), *whet (J. 684 means 'stroke`, and reads dam-2); IE 1. tem- (for *tamy-; cf. Homeric témei), tend-, cut, *sharpen (cf. Lithuanian tinù, tìnti, whet)
THA-NHA (+ ingressive), START FALLING AS DEW, DRIPPING; IE tal-, *drip, listed under ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes); Basque tanta, drop (if PL NH = Basque n)
THA-PHA (+ diminutive), BEDEW A LITTLE, MOISTEN; Egyptian dp, moisten (of a spear that 'moistens' him who is hit with it); dp, pour out water, *moisten; dp, of Apophis when he is spit upon, *made wet; Sumerian dab/p, pour out, fish (J. 894); IE 1. tap-, submerge, wetness?, *dampen
THA-PHA-FHA (+ frequentative), MAKE MOIST, IMMERSE; IE 1. tap- (for *tapau- - cf. Armenian t'at'avem, dip in), submerge, wetness?
THA-RHE (+ fall), BECOME DAMP
THA-RHE-¿E (+ -like), DAMPLIKE; Arabic in tharâ, (moist) earth
THA-RHE (+ fall), EJACULATE/COPULATE; Egyptian d3 (also d3d3), copulate; Sumerian dar-5, create, engender (J. 648 reads dar-5 and means create, engender); *dar-5-dar-5, *create, engender (J. 649, which reads dar-5, is reduplicated J. 648); J. 648 is a gunu-form (marked with several short parallel lines) of J. 798, eye, and means also beautiful, happy, the latter of which might be semantically related to the pleasure of orgasm; this word may be more closely related to 'tremble/shiver' in the sense of orgasmic spasms
THA, MELT (COME LOOSE AT THE SIDE)
THA-¿E (+ -like), BE MELTING; Sumerian de-3 (for *dê-3), fire, flame, *heat (J. 339 reads de-3, and means 'fire, ignite, light up, burn (away), gleam, torch, heat, hot, flicker, flame up, cook, get hot, be excited, purify`); zi-2 (for dialectal *zê-2; standard *dê as above)), *melt, *purify, *flow (J. 276, which depicts 'an enclosed fireplace with chimney (furnace)', in which J. 684, a depiction of the 'rising sun' has been placed, i.e. a 'kiln'; reads ze/i-2; in the meaning 'melt, etc., it is currently read by Sumerologists as zal)
THA-HA, MELTED, SLIGHTLY HEATED; IE ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes, what is slightly warmed)
THA-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE CAUSING TO MELT, HEATING; Sumerian di-7 (for *dê-3), *heat (J. 339 reads dê-3, and means 'fire, ignite, light up, burn (away), gleam, torch, heat, hot, flicker, flame up, cook, get hot, be excited, purify'); IE ta:i-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes)
THA-HA-K?A (+ cup), CRUCIBLE; IE te:g- (for *ta:g-), burn, *crucible (cf. Greek té:ganon, frying-pan, crucible)
THA-PHA (+ diminutive), WARM (ENOUGH TO MELT, E.G. WAX); Egyptian dp, starts to melt (of a fire that 'starts to melt' someone); dp, warm (of people who are 'warmed' by the sun); Sumerian dab/p-2 (for *dib-x), melt, purify (J. 215); IE 1. tep-, to be warm
ADVERBIAL
THA, (IN MOVEMENT) AT THE SIDE
THA-?A (+ stative), STAY DAMP; Arabic tha?tha?a, water (animals); fear
THA-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE DAMPENING; IE ta:i-, *dripping, listed under IE ta:-, melt, dissolve (flow), disappear (decay, what decomposes), *be falling as dew (cf. Ossete thayun, dew, melt); Arabic tha?â, tear (a skin), perforate (cause to be damp) ; Chinese dī, drip, drop
THA-?A-T?SE (+ release), RELEASE DAMPNESS; Arabic tha?ida, to be covered with dew
THA-¿E (+ -like), LATERAL
THA-¿E-RHE (+ come), COME OVER, CROSS; Egyptian D3 (for *dj3), ferry over, cross; Sumerian dir(i/ig) (for *dêr[î/ig~?]), go out over, overflow (J. 214 = J. 188 (unrecorded reading of *dê for THE-HA-¿E, FLAME) + J. 949 (means "rainy season", unrecorded reading of *rî); IE 4. ter- (for *tire(:)- - cf. Old Indian tiráti, sets over, drives over), get over, press through, cross over, overcome, catch up with, bring over, save
THA-¿E-RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), ARRIVE ON THE OTHER SIDE; IE teru- (for *tire:u-), listed under 4. ter-, ter6-: tR:-, tra:-,get over, press through, cross over, overcome, catch up with, bring over, save
PREPOSITIONAL
THA-¿E-RHE, ACROSS; IE 5. ter- (for *tyare:- — cf. Old Indian tiráH, away, on the other side), in prepositional words for 'throughout, away over'
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: TH=d Tibetan THA=t Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) THA=dā final THO=t; THO-FHA=du/tu |
ANIMATE NATURE
THE, STAR, SPINNER, ROLLER (apparently, the ancients believed that the movement of the stars across the sky was accomplished by spinning)
THE-HA (+ stative), SPINNING, ROLLING
THE-HA-¿E, RADIATING LIGHT; Sumerian *dî, *flame (J. 188: pictures a lamp dish with flame; the reading is obtained by abstracting it from the combinations of J. 188: J. 188 with stripes = J. 191, dir-2; J. 193, ti/er-3 (for *dir), and J. 214, dir and tir); di-7, fire (J. 339 reads di-7, and means 'fire')
THE-HA-¿E-QE (+ pointedly angled), POINT (HARDENED BY HEATING); IE (s)teig- (for *te:ing^ - cf. Latin stinguo:, put out fire (from poking apart the burning logs), stick, pointed; Chinese dīng, sting, bite, fix one's eyes on, gaze at, stare at, nail, tack, follow closely, tail
THE-HA-¿E-QE-¿E, BE STICKING; IE *te:ing^ay- in Old Indian te:jáyati, sharpens, pricks
THE-HA-RHA (+ fly), SPIN THROUGH THE SKY, STAR; Egyptian d(j)3, *star (written with Gardiner N14 (star) or N15 (star in circle); Sumerian dir-3 (for *dîr-3), heaven, god, *star (J. 14 reads dir-3, and pictures a 'star'); IE te:ra: (for *te:re:-), in Greek teréo:n, stars, listed under 2. ste/e:r-, star; Chinese dì, supreme being
THE-MO (+ overall), DARK RED; Egyptian *dm, *dark red (cf. Coptic tmtm, grow dark); IE tem(6)-, dark, *dark red (cf. Old Indian ta:mrá-, dark red, coppery red)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: TH=d Tibetan THA=t Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) THA=dā final THO=t; THO-FHA=du/tu |
ANIMAL
THO, ACCOMPANIER, APPROACHER TO JOIN (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the side' ('assembles')); Sumerian da-4, husband, wife (J. 922); Chinese dā, come into contact, join, put up, build, hang over, put over, throw in more, add, lift something together, take (ship), go by
THO-¿E (+ -like), BE MOVING/PUTTING TOGETHER
THO-¿E, ACCOMPANIMENT, COMPANY
THO-¿E-XA (+ flatten), BE HUDDLED TOGETHER; Egyptian tš, be absent, missing, desist, desert; Sumerian zah-3, flighty (J. 961 [fish] + J. 949 [water]) = J. 955; zah-2, run away (J. 949 [water] + J. 961 [fish]); IE tyegw- (for *tyagw-), shyly withdraw, start up
THO-FA (+ frequentative), POUNDED TOGETHER; IE 1. (s)teu- (for *(s)tou-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar; Chinese dâo, pound with a pestle, beat, smash, harass, disturb
THO-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE STUNNED
SA-THO-FA-PHA (strong +), COMPLETELY STUNNED, D0UMBFOUNDED; IE stup-, *dumbfounded, in Latin stupeo:, stand rigidly, dumbfounded, be disconcerted, be taken aback, listed under (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, -bh-), 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THO-FA, BE CAUSED TO SWELL THROUGH PRESSURE, STUFF FULL; IE te:u-, t6u- tew6-, two:-, tu/u:-, swell; Sumerian du-2, sickness (swelling), bear, procreate
THO-FA-MA (+ mound), MOUND; Sumerian dum, middle, torso (J. 411); IE *tu:mo-, mound, in Latin tumulus, mound, listed under te:u-, t6u- tew6-, two:-, tu/u:-, swell; Chinese dūn, mound
?A-THO+FA-MA (plant +), GRAIN HEAP; FATHER+MOTHER, NORTH STAR
?A-THO-FA-MA, ATUM (EGYPTIAN GOD OF JUPITER [DEIFIED GRAIN-HEAP])
THO-FA-MO (+ overall), VERY SWOLLEN; IE tumo- (for *tu:-mo-), massive, listed under te:u-, t6u-, tew6-, two:-, tu/u:-, swell
THO-FA-RA (+ back), BULL; Egyptian tw3, man of low station (*'humpback'); Sumerian dur-3, ass-stallion (J. 415, ass + 89, male); IE t6uro-s (for *t6uri- - cf. Old Prussian tauris, bison), listed under te:u-, swell; Arabic thaurun (for *Saurun; loanword (?)), bull
THO-FA, BAG; Chinese dōu, pocket, bag
THO-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE PRESSED ONE'S SELF TOGETHER, BE COMPACT, HARD, STRONG, COMPLETE ; Sumerian du-2, *have pressed one's self together (J. 99 reads du-2, and means 'collect'); dug-3, (for *dug~-3) *complete (J. 715 reads dug-3, and means 'complete'); IE tu/u:- (for *to:u-), swell, *strong (listed under te:u-, swell); Chinese dōu, all; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in tu-n/t (also du-n/t), join, bring together, tie, knot
THO-FHA-RO (+ high degree), CHEESE; Sumerian dul-2, *cheese (J. 867 depicts a cheesewheel, means 'a spice, stink'); IE tu:ro-, cheese, in Greek tu:rós, cheese, listed as tu/u:ro-, strong, swollen, under te:u-, swell
THO-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), HAVE PRESSED ONE'S SELF COMPLETELY TOGETHER, BE COMPLETELY TOGETHER, COMPLETE; Egyptian t(w)t, full, entire, complete; Sumerian tud, *complete (J. 99 reads tud (for *dud), and means 'collect'); IE *to:uto- in Latin to:tus, complete, listed under te:u-, swell
THO-HA (+ stative), MOVED TOGETHER TO FORM A UNIT
THO-HA-¿E (+ -like), PESTLE; Egyptian *tj, *pestle (Egyptian U33, 'pestle')
THO-HA-¿E, BE CAUSING TO MOVE TOGETHER, CONTRACT; IE t6i- (for *to:i-), smelt, listed under ta:-, smelt, dissolve (flow), disappear (must, decaying matter)
SA-THO-HA-¿E (strong +), BE CAUSED TO COMPLETELY MOVE TOGETHER, COMPLETELY CONTRACT; IE sta:i- (for *sto:i-), thicken, press together, stop up, become dense, congeal, solidify
SA-THO-HA-¿E, STONE, SET (EGYPTIAN SATURN GOD OF THE EARTH); Egyptian st(š), Set (properly zt - the š s, N37, 'garden pool', is a misunderstanding or pun for O39, 'stone slab or brick (sometimes large like N37)'; Sumerian šad/t/T(a/u), mountain (J. 668)
SA-THO-HA-¿E-NA (strong +), STONE (really CLOD); IE *sto:in- in Gothic stains, stone, listed under sta:i-, thicken, etc.
THO-HA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE MOVING ONE'S SELF TOGETHER A LITTLE, BE CROUCHING, SQUATTING, HIDING; Sumerian dab-5, *sit (J. 893 reads dab-5, and means 'sit'); IE teup- (for *to:p- - cf. Lithuanian tu:più, squat, hunker down), crouch down, also in order to hide one's self
THO-MO (+ overall), MOST PRESSED TOGETHER, CONSTRICTED; Egyptian tm, perish (suffocate), close the mouth; IE 2. tem-, often lengthened grade (vowel), mentally incapacitated, benumbed, *suffocate (Sanskrit támati, suffocates); Arabic thamma/yathummu, pick up, collect, heap up
THO-MO-NA (+ one), PINCH, VALUE; IE temno-, *pinch, listed under 1. tem-, tend-, cut; Arabic thamanun (for *Samanun [?]), price, value
THO-PHA (+ diminutive), BE PRESSING ONE'S SELF AGAINST
THO-PHA-¿E (+ -like), BE PRESSING AGAINST; Sumerian dab-5, seize, catch, *press (J. 893 - cf. šu-kin...dab-5, to prostrate (press completely against the earth)
THO-PHA-¿E, FELT; Sumerian dab-5, *felt (J. 893 reads dab-5, means *press, and means fabric); IE 2. tap- (for *topy- - cf. Old Icelandic tho:fi, felt), press down, press together, *felt
SA-THO-PHA (strong +), BE PRESSING AGAINST COMPLETELY; IE s(e)tep- in Latvian satap, meet, to come together, choose, select
SA-THO-PHA, BE PRESSING AGAINST COMPLETELY; Egyptian stp, cut up, cut off, pick, choose
THO-RE (+ make), BECOME DRIED OUT
THO-RE-¿E (+ -like), DRY EARTH; Egyptian t3(j), earth, land (Egyptian N16 and 17, 'flat alluvial land with grains of sand`, rather '... grains of loose dirt`; IE *t6rei- in Old Irish ti:r, dry, listed under ters-, dry, parch, thirst, be thirsty; Chinese dì, the earth, land, soil
THO-XA (+ prssed together), FLEE, PANIC; IE tekw-, run, flow, flee (cf. Old Irish techid, flees); Egyptian tš(j), desert; tšw, deserter)
THO-THO (+ reduplicated), ALL LUMPY, VERY FAT; Sumerian personal name Du-Du; IE pet name Toto; Basque in totolo, fat, obese, round, chubby
THO-THO-¿E (+ -like), FATTISH; Egyptian personal and divine name ttj, in Pyramid Spell 489 (mj r m33 st n ttj, just as Set looks upon the Fattish One); royal name Teti
ANIMAL
THO, TRIBE, SPECIES, (LARGE) HERD (OF MIXED ANIMALS)
ANIMATE NATURE
THO, HEAT (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the side'); Egyptian *t in t3, heat (for THO-'RE) (Egyptian U30, 'potter's kiln); Sumerian du-19, *heated (J. 635 reads du-19, and means 'smelt, smith, gleam reddishly; it pictures a kiln)
THO-FHA (+ frequentatuive), HEAT UP; Sumerian du-19 (for *dû-19), *heat up (J. 635 reads du-19, and means 'melt, gleam reddishly')
THO-FHA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE SLIGHTLY HEATED UP, BE SLIGHTLY DRIED OUT
SA-THO-FHA-PHA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY DRIED OUT; IE *steup-, *dry out (cf. Greek stú:po:, contract, make dense, hard, taste sharp (dry), listed under stew6-, thicken, form itself into a ball
THO-FHA-RE, HEAT
SA-THO-FHA-RE (strong +), CAUSE TO BE HOT, HEAT UP; Egyptian st3, heat
SA-THO-FHA (strong +), HEAT UP COMPLETELY, DRY OUT COMPLETELY; IE stew6-, thicken, form itself into a ball
THO-RE (+ make), HEAT UP; Egyptian t3, kiln, hot
GRAMMATICAL
THO, PERSON; in Egyptian -tj, 2nd p. sing. Old Perfective (THO-¿E); in IE 3rd p. sing. -t
-THO, (DEFINITE ANIMATE LARGE PLURAL); Egyptian -.t, collective; Sumerian -d, collective; IE -t-, collective
-THO, (DEFINITE INANIMATE LARGE PLURAL CREATED BY HUMAN AGENCY, ASSEMBLAGE); Egyptian -.t, collective; Sumerian -d, collective; IE -t-, collective
-THO, FUTURE, PROSPECTIVE; in Egyptian particle tj (THO-¿E), which means 'when' before verbal sentences, and 'while' in nominal sentences; sDm.t(j).f(j) form, which is a future active participle (he who will hear) - writings simply with -t are found, and it is obvious that this -t represents the un-stress-accented -t described below in 'mor-tos while the sDm.t.f form (translated as a present or past perfect) is parallel with mr-'tos - to increase its distinction from sDm.t.f forms, -j (-¿E) was first added to the pronoun (sDm.t.fj), and probably also later to the -t (sDm.tj.fj) - Egyptian -tj(j) is known as a former of future participles: e.g. wp.w.tj, messenger (from wp.w.t, message) - these correspond to IE nomina agentis in -tj (-THO-¿E) - we find this same -t in many Egyptian infinitives which were probably stress-accented on the final syllable; Sumerian verbal suffix -d, which forms present-futures according to the views of Yoshikawa - its employment in non-finite forms parallels the infinitive: g~a-2-g~a-2-de-3 (-THO-¿E), in order to place - nu-kur-ru-dam (THO), which cannot ever be changed - zi-re-dam (THO), it has to be destroyed; IE as a modal adverb alone or in combinations like Sanskrit tatas, which when combined with a present, is translated as a future; in IE -tyo, future passive participles or participles of necessity; -to prospective participles: e.g. Old Irish nemed, sanctuary (what is to be revered) - Sanskrit darSatas, visible (what is to be seen) - Greek lutos, capable of being freed - IE 'mor-tos, mortal (what is to die) - cf. IE mr-'tos, dead, with -'THO, which is the large animate plural suffix; in infinitives in -tu(m) and -ti (THO-¿E)
THO-¿E (+ -like), WHEN, WHILE; in Egyptian particle tj (THO-¿E), which means 'when' before verbal sentences, and 'while' in nominal sentences
-THO (stress-unaccented), (AGENTIVE); Egyptian agentive in -t; Sumerian nomen agentis in -ed; IE -to, nomen agentis, in Old Indian du:-ta-, messenger
-THO-RO (+ adult), NOMEN AGENTIS (IE); IE -ter, nomen agentis
-THO-RO-HA (+ feminine), NOMEN AGENTIS USED AS NOMEN LOCI (IE); IE -tra:
-THO, (REFLEXIVE DISTRIBUTIVE - Stem XI)
-THO, (ANIMATE ITERATIVE, 'DO UNTIL COMPLETION')
ADVERBIAL
THO, THERE
THO-MA (+ area), THEREABOUT; IE tom-, *there (cf. Old Bulgarian tamo, thither), listed under 1. to-, ta:, tyo-, pronominal stem 'the'; Arabic thamma, here, over there
* * *
- T ? S -
Chinese: T?S=c Tibetan T?SE=d; initial T?SO=dz Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?SE=dzy (in dz(y)ɢw) |
BODY
T?SA, BODY (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended over points at the side')
T?SA, LONG, LAST, ELONGATE
T?SA-?A (+ stative), BE LONG, STRETCHED OUT
T?SA-?A-P?FO (+ place), JOINING PLACE
T?SA-?A-P?FO-¿E (+ like), (MAKE LONG BY) FITTING (BACK) TOGETHER, RESTORE; Egyptian Db(3), repay, replace, restore, clothe (really *fit), provide (compare Db(3).t, robing (*fitting) room; Sumerian dap-3 (for *dapa), *fitting (J. 715 reads dab/p-3, pictures a circle, and means 'good, sweet, lap, total, large mass, complete, mix, knee, grace, engender' — all of which can be united under the idea of 'fitting {together}'); IE 2. dhabh-, fit together appropriately, fitting
T?SA-?A-P?FO (+ trunk), POLE; Egyptian Dbw, pole (?) of chariot
T?SA-?A-P?FO-¿E (+ place), (LONG) PAUSE; IE 1. dha/a:bh(i)-, be astonished, startled, speechless
T?SA-¿E (+ -like), BE LENGTHENING, LONG
T?SA-¿E-NA (+ ingressive), START TO LENGTHEN; IE 3. dhen- (for *dhyan-), beat, push
T?SA-¿E-NA-FA (+ past participle), LENGTHENED/SMOOTHED OUT (AREA), FLOOR; Sumerian ten (for *tênu - cf. alternate reading of J. 680 d/tim(m)enna/temen), earthen wall, terrace, foundation (J. 680); IE 2. dhen-, flat of the hand, of the earth, flat board, *threshing floor (for *dhyanu- - cf. Old Indian dhánu-, sandbank, bank, island, and Old High German tenni, smoothed clay or board floor as threshing-place)
T?SA-¿E-NA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), THRESHING FLOOR; Egyptian D(j)n(w).t, threshing floor
T?SA-¿E-NA (+ one/stone[?]), DAM; Egyptian *D(j)n, dam (Egyptian V11, 'a sign probably later taken to be a cartouche cut in half and reversed', rather a straight line touching a semicircle to indicate a flattened mound); Sumerian ten (for *tên), *dam (J. 680 reads ten { for *tin - cf. d/tim(m)enna/temen, earthen mound}, and means 'dam'; Comb. 2514 = J. 680 (kar) + J. 608 (ra), and means 'one who treads firmly, (s)tamper of dams')
T?SA-¿E-NA-¿E (+ like), BE DAMMING UP, HOLDING BACK, RESTRAINING; Egyptian Dnj, dam water, construct dam, hold back restrain, revet earthen banks; Sumerian ten (for *tên - cf. d/tim(m)enna/temen, earthen mound), calm one's self (J. 680)
SA-T?SA-¿E-NA-¿E (strong +), BE COMPLETELY RESTRICTING; IE 2. sten- (for *st(h)aini- - cf. Homeric Greek tòsteînos, narrow passage, space, press, distress)
SHO-T?SA-¿E-NA-¿E (person + [Egyptian causative]), CAUSE TO BE HIGHLY RESTRICTED; Egyptian sdnj (for *sDnj). punish
T?SA-FA (+ frequentative), STRETCH ONE'S SELF OUT (IN SICKNESS OR DEATH), COLLAPSE; Egyptian Dw, bad, evil, sad (of heart); IE 2. dheu-, dhw-e:i-, disappear, become unconscious, die
T?SA-FA-¿E (+ -like), FATAL; Egyptian Dw.jj, evil; IE dhwe:i-, death, listed under 2. dheu-, disappear, become unconscious, die
T?SA-NHA (+ ingressive), HAVE STARTED TO BECOME LONG, GROWN; IE dha/a:l-, bloom, sprout, in Greek (Dorian) tétha:la, perfect, sprout, bloom, grow
T?SA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE LENGTHENING, GROWING; IE dha/a:ly- in Greek (Dorian tha:léo:, present, sprout, bloom, grow
T?SA, ROLL OF FECAL MATERIAL (TURD)
T?SA-RHA (+ color), REDDISH BROWN; Sumerian tar-2, brightly colored (J. 193); IE 1. dher- (for *dhra:-), dher6-, in expansions with consonants 'muddy sediment of a liquid, also generally of dirt, revulsion, of weather creating spongy conditions, of murky hues, etc; verbally: stir up sediment and muck'
T?SA-RHA-¿E (+ -like), REDDISH BROWN
T?SA-RHA-¿E, THORN, SPLINTER; IE *dhri-, *thorn, in Latvian drig'enes, black henbane, listed under dheregh-, in names of prickly plants bearing berries, especially also of such thorny shrubs, from which, in part, "thorn"; Chinese cì, thorn, splinter
T?SA-RHA-¿E-K?XA (+ hang), THORNY BERRY SHRUBS; dheregh-, in names of prickly plants bearing berries, especially also of such thorny shrubs, from which, in part, "thorn"
T?SA-RHA-KHE (+ dark), DARK REDDISH BROWN; IE dherk- (for **dha:rk^-), horrid, *dark reddish brown (cf. Middle Irish derg, red {from dherg-}), listed under 1. dher-, dher6-, in expansions with consonants 'muddy sediment of a liquid, also generally of dirt, revulsion, of weather creating spongy conditions, of murky hues, etc; verbally: stir up sediment and muck
T?SA-RHA-ME (+ tongue), FLAME; IE *dhra:-mo in Greek thérmo:, warm, heat, make hot
T?SA-RHA-NA (+ one), REDDISH BROWN THING
T?SA-RHA-NA-¿E (+ -like), REDDISH BROWN, DEER; IE *dhra:ni-, *deer (cf. Albanian Gheg dre:-ni, deer, and Illyrian *drani, deer), listed under dhrono- (for *dhra:ni-), parti-colored
T?SA-RHA-P?FO (+ place), BRUISE; IE dhra:bh-, spot, birth- mark, mole, listed under 1. dher-, dher6-, in expansions with consonants 'muddy sediment of a liquid, also generally of dirt, revulsion, of weather creating spongy conditions, of murky hues, etc.; verbally: stir up sediment and muck
T?SA-RE (+ left fall), EXCRETE; IE 5. dher- (for *dhar- - cf. Greek dardaínei, sully), dhrei-d-, excrement, excrete; 1. dher-, dher6-, in expansions with consonants 'muddy sediment of a liquid, also generally of dirt, revulsion, of weather creating spongy conditions, of murky hues, ; verbally: stir up sediment and muck
T?SA-RE-¿E (+ -like), EXCRETORY
T?SA-RE-¿E-T?A (+ give), EXCRETE; IE dhrei-d-, listed under 5. dher- (for *dhar- - cf. Greek dardaínei, sully), excrement, excrete
T?SA-RE-¿E-T?O (+ lump), EXCRETION; Egyptian D3(y)t, revulsion; IE 5. dher- (for *dhar- - cf. Greek dardaínei, sully), dhrei-d-, excrement, excrete
T?SA, ANYTHING ROUGHLY OVOID CONSISTING OF AN OUTER SHELL WITH DIFFERENTATED SOLID INTERIOR CONTENT: NUT, BEAD
GRAMMATICAL
T?SA, (REFLEXIVE); IE in numerous middle forms as -dh-
T?SA-¿E (+ -like), SELF (BODY); Sumerian te (J. 680) in ni-2-te-a-ni, him/herself; and ni-2-te-a-ne-ne, themselves; IE -dhi, imperative (*reflexive)
T?SA-¿E-SO (+ skin), SELF (OWN SKIN); Egypian Ds, self
NA-¿E+T?SA-¿E (matter +), SELF(HOOD); in Sumerian ni-2-te-a-ni (for *nî-2-ti-a-ni), himself, herself; ni-2-te-a-ne-ne (for *nî-2-ti-a-ni-ni), themselves (J. 721, ni-2 + J. 680, te; the reading d/timenna, embankment, for J. 680 shows that te had the alternate reading *ti)
T?SA-¿E-T?A (+ hand), SELF (OWN HAND); Egyptian Dd, self; Arabic dhâtun (for *dâtun [?]), self
T?SA, (FORMANT OF BODILY PARTS)
T?SA, (FORMANT OF INTERNAL PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO EXTERNAL OBJECTIVE PHENOMENA: E.G fire [+ T?SA] heat as an experience)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: T?S=c Tibetan T?SE=d; initial T?SO=dz Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?SE=dzy (in dz(y)ɢw) |
BODY
T?SE, TEAT (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended from the side' ['releaser'])
T?SE-¿E (+ -like), TEATLIKE, FEMALE; Chinese cí, female; Basque in diti, nipple
T?SE-¿E, RELEASED SCENT; IE dhei-, listed 1. dhe:-, older family members (fragrant); Sumerian zi-2, gall(bladder); Tibetan dri, odor, smell (<- r-di)
T?SE-¿O (+ cause to), SUCK(LE); IE dhei-, suckle, listed under dhe:(i)-, suck, suckle; in Sumerian ti-4-ti-4, suck (J. 3088 = 2x J. 807; J. 807 reads ti-4, and J. 3088 means 'suck'); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in dz(y)ɢw, suck, kiss, breast, milk
T?SE-FA (+ frequentative), NURSE (AT BREAST)
T?SE-FA (+ set), PAIR (SET) OF TEATS
T?SE-FA-K?XA (+ hang), DUG; IE *dheugh- in English dug
T?SE-HA (+ stative), SUCKED (CAUSED TO BE RELEASED), INHALED, BREATHED, LIVED; Sumerian ze/i, live (breathe) (J. 130); IE dhe:-, suck, listed under dhe:(i)-, suck, suckle
T?SE-HA-¿E (+ -like), BE SUCK(L)ING; IE dhe:(i)-, suck, suckle
T?SE-HHA (+ water), DISSOLVE; Sumerian ze-2, flow, purify (J. 276); IE 2. dhe:-, disappear
T?SE-HHA (+ move underneath), RELAX; Sumerian ze-6, *relax (J. 949 reads ze-6, and means 'relax')
MA-NA-T?SE (breast +), NURSE (VERB), BREAST; Egyptian mnD, breast; IE mnd- (for *mandh-), suckle, suck, breast, also young, nursing animals, listed under mend-
BODY
T?SE, FINGER (secondary)
T?SE-¿E (+ like), RIB; Sumerian ti, flexible bar, rib, arrow (J. 117)
T?SE-¿E-NA (+ one), BOW; IE dhanu- (for *dhyan- - cf. Old Indian dhánu-, bow), listed under dhanu- or dhonu-, a tree designation
T?SE-RE (+ apply), WRAP FINGERS AROUND, TAKE; Egyptian D3, take (the breast in the mouth), hold (in D3 m3' r, pay heed to {hold true to}; and D3 rd, impede {hold the leg}), interfere; Sumerian da-ri, protect, support (Comb. 2071 = J. 629, hand + J. 132, pull to one's self); IE 2. dher- (cf. Lithuanian deriù, hire (*make firm), buy), hold, hold firmly, support
T?SE-RO (+ raise), CLOSE FINGERS ON; Egyptian Dr, end (hold from), end up as (be holding), hinder, obstruct (hold from) (Egyptian M36/37, 'bundle of flax stems showing the bolls (sometimes misinterpreted); Sumerian da-ri-a, seize, snatch away (Comb. 2072: J. 629 + J. 132, pull to one's self + J. 949, a); IE dher6- (for *dyareu-), hold, hold firmly, support, *hold back from (cf. Avestan da:rana- means to hold back), listed under 2. dher-
VERBAL
T?SE, RELEASE; Chinese cā, rub off, wipe off, spread on, put on, brush, shave, scrape (into shreds)
T?SE-?A (+ stative), RELEASED ONE'S SELF, FREED ONE'S SELF; Sumerian ze, *stand firm (J. 130 reads ze, and means 'stand firm'); IE 2. dhe:-, set, place, lay
T?SE-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE RELEASING; Sumerian zi, *expenses (J. 130 reads zi, and means 'expenses'); IE *dhe:i- (cf. Avestan dadha:iti, he sets), listed under 2. dhe:-, set, place, lay; 3. dhe:-, disappear, *be free; Chinese câi, pick, pluck, gather, mine, extract, adopt, select
T?SE-?A-SA-FHE (+ day), HOLIDAY; IE dhe:s- (for *dhe:s6- - cf. Latin fe:riae, holidays), in religious concepts
T?SE-?A-SA-FHE-RO (+ high degree), FESTIVE, Egyptian Dsr, sacred, holy, rather *festive (Egyptian D45, 'arm with hand holding the nHbt-wand', is 'arm with hand holding an aspergillum')
T?SE-?A-THO (+ assemblage), FREEMAN; Egyptian D.t, serf (rather *freeman; IE dhe:tó- in Greek thés, serf (rather *freeman)
T?SE-FA (+ frequentative), RELEASED, FREED FROM, POLISHED; IE 3. dheu- (for *dhe:u- - cf. Sanskrit dhá:vati, makes polished, purifies, rinses)
T?SE-FA, RELEASE OUT, EMPTY; IE 1. dheu-, run, flow
T?SE-FA-P?A (+ diminutive), BE SLIGHTLY EMPTIED, HOLLOW; IE dheu-b-, deep, hollow
T?SE-FA-P?A-¿E (+ -like), HOLLOW; IE *dheubi- (cf. Latvian duôbjs', deep, hollow), listed under dheu-b-
T?SE-FA-P?A-¿E-NA (+ one), ANT; Sumerian zibin, ant (J. 537); zibin-2, ant (J. 547)
T?SE-FA, RELEASED, DUST, SAND, GRITTY, ROUGH; Egyptian Dw, mountain (Egyptian N26 'sand-covered mountain over edge of green cultivation', rather 'sand-dune'), *sand(-dune); Sumerian zi, *sand, in im-zi-kal-ga, sand(-dune) (Comb. 2753 = J. 721 + J. 130 + J. 597 + J. 594) — translated by Akkadian bâšu (IE 2. pe:s-, dust, sand = IE PHO-FHA-SE); IE *dhew- , *sand, in Greek thí:s, sandpile, listed under 4. dheu-, dhew6- (presumably dhwe:-), fly about, whirl, especially of dust, smoke, steam, etc.; Chinese cū, coarse, crude, rough (46 h')
T?SE-FA-¿E (+ -like), SAND DUNE; IE *dhewi-, *sanddune, in Greek thi:s, sandpile, listed under 4. dheu-, dhew6- (presumably dhwe:-), fly about, whirl, especially of dust, smoke, steam, etc.
T?SE-FA-NA (+ one), DUNE, RAMPART, WALLED TOWN; IE *dhu:-no, *town (in English down, sandhill, dune; and Anglo-Saxon tu:n, town (Modern High German Zaun, fence); Chinese cūn, village, hamlet
T?SE-FHA, RELEASE SPIRIT, PASS AWAY; IE dheu- (for *dhe:u-; cf. dhw-e:i-), disappear, become unconscious, die; Archaic Chinese cu, pass away (sc. die) (46 i'.- j'.)
T?SE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO BE RELEASED, BE DROPPED, MAKE A RUSHING SOUND, MAKE A THUDDING SOUND, SLAP; IE 3. dhen-, beat, push, *drop (cf. Old Norse detta, fall down heavy and hard)
T?SE-NA-?A (+ stative), BE MAKING A RUSHING OR THUDDING SOUND, BE DROPPING (INTRANSITIVE); Arabic danna/yadunna, buzz, drone
T?SE-NA-?A, DROPPING, LOW; Arabic dana?a/yadna?a, low, base, mean
T?SE-NA-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE CAUSING TO MAKE A RUSHING SOUND, HURRY UP; IE *dhena:i-, *hurry up (cf. Old Indian dhanáyati, races, runs, sets into motion), listed under 1. dhen-, run, race, flow
T?SE-NA-FA (+ frequentative), DROPPED, LOW; IE 2. dhen- (for *dhenwa- - cf. Old Indian dhánwan-, beach, etc.), flat of the hand, flatness of earth, flat board
T?SE-NA-FA-?A (+ stative), LOW; IE 2. dhen- (for *dhenua- - cf. Old Indian dhanú:-, sandbank, etc.), flat of the hand, flatness of earth, flat board ; Arabic danu?a/yadna?a, low, base, mean
T?SE-NA-T?A (+ give), BE GIVEN A DROP, BE GIVEN A HIT, THUD; dhend- (in Old Norse detta, fall down heavy and hard, hit
T?SE-NA-T?A, RAGE (RUMBLE); Egyptian Dnd, be angry
T?SE-NA-T?SE-NA (+ reduplication), MAKE ONLY A RUSHING SOUND, BE FURIOUS; Egyptian DnDn, be angry; Arabic dandana, buzz, drone, hum
T?SE-RHE, (+ come), COME LOOSE, SLIDE
T?SE-RHE-¿E (+ -like), LOOSE, SLIDING
T?SA-RHE-¿E-P?FO (+ place), SLIDING PATH; IE dhreibh- (for *dhre:ibh- — cf. OHG tri:ban), push, expel
T?SA-RHE-FA (+ frequentative), COME LOOSE/HAVE SLID THROUGH (OVER) COMPLETELY, PULVERIZE; IE dhreu- (for *dhre:u- - cf. dhre:u-s-), with consonantal expansions 'break apart, pulverize'; therewith, probably words for 'fall down, drip down' — explicable from an intransitive 'crumble apart' —are to be connected
T?SA-RHE-K?E (+ goad), MAKE SLIDE OVER; IE dhreg^- (for *dhre:g^- — cf. Sanskrit dhrá:ji-, pull, urge), pull, travel to, glide, slide over
T?SE-RHE-MO (+ overall), COME LOOSE/SLIDING OVERALL, SPREADING RAPIDLY; IE *dhre:-mo- in Greek thérmo:, warm, heat, make hot
T?SE-MO (+ overall), STRONGLY RELEASE, FADE; IE dhem-, dark, misty gray, smoke-colored; Arabic in dama¿a, shed (tears)
T?SE-RE (+ let fall), EXCRETE; IE 5. dher-, dhrei-d-, rubbish, excrete; Chinese cè, lavatory, toilet, washroom
T?SE-RO (+ raise), BE HARVESTED; Egyptian *Dr, *harvest (M36-38, the signs for Dr, show a bundle of cut stalks, 'bundle of flax stems showing the bolls'); IE *dher- in Greek théros, summer, summer-time, summer-heat, a harvest, crop
T?SE-RO-¿E (+ -like), BE HARVESTING; IE *dher6i- in Greek therízo:, mow, reap, cut, harvest, mow down, cut off, slay, pack up
HHA-T?SE-MO (water +), BLOOD; Sumerian adama (for *adamu), (black) blood (Comb. 329 = J. 112, mud/t-3, groundwater, *mud + J. 770, ge-6, black, *dark)
HHA-T?SE-MO-'¿E, BLOOD-RED; Egyptian jdmj (for *jDmj), red linen
T?SE-T?A (+ give), DIRECT, SAY; Egyptian Dd, say; IE 2.dhe:-, set, place, lay (*dhede- has been misinterpreted as reduplication of *dhedhe, and reformed to dedhe, Old Indian dádha:i, he sets)
T?SE-T?SE (+ reduplication), MELT, PURIFY; Sumerian ze-2-ze-2, melt, purify (J. 276)
T?SE-T?SE, RELEASE ALL OUT; Sumerian zeze, *pour out (J. 715 reads zeze, and means 'pour out')
HHA-T?SE-MO, DRY EARTH (BLOOD-RED); Sumerian adamu, *earth (J. 798 reads adamu, and means 'earth' among others)
SO-T?SE-MO (skin +), EYE PAINT (ROUGE [?]); Egyptian sdm (for *sDm), eye paint (e.g. cuprite, malachite)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: T?S=c Tibetan T?SE=d; initial T?SO=dz Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) T?SE=dzy (in dz(y)ɢw) |
BODY
T?SO, ARM, LIMB (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended to the side`); Egyptian '(j), arm, hand (Egyptian D36, 'forearm); Sumerian ta-3, *arm (J. 219 reads ta-3, and means 'hand')
T?SO-FA (+ set), PAIR OF ARMS
T?SO-FA-¿E (+ -like), TWICE, AGAIN; IE dwi-, listed under dwo:(u)-, m. two, dwai, f., n., beside which dwei-, dwoi-, dwi-
T?SO-FA-¿E-RO (+ part), TWICE; IE dwir-, twice, in Middle High German zwir, twice; Chinese zài, another time, again, once more, moreover, furthermore, besides
T?SO-FA-FA (+ number), TWO; IE dwo:u-, two ( dhwou- )
T?SO-P?FE (+ digit), DIGIT; ; Egyptian Db' (for *'b - indicates a variation between *Db (T?SE-P?FE), finger-digit, and 'b (T?SO-P?FE), limb-digit), finger, toe, thumb, digit, 10,000 (Egyptian D50, 'finger')
T?SO-P?FE-¿E-NA (+ bone), TOE; Sumerian dubbin (for *tupîn), claw, finger, toe, hemp, talon, cleaver; see discussion above under P?FE-¿E-NA, 'bone, digit, above'.
T?SO, BRANCH, LIMB (BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT)
T?SO-¿E (+ -like), BRANCH(LIKE); Sumerian zi, *stalk (J. 130 reads zi, and depicts a stalk of reedgrass with a blossom, and means 'rudder, oar' [or 'poling stick?`])
T?SO-¿E, RUNG; Sumerian zi, *rung, *arm (J. 130 reads ze/i, and means 'climb' - in the Comb. 2025, which is J. 628, a-2, arm + J. 130 + J. 629, da, it is translated as Akkadian imnu, right - this is PL ?A-MHA-NA, WEST (NOUN) - this indicates an unrecorded reading of *man, hand, for J. 130, a component of Sumerian *amad (for *ama(n)d(a)), *right, *west, and occurs again in mad/t/t* (for *ama(n)d(a)), foreign country [i.e. West] (J. 668))
T?SO-¿E-T?SO-¿E (+ reduplication), CLIMB; Sumerian zi-zi (2x J. 130), climb
T?SO-¿E-'K?XA, LADDER
T?SO-¿E-'K?XA, HAVE CLIMBED; Egyptian 'H('), raise one's self; Sumerian zig, climb (J. 130)
SA-T?SO-¿E-K?XA (strong +), HAVE CLIMBED UP (COMPLETELY); IE stoigho-, proceed, climb, listed under steigh-
T?SO-¿E-KHXA-?A (+ stick into), STUCK INTO, STOOD UP; Sumerian zig (for *zik), stand firmly (J. 130)
T?SO-KHXA-?A (+ stick into), STUCK INTO, STOOD UP; Egyptian 'H('), stand
SA-T?SO-KHXA-?A, STUCK INTO COMPLETELY, STOOD UP COMPLETELY; IE stok- (listed under sta:k-), stand, place, standing, stand = post standing upright
T?SO, BEAM
T?SO-HHA (+ moving below), SUNBEAM, SHINE; Arabic DaHun, sun, light of the sun
T?SO, BE RETAINED, KEPT, HELD (OUT FOR)
T?SO-¿E (+ -like), BE GIVING, BE HOLDING OUT FOR
T?SO-¿E-¿O (+ cause to), SQUANDER; Arabic Dayyi¿a, squander
T?SO-FA (+ frequentative), GIVE AWAY
¿E-T?SO-FA (up from +), GIVE AWAY; Arabic ¿aDâ/ya¿Dû, to share anything
T?SO-?A (+ grass), GRASS FOR PLAITING
T?SO-?A-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE PLAITED TOGETHER; Chinese câo, careless, hasty, rough
T?SO-?A-FA, GRASS; Chinese câo, grass, straw
T?SO-?A-FA, GRASS-ROPE; IE dho:[u]- : dhu:-, cord??
T?SO-¿E (+ -like), BE RETAINING, KEEPING
T?SO-¿E-K?XO-¿E (+ pit), GRANARY; Egyptan 'H (H from xj), palace, temple, *granary (Pyramid Spell 214, in which this word occurs, refers to the provisioning of the king); IE dhoig^ho-s, structure, rampart, listed under dheig^h-, knead clay, etc.; Chinese cāng, storehouse, warehouse
T?SO-¿E-KHXA-?A (+ stick), MOORING POLE; Egyptian 'H(3-mw (for *'Hnw - the mw is three waves - better read n.w), sounding-pole (for *mooring pole; some spellings use the determinative for metal; while a wooden mooring pole is acceptable, a metal sounding pole is not); Sumerian zig (for *zik), *mooring pole (J. 130 reads zig, and means 'rudder, oar' - Comb. 541 = GIŠ (wood determinative) + J. 130, zig + J. 271, g/kan, reed holder for pointed jar, is transliterated into Akkadian as sikkânu, and translated 'rudder' - read rather Sikkânu, holder {mooring-pole})
T?SO-¿E-KHXA-?A-NA (+ one), MOORING POLE
T?SO-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE KEPT, HELD FAST; Chinese cāo, grasp, hold, act, do, operate, speak, drill, exercise, conduct, behavior
T?SO-FA-P?FE (+ digit), PEG; IE *dheubh-, peg, wedge, beat?
T?SO-FA-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), PEG-LIKE
T?SO-FA-P?FE-¿E-NHE (+ little); TAP, DOWEL; IE *dheubhil- in OHG tubila, tap, listed under dheubh-, peg, wedge, beat?
T?SO-FA-QO (+ catch), HOLD ON TO; IE dheu(n)gh- (cf. Greek tugkhano:, hit), touch, be convenient, press, press out, milk, abundantly provide; Tibetan dzuq-pa, grasp
T?SO-P?FO (+ place), JOINT, FIT; IE 2. dhabh-, suitably fit, suitable; Egyptian 'b, unite; Sumerian tap, double, add to (J. 215)
T?SO-RE (+ make), MAKE FAST, BE HELD, SUPPORTED; IE 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support
T?SO-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE HOLDING, SUPPORTING; IE dhorey- in Old Indian present dha:ráyati, listed under 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support
T?SO-RE-¿E, BUILDING COLUMN; Egyptian '3j, column, pillar; IE in Old Indian dháritar, holder, listed under 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support
T?SO-RE-¿E, ORDER; IE *dh6ri-, *order (cf. Avestan dar-, observe (a law), listed under 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support; Chinese cì, order, sequence
?A-T?SO (top +), SET UP, ORDER; IE ad- (for *adh-), set up, order; Egyptian j', ascend, arise; Sumerian *at, *order, in at-gi, consult; at-gi-gi-, judge; at-mar, consultation (J. 274)
MA-NA-T?SO (breast +), NURSE (AT BREAST); Egyptian mn', nurse; IE mNd- (for *mNdho-), suckle, suck, breast, also young, nursing animals, listed under mend-
T?SO, SWING AROUND (AS OF ARMS)
T?SO, HANDLE, TOOL; Sumerian ta-3, *handle (J. 219 reads ta-3, and means 'handle')
T?SO-QO (+ ball), HAMMER/MAUL/MACE; IE 3. dhen- (for *dhong-, *hammer - cf. Old Swedish diunga, beat), beat, push
T?SO-QO-¿E (+ -like), BE HAMMERING ON, BE MAKING A HAMMERING SOUND; 3. dhen- (for *dhongi- - cf. Norse dengja, beat, knock, hammer; cf. Modern English ding, strike; cf. Modern English ding, ring, and dingdong, peal of a bell, characterized by a hammering exchange of blows), beat, push
T?SO-QO-THO (+ assemblage), BE VIGOROUSLY HAMMERED ON, GROUND FINE; Egyptian 'g.t, a preparation of grain
T?SO, COLUMN (OF SMOKE)
T?SO-RO (+ high degree), SMOKEY. DARKEN; Sumerian dul-3, shade, rest, dark (J. 610); IE dher6- (for *dh6-ro-), dark, listed under 1. dher-, muddy sediment of a liquid, also generally of dirt, repulsiveness, of muddy weather, of muddy hues, stir up sediment and mud, muddy
-T?SO-RO (+ high degree), (FORMER OF NAMES OF TOOLS); IE -dh-ro-, formers of nouns of means, tools, or locality (hold-piece=handle?)
* * *
- T H S -
Caucasian: THSE=čH Chinese: THS=t {th} Tibetan TSHA=t; THSO=tsh |
ANIMAL
THSA, ASS (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points at the side' ('stands, rears up'))
THSA-FHA (+ set), ASSES
SA-THSA-FHA (strong +), ASS-STALLION
THSA-FHA-RA (+ back), ASS(-BACK), ASS-STALLION; Egyptian '3, ass
THSA-FHA-RO (+ adult), ASS-STALLION; Sumerian tal-2, *ass (J. 688 portrays a "long-necked animal with prominent ears", and reads tal-2)
SA-THSA-FHA-RO (strong +), ASS-STALLION; IE steu-ro- (for *sta:u-ro-), steer, *stallion (cf. Middle Persian sto:r, draft-animal, steed), listed under sta:-, stand, stand up
SA-THSA-FHA-T?SO (+ hold), ASS-STUD; IE sta:u-dh-, stud, listed under sta:-, stand, stand up
VERBAL
THSA, STAND/REAR UP; Sumerian ta-2, be high (J. 629)
THSA-¿E (+ -like), MAKE REAR UP, LIFT; Chinese tái, lift, raise, carry
THSA-¿E-QHA (+ high), STICK UP; IE stek- (listed under sta:k-; for sthenk-), stand, put, standing, upright standing pole; Chinese tîng, straight, erect, stiff, stick out, endure (stick to or with), very, rather (pointedly); Basque tinko, firm, set, fixed
SA-TSHA-¿E (strong +), MAKE REAR UP COMPLETELY; IE sta:i-, stand up, stand, listed under sta:-; Proto-Altaic te-, be located on
SA-THSA-¿E, COMPLETELY STANDING; Basque zut, vertical, upright; zutik, standing (up), upright; zutitu, stand up, get erect, to get on one's own feet
THSA-¿E (+ -like), THICK (PEAKING)
SA-THSA-¿E (strong +), MAKE STAND UP/PEAK COMPLETELY; IE sta:i-, thicken, compress, fill, become thick, congeal, coagulate, form peaks(?) /
THSA-FA (+ frequentative), BE RAISED; Chinese tū, protruding, raised
THSA-FA-¿E (+ -like), EXCESSIVE; Chinese tuī, too, very
THSA-FA-¿E-P?FO (+ leg), CALF (OF THE LEG); Chinese tuî, leg
THSA-FA-RO-¿E (+ part), ENCLOSURE; IE twer-, contain, enclose, fence in; Sumerian Tul-2, storehouse (J. 809 depicts a shock of produce, reads Tul-2, and means 'storehouse'); Egyptian Dr, obstacle; Drj, enclosing wall; Dr.w, boundary; Dr, in ['enclosed inside']; (Gardiner M-36/37/38, 'bundle of flax stems is consistently used to write these words; it should be read Dwr)
THSA-FA (+ past participle), UPTURNED EARTH; Chinese tû, soil, earth
THSA-FA-P?FO (+ place), CLOD; IE tu/u:bha:, elevation, listed under te:u-, t6u, tew6-, two:-, tu/tu:-, swell
THSA-FHA (+ frequentative), HAVE REARED UP, CHARGED; Chinese tū, dash forward, charge
THSA-FHA, GO THROUGH, EXPERIENCE; IE 2. teu- (for te:u-; cf. tu:tus, safe), turn attention to in a friendly sense; observe; -tu, verbal noun; Arabic in dhâ¿a, squander (wealth), drink the contents of ('go through'); Basque -tu, infinitive
THSA-HA (+ stative), REARING UP
THSA-HA-RHE (+ come), COME UP OVER, APPEAR
THSA-NA (+ ingressive), START MAKING REAR UP, STRETCH; Sumerian tan, *pull (J. 597 depicts a block of stone on a sledge, and includes the meaning 'let go past'); IE tena:- (for *thna:-), listed under 1. ten-, tend-, stretch, pull, span
THSA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO REAR UP, LIFT UP; Sumerian tal-2, *continue (J. 688 reads tal-2, and depicts a long-necked animal with upraised ears; used also of birds taking wing); IE tla:, *rear up, listed under tel-, tel6-, tle:(i)-, tla:, lift up, weigh, carry, bear with, suffer through; ta:l-, grow, become green, growth, young shoot
SA-THSA-NHA (strong +), STAND UP; IE 3. stel- (for *st(h)ala:- - cf. Sanskrit stha:lati (Dha:tup.), stands), place, put up, standing, unmoving, stiff, stand, post, branch, stick
THSA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO LIFT UP
THSA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE LIFTING UP; Egyptian dnj (for old Dnj), share out (the determinative - not listed in Gardiner – is not a 'hoe' but a 'scale'; Sumerian tal (for *tala), pluck out, pull to one's self (J. 132) ; IE tle:(i)- for *tla:i-, listed under tel-, tel6-, tle:(i)-, tla:, lift up, weigh, carry, bear with, suffer through
SA-THSA-NHA-¿E (strong +), LIFT UP COMPLETELY, CARRY; Egyptian sDn, carry; IE 3. stel- (for *st(h)ali:- - cf. Sanskrit sthalí, elevation, mound, continent, and Greek stéllo:, set up (in order), order, let come, send, equip, dress, get ready), place, put up, standing, unmoving, stiff, stand, post, branch, stick
THSA-NHA-¿E, LIFT UP (OVER), COVER; IE 2. stel- (for *sthla:i- - cf. Armenian lain, wide), spread out, spread out flat (cf. stla:-to-, wide; and Armenian aRa-stał, roof
THSA-RE (+ let fall), KICK; IE 1. ter- (for *t(h)ar-), kick, shudder; Chinese tà, step on, tread, stamp
THSA-RE-PHA (+ diminutive), KICK A LITTLE; IE 1. trep-, trip, trample, tred
SA-THSA-RE-PHA (strong +), COMPLETELY KICK A LITTLE; IE strep-, *trample (cf. Lithuanian stry~pti, trample), listed incorrectly under 1. (s)ter-, rigid, be stiff, etc.
THSA-RE-MO + overall), TRAMP; IE trem-, trample, trip, and shiver
THSA-RE-MO-P?FA (+ prominence), TRAMPLE; IE *tremb- in Middle Low German drampen, and trampen, stamp, listed under 1. trep-, trip, trample, tread, and incorrectly under 3.(der-), run, step, trip
SA-THSA-RE-MO-P?FA (strong +), COMPLETELY TRAMPLE; IE stremb-, *trample (cf. Middle Low German strampe(le)n, tread on forcefully), listed incorrectly under 1. (s)ter-, rigid, be stiff, etc.
THSA-RHA (+ fly), REARING UP; HIGH
THSA-RHA-¿E (+ -like), VERY HIGH, SURPASS; Chinese tài, highest, greatest, remotest, more or most senior
THSA-RHE (+ come), SLIDE THROUGH; Egyptian D3, pierce, transfix
THSA-RHE (+ come), PRANCE, BE JAUNTY
THSA-RHE-NA (+ one), ACTIVE YOUTH; IE *t(h)are:n, *youth, in Ossete täri.n, boy, listed under 2. ter-, tender, weak
THSA-RHE-NA-FHA (+ set), GROUP OF ACTIVE YOUTH, YOUNG ATTENDANTS; Egyptian D3n.w, young men, probably *servants (Pyramid 1206); IE torno-s (for *t(h)arno- - cf. Lithuanian tar@~nas, servant), listed under 2. ter-, tender, weak
THSA-RHE-MO (+ overall), TRIP; IE tre:m-, trip, trample, and shiver
THSA-RHE-MO-PHA (+ diminutive), TROT; IE *tre:mp- in Middle High German trumpfen, run, trot, listed under 3. (der-), run, step, trip
THSA-RHE-MO, YOUTHFULLY ACTIVE; IE *tre:mo-, *youthfully active, in Albanian trim, brave, courageous, young man, listed incorrectly under 2. ter-, tender, weak
THSA-RHE-MO-FHA (+ set), ACTIVE YOUTH; Egyptian D3m.w, young men, troops; IE *tre:mou- in Albanian trima, armed followers
THSA-XHA (+ pack together), MULTIPLY, EXAPANDEN; Sumerian tah, multiply, *engender (J. 334); IE 1. tek- (for *t(h)akw-), engender, bear
SA-TSHA (strong +), REAR UP COMPLETELY; IE sta:-, stand up, stand, listed under sta:-
VERBAL
THSA, REARER UP, SWELLER UP, BRAYER, BELLOWER
THSA-FHA (+ wind), BRAYING, BELLOWING; IE tu (for *thwe:-, i.e. *tu:- - cf. Lithuanian tūtúti, toot), tutu, birdcall, also of other dull acoustic impressions, *bellow (cf. Latin tutuba:re, shout)
THSA-FHA-P?FO (+ branch), TRUMPET; IE *twe:bh-, trumpet, listed under tu (for *thwe:-, i.e. *tu:- - cf. Lithuanian tu:túti, toot), tutu, birdcall, also of other dull acoustic impressions, *trumpet (cf. Latin tutuba:re, shout; tuba, war-trumpet)
THSA-FHA-RO (+ high degree), LOUD; IE tor- (for *twe:-ro- - cf. Old Indian ta:rá, penetrating, shrill), toro-s, loud, perceptible
THSA-FA (+ bird), HOOPOE; Egyptian *Dw, *hoopoe (Db.t, brick, is written with G22, 'hoopoe'; brick is T?A-¿A-FA-P?FE-T?O; *djwb.t has become Dwb.t - cf. Coptic to:be, brick; phonetically, Dw could represent THSA-FHA or T?A-¿E-FA; IE tu (for *thau - cf. Old Indian thuthukRt-, a certain bird, ring-dove), tutu, birdcall, also of other dull acoustic impressions, *hoopoe (cf. Lithuanian tutly~s, tutùtis, hoopoe), *bellow (cf. Latin tutuba:re, shout)
THSA-QHA (+ high), STICK UP
SA-THSA-QHA (strong +), STICK UP COMPLETELY; IE sta:k- (*sta:nk-), stand, put, standing, upright standing pole
PREPOSITIONAL
THSA-¿E (+ -like), ACROSS
THSA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), ALL ACROSS; Egyptian Dr, since, before, until; IE 5. ter- (for t(h)ir- - cf. Sanskrit tiráH, away, to the side, completely through, up over, etc.), completely through, up over
THSA-¿E-RHE (+ come), CROSS OVER; Egyptian D3, ferry, cross (Egyptian Z9/10 'two sticks crossed'); Sumerian tir-2, sever (J. 13 reads tir-2, and means 'sever' - cf. Egyptian zw3, cut through, written with Z9 {see above} + T30, 'knife' - also *D3, *sever?); IE tra:- (for *t(i)re:- — cf. Sanskrit tiráti, set across, surpass, overcome), reach the other side, force through, cross over, overcome, catch up to, bring across, save, listed under 4. ter-
GRAMMATICAL
THSA, YOU (SECOND PERSON SINGULAR MASCULINE); Sumerian za, you (2nd p. sing.); IE in tu/u:, you (2nd p. sing.) from *thwa (cf. Hittite zik, you, and tuk, to you); in 2nd p. dual primary -t(h)e/os (for *-thas and *-thawas; in 2nd p. dual secondary -ta: (Baltic and Slavic), for *-tha; in 2nd p. pl. primary Sanskrit -tha; in 2nd p. sing. middle imperfect secondary Sanskrit -tha:H (not IE -the:s but *-tha:s); in 2nd p. dual middle present Sanskrit -a:the: for *-V:thai; in 2nd p. plural middle primary -dhve: and secondary -dhvam (for *-th(a)wai and *-th(a)wam with th voiced before w; in 2nd p. dual imperfect middle thematic Sanskrit -e:tha:m (for *-aitha:m)
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Caucasian: THSE=čH Chinese: THS=t {th} Tibetan TSHA=t; THSO=tsh |
THSE, HEDGEHOG (possibly CIVET/FERRET/VIVERRA)(animate: literally, 'who extends himself from the side' ('jabs')
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
THSE, BRISTLE, SPINE
THSE-FHA (+ frequentive), BRISTLE OUT
THSE-FHA-¿E (+ -like), CAUSE THE HAIR TO STAND ON END, FRIGHTEN, EXCITE; IE 2. twei-, excite, move to and fro, shake (violently), also spiritually, *frighten (cf. Avestan thwy-ant-, arousing fear)
THSE-FHA-¿E, CAUSE THE HAIR TO STAND ON END; IE 1. twe/e:i-, hew sharply, beat?, *frighten (cf. Lithuanian tvoju, beat thoroughly)
THSE-FHA-¿E-SHA (+ state), FUZZINESS, TWINKLE; IE tweis-, twinkle, listed under 2. twei-, excite, etc.
THSE-FHA-¿E-SHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY FUZZY, BRIGHTLY TWINKLING; Egyptian Dsr, splendid, costly; IE tweis-ro-, twinkling, listed under 2. twei-, excite, etc.
THSE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SEPARATE, SPREAD OUT; IE 1. ten- (for *t(h)en-), tend-, prolong, pull, span; Chinese tān, spread out
THSE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SPREAD OUT (INTRANSITIVE); PIE in 2. stel(6)-, 'widen out, spread out flat'; PIE in 2. tel-, tel6-, telu-, 'flat, flat earth, plank'; Egyptian Dnw, 'threshing-floor'; Caucasian *čHäl, 'earth, ground, sand'
THSE-THSE (+ reduplication), ALL BRISTLED UP
THSE-THSE, HEDGEHOG; Sumerian zeze-2, *swine (for *hedgehog, (J. 818 reads zeze-2, and means 'swine')
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
THSE, PIERCE
THSE-¿E (+ -like), BE PIERCING; IE (s)tei- (for *(s)thei-), pointed; Chinese tī, clean with a pointed instrument
THSE-¿E-K?E (+ prod), STICK; Sumerian zig (for *zîg), *stick (J. 130 reads zig, and portrays the notoriously sharp marsh reed (cf. Sanskrit te:janí:, wickerwork of reed or straw)); IE (s)teig- (for *stheig^-), stick, pointed; Chinese tîng, straight, erect, stiff, stick out, endure (stick to or with), very, rather (pointedly)
THSE-FA (+ frequentative), PIERCED THROUGH; PIE 1. (s)teu- (for *(s)theu-) (with consonantal extensions), push, beat, pierce (cf. Welsh twll, perforated)
THSE-FHA (+ frequentative), SPREAD OUT; IE te:u-, swell; -tu, verbal nouns; Egyptian Dw(j), separate; Basque -tu, infinitive
THSE, BORING INSECT
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Caucasian: THSE=čH Chinese: THS=t {th} Tibetan TSHA=t; THSO=tsh |
ANIMAL
THSO, CIRCLING INSECT (animate: literally, 'who extends himself to the side' ('swings around')); Sumerian tu-8, *gnat, *fly (J. 777 means 'gnat, fly, and reads tu-8)
THSO-¿E (+ -like), FLYLIKE
THSO-¿E-NA (+ one), FLY; IE *t6in- in Latin tinea, moth, listed incorrectly under ta:-, smelt, etc.
THSO-¿E, CYLINDER
THSO-¿E, LIMB; Sumerian ti-2, member (J. 715); Chinese tî, body, part of the body
THSO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), LIMB; Egyptian '.t, limb, member of body
THSO-P?O-P?O (+ insect), FLY; Egyptian 'ff, fly; Arabic dhubâbatun (loanword [?]), fly
THSO-PHA-PHA (+ bite), GADFLY, APOPHIS, ZABABA, TYPHON; Egyptian 'pp, Apophis; Sumerian *Tubab (the missing parent form of Akkadian Zababa), Zababa; IE *tuppa- in Greek Tuphao:n, Typhon
VERBAL
THSO-¿E (+ -like), CIRCLE (CYCLE); Sumerian ti, *cycle, *course of events (J. 117 reads ti, and means 'cycle, course of events'); Tibetan tshe, life
THSO-¿E-NA (+ ingressive), START A CIRCLE (CYCLE), STRETCH TO, DO AGAIN; Egyptian 'n, again; Sumerian tin, live (J. 816); IE *t(h)6in- (cf. Greek teino:, stretch), stretch, draw, span, listed under 1. ten-
THSO-¿E-NA-K?XO (+ hole), (STRETCH INTO A) LOOP, CYCLE; Egyptian 'nx, life
THSO-¿E-NA-K?XO-¿A (+ -like), (BE STRETCHING INTO A) LOOP, CYCLING; Egyptian 'nx, live; IE *t(h)6ingh6i- (cf. Avestan thanjayente:, pull, span a bow), pull, stretch, span, listed under tengh-
THSO-¿E-NA-FA (+ frequentative), FINISH A CIRCLE (CYCLE), SPAN; IE *t(h)6inu- (cf. Sanskrit tano:ti, stretches, spans, stretches one's self out, lasts), stretch, draw, span, listed under 1. ten-
THSO-¿E-NA-FA-¿E (+ -like), SPANLIKE, THIN, DELICATE; Egyptian 'n, beautiful, pleasing; IE *t(h)6inwi- (cf. Latin tenuis, thin, fine, delicate, and OHG dunni, thin), thin, really, stretched long, listed under tenu-s
THSO-¿E-NA-THSO-¿E-NA (+ reduplication), START A CIRCLE (CYCLE) TO COMPLETION, RETURN TO BEGINNING; Egyptian 'nn, turn back, come back, return, bring back
THSO-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), BE GOING THROUGH A CIRCLE (CYCLE), ENDURING, PATIENT; Egyptian 'n, kind (patient); Sumerian til-3, live (J. 117); IE *t(h)6ila:- (cf. Greek tala:s, patient), lift up, weigh, carry, bear, suffer patiently, listed under 1. tel-
THSO-FA (+ frequentative), TWIST OFF
THSO-FA-P?A (+ diminutive), TWIST A LITTLE OFF; Sumerian tub-2, tear apart, beat apart (J. 649); IE teub-, *hit, variant under (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, -bh-), 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THSO-FA-P?FO (+ leg), KICK; IE teubh-, *kick, variant under (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, -bh-), 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THSO-FA-P?FO (+ leg), STUMP; IE steubh-, *stump, variant under IE (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, -bh-), 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THSO-FA-P?FO, LOG DRUM; Sumerian *tup-2, *log drum (J. 649 reads tub-2, and d/Tub/p-2, and means 'kettle-drum like instrument'; we assume, on the basis of the other forms, an unrecorded variant tup-2)
THSO-FA-P?FO, DETACHED HORN, CUP; Egyptian 'b, horn (Egyptian F16, 'horn`); *'b, *cup (words written with 'b are frequently determined by Egyptian W10, 'cup {probably sometimes also a basket, cf. A9})
THSO-FA-P?FO, ALTAR (BECAUSE OF HORNS [?]); Egyptian 'b, offering stone
THSO-FA-P?FO, STICK; teubh-, *stick, variant under (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, -bh-), 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THSO-FA-P?FO-'T?O, STAFF OF OFFICE; Egyptian 'b.t, staff of office, pitchfork
THSO-FA-P?FO-P?FO (+ reduplication), BE BEATING; Egyptian 'bb, knock (?) on a door
THSO-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), TWIST APART SLIGHTLY, BURST; Sumerian tub-2, burst (J. 649); IE (s)teu-p- (isolatedly -b-, 'push'; also 'stick, stump', listed under 1. (s)teu-, with consonantal extensions 'push, beat', and similar
THSO-FHA (+ frequentative), SPIN AROUND
THSO-FHA-PHA (+ diminutive), START SPINNING AROUND; IE (s)teup-, *be spinning (cf. Latin stupeo:, be dazed; Tibetan tshup, *spin, in lung-tshup, whirlwind
THSO-RO (+ part), GATE; Chinese tà, door, small door, wicket gate
THSO-RHE (+ come), TWIRL; IE 1. twer-, turn, spin, vibrate; Sumerian tur, uncontrolled (J. 273); tur-5, *storm-flood (J.99 reads tur-5, and means storm-flood); tur-6, *turn (J. 834 reads tur-6, pictures a circle, and means 'turn')
THSO-RHE-P?A (+ diminutive); DISORDER; IE turba:- (*twerb-), disturbance, listed under IE 1. twer-, turn, spin, vibrate; Egyptian '3pp, Apep, serpent-demon bringing disorder
THSO-RHE-MO (+ overall); RABBLE; IE twerm-, swarm, listed under IE 1. twer-, turn, spin, vibrate; Egyptian '3m, "Asiatics" (rabble)
THSO, TWIRLER, DRILLER; Egyptian *', *drill (Egyptian O29, 'wooden column' is rather clearly a ' (wobble) drill'); Sumerian *ta, (?)*drill (J. 240 portrays a drill)
THSO, WHIRLWIND
PREPOSITIONAL
THSO, AROUND
THSO-?A, (+ plant); COLUMN; Egyptian *'j, *column (Egyptian O29, 'wooden column`, usually read '3); IE *toa in Greek stoâ, colonnade; Chinese tâ, column
THSO-RHE (+ come), COME AROUND; IE 4. ter-, reach over to, press over to, cross over, conquer, catch up with, bring over to, save; Basque etorri, come
THSO-RHE, EXCESSIVE; IE 5. ter-, all the way through, over and beyond; Egyptian '3, great, rich
THSO-RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), COME ALL THE WAY AROUND; IE teru-, listed under 4. ter-, reach over to, press over to, cross over, conquer, catch up with, bring over to, save; Chinese tòu, penetrate, pass through, seep through
ADVERBIAL
THSO, AROUND HERE; IE to (for *tho) in Anglo-Saxon tho:, there, listed under 1. to-, ta:-, tyo-, pronominal stem 'the (masculine, feminine)'; Chinese tā, *there, in tā-rì, some other time
THSO-RHA (+ high), OVER HERE; Egyptian '3, here, there, yonder; IE 2. tor-, te:r- (for *tho:r), there, listed under 1. to-, ta:-, tyo-,pronominal stem 'the (masculine, feminine)'
-THSO, (FORMER OF CARDINAL DIRECTIONS); Sumerian tu-15 in tu-15-mar-tu, west (Comb. 2782); tu-15-kur-ra, east (Comb. 2797); tu-15-uru (Comb. 2745), south; tu-15-me/ir(i)-ra (Comb. 2793); IE -t(h)o in Modern English west, east, north, south, left, right
* * *
- X -
Chinese: initial X=x; final X=ng Tibetan XE=gy |
BODY
XA, APERTURE TO THE PHARYNX, SOFT PALATE, SLIT (inanimate: literally 'what is at rest over points in back')
XA-?A (+ stative), GULP, SIGH
XA-?A-¿E (+ -like), GULPING, SIGHING ABOUT; Sumerian še-4, sigh (J. 168); še-8, cry (J. 907); IE 1. gwei- (for gwa:i- — cf. qaino:n, cry, be sad); Chinese xī, sob, *sigh (in xīxū, sob, sigh)
XA-?A-¿E-XA-HA-¿E (+ reduplication), SIGH ABOUT COMPLETELY; Sumerian šeš-3, cry (J. 952); šeš-4, cry (J. 903)
XA-¿E (+ -like), BE SWALLOWING; Chinese xī, inhale, breathe in, draw, absorb, suck up, attract, draw to one's self
XA-HA (+ air), BE INHALING (SWALLOWING AIR); Chinese xī, inhale, breathe in, draw, absorb, suck up, attract, draw to one's self
XA-HA-RO (+ part), NASAL PASSAGE; IE gwharo- in Tocharian B kor, nose, listed under gwhre:-, smell, scent, detect
XA-HA-RO-THO (+ assemblage), SMELLING APPARATUS; Egyptian šr.t, nose, nasal passage
XA-HA-RHE (+ -come), SMELL; IE gwhre:- smell, scent, detect; Chinese xiù, odor, smell, smell, scent, sniff
XA-HA-RHE-THO (+ assemblage), SMELL (NOUN); IE gwhro:to- in Sanskrit ghra:ta-, smell, aroma, listed under gwhre:-, smell, scent, detect
XA-HA-RHE-THO-¿E (+ -like), DETECT A SMELL; IE gwhro:ti- in Sanskrit ghra:ti-, smelling
XA, BE PRESSED TOGETHER
XA-?A (+ stative), EXPRESSED, LEAVING; Egyptian š(m), go (away), walk, set out, pass (property) (Egyptian N40, 'combination of N37, 'garden pool', and D54, 'legs walking'); IE gwa:-, go, come, come into the world, be born
XA-¿E (+ -like), BE PRESSING TOGETHER, PULSATING, ALIVE; IE 3. gwei-, live
XA-FA, EXPRESSED COMPLETELY, BORN; Sumerian hu-2, bear (J. 99 reads hu-2, and means 'bear'); IE gwa:-, go, come, come into the world, be born
XA-MO (+ overall), BE EXPRESSED OVERALL, BE BIRTHED; Egyptian šm, go (away), walk, set out, pass (property); IE gwem- (for *gwa:m-), go, come, come into the world, be born
XE-RHE (+ come), EXPRESSION
XE-RHE-¿O (+ cause) BE ORIGINATED, STARTED; Arabic šara¿a/yašra¿u, make a law, begin
XE-RHE-T?SO (+ hold), PROCEED; Egyptian š3', begin, be the first, spring, originate; IE ghredh- (for *gwre:dh-), proceed, *begin (cf. Avestan aiwi-g6r6dhmahi, we begin); Arabic šarada / yašrudu, flee, take fright, depart from ('an)
XA-¿E (+ -like), BE PRESSING TOGETHER; IE 2. gwei-, push together, close up, pen up
XA-¿E-HA (+ stative), BE PRESSING TOGETHER (INTRANSITIVE); IE gwey6- (for *gweya:- — cf. Sanskrit jyá:na-m, pressure), overpower, violence, violently press down
XA-T?SO (+ hold); BE PRESSED TOGETHER; Egyptian *š', cut, *be bundled, *pressed together (really cut off and *bundle) (cf. š'.t, battle {mêlée}; š', a kind of examination with the finger {*press together} — the determinative, F41, is 'vertebrae conventionally depicted' but the older form of the determinative is 'stalks of flax tied together with the bolls cut off'); IE gwedh-, push, damage, destroy; Arabic šadda/yašuddu, strap, bind
XA-¿E, PHARYNGEAL
XA-RE (+ make), PHARYNX; IE gwer6- (for *gwar6-), swallow, pharynx, listed under 1. gwer-
XA-RE-¿E (+ -like), SWALLOW; IE *gwar6i- in Avestan jaraiti, swallows, listed under 1. gwer- (for *gwar6i-), swallow, pharynx
XA-RE-¿E, PHARYNGEAL, PHARYNX; Sumerian gu-2-hur (for *(GU-2)-har - cf. Akkadian hâru ša namme), part of the neck (Comb. 893 - J. 171, gu-2, neck {determinative} + J. 723, har, hur)
XA-RE-¿E-XA-RE-¿E (+ reduplication), SWALLOW DOWN
XA-RE-¿E-XA-RHE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), PHARYNX; Egyptian š3š3.t, pharynx
XA-RE-¿E-P?FO (+ place), DINING TABLE; Egyptian š3b, table with food
XA-RHE-¿E-P?FO-FA, (+ set) VICTUALS; Egyptian š3b.w, dinner; IE*gwroibhu- in English grub, incorrectly listed under 2. ghrebh-, scratch, score, dig
XA-RHE-¿E-P?FO, SWALLOW (NOUN); Arabic šariba/yašrabu, drink, suck, absorb (really *swallow)
XA-RE-¿E-P?FO, PHARYNX; IE *gwroibh- in OHG gruoba, throat, listed incorrectly under 2. ghrebh-, scratch, score, dig
XA, SLIT, VAGINAL APERTURE
XA-¿E (+ -like), LABIA MAJORA, WOMB; Sumerian ša-3, vulva (J. 689)
XA-¿E-NO (+ basket), WOMB
XA-¿E-NO-HA (+ female), FEMALE; IE gwe/e:na:- (for *gwaina:- — cf. Avestan jaini-, woman, wife, and Armenian kin, woman, and Gothic qino, woman, wife), wife, woman
XA-¿E-NHA (+ move back and forth), UNBORN CHILD
XA-¿E-NHA-P?FE (+ animal name), ANIMAL YOUNG; IE gwelbh-, animal young
XA-¿E-NHA-P?FO (+ place), WOMB; IE gwelbh-, womb
XA-¿E-T?A (+ thumb), CLITORIS, LABIUM MAJORUM; Egyptian šd, vulva
XA-RE (+ make), TUNNEL, PASSAGE; Sumerian *har, *tunnel (J. 534 - J. 536 is *harub(u)-x, ant [XA-RE-P?A-FA] = J. 534 + J. 759, ab/p-2 + J. 750, u - because of the compounds reading har [e.g. J. 545, hara/u-2; J. 547, harub(u)], we assume a reading of *har for J. 534, and a reading of *harubu for J. 536)
XA-RE (+ scratch), (COUNTING) MARK
XA-RE-FA (+ set), COUNT OFF BY MARKS, VALUE; Sumerian har-ra, engrave, draw (Comb. 2834 = J. 723, har, engrave, draw + J. 609, ra); IE 4. gwer(6)-, raise the voice, especially praise, value, welcome but also scold, lament
XA-RE-FA, WEIGHT, WORTH; Egyptian š3w, weight, worth; IE gwerú-s (for *gwrau-), heavy, listed under 2. gwer-, gwer6-, gwer6u-, gweri:-, heavy; Tibetan g-shor-wa, measure, weigh
XA-RE-FA-¿E (+ -like), HEAVY; IE gweri:- (for *gwrawi- - cf. Latin gravis, heavy, substantial), heavy, listed under 2. gwer-,gwer6-, gwer6u-, gweri:-, heavy
XA-RE-FA-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), WEIGHT; Egyptian š3', space, volume; IE *gweridh- (cf. Greek brîthos, pressure, weight, load), listed under 2. gwer-, gwer6-, gwer6u-, gweri:- , heavy
XA-RE-FA-NA (+ stone), MILLSTONE; IE gwra:w-o:(n)- (for *gwraun-), millstone, listed under 2. gwer-, gwer6-, gwer6u-, gweri:-, heavy
NA-XA-RE-FA (stone +), MILLSTONE; Sumerian za-2-har (for *na-4-har), millstone (J. 453, stone, also reads na-4; J. 723, har, means 'millstone')
XA-RE-P?A (+ diminutive), HAVE RECOUNTED EXPLOITS, HONORED; IE gwerb-, *honor, in Lithuanian gebti, honor, listed under 4. gwer(6)-, raise the voice, especially praise, value, welcome but also scold, lament
XA-T?SE (+ fimger), QUASH; Sumerian haz, *quash (J. 13 reads has/S/z, and means 'destroy'); IE gwedh- (for *gwadh-), push, damage, destroy
-XA, (INDEFINITE INANIMATE VERY LARGE PLURAL)
-XA, PASSIVE INTENSIVE - Stem X)
-XA, INANIMATE INTENSIVE ('DONE ENERGETICALLY')
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial X=x; final X=ng Tibetan XE=gy |
BODY
XE, BODY HAIR, FUR (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from points in back' ('extends out'); Egyptian *š, *body hair (Egyptian D3, 'hair'); (Egyptian N37, 'garden pool')
XE-NA (+ one), BODY HAIR
XE-NA-FA (+set), BODY HAIR(S); Egyptian šn.w, hair; IE *gweno-, *body hair, in Ossete ghun, hair
XE-NA, RUST; Sumerian šen-4, rust, verdigris (J. 239)
XE, EXTEND OUT
XE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PRICK; Sumerian šil (for *šel), *prick (J. 13 reads šil, and means 'aloe [from its very prickly leaves]', and 'weapon [dart]'; IE 1. gwel- (for *gweli- — cf. Old Norse kvelia, torment), prick, (stinging) pain, torment, death
XE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE IN PAIN FROM PRICKING; Egyptian šn, suffer; IE 1. gwel- (for *gweli:-), prick, (stinging) pain, torment, death
XE-NHA-¿E, ALOE; Sumerian šil, aloe (J. 13 reads šil, and means 'aloe' [from its very prickly leaves])
XE-NHA-¿E, DART; Sumerian šil, *dart (J. 13 reads šil, and means 'aloe [from its very prickly leaves]', and 'weapon'); IE *gweli-, *dart (cf. Greek belos, dart), listed under 1. gwel-, prick, etc.
XE-?A ( stative), COME INTO FUR, FEATHERS; Sumerian še-18, hatch young (J. 128 reads še-18, and means 'hatch young')
XE-?A-¿E, THREAD, VEIN; IE gwhi:-, vein, fibre, ligament, listed under gwhei6-
XE-?A-¿E-FA, COLLECTION OF THREADS, TRACERY; IE gwhei6- (for *gwhayau- - cf. Welsh gi-au, nerves, fibres), vein, fibre, ligament
XE-?A-¿E-SA (+ cord), STRING; Egyptian šz, rope (Egyptian V6, 'cord')
XE-?A-¿E-SA-NHE (+ little), STRING; IE gwhi:-slo, vein, fibre, ligament, listed under gwhei6-
XE-?A-¿E-SO (+ skin), VEINED
XE-?A-¿E-SO, MARBLE; Egyptian šs, alabaster
XE-¿E (+ -like), BODY HAIRLIKE, FURRY
XE-¿E, PELT; IE gwi:-, with derivatives meaning 'skin, pelt', listed under gwe:i-
NOTE HA-FHA, AIRY, DRY, HOLLOW, EMPTY; IE au-, empty, etc., listed under 3. au-, down, away from; Egyptian šw (for *jw), dry, empty, hollow (written with Gardiner H6, 'feather'); when written with the ideograph stroke, it reads šj (with -.t, feathers, plumage), or gwe:in (when glossed with Gardiner D3, 'hair' (šjn.w), a mater lectionis for the additional n, and then reads šjn. Both words are based on XE-¿E, bristle, (IE gwe:i-, 'skin, pelt, *feather'), which with +NA yields IE gwe:i-no, hair (Ossete τun, hair). Since NHA-FHA-MHA meant 'feather', XE-¿E was prefixed to it to yield XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill', for PIE. The doubled -ll- of the PIE forms is due to an assimilation of -um to -l-, yielding PIE *gwe:ill-, 'quill'. In Egyptian, the large plural, -THO, was added to šjn to distinguish a 'feather` from a 'hair' which latter formed the normal collective in -FA: XE-¿E-THO, 'plumage'; XE-¿E-NA(-FA), 'hair(s)'; XE-¿E-NA-THO, 'feather'; in PIE XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill`; Sumerian u-4-a, be, become dry (Comb. 2582 - J. 684 + J. 949 = *wa:); IE *au- in Greek aûos, dry; Chinese āo, concave, hollow
XE-¿E-NA (+ one), PELT; Egyptian *šn, *pelt (Egyptian F26, 'skin of a goat', rather 'pelt'); Sumerian še/in, *pelt (J. 9 reads še/in, and means '(copper) water-kettle', derived from an earlier leather ghirba); IE *gwi:n-, *pelt, in Middle Irish bïan, skin, pelt, and Sanskrit ji:-na, leather sack, listed under gwe:i-
NO-XE-¿E-NA (negative +), HAIRLESS, SCALY; IE nogw-no- (for *nog^wi-no- - cf. Old Icelandic nakinn), naked, listed under nogw-
XE-¿E-NA, TENT; Egyptian Hn (for *š(j)n), tent
XE-¿E-NHE (+ little), LEATHER BOTTLE; Sumerian šil-2, *leather bottle (J. 103 reads šil-2, and means 'dry measure'; it also reads g≈a-5, *sack); IE gwi:li-, *leather bottle, in Sanskrit ji:la-H, leather bottle, listed under gwe:i-, skin, pelt
XE-¿E-NHE-¿E (+ like), GILL (MEASURE); Sumerian šil-2, dry measure (J. 103); IE *gwi:li- in Old French gille, gill (and Late Latin gillo?, water-pot)
XE-¿E-NHE-¿E-NA (+ one), QUILL; IE *gweiln- in Middle English quille, quill, listed incorrectly under 1. gwel-, stick, stinging pain, torture, death
XE-¿E-NHE-¿E-THO, PELT; Egyptian Hn.t (for *šn.t), hide, skin
XE-¿E-RO (+ high degree), SHAGGY; Arabic šu¿run (for *šîrun [?]), hairy, shaggy
NO-XE, SCALE; Egyptian nš, scale (Egyptian K6, 'fish-scale')
NO-XE-¿E (negative +), SCALY NAKED; IE nogw- (for *nog^wi- — cf. Old Norse nøkkuiðr), naked
NO-XE-MO (+ surface), SCALY SURFACE
NO-XE-MO-FA (+ set), SCALES
NO-XE-MO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SCALY BODY; Egyptian nšm.w.t, fish-scales
NO-¿E-XE (negative +), SCALY ANIMAL; IE neigw- (for *noig^w-), *crocodile (cf. OHG nihhus, river-monster, water-spirit), listed incorrectly under neigw-, wash
NO-¿E-XE-¿E (negative +), SCALE (VERB), SCRAPE CLEAN; Egyptian nš(j), expel, drive apart, put away (Egyptian K5, 'fish', and 'fish with head removed, tail up, with one scaled and one unscaled side'); IE neigw- (for *noig^wi- - cf. Greek nizo:, wash), wash
NO-¿E-XE-¿E, STRIGIL; Egyptian n(j)šj, copper implement
NO-¿E-XE-¿E, (SNOW-)FLAKE
SHE-NO-¿E-XE-¿E (cold +), SNOWFLAKE; IE sneigwh- (for *snoig^wy-), snow
NO-¿E-XE-FA (+ frequentative), SCALE OFF, SCRAPE OFF; Sumerian nah (for *nüh), *wash, clean (J. 596 reads nah, and means 'wash, clean')
NO-¿E-XE-NA, SNOW; Egyptian n(j)šn(j), storm, foul weather
XE, BE PARTED
XE-¿E, BRISTLE; Chinese xī, rhinoceros, pig, hog
XE-HA (+ stative), BE BRISTLING
XE-HA-¿E, RADIATION; IE gwhe:i-, bright, illuminating; Egyptian šw (for *šj.w, radiations), sun, sunlight
XE-HA-¿E-RHE (+ come), HEAT, LIGHT; Sumerian šir, burning lamp, light (J. 115); šir-2, illuminate (J. 675); šir-3, *light up (J. 281 reads šir-3, and means 'light up'); IE gwher- (for *g^wher-), hot, warm; IE g^wer-, illuminate, be hot
XE-HA-¿E-RHE-MO (+ overall), OVERALL HEATED, HOT, OVERALL LIGHTED, LIGHT (ADJECTIVE); Egyptian š3m, hot; Sumerian sirum (for *širim), *light (J. 115 reads šir, and means 'light'); sirru (for *širru *širmu), *light (J. 561, mu-9 + J. 115, šir, which reads 'light'); IE gwhermo- (for *g^wyermo-), listed under gwher-(for *g^wher- from *g^wyer-), hot, warm
XE-HA-¿E-XE-HA-¿E (+ reduplication), BE SPARKLING; Egyptian šš(jj), refine? (gold) {rather 'cause to sparkle'); IE g^hwoigw- (for *gwigwi- — cf. Greek aphiktós, impure (*g^hwigw-)), illuminate, shine; Chinese xīng, star, heavenly body, bit, particle
XE-HA-¿E-RHE, SUMMER; Chinese xià, summer
XE, PARTED
XE-¿E (+ -like), BE PARTING
XE-¿E-NA (+ ingressive), SPLIT UP, FIGHT (INDIVIDUAL BATTLES); Egyptian šn, battle; Sumerian še/in, battle (J. 9); IE *gweya:n- in Sanskrit jya:na-m, pressure), listed under gwey6-, overpower, violence, violently press down
XE-¿E-NA-XE-¿E-NA (+ reduplication), SPLIT UP COMPLETELY, MELEE; Sumerian še/in-še/in, battle (2x J. 9)
XE-¿E (+ -like), BE PARTING, DEPARTING, DISPERSING, LIVING TOGETHER; Sumerian ši, go, life (J. 798); IE 3. gwei-, live
XE-¿E-XE-¿E (+ reduplication), LIVELINESS, ENTERPRISE, COURAGE; IE gwi:/igo-s (for *gweigwyo-s- — cf. MHG keck, bold, daring), listed under 3. gwei-, live
XE-¿E, SLIT, TRENCH; Egyptian š/, lake, pool, garden, basin
XE-¿E-T?SA (+ body), DITCH; Sumerian šita-3, ditch (J. 129); IE gwa/a:dh-, submerge, be submerged, *gully (cf. Greek bê:ssa, gully)
XE-¿E-T?SA-¿E (+ -like), MUD; IE gweid(h)- (for *gwaidhi-), mud, semi-liquid dirt; Arabic šîdun, coating of plaster, gypsum
XE-¿E-T?SA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), DAMP DITCH; Egyptian šdjj (for šDjj - cf. Old Kingdom šD.t, dough, for later šd.t), ditch
XE-¿E-T?SA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), MUD; Egyptian Old Kingdom šDj.t, dough (for later šd.t)
XE-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), BE CUT OPEN; Egyptian š', cut off, cut up, cut down, hew; Sumerian še/id/t/t*-3, separate, split (J. 104); IE gwheth;ei(6)- (for *gwhdho- - cf. Greek phthóe:, destruction), disappear, be destroyed, annihilate
XE-¿E-T?SO-¿E (+ -like), CUT OPEN; Egyptian š', cut off, cut up, cut down, hew; Sumerian še/id/t/t*-3, separate, split (J. 104);IE gwhðei(6)- (for *gwhdhoi- — cf. gwhðoy-o-, destruction), disappear, be destroyed, annihilate
MHA-XE-¿E-T?SO-¿E (tool +), SWORD; Egyptian m(')šw, sword
MHA-XE-¿E-T?SO-¿E, SWORDSMAN, SOLDIER
XE-¿E-RE (+ scratch), NOTCH, COUNTING MARK (TWENTY); Sumerian šar-2, totality, 3600 (J. 715); šar-4, twenty (J. 822 reads šar-4, and means 'twenty')
XE-¿E-RE-¿E (+ -like), MAKE A NOTCH, COUNT; Egyptian š3, ordain, order, predestine, settle, decide
SA-XE-¿E-RE-¿E (strong +), NOTCH COMPLETELY; IE skeri/i:- (for *sk^warei-), cut, separate, listed 4. (s)ker-, cut
SA-XE-¿E-RE-¿E, NOTCH, COUNTING MARK (TWENTY); IE *sk^warei- in Old Norse skor, notch, twenty, listed under 4. (s)ker-, cut
XE-¿E-RE-¿E, NOTCHLIKE, COUNTING MARK; Egyptian š3j, quantity of flax
XE-¿E-RE-¿E-T?O (+ lump), PROVIDE WITH A GROOVE; Egyptian š3d, dig, dig out; Arabic šaraTa/yašri/uTu, make incisions
SA-XE-¿E-RE-¿E-T?O, PROVIDE WITH A GROOVE COMPLETELY; IE (s)kreid- (for *(s)k^wreid-), cut, listed under 4. (s)ker-, cut
XE-¿E-RE-FA, NOTCH OUT
SA-XE-¿E-RE-FA, NOTCH OUT COMPLETELY; IE (s)kreu- (for *sk^wreu-), *cut out (cf. OHG scro:tan, cut out clothes), listed under 4. (s)ker-, cut
XE-¿E-RE, GARDEN; Egyptian š3, field, meadow (Egyptian M8, 'pool with lotus flowerS, rather 'furrow with growing plants'); Sumerian šar, garden (J. 315 = 2x J. 669, plant + J. 949, water)
XE-¿E-RO (+ raise), BE NEWLY BORN
XE-¿E-RO-¿E (+ -like), NEWLY BORN; Egyptian šr, lad; Sumerian šir-6, *young (J. 273 reads šir-6, and means 'young`); IE gweru- (for *gwair6i-), *newborn, in Greek émbruon, newborn), listed incorrectly under gweru-, rod, pike
XE-RE (+ scratch), GROOVE, FURROW, IRRIGATION CANAL
XE-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE GROOVING
SA-XE-RE-¿E (strong +), GROOVE COMPLETELY; IE skre/e:i- (for *skwarei-), cut, separate, listed under 4. (s)ker-, cut
XE-RE-MO (+ overall), GROOVED OVERALL, SPLIT, RENT; IE E. (s)kre:-m-, *split (cf. Old Icelandic skra:ma, wound, scratch, axe), listed under 4. (s)ker-, (s)ker6-, (s)kre:-, cut; Arabic šarama / yašrumu, split; šarmun, split, rent
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: initial X=x; final X=ng Tibetan XE=gy |
BODY
XO, ANUS, secondarily INTESTINE (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to points in back'); Egyptian *X, *anus (Egyptian X32, 'animal's belly showing teats and tail', rather 'animal's anal sphincter below tail'); Sumerian *hu-x, anus (J. 694, anus, is composed of J. 689, intestine + J. 750, hole, which reads hu-3)
XO-¿E (+ -like), ANAL
XO-¿E-¿E (+ -like), INTESTINAL
XO-¿E-¿E, GUT-STRING; in IE gwiya: (for *gwhoi-), string, especially bowstring
XO-¿E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), BELLY; Egyptian X.t, belly, womb; IE *gwhoit- (cf. Gothic qithus, belly, womb), swelling, bulge, *belly, listed under gwet-
XO-¿E-SE (+ excrete), BE EXCRETED, SQUEEZED OUT; IE *gweis- in Jutish kwi:-s, press, press out, and Modern Icelandic kveisa, the gripes, listed under gwey6-, overpower, power, powerfully put down; Arabic šazza/yašizzu, be barren (?)
XO-¿E-SE-¿E (+ -like), EXCRETORY, SEMI-LIQUID; Egyptian Xzj(j), weak, feeble, humble, mean (of conduct), vile (of enemies) IE *gweis- in Greek deîsa, filth, ooze, listed incorrectly under gweid(h)-, ooze, semi-liquid dirtiness?; *gweisi- in Modern English queasy
XO-HA (+ air), SMELL BAD, MALODOROUS
XO-HA-FA (+ set), FECES; IE gwo:u-, manure, excrement, feces, something disgusting; cf. Arabic šauwa, ugly, deformed, stupid
XO-HA-P?FO (+ place), QUAGMIRE; Sumerian hab/p, *quagmire (J. 834 reads hab/p, and means 'ooze`);IE gwo:bh-, *quagmire (cf. Modern English quab, morass, listed under 2. gwe:b(h)-, slimey, flabby, tadpole, toad
XO-HA-PHA (+ diminutive), SMELL SOMEWHAT BAD; Sumerian hab/p, smell badly, stink (J. 834)
XO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO GUSH, SQUIRT; Sumerian hal(a), defecate, flow quickly (J. 2); hal-2, well up, flow (J. 920); IE 2. gwel-, drip down, run over, well up, throw; Arabic šallâ, shed (tears); in šalšala, fall in drops, drip
XO-NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), GUSHES OUT, SPRING-FED BROOK; Egyptian Xn.w, brook; IE *gwola:u- in Greek blúo:, well up, listed under 2. gwel- (for *gwola:-), drip down, run over, well up, throw
XO-NHA-MO (+ overall), GUSHING MOST STRONGLY, KHNUM (EGYPTIAN RAM-GOD OF JUPITER); Egyptian Xnm, basin (?) for irrigation; IE *gwola:mo- in OHG quella (lm ln ll rather than ln ll - cf. Middle Low German qualm, thick or dense steam, smoke, fumes, listed under 2. gwel-, drip down, run over, well up, throw
XO-NHA-MO-THO (+ assemblage), WELL; Egyptian Xnm.t, well, cistern
XO-NHA-RO (+ high degree), GUSHING MORE STRONGLY
XO-¿E (+ -like), BELOW, UNDER
XO-¿E-RO (+ high degree), BELOW, UNDER; Egyptian Xr, under (Egyptian T28, 'butcher's block')
XO, BLISTER
XO-?A (+ stative), BLISTERED
XO-?A-NO (+ be stored), BLISTER; Egyptian Xn, be blistered; IE 1. gwhen- (for *gwhon6- - cf. gwhono-s, luxurious, abundant), swell, be puffed up, abundance
XO-?A-NO-¿E (+ -like), BE MAKING BLISTERS, BE BEATING UP; IE 2. gwhen-(6)- (for *gwhonoi- - cf. gwhónos, beating, and Greek theíno: [*gwhen-yo:], I kill), beat
XO-?A-NO-¿E-XO-?A-NO-¿E (+ reduplication), BE BRAWLING; Egyptian Xnn, disturb, interfere with, confound, be in flamed, irritated, *brawl; Arabic šanna, attack; cf. also ?ašanna, to be worn out (water-skin), *blistered
XO-?A-NO-¿E, BE ROWING (MAKING RIPPLES ON THE WATER); Egyptian Xn, row; Sumerian *hunu, row (Comb. 2857 - (GIS`) + J. 750, hu-3 + J. 119, nu, oar); Arabic šanna, mix (wine) with water, *stir up
XO, ACROSS THE BACK OF
XO-RA (+ back), FOOTHILLS; IE gwor- (for *gwori- — cf. Sanskrit giri-H, mountain), listed under 3. gwer-
XO-RA-¿E,(+ -like) STONE; Sumerian hur, stone (J. 723) ('tunnel-part')
XO-RA-SA (+ cord), CHAIN OF FOOTHILLS, FOREST; IE gwores (for *gworis), *chain of foothills, listed under 3. gwer-, mountain
XO-RA-SA-QHA (+ high), HIGH FOOTHILLS, FOREST; Sumerian hursag≈, mountain, *forest [cf. Comb. 2831: hursaggišia, mountain forest (mixed trees of the foothills)] (Comb. 2831 = Comb. 2829 - J. 721, hur, stony + J. 194, sag≈/k/q, upper + J. 561, g≈iS, wood + J. 715, hi/e, assortment + J. 949, a, water)
XO-RO (+ high degree), ACROSS
SA-XO-RO (strong +), ACROSS; *(s)ker- in Modern High German quer, across
SA-XO-RO-FA (+ set), PAIR OF TESTICLES
SA-XO-RO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SCROTUM; IE (s)kreut-, listed incorrectly under 4. (s)ker-, cut
SA-XO-RO-THO (+ assemblage), TESTICLES; IE (s)ker-t-, testicles, listed incorrectly under 4. (s)ker-, cut
XO-RO-FA-¿E (+ Egyptian dual), PAIR OF TESTICLES; Egyptian Xr.wj, testicles
XO-FA (+ set), INTESTINES, WAIST, FLANKS, (TUNNEL-)SHAFT; Sumerian hu-3, *shaft (J. 750 reads hu-3, and means 'shaft, cave')
XO-FA (+ frequentative), BE BENT AT WAIST, BOWED
XO-FA-XO-FA (+ reduplication), BE BENT AT WAIST HABITUALLY; BE BOWED; IE guga:-, globule, hump
XO-FHA (+ frequentative), BEND AT WAIST, BOW; Sumerian, perhaps hu-3, present, offer (J. 99); IE ge:u-, g6u-, gu:- (dissimilated from *gweu-), bend, crumple, arch
XO-FHA-XO-FHA (+ reduplication), BOW REPEATEDLY; Tibetan gug-pa, bend in reverence or salutation
XO-P?A (+ piece), CHEEK
XO-P?A-¿E (+ -like), FLABBY; Sumerian hab/p, fat (J. 834); IE *gwobi- (cf. Anglo-Saxon quappia, eelpout), slimey, flabby, tadpole, toad, listed under 2. gwe:b(h)-
XO-P?A-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SHOW FLABBINESS, QUIVER; Egyptian Xpn, fat, fattened; Xpn, *quivering (as a comment on small pearls which have been raised up; IE *gwobyal- (cf. Low German quabbeln, quiver with fatness)
XO-P?A-P?A (+ reduplication), TADPOLE; IE *gwobi- (cf. MHG quappe, tadpole), slimey, flabby, tadpole, toad, listed under 2. gwe:b(h)-
XO-T?O (+ organ), INTESTINE; IE gud- (for *gwod-), intestine (cf. Low German küt, intestine), listed incorrectly under ge:u-, bend, etc.
XO-T?O-MO (+ place), INTESTINE; IE gudo-m (for *gwodomo), intestine, listed incorrectly under ge:u-, bend, etc.
MA-XO-T?O (place +), INTESTINE; Egyptian mX.t, intestine
XO-RO (+ high degree) EXCREMENT; Sumerian hal(a), excrement (J. 2)
XO-RO-XO-RO (+ reduplication), FILTH; IE gwor-gw(or)o-, filth, manure
* * *
- X H -
Chinese: XH=h Tibetan XHE=sh (ç) |
ANIMAL
XHA, FISH (animate: literally, 'who extends himself to the back' ('swallows'); Sumerian ha, fish (J. 961)
ANIMAL
XHA, PACK (SCHOOL OF FISH), QUANTITY; Sumerian ha-4, quantity (J. 715)
XHA-¿E (+ -like), PACK, QUANTITY; Chinese hâi, a great number of people or things coming together; extra large; of great capacity
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
XHA-¿E (+ -like), BE PACKING TOGETHER; IE 2. kwei- (for *kwoi-; cf. Greek poiéo:, make), stack up, heap up, collect, lay down on or next to in order, build up, weakened 'make'
XHA-HA (+ stative), BE PACKED TOGETHER (INTRANSITIVE)
XHA-HA-¿E (+ -like), QUANTITY; Sumerian he/i, quantity (J. 715); Chinese hâi, a great number of people of things coming together
FO-XHA (ear +), SPEAK LOUDLY; IE wekw-, speak
FO-XHA-RE (+ make), PRAISE; Egyptian wš3, utter (plaudits), recite (praises)
XHA-RE (+ make), SQUEEZE (AN OMEN LIVER), DETERMINE, CONJURE; Egyptian š3, ordain, order, predestine, settle, decide; Sumerian har, *decide (J. 723 reads har, and means 'liver, ring', and 'perceive by hepatoscopy'); IE 1. kwer- (for *kwar-), make, form, *finish (cf. Sanskrit karti, makes, completes, *conjure (cf. Old Bulgarian čari, magic); Tibetan shar-pa, collected, gathered, risen
XHA-RE, WHAT IS DETERMINED (FATE); Egyptian š3(.w), fate; Sumerian har, perceive by hepatoscopy (J. 723); IE *kwar- in Greek téras, sign, portent, listed under 1. kwer-, make, form
XHA-RE, LIVER (AS OMEN); Egyptian š3, something used medicinally - in phrases like š3 n Tzm and š3.w nw jw3.w (- of the dog, -(s) of the cattle); Sumerian har, liver (J. 723)
XHA-RE-THO (+ assemblage), LIVER; Egyptian š3.t, an inner bodily organ
¿E-XHA-RE-THO (abdomen +), LIVER (OMEN OF THE FUTURE); IE ye/e:kw-r-t, liver
XHA-RE, TAX(-ASSESMENT); Sumerian har, *tax (J. 723 reads har, and means 'tax')
XHA-RE-¿E (+ -like), ASSESS TAX
XHA-RE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), PERTAINING TO TAXES
XHA-RE-¿E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), TAXES; Egyptian š3jj.t, dues, taxes
VERBAL - AFFECTIVE
XHA, CONCAVE
XHA-RA (+ back), CONCAVE
XHA-RA, DISH; Egyptian š3, dish, low bowl, designation for wine (dish of ...); Sumerian hara- 2, beer-vessel (J. 545 = J. 536, stud-bull, container, ant, *har + J. 431, beer - J. 563 means 'bull', and reads har-2); *har-x, container (J. 536 means 'container', and is in many compounds containing har = J. 534, net + J. 759, ab/p-2 + J. 750, u); IE *kware:i- in Old Irish co(i)re, kettle (rather *pan), listed under 2. kwer- (for *kware:(i)-, in words that mean something dishlike or bowllike
XHA-RA-T?SO (+ hold), PAN
SA-XHA-RA-T?SO (strong +), PAN; Egyptian cf. š3', container for corn; IE skordho-, -ā- (for *skware:dho — cf. Old Bulgarian skvrada, tile, pan, fireplace), pan
XHA-RHE (+ come), GO FLAT, SHALLOW
XHA-RHE-FA, FLATTEN OUT, CHEW TO BITS, GRIND; Sumerian har, *grind (into flour) (J. 723 reads har, and means 'grind (into flour)'); IE kweru- (for *kware:u-), chew, crush, grind (flour and what is prepared from it)
XHA-RHE-FA, FLAT BOWL; Sumerian haru, beer-vessel (J. 545 = J. 536, stud-bull, container, ant, *har + J. 431, beer - J. 563 means 'bull', and reads har-2); *har-x, container (J. 536 means 'container', and is in many compounds containing har = J. 534, net + J. 759, ab/p-2 + J. 750, u);IE *kware:u- in Old Indian carú-, kettle, jar, listed under 2. kwer- (for *kware:(u)-, in words that mean something dishlike or bowllike
XHA-RHE-FA-P?FE (+ animal name), ANT; Sumerian *harub, ant (J. 536 means 'ant', and is in many compounds containing har and harub = J. 534, net + J. 759, ab/p-2 + J. 750, u); harub(u), ant (J. 547 = J. 536, *harub (see above, *harub, J. 536) + J. 593, grass + J. 11, pincers)
XHA-RHE-FA-P?FE-¿E, ANTLIKE
SA-XHA-RHE-FA-P?FE-¿E (strong +), SCORPION; IE *skware:upi- in Greek skorpíos, scorpion
XHA-RHE-FA-THO (+ assemblage), FLOUR; Egyptian šr.t, *flour (not an unspecified kind of grain)
XHA-RHE-P?FO (+ place), BASKET, BIRD'S NEST; Egyptian š3b, *nest (Egyptian G49, 'ducks' heads protruding from a pool', rather 'young ducks in nest'); IE *kwore:bh-, *basket, in Latin corbis, basket, listed incorrectly under (s)kerbh-, turn, bend, and especially bend together, shrivel (also from heat, dryness), wrinkle
XHA-RHE-XHA-RHE (+ reduplication), ALL CHEWED TO BITS, MADE SMALL; Egyptian šrr, little
VERBAL
XHA, EXHALER; Chinese hā, breathe out (with the mouth open); laugh
XHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO EXHALE, SPOUT
XHA-NHA, WHALE; IE (s)kwalo-s or more frequently kwalo-s, a larger kind of fish
GRAMMATICAL
-XHA, (INDEFINITE ANIMATE VERY LARGE PLURAL); Sumerian ha-4, *multitude (J. 715 reads ha-4, and means 'multitude')
XHA, WHAT?; Egyptian š in jšst (j (?A, interrogative) + š (XHA, large quantity) + z (SE, separate).t) = ?quantity (is) it; cf. French qu’est ce (que); IE in kwei-, *what, listed under kwo-, kwe-, fem. kwā; kwei- (probably once only in nominative-accusative singular; kwu- (only in adverbs); the accented forms are interrogatives, the unaccented indefinite pronouns; in isolated languages, become, in part, a relative pronoun; Chinese hé, interrogative particle; Tibetan dzhi/tshi ( *shid), indefinite marker
-XHA, (REFLEXIVE INTENSIVE - Stem XI)
-XHA, (ANIMATER INTENSIVE - 'DO ENERGETICALLY')
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: XH=h Tibetan XHE=sh (ç) |
ANIMAL
XHE, PORCUPINE (animate: literally, 'who extends himself from the back' (bristles'))
XHE-¿E (+ -like), SPINEY; Chinese hái, bones of the body; skeleton
ANIMAL
XHE, BEAR
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
XHE, CURL (AROUND ITSELF)
XHE-NA (+ one), CURL; Egyptian *šn, *curl (Egyptian V1, 'coil of rope')
XHE-NHA (+ ingessive), START TO CURL AROUND; Egyptian šn, encircle, enclose, surround, cover (diseased eye); IE 1. kwel-, turn, turn one's self, move one's self around, be around someone caringly, dwell
XHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE CURLING AROUND, BE CONCERNED; Egyptian šn, ring (circle), encircle, inquire into a matter (be concerned); IE kwel6- (for *kwelyā-), turn, turn one's self, move one's self around, be around someone caringly, dwell, listed under 1. kwel-
XHE-NHA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), HOUSEHOLD; Egyptian šnjj.t, entourage; IE *kwelya:d-, *household, in Old Bulgarian čelyad', domestic servants, listed under 3. kwel-, swarm, group, kin?
XHE-NHA-¿E, ENCIRCLING, JAILING; Egyptian šn(w)/(jj), circuit, circumference; Sumerian šil-3, *encirclement (J. 750 reads šil-3, and means 'surroundings'); IE *kweli- in Modern English jail
XHE-NHA-¿E-KHO (+ little), CELL
XHE-NHA-¿E-KHO, JAILER; Egyptian šnT, sheriff; Sumerian šilig, authority (J. 75 = J. 62, enclosure + J. 798, ši, knot)
SA-XHE-NHA-¿E-KHO (strong +), WARDEN; IE *skelk- (for *skwelik-) in Gothic skalks, servant, listed incorrectly under (s)k^el-, jump
XHE-NHA-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), HOLD IN JAIL; Egyptian šn', detain
XHE-NHA-¿E-T?SO, JAILER; Egyptian šn', constable
XHE-RE (+ fingernail), CLAW; IE 4. (s)ker-, cut, claw, mole; cf. Russian dialect črvb, sickle; Egyptian š3 (Gardiner H7 pictures a bird 'claw', and reads š3)
XHE, CIRCLE
XHE-HA (+ stative), BE DRAWN FROM AROUND, BE INHALED
XHE-HA-MO (+ overall), BE DRAWN FROM AROUND, BE QUAFFED, BE SMELLED; IE kwem- (for *k^we:m- - cf. Old Indian cá:mati, sips), sips, swallows
XHE-MO (+ overall), BE DRAWING FROM AROUND, BE QUAFFING, BE SMELLING; Arabic šamma/yašummu, smell
XHE-RHE, ( + come), GO IN A CIRCLE; Egyptian š3(s), travel; IE *k^were:- in Sanskrit cárati, moves one's self, wanders, pastures, drives, listed incorrectly under 1. kwel-, kwel6-, turn, turn one's self, move one's self around, etc.
XHE-RHE-¿E (+ -like), BE MOVING IN A CIRCLE (TRANSITIVE), EXCHANGING; Egyptian š3, assign; IE kwrei- (for *k^wrei-), buy (exchange goods); Arabic šarâ/yašrî, buy
XHE-RHE-¿E-SHO (+ follow), GO IN A CIRCLE; Egyptian š3s, go through, go, wander; IE (s)krei-s- (for *k^wreis- - cf. Modern High German kreisen, circle), listed under 3. (s)ker-, turn, bend
XHE-RHE-SHO (+ follow), GO AROUND; IE k^wers- in Sanskrit kRSáti, plow, turn, go around, listed incorrectly under 1. kwel-, kwel6-, turn, turn one's self, move one's self around, etc.
XHE-?A (+ top), SPINE, SPINEY
XHE-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE POINTING AT, BE PAYING ATTENTION TO, BE CONCERNED; IE *kwe:i- in Old Indian cá:yati, perceives, observes, is awed, is anxious, listed under 1. kwei(t-), pay attention to, from which, on the one hand, observe respectfully, be in awe, honor; on the other hand, turn the mind to, punish, revenge, requite, sin, fine, and its value, price, evaluation, from which appreciation can likewise be derived; Arabic šâHa /yašîHu, to do anything carefully; Chinese hé, expose someone's misdeeds or crimes
XHE-?A-¿E-NA (+ one), DISGRACE; IE *kwe:in-, *disgrace, in Greek poiné:, atonement, punishment, revenge, listed under 1. kwei-(t-), pay attention to, etc.; Arabic in šâna / yašînu, disgrace {?}
XHE-?A-¿E, DESIROUS; IE kwoi-, kwi:- (*for kwe:i- - cf. Old Indian ke:ta, will, desire, intention, challenge, invitation), desire, invite; Arabic šâ?a/yašâ?u, will, wish, desire
XHE-HA-FA, HAVE DESIRED, CRAVED; Arabic šahâ/yašhû, crave for
XHE-HA-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE LOOKING AT OUT OF DESIRE; IE (kewep-:)kwe:p- (for *(s)kwe:up-), kw6p-, ku/u:p-, smoke, roil, boil, also mentally in turmoil, in violent motion, *desire (cf. Latin cupio:, desire, and Greek skopéo:, look at); Arabic šâfa/yašûfu, see, *desire (cf. šawfun, strong desire)
XHE-¿E (+ -like), CURLING UP (TRANSITIVE), DRAWING FROM AROUND, INHALING; IE 2. k^wei-, in onamatopoeic words for hiss, wheeze (cf. Old High German winiso:, moan)
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
XHE-HA (+ stative), BE SHARPLY POINTED; IE k^u:- (for *kwe:-), pointed, spear
XHE-HA-¿E (+ -like), SPINEY
SA-XHE-HA-¿E (strong +), SPINEY; IE sk(h)woy- (for *skwe:i-), sk(h)wi(y)-, needle or thorn of plants
XHE-HA-RE (+ make), STICK
XHE-HA-RE-P?A (+ diminutive), PRICK (NOUN), PUNCTURE
SA-XHE-HA-RE-P?A (strong +), PERFORATION; IE skwerb(h)- (for *skwe:rb-), stick, as with thorns? only Celtic and Baltic
XHE-HA-T?A (+ give), BE PRICKED; Egyptian šd, take away, remove, cut out, dig, rescue, salvage, stave off, pull, exact dues, ransack, apportion, nourish strife; IE kwe/e:d-, kwo/o:d- (older kewed-?), approximately prick (prickle, point), bore, whet, sharpen, drive on, antagonize
XHE-HA-RO (+ high degree), POINTING STRONGLY, OBSERVING SHARPLY, CONSPICUOUS; IE kwe:(i)-ro-, observant, protective, listed under 1. kwei(t-), pay attention to, from which, on the one hand, observe respectfully, be in awe, honor; on the other hand, turn the mind to, punish, revenge, requit, sin, fine, and its value, price, evaluation, from which appreciation can likewise be derived; Chinese hè, conspicuous, grand
XHE-¿E (+ -like), BE POINTING AT, SPECIFYING
XHE-¿E-SHA (+ immobile), PAY ATTENTION TO; IE kweis-, pay attention to, listed under 1. kwei-(t-); Tibetan shes-pa, be cognizant of
* * *
TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic
Chinese: XH=h Tibetan XHE=sh (ç) |
ANIMAL
XHO, FROG, TOAD (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points in back' ('squats, rests on the anus')
XHO-FHA (+ wind), CROAK (NOUN)
XHO-FHA-¿E (+ -like), SQUEAK
XHO-FHA-¿E-XHO-FHA-¿E (+ reduplication), BE SQUEAKING LOUDLY
SA-XHO-FHA-¿E-XHO-FHA-¿E (strong +), BE SQUEAKING VERY LOUDLY; IE *skwaikwi- in Modern English squeak
XHO-FHA-XHO-FHA (+ reduplication), CROAK LOUDLY; IE kwak- (for *kwakw-), imitations in single languages of the sound of the frog and honk of the duck
SA-XHO-FHA-XHO-FHA (strong +), CROAK VERY LOUDLY; IE *skwakw- in Old Norse skvakka, croak
VERBAL - EFFECTIVE
XHO, SQUAT(TER)
XHO-¿E (+ -like), BE SQUATTING ON
XHO-¿E, REST
XHO-¿E-HA (+ stative), BE RESTING; IE kwiye:- (for *kwi(y)ā-), rest comfortably, listed under kwey6-
XHO-NHA (+ ingressivee), START TO SQUAT
XHO-NHA-PHA (+ diminutive), START TO SQUAT SLIGHTLY; IE 1. kwelp- (for *kwa:lp- - cf. kwLp/b- and Greek kálpē , trot), kwelb- : kwLp/b- : klup/b-, flex at the knees, stumble
XHO-HA (+ stative), BE SQUATTING, STALKING
XHO-HA-THO (+ assemblage), SQUAT (NOUN)
XHO-HA-THO-¿E (+ -like), BE TAKING A SQUAT
SA-XHO-HA-THO-¿E (strong +), BE TAKING A COMPLETE SQUAT; IE *skwāti- in Middle English squatten, crush, flatten, squat
XHO-HA, FROG; Chinese há, *frog, in há-ma, frog, toad
XHO-HA, SQUATTER; Chinese hâ, toady, sycophant
XHO-THO (+ assemblage), WAD; Egyptian X.t, group of stars; IE kw6t- in Modern English wad
STEMS are the following:
STRESS-ACCENTED
Stem I, -PHA (reflexive diminutive);
Stem II, -P?A (passive diminutive);
Stem III, -NHA (reflexive inchoative);
Stem IV, -NA (passive inchoative);
Stem V, -HHA (reflexive imperfective);
Stem VI, - ¿A (passive imperfective);
Stem VII, -FHA (reflexive perfective);
Stem VIII, -FA (passive perfective);
Stem IX, -XHA (reflexive intensive);
Stem X, -XO (passive intensive);
Stem XI, -THO (reflexive distributive, 'multiple subjects react`);
Stem XII, -T?O (passive distributive, 'multiple subjects react`);
Stem XIII, -SHE (singulative; reflexive aorist {punctual}); (reflexive reciprocal);
Stem XIV, -SE (singulative; passive aorist {punctual}; (passive reciprocal);
Stem XV, -RHE (reflexive indefinite {developmental}); "become"
Stem XVI, -RE (passive indefinite {transformative}); "make into"
Stem XVII, -HA (reflexive [animate] stative); "remain"
Stem XVIII, -?A (passive [inanimate] stative); "remain"
Stem XIX, '(S)-(S) accented reduplication (habitual, 'always`);
Stem XX, (S)-'(S) reduplication (frequentative, 'often, repeatedly`);
STRESS-UNACCENTED
Stem Ia, -'PHA (animate partitive singular);
Stem IIa, -'P?A (inanimate partitive singular);
Stem IIIa, -'NHA (animate definite singular);
Stem IVa, -'NA (inanimate definite singular);
Stem Va, -'HHA (animate indefinite plural);
Stem VIa, -' ¿A (inanimate indefinite plural);
Stem VIIa, -'FHA (animate definite plural);
Stem VIIIa, -'FA (inanimate definite plural);
Stem IXa, -'XHA (animate indefinite large plural);
Stem Xa, -'XO, inanimate indefinite large plural);
Stem XIa, -'THO (animate definite large plural);
Stem XIIa, -'T?O (inanimate definite large plural);
Stem XIIIa, -'SHE, animate unique singular;
Stem XIVa, -'SE, inanimate unique singular;
Stem XVa, -'RHE (animate indefinite singular {anyone ---});
Stem XVIa, -'RE (inanimate indefinite singular {anything ---});
Stem XVIIa, -HA (animate locative?);
Stem XVIIIa, -?A (inanimate locative?);
Stem (S)-XIXAa, '(S)-(S) (totality - all ---);
Stem (S)-XXa, (S)-'(S) (total individuals - every ---).