SumerianGrammar-Verbs.htm

Introduction

Some CV verbs in -a form an irregular marû by addition of the formant -î with consequent modification of the final stem vowel: ba bê₄, both #5; da₉ dê₂, both #635; sa₂ sê₈, both #807.

Some CV verbs in -i form an irregular marû by adopting the reflex of an -a-stem: i₁₀ ê₃ (both #684+#410);

Some CV verbs in -u form an irregular marû in -u₃, which should be regarded as -**uê (but possibly simply ü although -u₃ elsewhere represents a reduction of **waj).

The following verbs, listed by Thomsen in this class, are correctly hamTu not marû reduplications: kar₂, kin, tag₄, tuk₄, and ur₃.

The difference between a hamTu and marû reduplication is that the first indicates intensiveness; the second indicates durativity.

Sumerian g[~]a₂ (#458) is not the reduplication of g[~]ar (#970) but a separate verb; ša₆ is not the reduplication of šag₅ but a separate verb, both #658; zi (#130; but also reads zid and zig) is not the reduplication of zig₃ (#965) but a separate verb.

Sumerian ku₄ meaning 'enter' does not exist; it is properly read kur₉, both #99; na₈ meaning 'drink' does not exist; it is properly read nag[~], both #54.

Sumerian še₈ is not the reduplication of šeš₂ but rather šê₈-šê₈ is the reduplication of šê₈; the reading šeš₂ is a simple abbreviated version of šê₈-š(ê)₈.

ag(i)

{PL ?A-K[?]E, 'across-split-(open)' = 'puncture / poke'; Jaritz Sign #159 (pictures field with numerous incisions in it); IE *ag[^]-, 'drive [='goad']'; Egyptian jk(y), 'quarryman' (Gardiner : 1970 A19 'bent man leaning on a stick')}

a(n)g[~]³(a)₂

{PL ?A-Q[H]A, 'top-hump' = 'bend'; Jaritz Sign #362; IE *2. ank-, 'bend'}

a₂ ...ag[~]₂ 'to command, to instruct (someone: -da-)'. ['bend the arm (in pointing)'] Ex. 193, 308, 311, 576, 773, 774, 830

ki...ag[~]₂ 'to love (something: dative; something: loc./loc.-term.)'. ['bend (towards) a place = favorably incline to'] Ex. 174, 175, 738

ak(a/**u)

{PL HHA-(¿E-)K[H]XO, 'water-(like-)mollusc' = 'seashell' = 'valuable possession'; Jaritz Sign #159 (pictures body of water with numerous small items in it); IE *e:ik-, 'own'}

a.da.min₂...ak 'to compete (with someone: -da-)'.

a₂ dub₂...ak 'to beat the wings'; with -ši-, 'to fly towards' (SDI p. 24).

bar...ak 'to choose, to examine'.

du₁₄...ak 'to quarrel (with someone: -da-)'.

g[~]eštug₂ ...ak 'to turn the mind (?)', with -ši-, cf. SDI p. 22.

gizzal...ak 'to listen', with -ši-. Also without -ši-, cf. pg. 458 and SDI p. 22.

kin...ak 'to work, to manufacture'.

sa gaz...ak 'to rob (someone: dat.)'.

sag[~] keš₂...ak 'to pay attention to, to give heed to', with -ši-. Ex. 581, 632.

Double compounds are: pa e₃...ak (ex. 798) and šu bal...ak (ex. 460, 799); see pa...e₃ and šu...bal.

âm(a)₆ (Old Sumerian) and âm(a)₃

{PL ^-M[H]A(-?A), 'to be active at a location-stative=to be at/on'; am₆: Jaritz Sign #14 (pictures a star = sky; *ama, phonetic only: PL HHA-MA(-R[H]A), 'shiny (blue)-place(-color)=very blue'; IE basis of *a:mer-, 'day (refers to blue sky[?]);Egyptian basis of jm(3).w, 'brilliance, spldendor'); âm₃: Jaritz Sign #949 (pictures water; PL HHA, 'water'; phonetic only, a) + #14 (see above); both phonetic only for am; IE *5. me:- (probably better **ma:-), 'be of energetic and powerful determination, energetically strive'; Egyptian in m, 'in'}

ba

{PL P[?]A, 'be split = 'broken for distribution'; Jaritz Sign #5 (pictures a knife cutting bread); IE *1. wi:-, 'apart, in two'}

ka...ba 'to converse'.

bad.r, see bara₂ and bat(i) below

ba.al (better pal(a))

{PL PF[H]A-N[H]A, 'protrude-move-back-and-forth' = 'make shaves'='split'; Jaritz Sign #10 (pictures an arm holding a vessel upside down with water coming out; and a double-bladed axe); IE *1. (s)p(h)el-, 'split (off)'; Egyptian bnbn.t, 'pyramidion, stem of ship'}

bal(a)

{PL P[H]A-R[H]O, 'over-jump' = 'cross over'; Jaritz Sign #10 (pictures an arm holding a vessel upside down with water coming out; and a double-bladed axe); IE *1. pel-, 'fly, swim, pour'; Egyptian pr, 'go/come out, burst forth'}; for an alternative etymology for 'to pour off, to libate', see pUl(a)₃ below

aš₂...bal 'to curse'.

dub-bi...bal 'to go over the account', with -da-. Ex. 613, 614.

giš.gan...bal lit.: 'to hand over the pestle', i.e.'to conclude a sale' (= bukannam šûtuqu).

KA...bal 'to converse, to discuss' (the reading of KA is not known, either inim 'words', or gu₃ 'voice').

sag[~]...bal 'to shake the head'.

šu...bal 'to change, to set aside, to disturb', also šu.bal...ak. Ex. 33, 125, 358, 787.

bar(i), better par(i)₂

{PL P[?]FA-RE, 'chin-apply' = 'make-chips' = 'chip/shave (off)'; Jaritz Sign #118 (pictures a hoe or adze, and a knife cutting a shaving or chip off wood); IE *3. bher-, 'to work on with a sharp instrument (adze), engrave, cut, rub, split'; Egyptian b3, 'hack up, hoe up' (Gardiner 1973 U6-7 'hoe'}

igi...bar 'to look at, to examine'; with -ši-: (to gaze at some object in a certain manner' (SDI p. 21), in this sense also with dative about persons; with -ni-: 'to examine, to peer into' (SDI p. 21). Ex. 102, 160, 360, 380, 381, 574, 627, 630, 631, 634, 696, 704.

ka...bar 'to open the mouth'.

ka.aš..bar 'to make decision', ex. 606.

šu...bar 'to release', ex. 521.

bar(a)₂

{PL P[H]A-R[H]A, 'over-fly' = 'fly over'; Jaritz Sign #112 pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole; perhaps as a second interpretation: bird in flight); IE *B. per-, 'lead over, bring over, come over, set over, force through, fly', listed under *2. per-, 'leading over'; Egyptian p3, 'fly' up'}

dug₃...bara₂ 'to run, to hurry' (lit.:'let fly the knees').

bat(i)

{PL P[H]A-T[H]SE, 'over-spread-out' = 'spread out over'; Jaritz Sign #112 pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole); IE *1. pet-, 'spread out'; Egyptian pD, 'stretch out'}

igi...bat(i) 'to open the eye'.

bê₄, see ba above

bi₆ (=BA), see bê₄

bil, better pil(a), also pe/il-la₂(?)

{PL P[?]FE-N[H]A, 'around-move' = 'glitter'; Jaritz Sign #339 (pictures a burning torch); IE *1. bhel-, 'gleaming, white'; Egyptian **bn, '**gleaming', perhaps in bnw, 'heron'}

bir(i), better pir(i)₃

{PL PF[H]E-R[H]E, 'jump-come' = 'splash'; Jaritz Sign #722 (pictures a burning coal contra Jaritz); IE *1. per-, 'spray, splash, sputter, snort'; Egyptian **b3, '**sputter', perhaps in b3 (Gardiner 1973 W10 and Aa4, 'pot perhaps used also as lamp') or (Gardiner 1974 W2, contra Gardiner, 'brazier for coals'; the sign is used as a determinative for b3s, which suggests strongly IE *bhres-, 'crackle'; b3s.t.t is the fire-goddess}

bi.z/s, better **piS(i)

{PL P[?]FE-SO-¿E, 'toe-pull-ing' = 'unstoppering'; Jaritz Sign #431 (pictures a jar with pouring spout); IE *1. bhes-, 'rub off, rub apart, strew out, **pour out'; Egyptian **bsj, 'flow forth'}

bu.uh₂

bulug[~]²(i)₃, better **pulug[~]²(i)₃

{PL P[?]FO-N[H]O-F[H]A-¿E, 'trunk-slow-move-s-ing' = 'growing'; Jaritz Sign #101, doubled (pictures two crossed sticks, implying the making of a pile of sticks); IE *1. bhleu(ey)-, 'swell'; Egyptian basis in bnn, 'become erect'}

bu.luh(a)

{PL P[?]FO-N[H]A-FA-XA, 'stick-move-back-and-forth-s-inanimate energetic = 'beat severely'; Jaritz Sign #675 (pictures snake = bu, 'hiss'; but for pu, 'stick') + #596 (pictures water-bucket = luh, 'wash, be fearful'); IE *bhle:ug^w-, 'shy, fearful', listed under *2. bhle:u-, 'weak, suffering'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

bu.r, better bur(i)₁₂ or bu₃.r(i)

{PL P[H]O-RE, 'hiss-apply' = 'blow hard'; Jaritz Sign #675 for bur₁₂ (pictures snake = bu, 'hiss'); #675 for bu₃ = #36 (pictures a head with shading (gunu) in mouth area [#15], in which a hand is indicated [#651]; this last is purely phonetic); IE *4. (s)p(h)er-, 'rip (**by wind action), shred'; Egyptian f3, 'blow hard (on sail, the wind)}

bur(u)₂

{PL P[?]O-R[H]A-F[H]A, 'bubble-fly-imperfective' = 'bubbling up, boiling'; Jaritz Sign #12 = #2 (pictures excrement [buru₈ = 'loose']) + #3 (pictures a chisel removing material in a cavity); IE *2. bher- / bh(e)reu-, 'boil up, move one's self violently'; Egyptian f3.w, 'food supplies (boiled (?))'}

gur₅.(ru.)uš...bur₂ (also du.ru.uš bur₂, Enmerkar and Ensukhešdana 47). The meaning of this compound verb is rather obscure, cf. Sjöberg, 1969 p. 133f. and 154, where he translates 'to rage against someone/something'; the compound is translated g/kaSâSu which means 'to bare the teeth' (CAD G p. 52); this is the familiar metaphor of 'boiling mad'. It is most often used about snakes, which refers to the busy activity in a nest of snakes.

bur(^yu)₃, better pur(^yu)_x

{PL P[?]FO-RE-FA, 'stick-apply-imperfective' = 'be drilling'; Jaritz Sign #750 (pictures a hole); IE *3. bher- / **1. bhre:u-, 'to **bore, work on with a sharp instrument (adze), engrave, cut, rub, split'; Egyptian in wb3 (probably for **b3w), 'drill' (Gardiner 1974 U26-27 'drill being used to bore a hole in a bead'}

dâ₉, see dê₂ below

dâb(a)₅

{PL T[?]A-?A-P[H]A, 'hand-stative-diminutive' = 'touch slightly'; Jaritz Sign #893 (pictures cloth); IE *da:p-, 'to touch lightly'; Egyptian dp, 'taste'}

šu.kin...dab₅ 'to prostrate'(see Civil, 1976c p. 184ff).

dadag (= UD.UD), see dag₂ below

dag, better da(n)g[~]³/(n)k^(h)2(u)

{PL T[?]A-Q[H]O, 'hand-hook' = 'hang-up'; Jaritz Sign #534 (pictures a hanging net or mat over a sun [#684; for the phonetic value dag₂]); IE **denk-, '**hang up' (cf. OHG getengan, 'make stick'), listed incorrectly under *denk[^]-, 'bite'; Egyptian in dg.jj.t, 'bat'}

g[~]a₂.la...dag 'to cease (doing something)', often with -ta-. (See Wilcke, 1969a p. 130f.)

šu...dag 'to roam about, to run away'. (Cf. Wilcke, 1969a p. 207.) Probably better 'to retire, cease to participate'.

dag₂, better dâg[~]²(i)_x

{PL T[?]A-HHA-FA-¿E, 'side-shiny=radiate-collective-progressive' = 'burning'; Jaritz Sign #684 (pictures sun); IE *da:wey-, listed under *da:u-, 'burn, destroy through fire'; Egyptian in dw3 (for **djw-3), 'dawn ('become bright')}

dag[~]²al(u)

{PL T[?]A-FA-?A-RO, 'side-around-stative=far' = 'wide'; Jaritz Sign #462 (pictures sun); IE *du:-ro-s, 'long, widely separated', listed under *dwa:- (*3. deu-), 'spatially and temporally extended'; Egyptian in Drww (for **dwjr; see after), 'side, flank' = 'width" (Gardiner 1974 M36-7-8, 'bundle of flax'; 'flax' in Germanic is *taw-, which is theoretically IE **daw-; on this basis, I believe the better reading of the sign is **dw(j)(r)}

dah, better tUh(a)₂

{PL T[?]SO-FA-XA, 'hold-imperfective-intensive' = 'holding tightly together'; Jaritz Sign #334 (pictures two vertical signs for #102 [plant']); IE *dheugh- (for **dheug^wh-; from the cognate forms, I cannot determine the specific additional phoneme that transformed g^w into g^wh), 'move, hit, press, press out, milk, bounteously give, **usefully prepare, **increase [cf. Lithuanian dau[~]g, 'much' ; Egyptian in 'S3 (for **'wS-3), 'many, numerous' (Gardiner 1974 I1 'lizard'}

dal(a)

{PL T[?]A-N[H]A, 'side-move-to-and-fro' = 'sway '; Jaritz Sign #132 (pictures a card for disentangling wool before spinning (rî from RE-¿E, IE *rei-, 'scratch'; hence, purely phonetic); probably semantically connected with **rê from R[H]A-¿E, in IE *rei-r(e:i)-, 'vibrate, tremble, **swing'; the connection with T[?]A-N[H]A is through T[H]A-N[H]A, 'loosed-ingressive' = 'smooth out'; IE *2. tel-, 'flat'; Egyptian in DnDn (for **dndn), 'subdue (if 'flatten')' (Gardiner 1974 V11, older form 'hoe', rather 'rake'); IE *2. del-, ' wobble, move/swing to and fro'; Egyptian in dndn, 'traverse a place or way'}

dar(i)

{PL T[?]A-RE, 'hand-apply' = 'pull (off)'; Jaritz Sign #191 (pictures a shaded version (gunu) of #188, a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose'; since it also means 'feather', perhaps the connection is 'what is plucked out'); IE *4. der-, 'flay, skin, split off, split; Egyptian in d3.j, 'subdue (if 'strip, plunder')'; cf. also d3r, 'subdue, suppress, rob, steal'; this may be a way of indicating two alternate forms: d3 and dr(?)}

a₂...dar 'to confiscate' (cf. Falkenstein, NG III p. 90).

ki...dar 'to split the earth' (said about plants).

dê₂, better dâ₉

{PL T[?]A-HHA, 'side-water' = 'flow out of'; Jaritz Sign #635 (pictures a jar (#632) with presumably water (#949) set into the base of it'); IE *da:-, 'liquid, flowing'; Egyptian in (j)dj, 'cense (or better 'libate')'; (Gardiner 1974 D46* 'hand letting fall drops')}

a...de₂ 'to pour out water'. Ex. 701.

gu₃...de₂ 'to call, to cry, to speak to', lit.: 'to pour out the voice'. Ex. 19, 167, 168, 383, 583, 691, 796.

u₂.gu...de₃ 'to disappear, to lose'. Ex. 415, 416.

de₄, better dig[~]²_x

de₆ (better dî₆)

{PL T[?]E-HHE-¿E, 'spin-around-go-ing' = 'be swinging' = 'be suspended'; Jaritz Sign #410 (also means 'hurry'); IE *2. deyH- (better **deHy-), 'swing, hurry'; Egyptian (r)dj, 'give'}

ar/ar₂...de₆ 'to praise', ex. 400.

ki...de₆, 'to bury'.

muš₃...de₆ 'to stop, to cease'

šu...de₆ 'to bring the hand to something', 'to set to work', ex. 698.

di, better **ti₄.d, i.e. **tîd(a)_x, see dug₄

{PL T[?]SE-?A-T[?]A, 'release-stative-give' = 'express'; Jaritz Sign #807 (pictures a loaf of bread, neatly divided into three parts; for **dê, '**divided', and **dêd, '**division'; PL T[?]A-?A-¿E, 'give-stative-durative=giving=gift=portion'; IE *da:i-, 'divide'; *di:-t-, 'division'; Egyptian d(j)j, 'provisions' [Gardiner 1974 X8 'triangular loaf' with indicated cut section]; hence, connection is only phonetic); IE *dhe;d-, 'say, lay', in Old Bulgarian de do, 'I say', listed under *2. dhe:-, 'set, place, lay'; Egyptian in D(j)d, 'say'}

dib, better dip(u) and dib₂, better dip(u)_x

{PL T[?]E-P[H]FO, 'heel-stamp' = 'stamp'; Jaritz Sign #894 (pictures a wheel) and #893 (pictures ???); I can see no minutely plausible connections between the signs and the values, both phonological and semantic; IE *deph-, 'stamp, push, knead'; Egyptian in dbdb, 'thump'}

igi-še₃...dib/dib₂ 'to pass in front of/before'.

dim(a)₂, better dêm(a)_x

{PL T[?]A-?E-MA, 'hand-there-place=take' = 'hold in the hand'; Jaritz Sign #785 (pictures a hand from the wrist making a fist); IE *dem- (for **de:m-), 'build', originally probably 'fit together'; this root seems to be an interesting combination of **d-, '**hand' + *e:m-, 'take' (Egyptian m (for **jm), 'take'); Egyptian d(j)m-3, 'bind together (better 'hold together')'}

dirig, better **tir(i)_x

{PL TS[H]E-R[H]E, 'spread-out-come' = 'float over' = 'cross'; Jaritz Sign #214 (pictures a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' (#188) over water (#949), suggesting a flood over the banks of a waterway, ride on the top, float, or just simply crossing over water); IE *ter-, 'reach the other side, press through, cross over, overcome, ferry across, bring over, save'; Egyptian D3j, 'ferry across, cross'; D3.t, 'balance, remainder'}

du, properly t^yu₃

{PL T[?]SE-FA, 'release-ing' = 'running'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot); IE *1. *dheu-, 'run'; Egyptian in Dwj, 'separate(?)'}

dû₃, see also ru₂

{PL T[?]O-FA, 'lump-imperfective' = 'put together by adding on top of'; Jaritz Sign #454 (pictures a wooden peg for fastening joints together); IE *2. deu-, 'make'; Egyptian in tw.t, 'assembled, united, full, entire, complete'}

en.nu.ug[~]₃...du₃ 'to guard, to watch'; probably ru₂.

ga.ba.al...du₃ 'to challenge'. (For ga.ba.al, see Cordon, 1958 p. 67:
"It is perhaps likely that ga-ba-al is actually a Sumerian loanword from the Akkadian qablum, 'controversy', rather than a derivative of the Sumerian verbal root bala.")

šu...du₃ 'to bind the hands'. (See Alster, 1972a p. 113.); probably ru₂ unless '**to fold the hands (and do nothing)'

du₇, probably better tûd(a)_x

{PL TS[H]O-F[H]A-T[?]A, 'circling-s-give' = "twirl/toss"; Jaritz Sign #786 (pictures a lowered bull's head); IE **1. (s)teu- (but only with additional extensions(!)), 'push, hit'; *(s)teu-d-, 'push, stick into'; cf. Umbrian tuder, 'end (acc.)' with Egyptian 'D, 'edge' (really '**barrier, what one pushes against' or possibly 'circumference'); Egyptian 'D (for **'wd); 'D (for **'wd), 'hack up', better 'toss up'; Gardiner 1974 V26-27 'netting needle filled with twine' but probably better 'spool, reel' = '**twirler'}

šu...du₇ 'to be/make perfect, to complete' (with -ta- cf. SDI p. 36); ex. 98, 319, 421, 825.

du₈

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #326 (pictures two ???); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

igi...du₈ 'to see, to look at', most often with -ni- or /bi-/. Ex. 65, 129, 666, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 683, 696, 699, 713, 824.

šu...du₈ 'to hold in the hand', with -ni- or /bi-/. Ex. 256, 335, 378, 379.

zar.re.eš...du₈ 'to pile up', see Cooper, 1978 p. 109.

du₁₂

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #944 (pictures a ???); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

dub better t^yûp(u)

{PL TS[H]E-F[H]A-?A-P[?]FO, 'move-slowly-imperfective=moving-slowly=thickening-stative=dense-leg=dried/baked-roll'; Jaritz Sign #239 (pictures a clay tablet divided into columns, with a handle(?)); IE *stew6bh-, 'contract, become dense, hard', listed under *stew6-, with s-mobile; Egyptian D(w)b.t, 'brick'}

muš₂...dub, cf. Reisman, 1973 p. 194: 'the verb has to do combing or setting of hair'.

dub₂ better tûp(u)₂ and tûb(a)₂

{PL T[?]SO-FA-P[?]FO, 'swing-imperfective-leg=stick=club' and T[?]SO-FA-P[?]A, 'swing-imperfective-piece=stick=club'; Jaritz Sign #649 (pictures a (kettle)drum); IE *dheubh-, 'hit' and *dheub-, 'dull sound, as from a blow'; 'beat on something hollow'; Egyptian in '(w)'(w)b, 'become excited'; in '(w)b, 'knock(?) on door' and '(w)pj, 'fly'}

a₂...dub₂, most often a₂.dub₂...ak, 'to beat the wings', with -ši- and -še₃ indicating the direction: 'to fly towards' (SDI p. 24).

in(-še₃)...dub₂ 'to insult, to taunt', with -ni- (see SDI p. 80).

sag[~]...dub₂ 'to smash the head', mostly with -da- (for examples, see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 103, and 1973a p. 121).

dug₃ better dük(a)₃

{PL T[?]O-¿E-KX[H]A(-F[H]A), 'lump-like=honey-bee(-s)=sweet'; Jaritz Sign #715 (pictures a circle, which, here, stands for a hive); IE **deuk- (from **doiku-), 'sweet', based on late Greek deuké:s, 'sweet', listed under dLkú(?), 'sweet'; Egyptian tjHwjj, 'pea (if 'sweet-one')'}

dug₄, better dû(n)k(u)₄

{PL TS[H]O-F[H]A-NA-K[?]XO, 'circling-imperfective-thing=wrap-throat' ='choke'; Jaritz Sign #15 (pictures a head with the mouth area shaded (gunu)); IE *dNg[^]hu:-, 'tongue, swear', an assimilation from *tweng[^]h- (for **twengh-), 'press'; Egyptian '(w)nx, 'swear' (Gardiner 1974 S34 'sandal-strap'; note: English 'thong' is derived from IE *tweng[^]h-}

al...dug₄ 'to demand, to desire', very often with -ni-. Ex. 790.

di...dug₄, 'to carry on a lawsuit', against someone: -da-. Ex. 456, 609.

e.ne.su₃.ud...dug₄, 'to rejoice, to copulate', with -da-. Cf. Sjöberg, 1969 p. 107. Ex. 509.

g[~]iri₃ .sag₁₁...dug₄, 'to trample', see Cooper, 1972 p. 81-83.

mi₂...dug₄ 'to care for, to flatter to praise', often with -ni-. Ex. 502, 562, 563, 564, 681, 682.

sa₂...dug₄, 'to reach, to overwhelm', often with -ni-. Ex. 88, 791.

sag₂...dug₄ 'to scatter', with -da- or -ta-, cf. SDI p. 65. Ex. 152.

še.er.ka.an...dug₄, 'to cover with, to adorn', with -ni-.

šu (dag[~]al)...dug₄, 'to supply, to provide (generously) with', with -ni-. Cf. Jacobsen, 1943 p. 120 n. 13. Ex. 664.

šu.tag...dug₄, 'to decorate', with -ni-. Ex. 334, 797. See tag.

dug₂, better dUk(u)₂ see dugud below

dugud, better dUk(u)₂-da

{PL T[?]O-FA-KX[H]O, 'lump-s-cut' = 'leave a trail of turned soil from the runners of the sledge or travois'; Jaritz Sign #791 (pictures a large piece of stone; this is the proper sign; the word is based on dug₂ (#944; pictures a shield and two arms = equipment; T[?]SO-FA-K[?]XA, 'arm-s-hang', IE *dheugh-, Egyptian 'H-3.w, 'weapons' (Gardiner 1974 D34-34* 'arms holding shield and battle-axe'), tûk(a), 'attack'; so purely phonetic), 'take, grab', i.e. 'pull'); IE *deuk-, 'pull'; Egyptian tx (for **twx), 'plummet ('what pulls')'; tx (for **twx), 'drink deep'; txtx (for **twxtwx), 'disorder (hair)'}

duh, see du₈

dul, see TUl(a) below

dun, better **t^yun(a)_x

{PL T[?]SE-FA-NA, 'release-imperfective-thing' = 'loosened soil (in a mound)'; Jaritz Sign #818 (pictures the head of a swine, and refers to the swine's habit of routing; it also means ass-stallion, and this probably derives phonetically from **t^yun_x from TS[H]E-F[H]A-NA, 'spread-out-imperfective-thing' = 'penetrating noise'; IE dhwen-, 'roar, resound'; Egyptian in D(w)nD(w)n, 'be angry, **bellow'); IE *dhewen, 'mound', listed incorrectly under *2. dheu-, 'disappear', and correctly under *4. dheu-, 'be in violent motion' ; Egyptian basis in Dw, 'mountain' (which may read **Dwn if the determinative (Gardiner 1974 O39 'stone slab') can, as I suspect it may be, occasionally be read as -n-)}

dur₂.ru.un or durun_x, better simply dUr(^yu)₂; see tuš below

{PL T[?]A-FA-?A-RE-FA, 'side-s-stative-be-draped-over-make-imperfective=causing to be draped over=extending on both sides'; Jaritz Sign #893, single (dur₂); doubled (durun_x) (pictures a floor-mat); IE *du:ro-s, 'long, **lasting', listed under *3. deu-, '. . . 2. temporal extension'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ê, see also dug₄ above

{PL ¿E-?A(-¿E), 'voice-stative-ing' = 'speak(ing)'; Jaritz Sign #574 (pictures two banks of a watercourse with water (#949) superimposed; probably HHA-¿A, 'water-socket' = 'canal'; ê; the connection is purely phonetic); IE *ya:(i)-, 'speak excitedly'; Egyptian j(j), 'say'}

ê₃

{for cognates and compound verbs, see the hamTu form i₁₀ below}

e₁₁.d, mistaken reading for marû of Tul(a)_x + d(u₂); see below

e.re, er, see g[~]en

ga, Emesal, better gar(i)₉; see de₆ above

{PL K[?]A-RE, 'cup-apply' = 'collect'; Jaritz Sign #594 (pictures a bag of milk, suspended from something, enabling it to be shaken, churned for making butter); IE *1. ger-, 'put together, collect', probably the basis for Germanic **kernjo:n, 'churn'; Egyptian k3.t, 'work' (Gardiner 1974 A9, 'man steadying basket on head'}

gal, better g[~]²âl(u)

{PL FA-?A-RO, 'around-stative=far' = 'long'; Jaritz Sign #640 (pictures tail-feathers, one form of which suggests a swallowlike fork; the graphic allusion is to the spread out of the tail-feathers in flight or in mating display); IE *wa:-, 'apart', + -ro = *9. wer- (for **wa:r-), 'far, wide'; Egyptian wr (for **wjr; see after), 'large' (Gardiner 1974 G36, 'swallow or martin, illustrating the swallowlike notched or forked tail')}

galam

{PL ***, '???'; Jaritz Sign #379 (pictures a fish but has other difficult to identify prototypes); IE *???-, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

gam, better gum(a)₄; see below

gaz, better kâz(a)_x

{PL KX[H]A-?A-T[?]SA, 'hurt-stative-be-long' = 'hurt (permanently) (transitive)'; Jaritz Sign #381 (pictures grain (#669) in a mortar with pestle (#380)); IE *k[^]a:d- (for **ka:dh-), '**injure, **destroy', based on Greek kédo:); Egyptian HDj, 'injure, destroy, damage' (Gardiner 1974 T3 'mace'}

gêd(a)₂, better for kid_2/7; better gid(a)₂, see above.

{PL K[?]A-¿E-T[?]A, 'jaw-like-give' = 'bite'; Jaritz Sign #675 (pictures a snake; 'biter'); IE *geid-, 'stick into, tickle, **bite'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ge.n, better qan(a)₂

{PL Q[H]A-?A-NA, 'hard-stative-thing=manufactured-object'; Jaritz Sign #131 (pictures a water-plant, cane or possibly lotus; this is phonetic only, for PL QA-NA, 'tube-thing'='cane'); IE *4. ken-, 'exert one's self, **complete (cf. Keltic *ka:n-, 'complete')'; in *kan-tho-, 'corner, bend'; Egyptian qn, 'to complete, accomplish'}

gi₄, better (n)g³[~]î₄ (also qî₅) and gî

{1 A. and B. (n)g³[~]î₄ (also qî₅) PL QA-HHE-¿E, 'tubular=semicircular-go-ing' = 'move semicircularly, return'; Jaritz Sign #605 (pictures water-plant, cane or possibly lotus (#131) in blossom with shading (gunu), with head bent down from weight of blossom(s) or wind; the selection of a plant to indicate 'bend' may have been influenced by the theoretical Sumerian reflex corresponding to IE *g[^]e:i-, 'sprout, split open, bloom', presumably **gê [PL K[?]E-?A-¿E, 'penetrate-stative-ing'); IE *gei-, 'turn, bend'; Egyptian qj, 'form, shape (if 'what is bent, bends')'; in q(j)nb, 'bend, bow, incline one's self, subjugate (this is a nominal formation being used as a verb)'.

2. gî: PL K[?]A-HHE-¿E, 'jaw-go-ing' = 'with open mouth'; Jaritz Sign #605 (pictures water-plant, cane or possibly lotus (#131) in blossom with shading (gunu), with head bent down from blossom or wind; purely phonetic association); IE *ge:(i)-, 'sing, call, cry out'; Egyptian kj(j), 'cry out'}

ad...gi₄ 'to take counsel (with someone: -da-)', without -da- the verb is reflective, cf. ex. 404 and SDI p. 62. Ex. 335, 403, 405.

KA/inim/gu₃...gi₄ 'to answer', with dative prefix and -ni-, ex. 338; with /bi-/ 'to call back the word', ex. 535.

ki-bi(-še₃)...gi₄ , 'to restore', lit.: 'to return to its place'; mostly with /bi-/, or with dative prefix. Ex. 429, 543.

sa...gi₄ , 'to prepare'. See Römer, 1980 p. 64f.

sag[~]...gi₄ , 'to topple', see Falkenstein, 1964 p. 54; Cooper, 1978 p. 117.

sig₄/še₂₅ /še₂₆ ...gi₄ 'to cry, to shout' (cf. Sjöberg, 1969 p. 77 and 152). Ex. 117, 244, 418.

šu(-a)...gi₄ 'to repay, to repeat'; ex. 569 522

gib, better (n)g³[~]îp(i) and gil, better kêl(a)2

{PL QA-HHE-¿E-P[?]FE, 'tubular=semicircular-go-ing' = 'move semicircularly, be-twisting-around-foot' = 'crippled, limp, move with difficulty'; Jaritz Sign #110 (doubled #131 (pictures water-plant, cane or possibly lotus), with three or four crosses superimposed on the stem to indicate thick and passage inhibiting plant growth')); IE *geibh-, 'hunchbacked, humpbacked', listed under *gei-, 'turn, bend'; *ske/e:ibh- (s-mobile), 'crooked, limp'; Egyptian possibly in q(jj)bH, 'foot (?)'; the final H, which is a twisted rope, may be a determinative; in addition, it has a leg determinative and a flesh determinative; could this be **q(jj)b, 'cripple(d foot)'?}

{PL K[?]XA-¿E-N[H]A(-¿E), 'hang-ing-ingressive-like' = 'start(ing)-to-be-hanging' = 'grow(ing) profusely'; Jaritz Sign #110 (doubled #131 (pictures water-plant, cane or possibly lotus), with three or four crosses superimposed on the stem to indicate thick and passage inhibiting plant growth')); IE in *g[^]hlei–d-, 'softness, luxuriance, luxury', listed under *1. g[^]hel-, 'shine, shimmer, green'; Egyptian in H(j)nH(j)n, 'hinder, detain'}

gibil, possibly **gapilam (see note at bottom of entry)

{PL P[?]FE-N[H]A, 'extend-around-ingressive' = 'bloom, shine'; Jaritz Sign #335 (pictures a steer's head [#563] + mountain-chain [#668]; I suspect but cannot prove, on the basis of #726, lam₆, 'wild', that an unrecorded reading of #335 is lam_x)+ #431 (pictures a jar with pouring spout; phonetically bi) + #831 (pictures a seed; phonetically gi₃); IE *1. bhel-, 'shining'; Egyptian in bnw, 'heron (if 'shining one')'}
Note: Because we know so little, there are rarely probabilities in Sumerian studies; and sometimes we have to be satisfied with mere possibilities. I will present reasons to consider that gibil may be analyzed as ga (voluntative) + pil₂ + am. This would be a formation analogous with ga.an.tuš, '(I) will take a seat', meaning 'tenant'; ga.am₃.ku₄, '(I) will enter there', meaning 'intruder'; and ga.an.ze₂.er (ganzer), '(I) will make an act of destruction', applied to the entrance of the underworld. In the case of **gapilam, the verbal basis is pil₂, a reading of #344, which pictures a stalk with a flower, and means 'fresh, new', and for the 'shiny' nuance: 'burn'; this is PL P[?]FE-N[H]A, 'extend-around-ingressive' = 'bloom', which is IE *4. bhel-, 'bloom'. Since the basal meaning is 'radiate', this root was also employed in a nuance of 'shining, glittering'; this is IE *1. bhel-, 'shining'. While the 'fresh' relates to 'in bloom', the 'new' and 'burn' relate to 'shiny'. The finally -am is the copula, so **ga-pil₍₂₎-am_(3,6) means 'it is what (I) want to make shiny'. As for the origin of this expression as **gapilam, the only indirect indication is that gibil₄, which is #379 repeated twice, also reads galam, which is probably an analogously to be analyzed g²al + am_3,6, 'what is great', translated as 'artfully'. Another indication is that gibil₃ is formed by a combination of #812 ('earth'; phonetic for gi₍₅₎) + #339, which pictures a burning torch, and reads pil, which means 'burn (up)'. The connection with gibil₂ remains opaque for the moment. But, what ties together this pil and pil₂ is that gibil_x is attested as gi (#131; 'a water-plant, cane or possibly lotus'; purely phonetic) + #344. This, of course, brings us back to the question of why #335 was employed; it can only have been phonetically; and since #831 reads only gi₃, the phonetic rendering would be incomplete without the final -l. The attested reading, gibil is an example of vocalic assimilation from **gapil(am), from which the final formant has been omitted.

gid₂, better **g[~]êd(a)₂

{PL FA-?A-¿E-T[H]A, 'around-stative='far-like' = 'long-loosened' = 'stretch-out'; Jaritz Sign #675 (pictures a snake; phonetic only; this is PL FA-¿E-T[?]O, 'around-like-put-together' = 'wind around'; IE *1. weid-, 'turn, bend'; Egyptian w(j)t, 'bandage, bind'; Sumerian **g[~]êd(a), '**winder'); IE **wi:t-, '**far', listed under *wi/i:-, 'apart'; Egyptian w(jj)d, 'extend'}

^(G[~]IŠ)ma₂...gid₂ 'to sail', lit.: 'to draw a boat`', with -da-. Ex. 368.

sag[~](.ki)...gid₂ 'to be angry (with someone: -da-)', 'to be enraged'.

ša₃ -še₃...gid₂ 'to bear in mind', ex. 158.

šu...gid₂ 'to accept', lit.: 'to stretch out the hand'. šu...gid₂ is also used in the specific sense 'to observe the offering animal', cf. ex. 392.

gig(i)

{PL K[H]E-K[H]E, 'gray-reduplicated' = 'all gray'; Jaritz Sign #792 (pictures rain falling from the sky (#770) over two beads strung on a cord, symbolizing a necklace (#701) = black rings (around the eyes) or general pallor); IE *kek[^]-, 'polecat'; Egyptian in kk, 'be dark'}

hul...gig 'to hate'

gil, see gib above

g^yu₇

{PL K[?]A-¿E-FA, 'jaw-like=cup, contain'; Jaritz Sign #55 (pictures a mouth (#15) and food bowl (#970)); IE *g(y)eu-, 'chew'; Egyptian Hw (for **kjw), 'food' (associated determinative is Gardiner 1973 F18 'tusk of elephant')}

gub, better kUp(u)

{PL KX[H]O-F[H]A-P[?]FO, 'close-imperfective-leg(s) (which were spread apart while sitting)' = 'jump (up)'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot); IE *keu-b-, 'hop ('**leap up')', listed under *2. keu-, 'bend the joints'; skeub-, 'shoot forth, throw, **run, **jump'; Egyptian x(w)p, 'travel' (if 'leap up')}

geštug₂...gub 'to set the mind to', with -ši-; ex. 129, 386, 494.

u₃.ma/u₃.na...gub 'to attain victory, triumph'.

gu₄.ud, better gUd(a)

{PL KX[H]O-F[H]A-T[?]E, 'close-imperfective-heel(s) (which were spread apart while sitting)' = 'jump (up)'; Jaritz Sign #563 (pictures a steer's head; phonetic only; for QO-FA(-T[H]O), 'testicle-s-(herd)' = 'breeding-bulls'; IE *g^wou- (for **gou-), 'cattle' (better 'bull'); cf. Egyptian gw, 'class of bulls'; g[~]³u₄, g[~]³ud(u)); IE *2. (s)keud-, 'throw, shoot, chase, hurry'; Egyptian x(w)d, 'travel downstream(?) if 'to hurry'}

gu.ul, probably for gul(u)

{PL **XO-N[H]O, 'squirt-deprecative' = 'squirt (bad)'; Jaritz Sign #924 (phonetic only; pictures a sack for squeezing oil from crushed olives(?) [456] + excrement [2] = 'roll of excrement'; PL QO-FA-HHO-F[H]A, 'ball-s-fall-imperfective' = '(animal) droppings', IE *g^wo:u- (for **gwo:u-), 'excrement'; **g[~]³û + #786 (phonetic only; pictures a jar with plug); if gul (viz. **hul), then #772 (pictures a jar with water overflowing from the top); IE *2. g^wel-, 'drip down, run over, well up'; Egyptian in Xnm, 'well, cistern' (determinative for Xn(m) is Gardiner 1974 W9, 'stone jug with handle'}
Note: this is a difficult derivation but what seems, at least, to be plausible, is that #772 properly reads **hul(u)_x, 'overflow', and, as such, is related to #806, hul(a), 'destroy', which probably had the original meaning of 'overrun', probably reflected in Egyptian Xnn, 'confound', Xnn.w, 'tumult, uproar', and IE *2. g^wel-, 'cause to fall, **overrun'; hul ('overrun') and gul ('fall upon') were both used in similar warlike contexts, and eventually were confused, leading to an incorrect gul (for hul), meaning 'to well up, overflow'.

gul, better kul(u)₂

{PL K[?]XO-R[H]O, 'hole-jump' = 'fall upon from hiding'; Jaritz Sign #772 (pictures a hole (#750) over an ingot of copper (#233)); IE *ghel-, '**fall upon'; we are not able to specifically identify this form in IE however, under *ghel-, 'gleam, shimmer, yellow', there are a number of extended roots that suggest an underlying *ghel-, '**fall upon from hiding': *ghlend(h)-, 'look at, glide'; ghleid-, 'glide, fall'; ghlu/u:-, 'hidden and secretly spy on something and lurk'; Egyptian xr, 'fall (upon)'}

gum(a)₄; better reading for gam

{PL QO-MA, 'globular-place=bent-knee=bowed'; Jaritz Sign #664 (pictures flexed knee); IE *gem-, 'grip, **bow (cf. Latvian gùmt (reflexive), 'bow')'; Egyptian in gmj, 'find' (Gardiner 1974 G28, 'black ibis, pictured bending over to find food'}; gm.w, 'weakness' (determinative is Gardiner 1974 A7, 'man sinking to ground from fatigue, with one knee flexed and touching ground)

gun₃, probably better š^yü₇

{PL XE-FA-?A-¿E, 'have-a-sheen-imperfective' = 'gleaming-stative-like' = 'gleaming'; 'feather' = XE-FA-¿E, 'fur-collective-like' = 'pelt-like, feather'; Jaritz Sign #191 (pictures a shaded version (gunu) of #188, a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose'; since it also means 'feather(-color)', perhaps the connection is 'what is plucked out'); IE *g^whe:i-, 'bright, illumnating'; cf. *g^we:i- (*g^wewi- [?]; the long vowel may be the result of the deletion of the -w-), 'skin, fur'; Egyptian šw(jj), 'sun, sunshine'; cf. šw(j).t, 'feather'}

gur(i)

{PL QO-R[H]E, 'shoulder-come' = 'turn back'; Jaritz Sign #187 (pictures a curl); IE **3. ger-, 'turn, wind'; Egyptian g3.w.t, 'dues, tribute'}

a₂...gur 'to bend the arm'. Ex. 256.

gu₂...gur 'to gather, to collect', often with -da- and often reduplicated.

šu...gur 'to roll, to wrap'.

gur₂, see gam

gur(^yu)₃

{PL K[?]O-RE-FA, 'rope-apply-imperfective=hoisting'; Jaritz Sign #595 (pictures a bag of milk, suspended from something, enabling it to be shaken, churned for making butter [#594] + reversed scales [832] + human head [194]); IE **kereu-, listed under *5. (ker-), 'hang, hang up'; Egyptian T3w, 'take up, seize, snatch, don, bear'}

gur₄, better kur(^yu)₄

{PL K[?]XO-R[H]E-F[H]A, 'hole-come-imperfective' = 'growing, getting larger'; Jaritz Sign #834 (pictures a ball; phonetic only); IE **ghre:u-, listed under *ghre:-, 'grow, spring up anew'; Egyptian in x3.w (or x3w [?]), 'plants (growing things)'}

gur_x, see kur₆

g[~]a₂ [Emesal (?)], correctly ga₂

{PL K[?]A, 'cup, contain'; Jaritz Sign #458 (pictures a container with a cover); IE only in *gan(dh)-, 'container'; Egyptian **k, **container (Gardiner 1973 V31 'wickerwork basket with handle')}

gu₂...g[~]a₂g[~]a₂ 'to restrain'; lit.: 'to cause the neck to be contained'. Ex. 49, 327, 520, 554.

g[~]eštug₂...g[~]a₂g[~]a₂ 'to listen to', usually with -ši-. For the use of -ši- with this and similar verbs, see § 458. Ex. 331.

igi...g[~]a₂g[~]a₂ 'to stare.at', for the use of -ši- with this verb, cf. § 458. Ex. 61.

inim...g[~]a₂g[~]a₂ 'to bring an action against someone (before the court)', 'to claim', ex. 92, 364.

u₃.gul...g[~]a₂g[~]a₂ 'to pray to, to entreat', with dative. Ex. 39

g²[~]al(a)₂

{PL FA-?A-N[H]A, 'around-stative-move-back-and-forth'; Jaritz Sign #126 (pictures a doorpost and door-leaf); IE *7. wel(6)-, 'turn, wind, revolve'; Egyptian wn, 'open'; in wnn, 'be, exist'; wn has as a determinative Gardiner 1970 O31, 'door-leaf'}

gu₂ g[~]iš...g[~]al₂ 'to submit (to someone: dative), ex. 232.

igi...g[~]al₂ 'to look upon', often with -ši-.

kiri₄ šu...g[~]al₂ 'to pay homage to (dative)', lit.: 'to place the hand on the nose'.

nir...g[~]al₂ lit: 'authority or confidence is with someone (-da-)', 'to have authority', 'to be reliable, to trust in'. Ex. 158, 599.

zi ša₃ ...g[~]al₂ 'to provide (someone: -ši-) with life'.

g[~]ar, better gar(i)

{PL K[?]A-RE, 'cup-apply' = 'deposit in'; Jaritz Sign #970 (pictures a food bowl); IE *ger-, 'turn, coil, **basket'; *3. (s)ker-, 'turn, bend, **round container'; Egyptian k3.w, 'food'; k3.t, 'vagina' (Gardiner 1973 D28 'arms extended as if to embrace')}

a₂...g[~]ar 'to resist, to rebel (?)'. See Berlin, 1979 p. 77 with examples; Berlin translates: 'to behave arrogantly'.

du₁₄ ...g[~]ar 'to start a fight'.

dug₃...g[~]ar 'to bend the knees, to kneel down', for someone: dative.

dur₂...g[~]ar 'to seat, to take seat'.

gu₂...g[~]ar 'to submit, to someone : dative; lit.: 'to place the neck'; -ni-ib₂- : 'to risk'. Ex.126, 226.

gu₂-a...g[~]ar 'to place on the neck'. Ex. 613, 614.

g[~]iri₃ ...g[~]ar 'to move forward, to make one's way', with -ni-.

g[~]iri₃ -še₃...g[~]ar 'to place something under the authority of someone', the terminative is not repeated in the prefix chain.

igi...g[~]ar 'to look.at', for the use of -ši- with this verb, cf. § 458. Ex. 730.

i.si.iš...g[~]ar 'to wail', to someone: dative, cf. SDI p. 89.

ki...g[~]ar 'to found', lit.: 'to place on the ground', ki is virtually locative; often with -ni- or /bi-/. Ex. 6, 197.

me...g[~]ar 'to make silent', cf. Sjöberg, 1969 p. 143.

sag[~]...g[~]ar 'to oppose someone/something (-da-)'.

sag[~] sig...g[~]ar 'to bend the head' before someone/something: -ši-, ex. 385.

šu...g[~]ar 'to perform a task, to carry out', ex. 307, 512. With -ta-: 'to cease doing something'.

šu-a/še₃...g[~]ar 'to be/place in the hand'.

g[~]ê₉, correctly gê₉, see g[~]a₂ above [Emesal (?)]

{PL K[?]A, 'cup, contain'; Jaritz Sign #339 (pictures a burning torch) — the assignment is purely phonetic and is based on the semantic value of 'heat' for this sign with an unrecorded phonetic value of **kê_x, which is seen in IE *3. ka/a:i-, 'heat' (PL K[H]XA-¿E); IE uncompounded only in *gan(dh)-, 'container'; Egyptian uncompounded in **k, **container (Gardiner 1973 V31 'wickerwork basket with handle')}

g[~]en, better g²[~]in(a)

{PL F[H]E-NA, 'hare-thing' = 'speed'; Jaritz Signs #410 (pictures a 'foot'); IE **wen- in *swen-to-, 'active, healthy, **fast' (with s-mobile); Egyptian wn(j), 'hasten, hurry, pass by, pass away' (the biliteral is Gardiner 1973 E34 'desert-hare')}

g[~]ir(i)₂, better kir(ê)_x

{for g²[~]ir(i)₂, PL FE-RE, 'strong-scratch' ='engrave, rip open'; Jaritz Sign #11 (pictures a dagger; the connection with 'flash' is only purely phonetic but perhaps suggested by a metal blade); IE *7. wer-, 'rip open, engrave'; Egyptian perhaps in sw3, 'break, cut, cut off, cut down';
for kir(<ê>)_x, see kir(ê) ₄ below}

ha(better ku₆).lam(a)

{for second element, see lam(a) below}

ha (better ku₆).luh

{PL ***, '???'; Jaritz Sign #596 (pictures a water-bucket; phonetic only); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

hal(a)

{PL XA-N[H]A, 'slit-vibrate' = 'excrete'; Jaritz Sign #2 (pictures excrement); IE *2. g^wel-, 'drip down, run over, well up; throw (let fall), fall down'; Egyptian šnj, 'dispel'; šnjj.t, 'storm'}

har(^yu)

{PL X[H]A-RE-FA, 'pack-together-apply-imperfective' = 'pressing-flat' = 'grinding'; Jaritz Sign #723 (pictures a millstone); IE *k^weru-, 'chew, crush apart, grind'; Egyptian in **S3', 'container for corn'}

g[~]iš...har 'to draw'.

ki...har 'to scratch the earth'.

ha.za

{PL XA-T[?]SA, 'press-together-elongated' = 'squash'; Jaritz Signs #961 and 957; IE *g^wedh-, 'push, damage, destroy, **squash'); Egyptian Sd (for **SD), 'exact dues; mortar for pounding drugs'; SD.t, 'dough'; Sd.jj.t (for **SD.jj.t), 'rubble'; Sd.w (for **SD.w), 'water-skin' (the biliteral is Gardiner 1973 F30 'water-skin')}

hê or incorrectly hi

{PL X[H]A-¿E, 'pack-together-like' = 'pile'; Jaritz Sign #715 (pictures a circle, which here stands for a circular pile); IE *2. k^wei-, 'pile up'; Egyptian in S3', 'space, volume'}

hu(n)g³[~] better hun(a)

{PL XO-NA, 'below-ingressive' = 'start to be (place) below, put (one's self) at'; Jaritz Sign #893 (pictures buttocks(?)); IE **g^wen-, '*approach', root of Greek baíno, 'advance', and Latin venio:, 'come', listed incorrectly under *g^wa:-, 'go, come'; Egyptian Xn, 'approach'}

ša₃ ...hug[~] 'to calm down the heart, to pacify'.

hul(a)

{PL XO-N[H]A, 'bow-ingressive' = '(bend so as to be) crooked'; Jaritz Sign #806 (pictures an eye [#798] + a dog [#945], indicating 'enemy eye' = 'treacherous'); IE *g[^]hwel-, 'crimp, bend away from straight condition (also mentally and morally)'; Egyptian perhaps Xnj, 'row (?)'}

hul₂, better ûl(u)

{PL F[H]O-R[H]O, 'wail-rise' = 'scream'; Jaritz Sign #915 (pictures a lyre(?)); IE *ul-, 'howl'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

hu.luh, incorrect for ha.luh, see above

hur, incorrect for har, see above

î₅, see also dug₄ above

{PL ¿E-?A, 'voice-stative' = 'spoken'; Jaritz Sign #15 (pictures a mouth); IE *ya:-, 'speak excitedly'; Egyptian j(j), 'say'}

i, see i₁₀ below

i₁₀, also written i

{PL HHE, 'move up from' = 'go'; Jaritz Sign #684 + #410 (pictures a 'foot'); #684 (pictures 'sun'; #684 was used because it has an unrecorded reading of id(u)_x, which is suggested strongly by id(**u)₆ [#684 + #14, 'god' + #623 [meaning unkown] {#622 ['support'] + #812 ['earth'] or #114 ['stone']}, reading nanna₂) = **id(u)n-anna, '**fire of the sky', with **id(u) cognate with IE *a:t(e)-r/n-, 'fire', and Egyptian jtn, 'sun' (HHE-?A-T[H]O-NA, '**smoke-stative-iterative-thing' = 'fire'), corresponding phonetically to **i-du₂₀, an iterative (+ -d[u₂₀]) form of i₁₀); IE **e/e:-, '**to go'; **1. ei-, 'to go', progressive form of **e/e:-; *i-to-, 'way', listed under **1. ei-, 'to go'; Egyptian j(j) [infinitive: j(j).t], 'come' (Gardiner : 1970 M18, combination of M17 'flowering reed' + D54 'legs walking')}

a₂...e₃ 'to bring up'.

dalla...e₃ 'to appear, to shine, to make resplendent'.

pa...e₃ 'to make resplendent, to manifest', also pa.e₃...ak; often with -ni- or /bi-/. Ex. 358, 786.

il(i)₂

{PL HHE-N[H]A(-¿E), 'move-up-form-ingressive(-progressive)' = 'lift(ing)'; Jaritz Sign #595 (pictures a bag of milk, suspended from something, enabling it to be shaken, churned for making butter [#594] + reversed scales [832] + human head [194]); IE *el-, 'drive, set in motion, move one's self, go, **climb up, **come out of'; Egyptian jnj, 'bring, fetch'}

igi...il₂ 'to lift the eyes', both with and without -ši-, cf. SDI p. 21
'With -ši-, igi-il₂ means to look at some specific object, usually an individual thing, without it however it means rather to look over (perhaps usually a multitude).' Ex. 199, 240.

sag[~] (an-še₃)...il₂ 'to lift the head (towards heaven)', usually without -ši-.

ir(i)

{PL HHE-RE, 'move-up-from-apply' = 'raise'; Jaritz Sign #457 (pictures a container [#456] with shading [gunu], suggesting an unguent jar); IE in *ers-, 'buttocks' and Egyptian in 3is (for **j3z), 'viscera', corresponding to Sumerian ereš₃, 'exude fragrance', another reading of #457

zi...ir 'to be worried', see Römer, SKIZ p. 113 f.; zi is probably merely a phonetic equivalent of ze/i₂, 'bitter/sour'; cf. ZE₂.GIG, 'stink'; the idea seems to be exuding the sour stench of fear.

ir(i)₁₀

{PL HHE-RE, 'move-up-from-apply' = 'raise'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot); the proper sign for this meaning is #457, ir(i), with which this meaning is sometimes written; IE *3. er-, 'cause to be brought up'; Egyptian in j3j, 'adore' (determinative is Gardiner 1973 A30 'man with arms outstretched (towards above'}

kal(a)

{PL Q[H]A-N[H]A, 'be-high-ingressive' = 'begin to excel'; Jaritz Sign #597 (pictures a sledge with stone); IE *2. kal-, 'beautiful, healthy'; Egyptian qn, 'first quality, accomplished'}

k²alag³[~](i)

{PL Q[H]A-N[H]A-FE, 'humped-ingressive-strong' = 'muscular'; Jaritz Sign #597 (pictures a sledge with stone); IE *kalu-, listed under *2. kal-, 'beautiful, healthy'; Egyptian in qnj, 'strong'}

kam₃(i)

{PL K[H]XA-ME, 'hurt-push-away' = 'prevent'; Jaritz Sign #655 (pictures a hand (#651) over a right hand in a gesture of rejection(#104)); IE *kem-, 'press together, hinder'; Egyptian Hm, 'retire, retreat'}

kar(i)

{PL K[?]XA-RE, 'hang-apply' = 'cause to be hanging (through abrasion)'; Jaritz Sign #680 (pictures a dam) + #949 (pictures water); one of the readings of #680 is ten, 'dam', which I emend to **tin; PL T[?]SE-NA, 'detach-thing', 'shore, sandbank'; IE *2. dhen-, 'flat of the hand, **sandbank'; Egyptian **Dnj for dnj, 'dam (water)'; which also had the nuance of 'detach one's self'; through the meaning of 'dam' or 'wall', it also had the reading k²ar; PL Q[H]A-RA, 'hard-back' = 'stone-heap'; IE *3. kar-, 'hard, **stone-heap'; Egyptian in **q33, 'hill, high ground'; phonetic only); IE *2. gher-, 'sweep over hardly, rub'; Egyptian H3, 'go aground ('scrape(?)')'}

kar(a)₂, better kirê₂, see below

kâz(a)_x, see gaz above

KEŠ₂, better sar(i), which see below

kid₂ or kid₇; better gêd₂, see above.

kin, better kîn(a)

{PL K[H]XE-?A-NA, 'run-stative=speed-thing' = 'strive for'; Jaritz Sign #900 (pictures a comb); phonetic only: PL K[H]XE-NA, 'fast-thing' = 'rub over quickly'; IE *2. ken- (for **k^en-), 'scratch, scrape, rub'; Egyptian Hnn, 'hoe'; = kin; IE *4. ken- (for **k^a:n-), 'exert one's self, avidly strive, make haste'; Egyptian H(j)n, 'go speedily'; in H(j)n.t, 'business, craft, occupation'; H(j)n.w.tjj, 'servant'}

ki...kin 'to seek', with -ši-. Cf. SDI p. 26:'With (ki+)kin-kin 'seek' (perhaps 'scour the ground for'), -ši- designates the object of the search'. Ex. 635; cf. § 459.

umbin...kin 'to shear'.

kirê₂, for kara₂

{PL K[?]XE-RE, 'bare-apply' = 'scrape'; Jaritz Sign #170 (pictures a field along a waterway with furrows indicated; phonetic only); IE *2. g[^]her-, 'scratch, rip, score'; Egyptian H3jj, 'naked (if 'scraped')}

igi...kar₂ 'to look upon, to examine, to select', often with -ši-, cf. § 458. See P. Steinkeller, 1982. 'On the Reading and Meaning of igi-kar₂ and gurum₂ (IGI..GAR).' ASJ 4: 149-151. Ex. 132.

kir(i)₃

{1. PL KX[H]E-R[H]E, 'fast-come' = 'run'; Jaritz Sign #834 (pictures a circular ball or track; the reading is presumably from PL KX[H]E-RA, 'deer-tree' = 'antler' = 'back of head'; IE *1. k[^]er-, 'head, horn'; Egyptian H3, 'occiput'; **kir(a)); IE *2. (s)ker-, 'jump, spring, **hurry'; Egyptian ???, '???';
2. PL K[?]XE-RE, 'strip-apply' = 'scrape bare'; Jaritz Sign #834 (pictures a circular ball or track; for employment, see above); IE *g[^]her-, 'scratch, carve, score'; Egyptian H3jj, 'be naked (if 'be stripped')'}

kir(ê)₄, better for g[~]ir₂ and kara₂ and kir(ê)₂; see above and kir(ê)₅ below

{PL K[?]XE-R[H]A-¿E, 'bare-color-like' = 'bright white'; properly Jaritz Sign #15 (pictures a head/face); IE *g[^]hre:i-, listed under *3. g[^]her-, 'beam, gleam, shimmer, *face'; cf. Egyptian Hr, 'face'}

kir(ê)₅, better kir(ê)₄; see above

{PL P[?]FE-R[H]E-K[¿]E, 'around-fall-split-open' = 'break noisily'; Jaritz Sign #789 (pictures a lion's head, phonetic for pirig, '**roar; as a result of the phonetic similarity of this to Sumerian pirig³[~], 'storm-demon, day, light, **gleaming white', a derivation of PL P[?]FE-R[H]E-QE, 'around-fall-juice' = 'birch-sap' = 'gleaming white'; IE *bher6g[^]- (for **bhereng[^]-), 'gleam, white'; Egyptian b3q, 'moringa(-oil), oily, bright, white'; and the association of '**gleaming white' with lightning, it secondarily acquired the reading of kir(ê)₅); IE *1. bhreg[^]-, 'break, boom'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ku, better (n)k²U₅

{PL Q[H]O-F[H]A, 'squeeze-imperfective' = 'bend-over'; Jaritz Sign #893 (pictures a sleeping mat (?), and means 'lay', probably better 'lie down and curl up'); IE *2. keu-, 'bend down'; Egyptian in gw-3, 'pull tight, besiege'}

u₃...ku-ku 'to sleep', with -ši-. In Gudea texts: u₃...ku₄-ku₄ . Ex. 435, 436; Gudea's ku₄ is kur(i)₉, 'fall into', a different expression.

ku₂, see gu₇

kud(u)

{PL KX[H]O-T[?]O-, 'cut-lump' = 'splinter, shaving'; Jaritz Sign #13 (pictures a branch with a loosened, twisted twig, and a branch which has been split at the top by cutting); IE *(s)k(h)ed-, 'split apart, strew'; Egyptian xt.j, 'carve, engrave'; xt, 'wood, stick' (Gardiner 1973 M3 'branch')}

kud.r, see kud above and kur₅ below

ku₁₀.g, better **g^yu

{PL K[H]E-F[H]A, 'gray-imperfective' = 'darkening'; Jaritz Sign #770 (pictures rain falling from the sky); IE *2. (s)keu-, 'cover, envelop, **darkness (**(s)k[^]eu-); Egyptian in šwjj.t (if k + w + j -> šw), 'shadow, shade'}

kug, better g^yuk(u)

{PL K[H]E-F[H]A-KX[H]O, 'gray-imperfective=smoldering-shell' = 'mother-of-pearl' = 'lustrous'; Jaritz Sign #819 (pictures a sash = PL Q[H]O-Q[H]O, 'all-wrapped-around' = 'girdle'; IE kenk-, 'girdle, bind around'; **(n)k²u(n)k(u)²); IE *k[^]onkho- (*k[^]ou-no-, 'gleaming' + **kho, 'shell'), 'mussel (better, 'mother-of-pearl'); Egyptian perhaps šw(j) (if k + w + j -> šw), 'sunlight'}

ku₄.r, better kur(i)₉; see also tUr(i)₅ below

{PL K[?]XO-R[H]E, 'hole-come' = 'grow into'; Jaritz Sign #99a ( pictures seed with sprout = grow into); IE *3. gher-, 'protrude, **grow'; Egyptian x3.w, 'plants'}

kur(^yu)₂

{PL KX[H]O-R[H]E-F[H]A, 'close-fall-imperfective' = 'falling down'; Jaritz Sign #101 (pictures x-shaped crossing lines = stack up for counting; the sign represents **kur^yû, '** counted amounts', from PL KX[H]O-RE-?A-FA, 'close-apply-stative-plural' = 'stacked up-plural' = 'stacks'; IE *kra:[u], 'put in a pile'; Egyptian x3jjw, 'measurements'; purely phonetic); IE *2. kreu-, 'collapse, plunge, fall'; *3. kreu-, 'push, hit, beat apart, break'; Egyptian x3jj, 'plumb-line (if 'what falls')'; if 3+w can become r then xr, 'fall', may be of interest}

kur(^yu)₄, better for gur₄, see above

kur(i)₅

{PL K[X]HO-RE, 'cut-apply' = 'cut'; Jaritz Sign #13 (pictures a branch with a loosened, twisted twig, and a branch which has been split at the top by cutting); IE *2. ker- / *4. sker-, 'cut'; *(s)ker-dh-, 'puny, small, become stunted, truncated'; Egyptian x3.j, 'measure, examine'; x3.w, 'plants, flowers ('what is cut')'; x3, 'be young, little'; x3jj.t, 'slaughter, massacre' (Gardiner 1973 M12 '(notched) leaf, stalk, and rhizome of lotus'; the earlier biliteral is L6, 'bivalve shell', an ancient cutting tool)}

nam...kur₅ 'to curse', often with -ta-. Ex. 540.

nam.erim₂(-bi)...kur₅ 'to swear', ex. 316.

kur₆, better gur(i)_x

{PL K[?]O-R[H]E, 'neck-come' = 'come-(from-the-)neck' = 'sound loudly and hoarsely'; Jaritz Sign #820 (pictures an arm holding a vessel upside down with water coming out; and a double-bladed axe, neither of which is appropriate; the connection is purely phonetic); IE *2. ger-, 'hoarsely cry, crack'; Egyptian T3, 'fledgling ('loud crier(?)')'}

kuš₂.u₃, better k^yuš(u)₂, and **(n)g[~]³ûs(u)

1. k^yuš(u){PL K[?]XE-FA-SO-FA, 'empty-out-imperfective-pull-imperfective' = 'gush out'; Jaritz Sign #610 (pictures a head (#194) with shading (gunu) to indicate 'head in darkness', or 'unbound hair' or 'bristling hair'); IE *g[^]heus-, 'anger', listed under *g[^]heu-, 'pour out'; Egyptian H(w)sj, 'favor, praise'; H(w)s.t, 'water-jar'; (Gardiner W14 'tall water-jar' = H(w)s)}

2. **(n)g[~]³ûs(u){PL QO-?A-FA-SO, 'ball-stative=balled-up-imperfective-pull' = 'curl up in a ball (for sleep)'; Jaritz Sign #610 (pictures a head (#194) with shading (gunu) to indicate 'head in darkness', or 'hair unbound for sleep' or 'bristling hair'); IE *ga:us-, 'curl up', listed under *ge:u-, 'bend, crimp, arch'; Egyptian g(jw)s, 'side (='shoulder[-joint]')' (Gardiner Aa13-16 in jm, 'a part of the body', this pictures a 'tongue'; in gs, 'side', it is a 'shoulder')}

ša₃ ...kuš₂.u₃ 'to rest the heart', 'to make love to', 'to take counsel with' with -da-.

la₂

{PL N[H]A, 'move-back-and-forth' = 'sway while suspended'; Jaritz Sign #832 (pictures a scales); IE *lel-, 'move back and forth', listed incorrectly under *1. la:-, imitative sound word; Egyptian probably nn, 'sky-god (if 'he who is suspended(?)')'}

a) 'to carry, to hang (from)', with ta-. Ex. 23, 96, 241.

b) 'to weigh out, to pay ', ex. 724.

c) 'to bind, to harness ', with -ši-.

d) 'to be few, to diminish', ex. 535.

e) 'to stretch', ex. 129.

gu₂...la₂ lit.: 'to let the neck hang down','to bow down', also 'to embrace', with -ta-. Ex. 161.

g[~]iš...la₂ 'to be silent' (cf. Heimpel, 1968 p. 157).

sa...la₂ 'to stretch the net'.

šu-še₃...la₂ 'to bind at the hand, to hold in the hand', cf. Wilcke 1969a p. 156-157.

lah(a)_4/5/6

{PL N[H]A-XA, 'move-be pressed together'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot, written twice vertically for lah₄, twice horizontally for lah₅, and a single foot for lah₆); IE *(s)la/a:g^w-, 'hold, grab') Egyptian nS (with m), 'expel ('grab from' (?))'}

lam(a)

{PL N[H]A-MA, 'move-back-and-forth-place' = 'wobble'; Jaritz Sign #780 (pictures a shaded (gunu) duplication of #13, a branch with a loosened, twisted twig); IE *lem-, 'break apart (**by repeated bending), broken apart, soft') Egyptian nm.t, 'slaughter-house'; nm(w), 'dwarf (**cripple))'; nmj, 'travel' (the determinative is Gardiner 1973 O5 'winding wall' (meander))}

lu, better lU

{PL RO-FA, 'raise-imperfective'; Jaritz Sign #894 (pictures a wheel; purely phonetic); IE with s-mobile and euphonic -t-, *s-t-reu-, 'mass', listed incorrectly under *5. ster-, 'spread out'; with s-mobile and euphonic -t-, *stru-, 'aged, old'; Egyptian rwj, 'dance' (Gardiner 1974 A32 'man dancing', showing one foot raised)}

lu.g, better lUk(u)

{PL RO-FA-K[?]XO, 'raise-imperfective-hole' = 'spawning grounds'; Jaritz Sign #894 (pictures a wheel; phonetic only); IE in *rughyo-, 'roe'; Egyptian in r(w)xjj.t, 'common folk'}

luh(u)

{PL RO-FA-X[H]O, 'raise-imperfective-flat-pan' = 'dip and scrubbing'; Jaritz Sign #596 (pictures a wash-bucket); IE **luk^w-, 'lye', listed under *lou-, 'wash'; Egyptian in r(w)x.t (for **r(w)X.t), 'wash'}

{PL M[H]A-?A, 'to be active at a location-stative=to be at/on'; Jaritz Sign #458 (pictures a box with cover, possibly a head)}; IE *5. me:- (probably better **ma:-), 'be of energetic and powerful determination, energetically strive'; Egyptian in m, 'in'}

ma₅, better mu₃(la_x)

See mul(a) below.

{PL M[H]O-(N[H]A), 'to slip over'-ingressive ; Jaritz Sign #51 (pictures a head with shading (gunu) in mouth area [#15] + meal [#893]}; IE *1. mel-, 'crush, beat, grind (especially grain)'; Egyptian in mn(w), 'mace (cf. IE *mle:u-)' (Gardiner 1974 T1, 'prehistoric mace with cup or dish-shaped head'; I suspect that T22, usually described as 'chisel' [but cf. T23, 'chisel'], associated with the sequence mnx, is, rather a 'maul' [from *1. mel-]}

mah(i)

{PL MA-K[?]XA-¿E, 'breast-hang-like=full'; Jaritz Sign #98 (contrary to Jaritz, who sees a phallus, pictures a female breast with teat); the normal Sumerian reflex of K[?]XA would be k however, exceptionally, *ky becomes h; the final -y accounts for the IE palatalization of *gh}; IE *meg[^](h)-, 'great'; Egyptian mH, 'be full, complete'}

mê, see ma₃ above

{PL M[H]A-?A-¿E, 'to be active at a location-stative=to be at/on' + '-like'; Jaritz Sign #889 (pictures ?}, phonetic only; IE ???, '???; Egyptian ???, '???'}

mu₂, possibly mul(a)_x

{PL M[H]O-?A, 'overall-stative=considerable amount'; Jaritz Sign #281 (pictures a torch; phonetic only; see ma₃ above for a possible reading of **mul(a)_x for this sign; if it does have such a reading, this meaning may have as a basis PL M[H]O-N[H]A, 'overall-ingressive=spread all over'; IE *4. mel-, 'strong, large'; possibly also *8. mel-, 'come forth, appear, come up'; Egyptian in mn.w, 'plantation' (?)); IE *4. me:-, 'large, considerable'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

aš₂...mu₂ 'to curse'.

du₁₄...mu₂ 'to start a quarrel', Ex. 464.

šu...mu₂ a) 'to enlarge, to expand', ex. 113, 672; with -ni-; b) 'to pray', with dative. Ex. 372.

mu₄.r, better mur(i)_x

{PL M[H]O-RE, 'slip over-apply'; Jaritz Sign #893 (pictures cloth); IE *1. mer-, 'plait, bind'; Egyptian sm3, 'priest who clothed the god(?)'; in sm3.t '3.t, 'a textile fabric'(?)}

mul(a)

{PL MO-N[H]A, 'red'-ingressive ; Jaritz Sign #228 (pictures three stars [#14]); IE *6. mel-, 'in color terms, especially from dark, impure, dirty shades'; *1. smel-, 'burn up slowly and smokily, smoulder'; *2. smel-, 'gray, dust-colored'; Egyptian possibly in mn, 'be ill, suffer (if 'flushed, reddened')'}

mu₃(la_x), see ma₅ above

mul(a)_x, see mu₂ above

mur(i)_x, see mu₄.r above

nâ₂

{PL NA-?A(-FA-)(T[?]O), 'inside-stative=knot(-collective-lump)'; Jaritz Sign #774 (pictures insect netting over a bed [?], or hammock); IE *(s)ne:- (for **na:-), 'twist fibers together, weave, spin, sew'; *1. ned-, 'twist together, tie (knots)'; *no:do-, 'what is tied'; *s(mobile+)neu-, 'twist fibers together, tie (knots)'; *1. s(mobile+)neud(h)-, 'sleepy, slumber'; *2. s(mobile+)neud(h)-, 'mist, musty, dark'; Egyptian possibly in n(j)wt, 'yarn for weaving'}

**nâd(u)₃, see nâ₂ above

nag[~](²i[?])

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #54 (pictures a head with shading (gunu) in mouth area [#15], in which water is indicated [#949]); IE *???, '???'; cf. Egyptian nwy, 'water'}

nig[~]in

{PL NA-?A-¿E, 'inside-stative=knot-like=winding around' (see na₃ above); Jaritz Sign #886 (pictures two circles [2x #834]); if *nini (for **nê-nê), then perhaps a reduplication of IE *(s)ne:i-, ''twist fibers together, weave, spin, sew', listed under *(s)ne:- (for **na:-); Egyptian possibly in n(j)wt, 'yarn for weaving'}

šu...nig[~]in 'to proceed, to hurry'.

**nÛ₂, see nâ₂ above

**nÛd(u)_x, see nâ₂ above

pad(u)

{PL P[?]FA-?A-T[H]O, 'prominent-stative-expand' = 'swelling produced by hitting'; Jaritz Sign #820 (pictures a sun (#750, u, which also means 'ear') + bread (#970, gar, which also means 'beat apart'); apparently this is a rebus for 'box the ears'); IE *bha:t-, 'hit, push'; Egyptian bt3.t (for **bjt-3.t), 'harm, injury'}

pad.r, see pad(u) and kur₆ above

pad(a)₃

{PL P[?]FA-?A-T[?]A, 'prominent-like-give=value highly'; Jaritz Sign #799 (pictures an eye [#798] and a boomerang or possibly a winnowing shovel [#111]=direct attention to'); IE *bha:d-, 'good'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

er₂...pad₃ 'to weep'.

mu lugal...pad₃ 'to swear by the king's name', ex. 272, 293, 294, 295, 686.

pal(a) (better p^yul(a)₃)

{PL PF[H]E-F[H]A-N[H]A, 'sparks-collective-move-back-and-forth' = 'glitter'; Jaritz Sign #10 (pictures an arm holding a vessel upside down with water coming out; and a double-bladed axe, neither of which is appropriate; the connection is purely phonetic; for the double-bladed axe, see ba.al above; for the vessel upside down with water coming out, the reading pUl(a)₃ probably represents at least one reading for 'pour out', ); IE *2. (s)p(h)el- (better *phewel-), 'gleam, shimmer'; Egyptian bnw.t (for **bwn.t), 'hard sandstone (micaceous?)(?)'}

pe.el, see pil below

pe/il-la₂(?), for incorrect bil, see above

pês, better for peš; see below

peš, better pês

{PL P[?]FA-¿E-SO, 'be-prominent-like-suck-up=inhale'; Jaritz Sign #643 (pictures a fish; phonetic only: *pêš; PL P[H]FA-¿E-SE, 'stink-like-emit=stink=fish'; basis of IE *peisk-, 'fish'; Egyptian *b(j)z, '*fish'); IE *s(-mobile)peis-, 'blow, *breathe', listed under *2. peis- (from **bheis-); Egyptian b(j)s, 'introduce, bring in' (written with Gardiner (1973) K5, 'a fish (Petrocephalus bane), a very similar form is the generic determinative for fish)}

šu...peš 'to expand', ex. 3, 4.

pi.il, see pil below

pil, pil(a)₂, pi.il or pe.el

probably best, pil(a)₂{PL P[?]FE-N[H]A, 'split-ingressive=start to split=bloom'; Jaritz Sign #344 (pictures a barley-stalk with flower); here in the sense of swell up from corruption; IE *3. bhel-, 'blow up, swell up'; cf. *bheleu-, 'weak, sick, *rot [OHG balo, 'rot']; Egyptian in bnn, 'beget, become erect' (determinative is Gardiner (1973) D52, 'phallus', from *3. bhel-)}

pil(a), for incorrect bil, see above

pUl(a)³, perhaps better or, at least, alternative for bal(a)² in the meaning 'to pour off, to libate'

{PL P[H]FO-F[H]A-N[H]A, 'puff-collective-ingressive = gurgle while being poured'; Jaritz Sign #10a (pictures an arm holding a vessel upside down with water coming out); IE **s(-mobile)peul-, '**rinse', in MHG spülen; Egyptian ???, '???'}; for an alternative etymology for 'to pour off, to libate', see bal(a)₂ above

qan(a)₂, for incorrect ge.n, see above

ra

{PL R[H]A, 'fly'; Jaritz Sign ##609 (pictures a spoked wheel [#894] with a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' [#188]='travel in the air=fly'); IE *r-, 'put into movement, bring upwards', listed under *3. er-; Egyptian 3, 'bird in general'}

gu₃...ra 'to shout'.

g[~]iš...ra 'to beat with a wooden stick, to thresh'.

kišib...ra 'to seal'.

šu...ra 'to knead clay and form it into a tablet' (cf. SDI p. 54, and Enmerkar and Ensuhkešdana 77).

ti...ra 'to shoot an arrow', cf. Wilcke, 1969a p. 175.

ra.g, better rah(u)₂

{PL RA-X[H]O, 'back-shallow=reduce thickness on back=abrade'; Jaritz Sign #609 (pictures a spoked wheel [#894], phonetic only, **ra, '*back, *high', a principal component of IE *re:-, 'row', and *reidh-, 'travel'; ra₂ is a reading of #410, a sign with a general connection with movement (pictures a foot); with a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' [#188], phonetic only, **hu, **bird (cf. #122)); IE *rek- (for *rek^w-), 'rip up, split, flay, *rub bare', listed under *2. er(e)k-; Egyptian in 3X', 'scratch, scrape, carve, engrave'}

šu...ra.g 'to erase'.

rah(u)₂, better for ra.g, see above

re₇ , see ri₆ below and g[~]en above

rêg(i)_x, see **rig(i)₇ below

ri

a) 'to pour, **to inject into'.

See rig(u) below.



b) 'to place upon, to impose, to lean against', better 'to stretch out upon or towards', with -ši-. Cf. SDI p. 24: 'ri does not take -ši- in its frequent meaning 'pour, **inject into' even when the adverbial complement is in -še₃. It does however take -ši- in those contexts where it could be translated by Akk. emêdu, lay one's self down on.'
This is probably the original sign for the meaning associated with rig₇ because carding can be characterized as 'stretching out'.

See rig(i)₇ below.



c) 'to throw away', better 'to tear from', with -ta- (SDI p. 34).

See 2. rig(i)₅ below.



d) 'to point out by marking, to guide'

See **ri(n)g[~]³(i)₅ below.




šu...ri(g) 'to wring the hands over', with -ši-, see SDI p. 25; actually this is probably yet another verb corresponding to IE **reng/k- in *s-t-reng/k-, 'twist together'.

ri₆

{PL K[?]XE-FA-NA, 'empty-out-imperfective-thing=call'; Jaritz Sign #121 (pictures a shaded (gunu) version of #120, which pictures a leather sack; PL MA-¿E-SO, 'breast-like-skin=sack'; IE *moiso-s, 'sheep, animal-skin, and bags and sacks made from it'; Egyptian m(j)s.t, 'apron of fox-skins') = kun, 'tail, store(house)' + #774 (pictures insect netting over a bed [?], or hammock); PL NA-?A(-FA-)(T[?]O), 'inside-stative=knot(-collective-lump)'; IE *(s)ne:- (for **na:-), 'twist fibers together, weave, spin, sew'; *1. ned-, 'twist together, tie (knots)'; *no:do-, 'what is tied'; *s(mobile+)neu-, 'twist fibers together, tie (knots)'; *1. s(mobile+)neud(h)-, 'sleepy, slumber'; *2. s(mobile+)neud(h)-, 'mist, musty, dark'; Egyptian possibly in n(j)wt, 'yarn for weaving'); phonetic only (?); possibly this is a representation of *kUn(na), 'tail'; PL K[?]XA-FA-NA, 'hang-imperfective-thing=tail'; IE ???, '???; Egyptian ???, '???'(?)); IE *g[^]haun-, 'call, call to', in Armenian jaunem, 'dedicate', listed under *g[^]hau-; Egyptian basis in Hw(w), 'proclaim'}

sa₁₀, better sam(i)₂

{PL SA-ME, 'strong-expel = remove'; Jaritz Sign #368 (pictures a scoop [#347] containing grain [#669] plus phonetic determinative #949 + #14 = âm₃ = sam₂) IE *1. sem-, 'scoop up, pour (as a part of the exchange)'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

a. 'to buy', with -ši-, ex. 490, 513.

b. 'to sell', with -ra-, abl.; ex. 95, 114.

sal, better mîn₂

{PL M[H]E-¿E-NA, 'thin/soft-like-thing'; Jaritz Sign #919 (pictures a frontal view of female genitalia); IE *me:in-, 'mild, soft, dear, *thin (cf. Breton moan, 'thin, tiny')', listed under *7. me:i-; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zar.re.eš...sal 'to spread', 'to heap up'

sar(i), but for 'to drive (away)' and 'to sing', better kîš(i)₂

a. 'to write', ex. 13, 121, 751.

{PL SA-RE, 'sinew-apply' = 'tie' = 'string characters together to form a written communication'; Jaritz Sign #281a (pictures a cord with a knot on it; SA-RE, 'sinew-apply' = 'tie' = 'string characters together to form a written communication'; IE *4. ser-, 'line up together, fasten'; Egyptian z3, 'cattle-hobble'); IE *4. ser-, 'line up together, fasten'; Egyptian z3, 'cattle-hobble'}



b. 'to drive (away)', with -ni-; 'to chase away', with -ta-, cf. SDI p. 34.

{PL K[H]E-¿E-S[H]E, 'run-fast-like-separate'; Jaritz Sign #*281c (*pictures a water-pot; K[?]XE-¿E-SE, 'empty-out-like-excrete (forcefully)' = 'throw out'; phonetic only, kîš(i)₂: IE *g[^]heis-, 'be gone', listed under *1. g[^]hei-, 'drive on, move briskly (throw) or be moved briskly'); IE **k[^]eis-, '*move swiftly', in West Germanic *haisti, 'hasten'; Egyptian H(j)zj, 'turn back, turn away'; written with Gardiner (1973) W14, 'tall water-pot'}



c. 'to sing'.

{PL K[?]E-¿E-SE, 'empty-out-like-excrete (forcefully)' = 'throw out' = 'sing'; Jaritz Sign #*281c (*pictures a water-pot; K[?]XE-¿E-SE, 'empty-out-like-excrete (forcefully)' = 'throw out'; IE *g[^]heis-, 'be gone', listed under *1. g[^]hei-, 'drive on, move briskly (throw) or be moved briskly'); IE ???, '???'; Egyptian H(j)zj, 'sing, praise', written with Gardiner (1973) W14, 'tall water-pot'}

sar(i), better for keš₂

{PL SA-RE, 'sinew-apply' = 'tie'; Jaritz Sign #281a (pictures a cord with a knot on it); IE *4. ser-, 'line up together, fasten'; Egyptian z3, 'cattle-hobble'}

KA...KEŠ₂ 'to bind the word/mouth','to make an agreement', ex. 252. According to SDI p. 36:'to be bound, to have a structure', but with -ta-: 'to become undone, to be disorganized'.

zag...KEŠ₂ 'to seize, to grasp', with -ni-.

se₃.g/k, better sik(u)₁₀ for *šik(u)₁₀

{PL SE-K[?]XO, 'draw-out-hole=hole for holding'; Jaritz Sign #322a (pictures two stacks of tied brushwood, horizontally oriented, about to be combined); IE *seg[^]h- (from **seghi-), 'hold firmly, hold, overcome someone in battle, victory'; Egyptian in zx.t, 'snare, trap'; in zxm, 'be powerful (cf. The Celtic divine name Segomo:(n), Victrix)'; written with Gardiner (1973) S42, 'sceptre' but better '*candle-holder'}

gu₃...se₃.g/k 'to make obedient', ex. 735.

sa₂...se₃.g/k 'to plot, to plan', see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 103f.

sag[~]...se₃.g/k 'to take care of', see Römer, 1980 p. 58.

si, probably better sê

{PL S[H]A-?A-¿E, 'satisfied-stative-like=full'; Jaritz Sign #188 (pictures a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose'; phonetic only, *si, a variant of *sü; PL SA-FA-¿E, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz'; IE *swei-, 'hiss, whistle'; Egyptian z(wj).t, 'pintail duck (if 'hisser')); IE without *-i in**sa:-, 'satisfied, satisfy'; Egyptian without j in z3j (for *zj3), 'be satisfied, sated'}

gu₂...si 'to assemble', ex. 171, 399, 777.

šu-še₃...si 'to fill into the hand','to hand over, to deliver'. Ex. 711.

si.g, si.ig, better ši₂.g/.ig but properly sig₉ for *šig(u)_x

{PL SE-K[H]O, 'excrete-cover' = 'release liquid over'; Jaritz Sign #188 (pictures a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' = 'hisser'); *šik; phonetic only, PL SA-FA-¿E-K[?]XE, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz + gape = hiss'; IE in *sweighi- (Germanic), 'hiss, whistle', listed under *swei-; Egyptian ???, '???'; ['brick', written with Jaritz Sign #937 is siga (for **šiga), i.e. 'that which is dry'], sig₉ (**šig_x), is used phonetically for šig, 'dry', Jaritz Sign #965, which is the proper sign for the reading and meaning 'dry'; IE *1. sek-, 'run off, dry up'; Egyptian zT, 'pour out; ground' (alternate form: z3T from zT3(?)}

sig, better šî₃

{PL S[H]E-?A-¿E, 'ache-stative-like=hurting'; Jaritz Sign #965 (pictures a setting sun; phonetic **ši, '*leave'; PL S[H]E, 'separate'; IE *se, 'to one side, separated, for itself'); IE *sa:i-, 'pain, sickness, damage'; Egyptian in z3 (for *zjj3), 'weak(*en)'}

sig₃, better pÛ_x

{PL P[?]FA-?A-FE, 'prominent-stative-energetic=beat to produce swelling'; Jaritz Sign #560b (pictures two sets of crossed sticks side by side (2x #101 (pictures two crossed sticks))=bu₁₀, better *pÛ_x; PL P[?]FO(-FA), '(pair of) branch(es)'; IE *bheu-, 'basis for words denoting plant growth: cf. Greek phúe:, 'growth', listed under *bheu-, 'grow, flourish'; Egyptian *b, '*leg' (Gardiner (1973) D58, '(leg with )foot'); IE 1. *bha:u-, 'beat, push'; Egyptian perhaps the basis of P[?]FA-?A-T[H]O, 'prominent-stative-press-against=bruise, in b(j)t3.t, 'harm, injury', corresponding to IE *bha:t-, 'beat, push'}

sag[~]...sig₃ 'to move the head from side to side', 'to tremble', with -da- (SDI p. 63).

ša₃ ...sig₃ 'to be oppressed'.

sig₇, see ti

sig₇, better šîh_x(?) or sa₇.g, better šag(u)_x(?); see below

My conjecture is that Jaritz Sign #648 (N.B. the common association with flowers) has an unrecorded reading of šag(u)_x for the meaning 'to be/make pleasant, beautiful', and thus is only an alternative [perhaps dialectal] way of writing the word discussed under šag(u)₅, which see.

{PL SE-¿E-X[H]A, 'excrete (forcefully)-like-do energetically=ejaculate'; Jaritz Sign #648 (pictures an eye [#798] with shading (gunu), the pistil of a flower; phonetic only; *šîh, '*attar'; PL SO-FE-X[H]A, 'pull-back-energetically-exhale=exude vegetable sap'; IE *s(w)ek^wo-s, 'vegetable sap, resin'; Egyptian ???, '???'); IE *seik^w-, 'pour out, sift, run, drip'; Egyptian in zS3, 'beseech (if 'pour out'[?])'}

sikil(a)

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #932 (pictures a frontal view of female genitalia [#919] (semantic) + pictures a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' [#188], phonetic only, si (see above)); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

si.il(a), better ši₂.il

{PL S[H]E-N[H]A, 'separate-ingressive=start to separate'; Jaritz Sign #188 (pictures a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose'; since it also means 'feather', perhaps the connection is 'what is plucked out'); phonetic only, *ši, a variant of *sü; PL SA-FA-¿E, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz'; IE *swei-, 'hiss, whistle (see below)'; Egyptian z(wj).t, 'pintail duck (if 'hisser')' + #407 (pictures a waist with legs, one bent and crossing over the other knee); phonetic only, PL ?E-N[H]A, 'pointed-ingressive=start to form an angle'; IE *8. el-, 'bend (in words for 'knee')'; Egyptian in jny, 'eyebrows'(?); IE *2. sel-, 'beam, board, something made from a trunk'; basis of *selk-, 'pull, *rip off, *pull out'; Egyptian zn, 'open'}

ka.tar...si.il 'to praise'.

silig, better silUg[~]²(i)

{Jaritz Sign #75 (pictures a city [#62] + eye [#798] = city ruler; semantic/phonetic, *šilêg[~]²(ê) [from šila, 'marketplace' (Jaritz Sign #13 (pictures a branch with a loosened, twisted twig, and a branch which has been split at the top by cutting; PL S[H]E-N[H]A, 'separate-ingressive=cut through'; IE *2. sel-, 'plank'; Egyptian znj, 'cut off, sever' for IE *3. sel-, 'take, grab, *sell'; Egyptian z(w)n, 'trade'; the biliteral is Gardiner (1973) T11, 'arrow' which has the alternate reading zjn; cf. Sanskrit sé:na:, 'missile') + êg[~]²ê, '(pair of)eye(s)=supervisor'; PL ¿A-¿E-FA-¿E, 'eye-like-number-like=pair of eyes'; IE *awe:i-, 'sensually perceive, grasp', listed under *8. aw-; Egyptian perhaps in jw3.y.t, 'female representative, substitute')]; si, 'fully' [see above under its own heading]; + *lUg[~]²i, 'loosen'; PL R[H]O-F[H]A-¿E, 'rise-imperfective-like=getting up from'; IE *lewi-, 'cut off, separate, release', listed under *2. leu-; Egyptian rwj, 'go away, depart, leave'}

silim, better *sal(a)_x

{PL S[H]A-N[H]A, 'satisfied-ingressive=start to be content'; Jaritz Sign #807 (pictures a smiling mouth with teeth); IE *6. sel-, 'favorable, in a good mood, pacify'; Egyptian zn(j), 'be like, resemble, copy, imitate, conform'}

sU

{PL SO-FA, 'pull-back-imperfective=pulling back=restoring'; Jaritz Sign #8 (pictures sewn skin; PL SO(-FA), 'skin(-s)'; IE ???, '???'; Egyptian *s, 'cloth' (Gardiner (1973) S29, 'folded cloth'; phonetic only); IE perhaps in *su:-ro-, 'sour, bitter, salty, slimy wetness'; Egyptian perhaps in sw3, 'remove'}

sU and su₃

{PL SO-FA, 'pull-back-imperfective=pulling back'; Jaritz Sign #8 (pictures sewn skin; PL SO(-FA), 'skin(-s)'; IE ???, '???'; Egyptian *s, 'cloth' (Gardiner (1973) S29, 'folded cloth'); and Jaritz Sign #677 (pictures a snake [#675] with shading (gunu); phonetic only *sü; PL SA-FA-¿E, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz'; IE *swei-, 'hiss, whistle (see below)'; Egyptian z(wj).t, 'pintail duck (if 'hisser')'; apparently a reading for #957); IE *seu- (if 'pull out'), 'bear'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

kuš₇...su(su₃) 'to level, to devastate', see Cooper, 1978 p. 113.
It is not certain that the compound belongs here.

s^yu₃

{PL SE-FA, 'draw-out-imperfective=release (liquid)'; Jaritz Sign #677 (pictures a snake [#675] with shading (gunu); phonetic only *sü; PL SA-FA-¿E, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz'; IE *swei-, 'hiss, whistle (see below)'; Egyptian z(wj).t, 'pintail duck (if 'hisser')'; apparently a reading for #957); IE *1. seu-, 'press out juice'; Egyptian in zwr- (cf. IE *1. swel-(k-), 'swllaow, eat, drink'), 'drink'}

u₃...su₃ 'to dine, to eat', see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 54.

su.ub, better sU.up(i)

{PL SA-F[H]E-P[?]FE, 'strong-wind=rushing-sound-foot= sweep'; Jaritz Sign #8 (pictures sewn skin; PL SO, 'skin'; IE ???, '???'; Egyptian *s, 'cloth' (Gardiner (1973) S29, 'folded cloth') + #572 (pictures a five-pointed star=web; PL F[H]A-P[?]FE, 'spider-foot=weave'; IE *webh-, '1. weave, plait, fasten'; 2. move back and forth, flicker, swarm'; Egyptian in wb3, 'drill'); both phonetic only; IE *2. sweb(**h)/p-, 'throw, hurl, pour, sweep over'); Egyptian possibly zb (if **zwb}, 'go, travel, pass (time)'

*ki-a...su.ub 'to kiss the ground, to prostrate oneself'. (properly sub; see below)

nag[~]a...su.ub 'to rub with soap'

*ne...su.ub 'to kiss'. (properly sub; see below)

šu...su.ub 'to gather up, to collect, to scrape together'.

sU₈.p, properly sUp(i)₂

{PL SA-F[H]E-P[?]FE, 'strong-wind=rushing-sound-foot[Thomsen (1984:135): "[su₈]-bi", for -pi₂] = sweep'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot, written twice vertically); IE *2. sweb(**h)/p-, 'throw, hurl, pour, sweep over'); Egyptian possibly zb (if **zwb}, 'go, travel, pass (time)'

sub(a)

{PL SO-P[H]A, 'pull-do-a-little' = 'suck slightly' = 'kiss'; Jaritz Sign #36 (pictures a head with shading (gunu) in mouth area [#15], in which a hand is indicated [#651]); IE *2. sep-, 'be occupied with something, venerate'); Egyptian in sp.t, 'lip'; possibly in sp.t, 'ritual object' if 'that which is venerated (?)'

sud.r, better šüd and sur_x

{šüd: PL SO-FA-¿E-T[?]O, 'pull-imperfective-like-lump=throw-lump=missile'; Jaritz Sign #677 (pictures a snake [#675] with shading (gunu); phonetic only, *šüd, '*slither'; PL SA-F[H]E-T[?]A, 'strong-flutter-give=slither'; IE swe:d-, 'glide (cf. Old Icelandic svaða, 'glide')', listed under swe/e:(i)-, 'bend, turn, swing'; Egyptian possibly in s(w)d, 'tail'); IE *sweid-, 'bend, turn, swing', listed under swe/e:(i)-; Egyptian s(wj)tj, 'shoot arrow, throw, pour, glitter (note, #677 also means 'light'; cf. IE *1. sweid-, 'gleam, shimmer')'; sur: PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #677 (pictures a snake [#675] with shading (gunu); phonetic only, *sur(i), 'glide' for 'lasting(?)'; PL SO-R[H]E, 'pull-come=slither'; IE *ser-, *slither', basis for *serp-, 'creep'; Egyptian s3j, 'creep'); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian s3j, 'linger, await'}

šu...sud.r 'to stretch the hand out after something' (lit.: 'to make the hand remote').

a₂...sud.r 'to make the arms wide (?)', see Wilcke, 1969 p. 180.

su₃, better šü_x

{PL X[H]E-FA-¿E', 'spiney-collective=spines-like=hollow'; Jaritz Sign #677 (pictures a snake [#675] with shading (gunu); phonetic only; PL ???, '???; IE ???, '???'; Egyptian šw.jj.t, 'shadow, shade, spirit (of god)' (?)); IE *k^wa:- (for **k^^wewey-), 'cavity, hollow', listed incorrectly under *1. k^eu-, 'swell'; also *sk(h)woy- (for **sk^wewoy-), 'needle or thorn of plants'; Egyptian šw, 'empty, devoid, desolate'}

su₈.g, better su(n)g[~]³(a)₂; see also gub

{PL SO-QA, 'pull-back- loop' = 'loop fastener'; Jaritz Sign #410 doubled (pictures a foot); IE *seng-, 'stick to, hang on, move', listed under *2. seg-; Egyptian sq(r), 'step out (of feet in dance), set up (ladder), offer'}

suh(a)

{PL S[H]O-X[H]A, 'follow-do energetically=track'; Jaritz Sign #164 (pictures a mixing bowl and stick [#163] + hand [#651]), phonetic only, *süh(a): PL SA-FA-¿E-XA, 'strong-around-like-do energetically=turn around'; NOTE: apparently, Jaritz Sign #939 had the same reading; IE *sweig- (for **sweig^w-, '(secretly) turn something, deceive, *wander, *be dizzy', listed under *swe/e:(i)-, 'bend, turn, swing'); IE *1. sek^w-, 'follow'; *2. sek^w-, 'notice, see, show'; Egyptian sš, 'write (if 'show')'; cf. dj sš, 'manifest one's self'}

igi...suh 'to stare with wide-open eyes'. (See Römer, 1980 p. 68.)

suh₃, better süh(a)₃

{PL SA-FA-¿E-XA, 'strong-around-like-do energetically' = 'turn around'; Jaritz Sign #939 (pictures crossed reduplication of spindle [#924]); NOTE: apparently, Jaritz Sign #164 had the same reading; IE *sweig- (for **sweig^w-, '(secretly) turn something, deceive, *wander, *be dizzy', listed under *swe/e:(i)-, 'bend, turn, swing'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

sukud

{PL S[H]O-F[H]A, 'clansman-cllective' = 'good'; Jaritz Sign #379 (pictures a fish; phonetic only for kud(?); PL ???, '???'; IE *g^h u:-, 'fish'(?); Egyptian ???, '???'); IE *su-, 'well, good'; *swe-, 'self, same', listed under *se, 'for one's self'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

sum(u)

{PL S[H]O-MO, 'together' = 'friendly-superlative' = 'be most friendly, 'put together with'; Jaritz Sign #322a (pictures two stacks of tied brushwood, horizontally oriented, about to be combined; sum also means 'root vegetable'); IE *2. sem-, 'together, along with'); Egyptian sm, 'help, succor', but also 'herb, plant', written with Gardiner (1973) M20 'reeds growing side by side with a looped cord at the bottom' = 'sheaf(?)'

gu₃...sum 'to talk to', better, 'to express one's self to', with dative. Ex. 402.

geštug₂...sum 'to give ear to, to listen to', with dative.

sa(n)g[~]³...sum 'to rush towards' better 'to give thought to', ex. 93, 358.

sun(a)₅

{PL S[H]O-NA, 'follow-nose' = 'scent for pursuing'; Jaritz Sign #12 (pictures a worm coming out of a hole = glide (#3) over scat (#2); the implication is excretion, and picking up a trail through scat and scent); IE *sen-, 'prepare, work out, complete, aim at, **seek'; Egyptian sn, 'smell'}

sur, better šür(i)

{PL SA-FE-R[H]E, 'strong-energetic-fall=gush'; Jaritz Sign #163 (pictures a mixing bowl and stick; phonetic only, *šur(i): PL SA-F[H]A-RE, 'strong-around-apply=stir'; IE *2. swer-, 'whirr, *whirl, *revolve'; Egyptian zw3, 'pass, escape, transgress'); IE *4. swer-, 'fester, suppurate'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

kaš₃...sur 'to urinate'.

ki...sur 'to fix the boundary', cf. Römer, SKIZ p. 219. Ex. 189.

ša₃ ...sur 'to have diarrhea', cf. Sjöberg, 1960 p. 160.

ša₄, probably better še₁₃

{PL X[H]E-¿E, 'prick-like' = 'piercing (noise)'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot; phonetic only; PL S[H]E, 'separate (one's self = leave)'; IE *se, 'to one side, separated, for itself'; Egyptian ???, '???'; = *ši); IE *2. k^wei- (for **k^^wei-), 'hiss, whistle, *whine'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ad...ša₄ 'to wail', 'to resound', see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 148. Ex. 412.

še...ša₄ 'to moan'

ur₅...ša₄ 'to roar', ex. 743.

šag(u)₅

{PL SA-FA-K[H]O, 'strong-flower-cover=fragrant'; Jaritz Sign #658 (pictures a date-palm tree [cf. šu/üg(u)₂ below]); IE *swek-, 'smell (good)'; Egyptian z(w)T, 'odor, smell'}

šam₂, see sa_l0

šar₂

{PL X[H]E-?A-R[H]E, 'encircle-stative-come' = 'go around'; Jaritz Sign #715 (pictures a circle, which here stands for circular motion); IE in *k^weru- (for **k^^we:r(u)-), 'chew, crush, grind'; Egyptian š(j)3, 'travel'}

a) 'to mix': with -da- (cf. § 204). See Römer, 1980 p. 82f. Ex. 220, 221, 222, 223, 561.

b) 'to slaughter', cf. Farber-Flugge, 1973 p. 89.

ul...šar₂ 'to gladden', see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 67.

še.ba

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #?? (pictures ); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

šed₇, šed₁₁, better êšed(ê)

{PL HHA-¿E-S[H]E-T[?]A-¿E, 'water-like-cold-seep-durative=seeping = sleet = cold(ness)'; Jaritz Sign #168 [šed₇] (pictures a bundle of reeds (#165) enclosing water [#949] and a loaf of bread, neatly divided into three parts [#807]; for **dê, '**divided', and **dêd, '**division'; PL T[?]A-?A-¿E, 'give-stative-durative=giving=gift=portion'; IE *da:i-, 'divide'; *di:-t-, 'division'; Egyptian d(j)j, 'provisions' [Gardiner 1974 X8 'triangular loaf' with indicated cut section]; hence, connection is only phonetic]); IE *2. ei-s-, 'ice, frost'; **ei-s-d-(?) in Old Nordic íss, 'ice', listed under *2. ei-s-, 'ice, frost'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ša₃ ...šed₇, 'to cool/soothe the heart'.

še.g, better šüg(u)₂

{PL SA-FE-¿E-K[?]O, 'vine-like=pliable-bow back=give in'; Jaritz Sign #669 (pictures a stalk of rye; phonetic only, šug(u), variant of šag(u), '*fragrant' [cf. šag₅, 'sweet']; SA-FA-K[H]O, 'strong-flower-cover=fragrant'; IE *swek-, 'smell (good)'; Egyptian z(w)T, 'odor, smell'); IE *s(-mobile)weig-, 'give in, let up'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

šeg[~]₃, better šîg₃

{PL SE-¿E-K[H]O, 'excrete-like-cover=rain'; Jaritz Sign #949 (pictures water) + #14 (pictures star = sky); IE *seik^w- (for **seik-), 'pour out, strain, run off, drip'; Egyptian z(j)T (variant of z3T for earlier **zT3), 'pour out'}

šeg[~]₆

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #??? (pictures ???); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

šêš(ê)₂, šêš(ê)₄, better šê₈ for šî_x

{PL SE-¿E, 'excrete-ing' = 'releasing moisture'; Jaritz Sign #907 (pictures a piece of wool [#901] and #780, which is a shaded (gunu) duplication of #13, a branch with a loosened, twisted twig = shake a moistened piece of wool over = sprinkle); IE *sei-, 'drip, run, damp'); Egyptian probably in s3(j) (for **zj(3)), 'amulet, protection, phyle of priests, **lustrum' if 'annoint(ed)', written with Gardiner (1973) V17 not 'rolled up herdsman's shelter of papyrus' but rather 'material folded to provide absorbent mass for sprinkling liquid'

er₂...šeš₂ 'to weep'.

šid(a), better šêd(a)

{PL XA-¿E-T[?]A, 'press-together-like=pressure+give=press'; Jaritz Sign #580b (pictures water-skin(?)); IE *g^weid- in Old Norse kweita, 'overpower', listed under *g^wej6- , 'overpower, power, press down forcefully'; Egyptian š(j)d, 'read aloud, recite, exact, ransack' (the hieroglyph is Gardiner (1973) F30, 'water-skin'; cf. š(j)dw, 'water-skin'}

šig(u)

{PL SE-K[H]O, 'excrete-cover' = 'release liquid over'; Jaritz Sign #965 ('brick', written with Jaritz Sign #937 is siga (for **šigâ), i.e. 'that which is dry')'; the sign depicts a setting sun so that moisture is being conceptualized as 'what the sun takes away with it'; for defectively written sig₉ (si.g/ig), see above; IE *1.sek-, 'run off, dry up'; Egyptian zT, 'pour out; ground' (alternate form: z3T from zT3(?)}

šu₂

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #908 (pictures a cloud or skin); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ud...šu₂ 'to become dark, dusky', said about the sun, day(light), see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 136; Berlin, 1979 p. 84.

š^yü₇, probably better for gun₃, see above

š^yub(i)

{PL SE-FA-P[?]E, 'seed-collective-pour-out' = 'throw up to separate = winnow'; Jaritz Sign #111 (pictures a boomerang or possibly a winnowing shovel); IE *2. swep-, 'throw, fling, pour'); Egyptian zp (for **zwp), written with Gardiner (1973) O50 not 'circular threshing floor covered with grain' but rather 'winnowing pan', 'time, matter, affair, occasion, chance (throw)'; zpj (for **zwpj), 'remain over, left out, excluded (separated from chaff, thrown up or dropped downand separated)'

gu₂...šub 'to be lax with respect, to scorn ', with -ši-, see SDI p. 27.

šum, for *süm(u)(?)

{PL SO-¿E-MO, 'pull-like-superlative=dismember'; Jaritz Sign #219 (pictures a dagger, knife; semantic only); IE in *se:mi-, 'half'; Egyptian in s(j)m3, 'kill, destroy'}

šur(a)₂

{PL K[?]XA-¿E-FA-R[H]A, 'hair-like-collective-fly=hair standing on end' (the normally anticipated Sumerian reflex would by *k^yur); Jaritz Sign #610 (pictures a head with hair standing on end); IE *g[^]hwe/e:r-, 'wild animal'; Egyptian Hr (for **Hjw3r (?)), 'terrible, terrify'}

tab, better tâp(a)

{PL T[?]SO-?A-P[?]FA, 'retain-stative-sprout=peg' = 'fix in place with peg'; Jaritz Sign #215 (pictures two vertical lines); IE *dhabh- (**dheH₂ebh-), 'set fittingly, fitting'; Egyptian 'b (for **'jb), 'be united, assemble, join, unite'; 'b.t (for **'jb.t), 'attachment'; Gardiner 1973 F16 'horn'}

gaba(-a, loc.)...tab 'to hold to the breast'.

tag, better da(n)g[~]²(i)_x

{PL T[?]A-QE, 'hand-liquid=run over with the hand, stroke'; Jaritz Sign #219 (pictures a dagger, knife; phonetic only from *da(n)k²(i)_x, *dagger; PL T[?]A-Q[H]E, 'hand-scratch=scrape apart'; IE *2. dek[^]-, 'rip, rip apart, fray; *denk[^]-, 'bite'; Egyptian in dqr, 'a process in spinning, *carding(?)'); IE *de:g- (for **de(n)g[^]-), 'grab, *touch'; *teg- (for **(s)teng[^]-), 'touch, attack'; listed under *tag- (an s-mobile form unattested with the initial (s)); Egyptian in dqr, 'press against(?)'}

g[~]iš...tag 'to sacrifice', often with dative. Ex 377, 406.

ki...tag 'to lay something on the ground', especially used in the meaning 'to lay the foundation', cf. Römer, SKIZ p. 62 n. 151.

kušu/kušum(= U+PIRIG[~]) (ki)...tag 'to crawl, to run (?), see Civil, 1976a p. 135f.; Berlin, 1979 p. 70.

šu...tag 'to cover, to decorate' often with -ni-. Ex. 188.

zag...tag 'to push, to put off'. Cf. Gragg, 1973c p. 70: 'In most of the clear instances zag-tag seems to mean 'overthrow, reject' — frequently with negative implications.'

tag₄, better *da(n)k²(i)_x (for 'split'); *kat(i)₃ (for 'harm')

{PL K[H]XA-?A-T[?]SE, 'hurt-stative-release = harm'; Jaritz Sign #104 (pictures a right hand in a gesture of rejection); IE *ka/a:d-, 'damage, rob, persecute'; *ske:th-, 'damage'; Egyptian H(j)D, 'injure, destroy, annul, be lacking, fail'}

{PL T[?]A-Q[H]E, 'hand-scratch=scrape apart'; Jaritz Sign #104 (pictures a right hand in a gesture of rejection; phonetic only for *da(n)k²(i)_x, '*dagger', the reading of Jaritz Sign #219 in the meaning 'split, rip'; IE *2. dek[^]-, 'rip, rip apart, fray; *denk[^]-, 'bite'; Egyptian in dqr, 'a process in spinning, *carding(?)'); this is probably the correct sign originally for 'touch, grab', listed under tag above; PL T[?]A-QE, 'hand-liquid=run over with the hand, stroke'; IE *de:g- (for **de(n)g[^]-), 'grab, *touch'; *teg- (for **(s)teng[^]-), 'touch, attack'; listed under *tag- (an s-mobile form unattested with the initial (s)); Egyptian in dqr, 'press against(?)' }

g[~]al₂...tag₄, 'to open', ex. 789, 793; this should be *da(n)k²(i)_x.

šu...tag₄, 'to send', with dative.

tal(a)₂, better dal(a)_x

{PL T[?]A-N[H]A, 'give-ingressive=start to relax'; Jaritz Sign #688 (pictures a long-necked animal with ears erect; phonetic only, PL T[H]SA-N[H]A, 'stand-ingressive=stand up'; IE *3. s(-mobile)tel-, 'place, stand up, standing, immovable, stiff'); IE *5. del-, 'long, pull out to its length'; *2. s(-mobile)tel-, 'widen out, spread out flat'; Egyptian possibly dnj, 'share out'}

tam

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #684 (pictures sun, phonetic only); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

bar...tam, bar.tam...ak 'to choose', see Hallo, 1973.

tar, better Tûr(i)₆

{PL TS[H]O-F[H]A-RE, 'circling-s-apply' = 'twist off'; Jaritz Sign #13 (pictures a branch with a loosened, twisted twig); IE *1. twer-, 'turn, swirl, vibrate'; Egyptian *'3 (for **'w3), '**drill'; Gardiner 1973 O29 is clearly not a 'wooden column' but rather a 'hand-drill'}

en₃...tar 'to question, to ask (someone: dat.)', 'to examine'. Ex. 770, 783.

nam...tar 'to decide the fate', most often with -ni- (or -ri-, 2. sg.).

The verb occurs also with -da-, cf. SDI p. 57: 'The comitative infix is also used to signify engagement in some activity along with someone else (. .). Under this heading it is fairly frequent with nam-tar 'to decide the fates' in situations where a number of gods do this together.' Ex. 45, 60, 594, 668, 669, 673, 680, 684, 685, 750, 778, 787.

nam.erim₂ -bi...TAR 'to swear, confirm by oath', ex. 687. The readings tar and kud are both possible in this compound verb.

te, better dig[~]²(i)_x

{PL T[?]E-FE, 'heel-strong' = 'press against'; Jaritz Sign #680 (pictures a dam; phonetic only from PL T[?]SE-¿E-K[?]XE, 'finger-like=pointed+strip=point bricks=construct wall'; IE *dheig[^]h-, 'knead clay and build or spread on a wall'; Egyptian ???, '???'; Sumerian *tîk(i)); IE *deu-, 'move one's self forward spatially, press ahead'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

šu...ti 'to receive', lit.: 'to approach the hand to something', with terminative and -ši-, cf. § 459. Ex. 237, 558, 626, 637.

ni₂...te/ti 'to be afraid of', with -da- (cf. § 447).

te.en(a)

{PL T[H]SE-NA, 'spread-out-ingressive=start to stretch'; Jaritz Sign #680 (pictures an earthen wall) + #161 (pictures a dog's head with bristling hair [?]), both phonetic only; IE **1. ten-, 'stretch, pull, tauten'; Egyptian in dnj (for Dnj), 'construct dam'; DnDn, 'subdue'}

ni₂...te.en 'to relax, to cool off', with -ši- (cf. § 459). Ex. 321.

ti, better dig[~]²_x

**tîd(a)_x, see di above.

ti.l, better tîl(a)₃

{PL T[?]SE-¿E-N[H]A, 'teat-like=suck+ingressive=start to suck=inhale'; Jaritz Sign #117 (tîl(a)₃) (pictures a bow and arrow; phonetic only: PL T[?]SE-¿E-N[H]A, 'finger-like=pointed-move=shoot arrow'); IE *(s)tei-, 'pointed'; *s(-mobile)t(o)i-lo-, 'point'; Egyptian); IE basis in *dhei-, 'suck (for 'inhale[?]')'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

{PL S[H]E-K[?]XE, 'separate-strip=forcefully take'; Jaritz Sign #648 (*šik(i)₇) (pictures an eye [#798] with shading (gunu), the pistil of a flower; phonetic only: PL T[?]SE-¿E-N[H]A, 'finger-like=pointed-move=shoot arrow'; IE *(s)tei-, 'pointed'; *s(-mobile)t(o)i-lo-, 'point'; Egyptian); IE *seg[^]h-, 'hold fast, hold, possess by occupation'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

til(a)

{PL T[H]SE-N[H]A, 'spread-open-ingressive=stretch-out'; Jaritz Sign #112 (pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole; perhaps as a second interpretation: bird in flight; phonetic only, deriving from PL T[?]SE-N[H]A, 'release-ingressive=loosen', a kind of spade; IE *dhel-, *dig, basis of *dhelbh-, 'dig, hollow out, pole (as tool for digging'; Egyptian ???, '???'); IE *3. tel-, 'be still, quiet'; Egyptian dnj (for *Dnj), 'dam, construct dam, hold back, restrain'}

t^yu₃ , see du and g[~]en above

tu₅

{PL T[H]SO-F[H]A, 'move-in-a-circle-imperfective=swinging=swirling'; Jaritz Sign #??? (pictures hand [#651] + circular projectiles with arrows indicating motion [#322b = 'throw'] + jar [#456] with shading (gunu) [#457] = fragrance); IE *tew6-, 'sift, go through'; basis in *twak-, 'bathe'; Egyptian basis in '(w)b(w), 'purification'}

a...tu₅ 'to bathe, to wash'.

tu₁₀.b, tu₁₁.b, better tub(u)_x

{PL T[H]SO-P[?]FO, 'do-again-leg=stamp'; Jaritz Sign #141 (tu₁₁) (pictures a [left] leg); Jaritz Sign #146 (tu₁₀ (pictures sun [#684] {phonetic only for tu₂ [probably better, **tub_x]), '**storm'; PL T[?]SO-FA(-P]?]A), 'swing-imperfective=swinging+piece'; IE *dheu(b[h])-, 'be thrown up in a cloud'; Egyptian '(w)p, 'fly'} within a [left] leg [#141]); IE *s(-mobile)teb(h)-, 'stamp, tramp'; Egyptian probably 'b'b, 'be excited'}

tu.d, u₃.tu.d, better du₂ + du₂₀, habitual; see e₃ above.

{PL T[H]O-F[H]A-?A, 'expand-imperfective=swelling+stative=swollen'; Jaritz Sign #99a (pictures seed with sprout); IE *tew6-, 'swell', listed under *te:u-; cf. also basis in *teuk-, 'sprout, seed, progeny'; Egyptian in tw.t, 'image, figure, assembled, united, full, complete'}

tud(a)₂

{PL T[H]SO-F[H]A-T[?]A, 'move-in-a-circle-imperfective-give=give a swing at'; Jaritz Sign #??? (pictures ??? ); IE *(s)teu-d-, 'push, puncture, stick', listed under *1. (s)teu-,, 'push, hit'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

tûd(a)_x, probable better reading of du₇, see above

tuk(u)₄, better tü(n)g[~]³(u)₄

{PL T[H]SO-F[H]A-¿E-QO(?), 'move-in-a-circle-imperfective-like=shimmer-globe(?)'; Jaritz Sign #871 (pictures a circle [#834] around either three circles {moon?} [#823] or two circles {sun?} [#822]=shimmer); IE root in *2. twei-, 'excite, move to and fro, shake, also mentally'; **twing- in English 'twinkle'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

tûkU

{PL T[?]SO-FA-K[?]XA(-FA), 'arm-s-hang-imperfective' = 'being equipped'; Jaritz Sign #944 (pictures a shield and two arms = equipment); IE *dheugh-, 'be of use, weapons'; Egyptian '(w)H-3.w, 'weapons' (Gardiner 1974 D34-34* 'arms holding shield and battle-axe')}

g[~]iš...tuku 'to hear', ex. 230, 794, 795.

tu.lu, better du₂.lu

{PL T[H]O-F[H]A-N[H]A, 'expand-imperfective-ingressive=start to sag'; Jaritz Sign #99b + #894 (pictures right and left hand + wheel, phonetic only); IE *twel-, 'shake, quiver, sway, rock'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

tum(u)₂ (or better **dum(u)_x?)

{PL T[H]O-MO, 'press-against-very' = 'push'; Jaritz Sign #410 (pictures a foot; #411 pictures two legs, means 'bring', and has the value of dum); IE *stem- (with s-mobile), 'push, push against, prevent from'); Egyptian tm, negative verb, 'perish, close (the mouth)'; tm.t, 'sledge'}

tum(a)₃

{PL TS[H]O-MA, 'around-breast' = 'bag'='carry in a bag'; Jaritz Sign #778 (pictures a container in which the sign for 'cord' is written); IE *2. tem-, 'mentally incapacitated, numbed'; *stem- (with s-mobile), 'stutter, stammer') Egyptian 'm'm, 'container for bread'; 'm, 'swallow, be discreet (with jb, 'viscera'), know'}

tUr(a)

{PL T[?]SO-FA-R[H]A, 'column-collective-fly' = 'release-smoke/odor' = 'stink'; Jaritz Sign #273 (pictures ???); IE basis of *dhwergh-, 'dwarfish, crippled'; *dhewer-, 'spin, dizzy, bad, ugly, evil', listed under *4. dheu-, 'rotate, stink'; Egyptian 'w3, 'go bad, rot'}

tUr(i)₅

{PL T[?]SO-FA-R[H]E, 'arm-plural=gate-leaves=come' = 'use gate, enter'; Jaritz Sign #99b (pictures right hand and left hands = leaves of gate); IE dhwer-, 'door '; Egyptian '(w)3, 'door'}

tuš, better tUs(a)

{PL T[H]O-F[H]A-S[H]A, 'expand-imperfective=expanding-state=expanded'; Jaritz Sign #893 (pictures a floor-mat); IE *teus-, 'swelling, **buttocks', listed under *te:u-, 'swell'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

TUl(a)_x, for mistakenly read e₁₁, 'to go up (over)'; TUl(a) for 'to cover', mistakenly read dul

{PL T[H]SO-F[H]A-N[H]A, 'stretch-ing-around-start-to' = 'start-to-wrap-around' = 'enclose'; Jaritz Sign #809 for TUl(a), 'to cover'; #809 + #410 (pictures a foot), which serves only as a determinative for the meaning which involves motion; #809 a shaded (gunu) version of #808, which pictures a pyramidal structure, presumably an enclosed space, 'enclosure', and means 'enclose, cover, overpower', but also means 'hill' (possibly tumulus(?)); it includes the reading TUl₂; IE *twel- (listed under *te/e:u-, 'swell'), 'hill' but also 'hop'; Egyptian 'wn, 'be covetous, despoil, plunder'}

u₅, better ub(u)₅

{PL FA-P[?]FO, 'bird(-formant)-leg=wobble, waddle'; Jaritz Sign #123 (pictures a sitting or swimming bird [#122] + a long-billed bird, which is probably a 'goose' [#188], which reads sü [cf. under za below]); IE *webh-, '2. move one's self to and fro, flicker, swarm, *wobble'; Egyptian in wb3, 'drill'}

ma₂(-a)...u₅, 'to go on board, to embark', ex. 499.

ug₅, better uk(a)_x

{PL FA-K[?]XA, 'around-hang' = 'wrap'; Jaritz Sign #283, pictures a house containing the sign for spinning (Jaritz Sign #112 pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole)) = house of burial wrapping; IE *weg- (for **wegh-), 'weave, fasten, cloth fabric, cocoon'; Egyptian w3H (for **wH(3)), ' stack, stow, store' (**wH is Gardiner (1973) V29, 'swab made from a hank of fibre'}

ug₇, better uk(a)_x

{PL F[H]A-K[?]XA, 'go/come-around-hang' = 'hang slackly over'; Jaritz Sign #112, pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole); IE *1. wa:g- (for **wa:gh-), 'hollow cover, sheath, protectively cover, pull/put over something '; Egyptian wHm.t (for **wH.t[?]), 'hoof' }

ul(a)₄

{PL FA-N[H]A(-¿E), 'around-move(-like)=spin, revolve'; Jaritz Sign #11 (pictures a dagger = goad with a pointed instrument); IE *w(e)lei-, 'turn. Wrap, revolve', listed under *7. wel-' (note Greek aiólos, 'fast moving'); Egyptian wnj, 'hasten, hurry'}

u₁₈.lu

{PL FA-N[H]A, 'wolf-ingressive=wail'; Jaritz Sign #??? (pictures ???); IE *ul-, 'howl'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

g[~]eštug₂...u₁₈.lu 'to forget'.

ur(i)₃

{PL FO-RE, 'curl-apply=turn soil/shave'; Jaritz Sign #496 (pictures a container with a cover [#458] surrounding a tree [#603]=beam [PL FA-RE, 'around-apply=tie'; IE *3. s(-mobile)wer-, 'post'; *1. wer-, 'bind, line up, hang up'; Egyptian w3.t, 'cord (or looped cord = running noose)'], phonetic only; another nuance of ur₄]; IE *7. wer-, 'rip open, scratch'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

g[~]iš...ur₃ 'to harrow', often with -ni-.

šu...ur₃ 'to erase', with -ni- and /bi-/; also with -ta-, cf. SDI p. 95, Ex. 640.

ur(i)₄

{PL FA-RE, 'around-apply=tie'; Jaritz Sign #967 (pictures a shaded version of #944, a sickle); IE *1. wer-, 'bind, line up, hang up'; Egyptian w3.t, 'cord (or looped cord = running noose)'}

uru₄, better *ûr(i)ûr(i)(?), ur₁₁(.ru)

{PL FO-RE, 'curl-apply=turn soil'; Jaritz Sign #97 [uru₄] (pictures a plow); IE *7. wer-, 'rip open, scratch'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

us(u)₂, better üs(u)₂

{PL FE-¿E-S[H]O, 'energetic-like-follow=pursue'; Jaritz Sign #424 (pictures a penis emitting a stream of liquid; IE *FE-¿E-SE, 'energetic-like-release'='shoot liquid' = Sumerian üš(i); Egyptian wzS (which I take to be a method of indicating either w(j)z [IE *3. weis-, 'melt away, flow, *urine, *semen'; or *3. wes-, 'dampen, wet'] or wS [PL *FE-XA, 'energetic-press together=force out'; IE *weg^w-, 'wet, spray'; Sumerian üh, 'venom, spittle']); IE *weis-, 'go straight for, strive for, catch', listed under *3. wei-}

gu₂...us₂ 'to raise the neck'.

gud₃...us₂ 'to build a nest', ex. 162.

ki...us₂ 'to set on the ground, to establish', often with -ni-. Ex. 263, 558.

šu...us₂ 'to lay the hand on something'. In the sense 'to send, to dispatch', see Sollberger, TCS I p. 187; 'to push on (the door)', see Sladek, 1974 p. 191.

zag...us₂ 'to border on, to stand by, to set aside'.

üš(i)₂

{PL FE-HA-¿E-SE, 'energetic-air-like=effluvium-excrete' = 'smell of decay' = 'wilt(ed)'; Jaritz Sign #112, pictures a double-footed staff and distaff for spinning (something hanging slackly on a pole = wilt); IE *wei-s- (for **we:is-; listed under *2. wei-), 'wilt'; 3. weis- (for **we:is-), 'the smell of decaying plants'; Egyptian w3s.j (for **wjjz(3)), 'be ruined, decayed' }

u₃.tu, see tu.d

za, for sü_x

{PL SA-FA-¿E, 'sinew-collective-like=vibrate, buzz'; Jaritz Sign #957 (pictures two beads connected by a string; PL SA, 'sinew, plant fiber' = sa₃; phonetic only); IE *swei-, 'hiss, whistle (see below)'; reduplicated: *su:s- (from *seu-seu[?]), 'whistle, roar, buzz'; Egyptian z(wj).t, 'pintail duck (if 'hisser')'; possibly ss (*zwjzwj[?]), 'burn' and sjsj (*zwjzwj[?]), 'hurry'; apparently a reading for #677, see s^yu₃ above}

zah(a)₂, zah(a)₃

{PL T[H]SA-X[H]A, 'stand-pack together=panic(?); flood(?)'; Jaritz Signs #961 [fish] + #949 [water] = zah₂; Jaritz Sign #955 (pictures water [#949] + fish [#961] = zah₃); IE *tek^w-, 'run, flow, *flee'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zal(a)

{PL T[H]SA-N[H]A, 'stand-ingressive=start to raise'; Jaritz Sign #456 (pictures a container); IE *1. tel-, 'lift up, weigh, carry, bear, suffer'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

{PL T[?]SA-N[H]A, 'long-ingressive=start to emit rays'; Jaritz Sign #456 (pictures a container); IE *dhel-, 'illuminate, bright'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zala(n)g[~](u)³

{PL T[?]SA-N[H]A-QO(?), 'long-ingressive=start to emit rays(?)-skull(?)'; Jaritz Sign #684 (pictures sun); IE **dheleng-(?), '**sun', listed under *2. dhel-, 'illuminate, bright'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

ze₂.eb, better zê₂-êp(u) (Emesal), see dug₃ above

{PL TS[H]A-HA-¿E-P[?]FO, 'stand-imperfective-like=tall-leg=stalk=sugar-cane=sweet'; Jaritz Sign #715 (pictures a circle, which, here, stands for a beehive); IE **ste:ibh-, 'pole, reed, **(sugar)cane'; Egyptian D(jj)b.w, 'pole (of chariot)'; D(jj)b(3).w, 'floats (of net)'; cf. Arabic Taiyib-un, 'pleasant, sweet'}

ze₂.em₃ (Emesal), see sum above

ze₂.er, zi.r(a)

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #?? (pictures ); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zig₃, better zê

{PL T[H]SA-HA-¿E, 'stand-imperfective-like'; Jaritz Sign #130 [zi] (pictures a plant rising up over water); IE *s(-mobile)ta:i-, 'stand, place', listed under *sta:-; Egyptian ???, '???'}

su...zig₃ 'to be afraid of', with -da-. Lit.: 'to stand (said about) the body hair', 'to have gooseflesh', see Sjöberg, 1969 p. 58.

zê(n)g[~](a)³

{PL T[H]SA-HA-¿E-QA, 'stand-imperfective-like-stem'; Jaritz Sign #130 (pictures a plant rising up over water); IE *dhe:ig^w- (better **dheing-), 'stick (into), be stuck, place firmly'; *s(-mobile)teig- (for **s(-mobile)t(h)eing)-, 'stick, pointed'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zil(ê)

{PL ???, '???'; Jaritz Sign #133 (pictures a tree; phonetic only: zil(ê) for **zalê; PL T[?]SA-N[H]A-¿E, 'long-move-like=growing'; IE *dhali- (listed under *dha/a:l-), 'bloom, spring up anew'; Egyptian ???, '???'); IE *???, '???'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

zil₂, better sil(a)_x for **sul(a)_x

{PL S[H]O-N[H]A, 'same-ingressive=agree'; Jaritz Sign #219 (pictures a dagger, knife; phonetic only, sil(a), 'cut into', variant of šil(a) [#13], which also reads **sul(a); PL S[H]E-N[H]A, 'separate-ingressive'; IE *2. sel-, 'plank'; Egyptian znj, 'cut off, sever'); IE *6. sel-, 'favorable, in a happy mood, placate, pacify'; Egyptian snj, 'be like, resemble'}

zÛ

{PL T[?]SA-¿A-FA, 'long-eye-collective=look at steadily'; Jaritz Sign #6 (pictures a grave tumulus, phonetic only [PL T[?]SA-FA, 'long-impefective='stretching out'='deceased'; IE *2. dheu-, 'disappear, become unconscious, die'; Egyptian Dw, 'mountain'; and the derived IE *dhwi-, 'corpse'; Egyptian Dw(j)j, 'evil']); IE *dha:u-, 'see, look', listed under *dhej6-; Egyptian possibly in Dwj, 'call upon (if **Djwj, '**look steadily on)'}

zuh, probably better z^yu₂

{PL T[H]A-¿E-FA, 'steal-like-imperfective=being thievish'; Jaritz Sign #15 (pictures a head with the mouth area shaded [gunu], phonetic only); /t^yu -> /ts^(y)u/; IE *ta:iu-s, 'thief', listed under *(s)ta:i-), 'do someone out of something, dissemble, steal'; Egyptian ???, '???'}

continue to

go to first 35+ root cognates (1-35) ?

PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN SUMERIAN

press here to see

to investigate these phonological correspondences in detail, see the

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan

Summer 1998