Functionalism
Functionalism was opposed to searching out
individual elements of consciousness and focused more on understanding the
function of the brain rather than its structure.
1825-----1850-----1875-----1900-----1925-----1950-----1975-----2000
---------------Hall---------------
--------------Dewey---------------
---------------Morgan-------------
------------Woodworth-----------
William James 1842-1910
If an idea works, it is valid à pragmatism
All aspects of human experience are worthy of study
1890- published The Principles of Psychology
Against German experimental psychology
Consciousness is –personal, -continuous (must be analyzed as a whole), -constantly changing, –selective, -functional à stream of consciousness
Instinctive behavior can be modified or learned
The empirical self is material, social, and spiritual
Self-esteem is related to achievement and pretensions
Perceptions cause reactions which cause emotion à James-Lange theory
An idea of an action causes that action to occur
Any belief, behavior, or thought is to be judged by its consequences
Pragmatism is a compromise between tender and tough minds
Hugo
Munsterberg
1863-1916
Behavior causes ideas
Applied clinical psychology to mentally ill patients
Used forensic psychology to modify interrogation tactics as well as eye-witness testimony
Also planted the seeds of industrial psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins 1863-1930
Used paired associations to study memory
Trained in experimental psychology but switched tacks to study self-psychology
A pioneer of personality theory
Granville
Stanley Hall 1844-1924
First person to obtain a psychology doctorate (1878 at Harvard)
First
First American psychology journal in 1887
Founded the APA and was its first president in 1892
Recapitulation theory à All evolutionary phases exist in every life
Against coeducation
Official founder of functionalism
Behavior cannot be divided into elements
Behavior must be viewed in terms of its function
Emphasized student-oriented education
Against the idea that the cognitive processes of animals are the same as those of humans
Morgan’s Canon à explain animal behavior in the simplest terms possible
James McKeen Cattell
1860-1944
Followed Galton into intelligence testing
Encouraged diversity in the applications of psychology
Margaret Floy Washburn 1871-1939
First woman to earn a psychology doctorate
Attempted to index the consciousness of animals
Robert Sessions Woodworth 1869-1962
What do people do and why
Dynamic psychology à internal variables which produce motivation
Behavior is driven by internal conditions
Edward
Lee Thorndike 1874-1949
Used the first non-human dissertation subjects
Opened the door for behaviorism
Built a puzzle box in order to systematically look at trial and error learning
-Learning is incremental
-Learning is automatic
-Learning principles apply to all animals
Law of use and law of disuse, law of effect (hedonism)
Similarity between situations is what facilitates learning transfer