1800-----1825-----1850-----1875-----1900-----1925-----1950-----1975-----2000
--------------Galton-------------------
-------------Cattell-------------
--------------Goddard---------------
------------Yerkes--------------
-------------Terman-------------
-----------Spearman-----------
Sir Francis Galton 1822-1911
Measurement à maps, weather, people
Illustriousness is inherited
Eugenics: enhancement through selective breeding
The beginnings of the nature-nurture debate
The beginnings of twin studies
Word association: unconscious motivation
Anthropometry: measurements of humans, compared, and also test-retest
Introduced correlation and regression toward the mean to psychology
James
McKeen Cattell 1860-1944
Very influenced by Galton
Brought intelligence testing to the US
Correlational testing proved his results wrong
Alfred Binet 1857-1911
Researched and observed his two young daughters
Psychologists should study cognitive abilities directly
Hired to develop a test to distinguish retarded children from normal children
Intelligence isn’t a single ability, but many
Developed tests to place children’s intellectual ability
This scale was used to determine IQ (mental age/chronological age)
Some children just need special attention to succeed
Intelligence is comprised of specific abilities as well as a general intelligence (g) which is inherited
When IQ testing came to the US it was thought to be measuring g
Henry
Herbert Goddard 1866-1957
Translated the Binet-Simon scale into English
Determined that feeble mindedness is hereditary based on his study of the kallikah family
Recommended the sterilization of ‘undesirables’
Was responsible for thousands of deportations based on testing done at Ellis Island
Lewis
Madison Terman 1877-1956
Modified the Binet-Simon scales to work in the US
Official inventor of IQ as a measure if intelligence
Intelligence is inherited
Low IQ is the cause of criminal and antisocial behavior
Followed 1500 gifted students and showed that they became gifted adults, putting to rest the misconception that their promise rotted
Letta Stetter Hollingworth 1886-1939
Women are less prominent than men because of society, not lack of intelligence
Attempted to undo preconceptions of mentally impaired people as well as women
Worked to enhance the educational experience of gifted children
Robert
M Yerkes 1876-1956
Converted the S-B to a point scale not an age scale enabling group testing
Introduced testing into the army to support recruitment for WWII
The countries problems are caused by low IQ and ‘dumb immigrants”