Chemical Reactions & Applications: Strand 1
Using the Text Book

Starting page 70 through to page 129
What you will find here is a short note based on each section or topic listed
Homework is to be found either at the end of each page section (in light green) or in the week by week web page. Just to access

Chemicals Page 70

Why study chemistry? The obvious answer is safety. Your safety.
Here's a list of safety reasons

Chemicals are always described by their properties which are either physical (what are senses detect) and chemical (how it reacts with other substanes or energy is applied).

Here's a list of physical properties:

Here's a list of chemical properties (general or generic)

Common classification of substances are:

Page 71 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Household Chemicals Page 72

What products are to be found in the home and how would they be classified using the already give classifications.
This leads to chemical safety and the WHIMS system of safety codes and symbols. There are tow schemes of symbols in the text book (Page 72)

Hazardous Household Product Symbols (HHPS).
The warning symbols on household products were developed to indicate exactly why and to what degree a product is dangerous. The top symbols on page 72.
For an up to date note on household symbols just

WHMIS Symbols
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) symbols were developed to standardize the labelling of dangerous materials used in all workplaces, including schools. You must and should pay attention to any warning symbols on the products or materials that you handle.

What are are chemicals found in your home? Usually in three main areas;

Find out what chemicals are in these areas, what their purpose is and safety or warning lables present. A worksheet is provided for this activity.

Page 75 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4

Classifying Chemicals: Properties and Structure Page 76

Matter is classified according to the chart on page 76 Fig 2
Types of compound are distinguished or grouped togethr according to their physical and chemical properties (page 77) and how they react to their physical change or their chemical reactivity when energy is applied or they are mixed with other substance or both.

Page 77 Questions # 1, 2, 3

How Ions are Formed Page 78

All ionic bond formation is based on the Bohr shell diagram of the atom and its desire to either gain or lose electrons.
Valence electrons are those found in the last shell of an atom. Metals want to lose them to exposed a filled up inner shell. Nonmetals want to gain them to fill up their outer shell so that it has eight electrons.
Nobel gases do nothing, they already have eight electrons in their outer shell.
Make sure you follow in class the process of criss crossing and naming compounds (nomenclature page 80)

Page 81 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Polyatomic Ions and Compounds Page 82

Charts and process will be discussed in class, addition work sheets provided for practice. The procedure of criss-crossing is explained in class so listen up.

Here's a list of polyatomic ions that you must be familiar with and be able to work with:

Polyatomic Ions

Name Formula Valence Acid Name
carbonate CO3-2 -2 carbonic acid
bicarbonate HCO3-1 -1 N/A
nitrate NO3-1 -1 nitric acid
chlorate ClO3-1 -1 chloric acid
phosphate PO4-3 -3 phosphoric acid
sulfate SO4-2 -2 sulfuric acid
hydroxide OH-1 -1 forms water
ammonium NH4+1 +1 N/A

Page 83 Questions # 1, 2

Decsribing Chemical Reactions Page 86

The major classification of reaction are as follows:

  1. Synthesis: puting atoms together to form molecules
  2. Decomposition: taking molecules apart to form atoms or smaller molecules
  3. Single replacement: an element or atom trades places with an atom that is bounded to another atom or polyatomic ion
  4. Double replacement: two atoms trade places with their respective compounds
  5. Combustion: burning, carbon dioxide and water is produced

Experiments were done to show each of these reactions.

Page 87 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 5

Balancing Chemical Equations

This is a taught item in class; no notes needed. You are shown how to do this in class.

Page 91 Questions # 1, 2, 3
Plus several work sheets

Factors that Affect the Rates of a Reaction Page 92

The main factors are listed as:
  1. Temperature
  2. Concentration
  3. State of subdivision; surface area
  4. Catalyst
Experiments are done to show each of these effects:
  1. Temperature: sodium in hot and cold water
  2. Concentration: magnesium in weak and strong hydrochloric acid
  3. State of subdivision; surface area: potassium permanganate with glycerine (done over a can) The KClO3 is in crystal form then ground up into a powder.
  4. Catalyst: heating of potassium chlorate with and without manganese dioxide

Page 95 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Food Preservation

Note can be made from the text book; discussion will follow

Page 103 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Acids and Bases

  1. Properties are found on

    page 106 and 107.
    Make a property list for each
    give examples of each

  2. How are acids and bases made in the lab and this is often what nature does. Page 108

    page 111 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  3. When acids and bases react with each other a salt and water is produced. This reaction is both a double replacement reaction or a neutralization reaction. Page 112.
  4. pH and the pH scale describes the acidity or baseisity of a solution. The higher the pH the more basic the solution is. The lower the pH the more acidic the solution is.

    Page 115 Questions # 1, 2, 3, 4

  5. Acid Rain & Pollution:

    Summarize text book on this topic pages 118 & 119.