zahAfAt (Operations)
The following tables shows the legal
zahAfAt, or
operations, on the
arkAn that
have been defined historically in
urdU
prosody. I'm not sure of the
names
of the zahAfAt and the corresponding adjectival modifier names; however,
that is not immediately important - and neither is it the intent of the
tables!
Each column starts off with the name of the
zahAf (singular
for
zahAfAt) and a verbal
description of the operation. The corresponding adjectival modifier name
is next. This is followed by applying the
zahAf to each
arkAn whenever possible. In some
cases, the modified
arkAn take
on other "mnemonic" names in the interests of historical consistency
which are shown in parenthesis.
zahAf (1 - 5)
|
Khaban
|
taE
|
qabz
|
kaf
|
qasr
|
Description
|
Reducing
to an S the initial sabab-e
KhafIf.
|
Reducing
to an S the second sabab-e
KhafIf of a rukn that has two initial
sabab-e KhafIfs.
|
Reducing
to an S a sabab-e KhafIf provided it falls on the 4th and 5th fArsI letter in the rukn.
|
Reducing
to an S a sabab-e KhafIf provided it falls on the 6th and 7th fArsI letter in the rukn.
|
Reducing
to a closed S a sabab-e
KhafIf provided it is the final juz
in the rukn.
|
Modifier Name
|
maKhbU.n
|
matavI
|
maqbUz
|
makfUf
|
maqsUr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
fa`ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fa'Ulun
|
-
|
-
|
fa`Ulu
|
-
|
fa`Ul
|
mafA'Ilun
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilun
|
mafA`Ilu
|
mafA`Il
|
fA `ilA tun
|
fa `ilA
tun
|
-
|
-
|
fA `ilA tu
|
fA `ilA t
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
-
|
fA`i la
tun
(mufta`ilun)
|
fA`i lA tu
|
fA`i lA t
|
mus taf `ilun
|
mu
taf`ilun
(mafA`ilun)
|
mus ta
`ilun
(mufta`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i lun
|
mu taf`i
lun
(mafA`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i
lu
|
mus taf`i
l
|
maf`UlAtu
|
ma`UlAtu
(mafA`Ilu)
|
maf`ulAtu
(fA`ilAtu)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mutafA`ilun
|
-
|
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilatun
|
-
|
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
zahAf (6 - 10)
|
qat` |
hazaf
|
jazz
|
salm (s
of su'Ad)
|
vaqf
|
Description
|
Reducing
to an L a vatad-e majmU` provided it is the final fArsI letter. A special case
is fA`ilAtun on which the operation hazaf
is applied before using this to give fA`il (fa`lun).
|
Dropping
the sabab-e KhafIf provided it is the final
juz of a rukn.
|
Dropping
the vatad-e majmU` provided it is the final
juz of a rukn.
|
Dropping
the vatad-e mafrUq provided it is the final
juz of a rukn. (Obviously, applies only to maf`UlAtu).
|
Modifying
maf`UlAtu to maf`UlAt.
|
Modifier Name
|
maqtU`
|
mahzUf
|
ajazz
|
aslam
|
maOqUf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
fA`il
(fa`lun)
|
-
|
fA
(fa`)
|
-
|
-
|
fa'Ulun
|
-
|
fa`U
(fa`il)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA'Ilun
|
-
|
mafA`I
(fa`Ulun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA `ilA tun
|
fa`lun
(see description)
|
fA `ilA
(fA`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
fA`i lA
(fA`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf `ilun
|
mus taf
`il
(maf`Ulun)
|
-
|
mus taf
(fa`lun)
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i lun
|
-
|
mus taf`i
(maf`Ulu)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
maf`UlAtu
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
maf`U
(fa`lun)
|
maf`UlAt
|
mutafA`ilun
|
mutafA`il
(fa`ilAtun)
|
-
|
mutafA
(fa`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilatun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
zahAf (11 - 15)
|
kasb
|
jud`
|
maKhr
|
taSh`Is
|
Shakl
|
Description
|
Droping
the "t" generated by use of vaqf.
(Obviously, applies only to maf`UlAtu).
|
Dropping both the sabab-e KhafIfs of
maf`UlAtu and converting the "tu" to "t".
|
Dropping both the sabab-e KhafIfs and the
"tu" of maf`UlAtu.
|
Dropping
any fArsI letter from the
vatad-e majmU` of fA`ilAtun. (Each resulting rukn is of the same vazn.)
|
Using the
operations kaf and Khaban on fA`ilAtun.
|
Modifier Name
|
maksUf
|
majdU`
|
ma.NKhUr
|
maSh`is
|
maShkUl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fa'Ulun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA'Ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA `ilA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA`Atun
or fAlAtun or fA`iltun
(maf`Ulun)
|
fa`ilAtu
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf `ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i lun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
maf`UlAtu
|
maf`UlA
(maf`Ulun)
|
lAt
(fA`)
|
lA
(fa`)
|
-
|
-
|
mutafA`ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilatun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
zahAf (16 - 20)
|
Kharm
|
Kharb
|
Shatar
|
jab
|
hatm
|
Description
|
Reducing
to an L the initial vatad-e
majmU`.
|
Using the
operations kaf and Kharm on mafA`Ilun.
|
Using the
operations qabz and Kharm on mafA`Ilun.
|
Dropping both the final sabab-e KhafIfs from
mafA`Ilun.
|
Using the
operations hazaf and then qasr on mafA`Ilun.
|
Modifier Name
|
aKhram
|
aKhrab
|
aShtar
|
majbUb
|
ahtam
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fa'Ulun
|
`Ulun
(fa`lun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA'Ilun
|
fA`Ilun
(maf`Ulun)
|
fA`Ilu
(maf`Ulu)
|
fA`ilun
|
mafA
(fa`il)
|
mafA`
(fa`Ul)
|
fA `ilA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf `ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i lun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
maf`UlAtu
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mutafA`ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilatun
|
fA`ilatun
(mufta`ilun)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
zahAf (21 - 25)
|
zalal
|
salm (s
of se)
|
sarm
|
batr
|
tasbIGh
|
Description
|
Using the
operations Kharm and hatm on mafA`Ilun.
|
Using the
operation Kharm on fa`Ulun.
(This is a separate hazaf for historial/classification reasons.)
|
Using the
operations qabz and then salm (s of se) in fa`Ulun.
|
a. Using
the operations salm (s of se)
and hazaf in fa`Ulun.
b. Using the operations jab
and then Kharm on mafA`Ilun.
c. Using the operations hazaf
and then qat` on fA`ilAtun
|
Upgrading
a sabab-e KhafIf to LS provided it is the final juz in a rukn. This is done
by the insertion of the farsI letter
Alif. Note that the S is then closed. |
Modifier Name
|
azal
|
aslam
|
asram
|
abtar
|
masabbaGh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fa'Ulun
|
-
|
`Ulun
(fa`lun)
|
`Ulu
(fA`i)
|
`U
(fa`)
|
fa`UlAn
|
mafA'Ilun
|
fA`
|
-
|
-
|
fA
(fa`)
|
mafA`IlAn
|
fA `ilA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA`il
(fa`lun)
|
fA `ilA
tAn
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
fA`i lA
tAn
|
mus taf `ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i lun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mus taf`i
lAn
|
maf`UlAtu
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mutafA`ilun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
mafA`ilatun
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
zahAf (26 - 27)
|
azAla:
|
tarfIl
|
|
|
|
Description
|
Upgrading
a vatad-e majmU` to SLS provided it is the final juz of a rukn. This is done
by the insertion of the farsI letter
Alif. Note that the final S is then closed. |
Adding a
sabab-e KhafIf after a final vatad-e
majmU`.
|
|
|
|
Modifier Name
|
mazAl
|
murfil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fA'ilun
|
fA`ilAn
|
fA`ilAtun
|
|
|
|
fa'Ulun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
mafA'Ilun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
fA `ilA tun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
fA`i lA tun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
mus taf `ilun
|
mus taf
`ilAn
|
mus taf
`ilAtun
|
|
|
|
mus taf`i lun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
maf`UlAtu
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
mutafA`ilun
|
mutafA`ilAn
|
mutafA`ilAtun
|
|
|
|
mafA`ilatun
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
(except
ofcourse for the stupid server generated tags)