S1 Oral 1.1 TWO TYPES OF LETTERS

Vowels

There are 5 single vowels in English: a, e, i, o, and u. Sometimes, the letter y also acts as a vowel. English words are built on vowels. Every word must have at least one vowel. Some vowels can be words by themselves, such as the words "A" or "I".

Vowels have three different sounds: short vowel, long vowel, or r-controlled vowel sounds.

Short Vowel Sounds

The five most important sounds are the short vowel sounds. If you know these sounds you will be able to spell a lot of words.

The vowels are A, E, I, O and U. They are named by their long sounds. Their short sounds are:

A as in ant E as in egg I as in ink O as in old U as in umbrella

Pattern: Consonant-Vowel-Consonant A single vowel between two consonants is usually short.

Example: C-A-N: The vowel "A" is short because it is between the consonants C and N.

Consonants

Most consonants (15 of them) have just one sound.

They are B F* H* J K L* M N P R* T V* W Y Z (But Y can also have a vowel sound.)

B as in bag F as in fat H as in hat J as in jam K as in kid

L as in leg M as in man N as in nose P as in pet R as in run

T as in top V as in vet W as in wet Y as in yes Z as in zoo

Some single consonants (6 of them) have more than one sound. They are C G D Q S* X*

More about these later!

Be very careful with the names of the letters marked *!

S1 Oral 2.1 SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS

A The letter A has the short vowel sound A as in CAT.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
bad ban cab can cat dag 
fad fag fan fat gag gap
hag has jab jam lad lap 
mad nag pan ram sad tap
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

pad ___________ tag ____________ mat ______________

yam ___________ nap ____________ lab ______________

E The letter E has the short vowel sound E as in BED.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
bed beg  bet den   fed
get hen  jet leg  let
men pet  red sell   tent

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

vet _________ meg ____________ wed ______________

vent __________ dell ____________ wen _______________

I The letter I has the short vowel sound I as in DID.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
bib big bit did dig 
dim fig fin him hit 
kill lip mist nip pig
pip rib sin tip wig 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

nib ___________ gig ____________ rim ______________

rid ___________ pill ____________ rip ______________

O The letter O has the short vowel sound O as in TOP.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
bob box cog con cot 
doll fog got hob job 
lop lot mob moss not 
pop rob rod sop toll

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

hop ___________ dog ____________ fox ______________

toss ___________ roll ____________ cob ______________

U The letter U has the short vowel sound U as in FUN.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
bud bug bum cub cut 
dun fun gun hum hut 
jug luck mud mug nut 
pub pun rub sup tub
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

hug ___________ bun ____________ nub ______________

dud ___________ pup ____________ tuck ______________

S1 Oral 2.2 CONSONANTS

B, C, D, F

The letter B has the sound B as in BAT.

B Exercise: Pretend to hit a ball with a baseball bat and say /b/, /b/, /b/.

The letter C has the sound C as in CAT.

The letter D has the sound D as in DIG.

D Exercise: Pretend to dig the ground with a spade and say /d/, /d/, /d/.

The letter F has the sound F as in FAT.

F Exercise: Pretend to be a fish-shaped balloon. Squeeze the air out and say /ffffff/.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
act bed bib bob bud
cab cad cob cod cot
dab did deft dob fact
fad fed fit rib tub  
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

dub ___________ red ____________ tab ______________

blot ___________ clad ____________ left ______________

G, H, J, K, L

The letter G has the sound G as in GET and GORILLA.

G Exercise: Pretend to be a gorilla. Walk on your hands and say /g/, /g/, /g/.

The letter H has the sound H as in HAT.

The letter J has the sound J as in JOB.

The letter K has the sound K as in KICK.

K Exercise: Pretend to kick a can and say /k/, /k/, /k/.

The letter L has the sound L as in LET.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
beg bill egg fig fog  gag
god had hag hill hod   hog
hug jet jig jog keg   kid 
kill kit lag leg lid  log
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

bog ___________ let ____________ gig ______________

jag ___________ gill ____________ lit ______________

M, N, P, R

The letter M has the sound M as in MAT.

The letter N has the sound N as in NOT.

The letter P has the sound P as in PUFF.

P Exercise: Hold up one finger and pretend it is a candle. Puff at it and say /p/, /p/, /p/

The letter R has the sound R as in RED.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
 
end fun man map men 
mop mug nag nap nip 
pen pod pop rag ram 
ran rib rip rod rub

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

pan __________ rap ____________ nib ______________

lug __________ pip ____________ mend _______________

Revision 1: Short Vowels and Consonants

READING: Read these sentences. If you don’t know how to say a word, use the golden rule: Say the first sound. Say a rhyming word. Then say the new word.

1. Dan the lad was sad as he had a mad dad.

2. Can Nan lend Jen a red pen?

3. Let Ted get the best net yet.

4. I pat my fat pet bat.

5. The pen is in the pan, the pin is in the bin, and the fan is in the van.

6. A red rat raps a rag at a trap.

7. Tim will miss his kid if it is dim.

8. Tom did not lop off the top pod.

9. To hit Sis is a big sin.

10. A tip is to nip a bit of the lid.

11. Cop a sip of it in a tin.

12. Bud can sup on a nut in a jug or a dun mug.

13. Is it fun to run at a nun with a gun?

SPELLING: Listen to the following words. Fill in the missing letters. Listen carefully for the first sound and the end sound. Think of another word with the same ending.

1. __ell

2. l__st

3. Ze__

4. ta__

5. bl__b

6. s__g

7. _ag

8. pe__

9. __en

10. r__p

11. __ilk

12. r_ck

13. m_st

14. ti__

15. bl__b

16. f__n

17. _og

18. __ob

19. fi__

20. __od

RHYMING

1.

can met fad rib sod

nib bud tan dud nub

vet zit rep con gad

pep sub wit cod don

Write down ten pairs of rhyming words, from the above box.

a. __can__ __tan__ b. __met__ _______

c. _______ _______ d. _______ _______

e. _______ _______ f. _______ _______

g. _______ _______ h. _______ _______

i. _______ _______ j. _______ _______

2. Fill in the gaps in this poem with a rhyming word from the list below.

My name is Zog.

I am a ______ .

I like to sit

And rest a ______.

I like to run

As it is _____.

I can beg

And lift my _____

But if I get mad

I can be _____

And I will nip

You on the _____.

bad fun dog hip leg bit

S1 Oral 3.1 MORE CONSONANTS

S, T, V, X, Z

The letter S has a voiced sound and an unvoiced sound.

The unvoiced sound is S as in SEE, SAT, SNAKE and SUN.

S Exercise: Pretend to be a snake lying in the sun and say /ssssss/.

The voiced sound of S is Z. It is often heard in word endings, such as WAS, HIS, EYES, TREES.

The letter T has the sound T as in TOP and TICK TOCK.

T Exercise: Pretend to be an old clock. Swing arms from side to side and say /t/, /t/, /t/.

The letter V has the sound V as in VET and VAN.

V Exercise: Pretend to drive a van and say /vvvvvv/.

The most common sound of X is KS, as in BOX, MIX and NEXT.

The letter Z has the sound Z as in ZIP and ZOO.

Z Exercise: Pretend to fly and buzz like a bee and say /zzzzzz/.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
 
boss box exam exit    mess
sap sat set sex  sip
size stop tax    tub   vat
vest  vet vex zed    zip
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

wed _________ hex ____________ tap ______________

wise __________ wax ____________ cox _______________

J, soft G, W, Y

The letter J has the sound J as in JAM.

The letter G has two different sounds - a hard sound as in GO and a soft sound as in GYM and AGE.

Sound of G Rule: When G is followed by E, I, or Y it is usually the soft sound (J). When G is followed by other vowels or consonants, it is usually the hard sound (G).

The letter W has the sound W as in WET.

The letter Y has the sound Y as in YOU. Note – Y is sometimes used as a vowel. (More later)

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant is clear.
gem gin jab jam jet
jig job jog jug jut 
wet wit wok yam yap 
yen yes yet yon yum
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

win _________ wen ____________ wig ______________

yob _________ zap ____________ whet _______________

Consonant Endings CK, FF, LL, SS

Silent Consonants There are many different consonants that are silent when they are combined with other letters. For example, C before K is silent. Why? It is because C has no sound of its own. What we hear in words such as snack and sack is the sound of K.

In a double consonant one consonant is silent. The second L in the word bill is silent, as is the second F in stuff and the second S in miss.

back bell boss cell   cuff deck
dill duck fell fuss gill hill 
hiss huff kick kill kiss lock
loss luck mess off quick puff 
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

well __________ muff ____________ rock ______________

quack __________ till ____________ moss _______________

S1 Oral 3.2 LONG VOWEL SOUNDS

THE MAGIC E

When E is at the end of a word it is silent, but the vowel before it changes to a long vowel. The pattern of the word is usually Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Silent E.

For example, in the word TAPE, the A is long and the E is silent.

Usually, when two vowels are written together, the first vowel is long and the second is silent.

Examples: MEAT, READ, RAIN, AIM, GOAT, ROAD, LIE, PIE, DAY, KEY.

VOWEL AT THE END OF A SHORT WORD

When a short word ends in a vowel, it is usually long.

Examples: HE, SHE, AGO, NO

VOWEL AT THE END OF A SYLLABLE

When a vowel ends a syllable, it is usually long.

Examples: CHA/OS, DE/CAY, GI/ANT, BA/BY.

A AI, AY, EY, A__E

The long vowel sound A can be spelt in a number of ways:

AI as in MAIL AY as in DAY EY as in GREY A with the magic E as in TAPE

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
babe  bail bay  cane cape  day  fade 
fake  fame gape  gay   grey  hail  hate 
hey  jade jail  lame prey  rail  sail 
sale  say   tail  tale vain  wail  wave
 
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

cake _________ nail ____________ pain ______________

name __________ wade ____________ obey _______________

E EE, EA

The pair of letters EE has the sound E as in FEED. The pair EA also has the sound E as in SEAT.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
beat beef  been   deal  dear  deep   fear 
feel feet  heap   jeep  keep   lead lean 
mean meet   neat   peak  peep  read real
seed seek  seem  team  week  weep year
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

keen _________ leak ____________ heat ______________

need __________ cream ____________ creep ______________

Poem from “Oh Say, Can You Say?” – Dr Seuss

Upon an island hard to reach,

The East Beast sits upon his beach.

Upon the west beach sits the West Beast.

Each beach beast thinks he’s the best beast.

Which beast is best?…Well, I thought at first

That the East was best and the West was worst.

Then I looked again from the west to the east

And I liked the beast on the east beach least.

I IE, Y, IGH, I_E

The long vowel sound I can be spelt in a number of ways:

IE as in PIE Y as in CRY IGH as in HIGH I with the magic E as in BITE

Y as a Vowel When is Y a vowel? Y is a vowel when it sounds like a vowel. This happens when Y is inside a word or at the end of a word. Y can have three different vowel sounds.

Y at the end of a one-syllable word sounds like long I. Examples: MY, BY, SKY

Y at the end of a multi-syllable word sounds like long E. Examples: MANY, HAPPY, BABY

Y in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern sounds like short I. Examples: GYM, MYTH

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
bite die fight file fire hide
high hire lie life light line 
might mile night mine nine pie
right sigh tie tight   time vile 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

site _________ by ____________ rile ______________

tine __________ wire ____________ strife _______________

O OA, OW, OE, O_E

The long vowel sound O can be spelt in a number of ways:

OA as in COAT OW as in GROW OE as in TOE O with the magic E as in HOME

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
boat bone code doe dose   foam
foe goat hope load lone   low
moan moat mow nose poke   road
rose soak toe tone tow   vote
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

mode _________ roam ____________ phone ______________

Joe __________ goes ____________ choke _______________

U EW, U_E

The long vowel sound U can be spelt in the following ways:

EW as in NEW U with the magic E as in CUBE

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
cube cue cute dew duty 
few fury hue huge lewd
mute new nude pew pure
queue stew tube tune view
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

cure __________ newt ____________ stewed ______________

jube __________ beauty ____________ jury _______________

Magic E Exercise Read these sentences as they would have to be read without the magic Es. Then write in the missing Es and read it again.

Dav rod his bik too fast down the slop . He put on his front brak but it was too lat . This was a bad mistak . The front wheel locked and he flew over the handlebars. He landed on a ston and brok his nos .   He was in a daz for quit a long tim . His mum cam and drov him hom , and put ic on his fac to soothe his pain . “You had a lucky escap ,” she said . “You must tak more care in future . But you can’t us your bik any more. ”

S1 Oral 4.1 CONSONANT BLENDS

Definition: Consonant blends are 2 or 3 single consonants that work together to make a sound.  Each consonant within the blend must be heard. 

There are 3 main types of consonant blends: L-blends, R-blends and S-blends.

BL, BR, CL, CR, DR, FL, FR, GL, GR, PR, PL, TR

Examples of L-Blends: black, clean, flat, glad, plug

Notice the position of the L; it is located at the end of the blend.  Also, in these examples, the l-blend begins the word; however, the blend may appear anywhere within the word.

The consonant blend B-L has the sound BL as in BLACK.

The consonant blend C-L has the sound CL as in CLEAN.

The consonant blend F-L has the sound FL as in FLAT.

The consonant blend G-L has the sound GL as in GLAD.

The consonant blend P-L has the sound PL as in PLANT.

Examples of R-Blends: brown, crime, dream, frame, grade, print, trick

Notice the position of the R; it is located at the end of the blend.  Also, in these examples, the r-blend begins the word; however, the blend may appear anywhere within the word.

The consonant blend B-R has the sound BR as in BROWN.

The consonant blend C-R has the sound CR as in CRY.

The consonant blend D-R has the sound DR as in DREAM.

The consonant blend F-R has the sound FR as in FRAME.

The consonant blend G-R has the sound GR as in GRADE.

The consonant blend P-R has the sound PR as in PRINT.

The consonant blend T-R has the sound TR as in TRICK.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
blab bled blot brag bred
bring clad clam clot club
crab crag cram creep crop
drab drip drop drum dry
flat fled flow free frill
frog glad glen glide grass
green grip plan please plum
pram proud trip truck   trod
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

cry _________ drag __________ clop ____________ dread _________ bleep __________

grill ________ preen __________ plod ____________ glum _________ trees ___________

S-BLENDS

SK, SC, SCR, ST, SP, STR, SPR, SL, SM, SN, SQ, SW

Examples: scab, scrap, skin, slot, smooth, snow, spike, state, strip, spring, squat, swim

The consonant blends SK and SC have the sound SK as in SKIP, SCAB and TASK.

The consonant blend SCR has the sound SCR as in SCRAP.

The consonant blend ST has the sound ST as in STOP.

The consonant blend SP has the sound SP as in SPIN.

The consonant blend STR has the sound STR as in STREET.

The consonant blend SPR has the sound SPR as in SPRING.

The consonant blend SL has the sound SL as in SLOW.

The consonant blend SM has the sound SM as in SMACK.

The consonant blend SN has the sound SN as in SNAP.

The consonant blend SQ has the sound SKW as in SQUEAK.

The consonant blend SW has the sound SW as in SWEAT.

Notice that the S is at the beginning of the blend.  In these examples, the S-blend begins the word; however, the blend can be anywhere in the word.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
flask scan script scrub skate
skunk spent spoke sprat spread 
spring spun start still stone
strap strand strong struck stuck
slam slave   slip small smile
smock   smooth  snack snake snip  
snoop snub squeal squib   squid
swab swan swat   sweet swore
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

slack __________ swoop ___________ snib __________ bask __________

slob __________ squaw ___________ span __________ stead __________

club ___________ string __________ stripped __________ stroke __________

CONSONANT ENDINGS: NK, MP, ND, FT, LD, LT, LK

These are some common word endings with two consonants: NK as in BANK.

MP as in JUMP

ND as in HAND

FT as in LIFT

LD as in HOLD

LT as in BELT

LK as in SILK

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
blink crank drink drunk   junk plonk
prank stink shrink thank think wink
bland belt blend bulk chimp cleft
croft geld jump mend scamp scold
scrimp shift silk spilt strand theft

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

flank __________ clink ____________ skunk ____________ dump __________

drift __________ meld ____________ quilt ____________ brand _________

S1 Oral 4.2 Revision 2: Vowel Sounds and Consonant Blends

READING : Read these sentences. If you don’t know how to say a word, use the golden rule: Say the first sound. Say a rhyming word. Then say the new word.

1. They say they fail to sail away.

2. Take a grey blade up to vain Jane.

3. Make a male play for the sake of a game.

4. A free ride might give him pride.

5. I need the clean gleam of the high site.

6. I gripe if I get a plate of fried tripe.

7. Pluck a blade from a dull glade.

8. A big black bug bit a big black bear, and made the big black bear bleed blood.

9. A bloke’s back bike brake block broke.

10. The slow snow falls and shows no sign of hope.

11. Stop at this spot to scratch the sprat.

12. Slide the string along the sweet spring.

ODD WORD OUT: Which word is the odd one out? Explain why.

1. tap rap sat nap lap

2. beg bet let yet set

3. big bog rig dig pig

4. top not rot cot dot

5. drub hub club nub bun

6. clap sad ape brat man

7. same take clay crag tail

8. sail tale late nail male

9. bay cry prey stay grey

10. nod cod don rod sod

11. blame claim same cram tame

12. drip nod crop brag clip

13. take back bake fake rake

14. beef peak seem step seat

15. rap tap snap cape lap

16. bell stuff tack hiss flat

17. beat teen clean tea tent

18. black brown band brat blow

19. cope clone club crop crime

20. dream gleam clean cream steam

SPELLING: Listen to the following words. Fill in the missing letters. Listen carefully for the first sound and the end sound. Think of another word with the same ending.

1. ca__ __

2. r__ck

3. stu__

4. _ _ne

5. w_ _n

6. __ __ y

7. equ__ t __

8. ta__ __

9. f__ss

10. __ __nk

11. __ __ite

12. br__ __ch

13. st__

14. s__ __ __

15. __ __each

16. gr__c__

17. _ _ied

18. _ _ean

19. pi__ __

20. __ __ea

RHYMING

1.

main feat braid sigh load

sty nude wane lewd fuse

mete flight reap blown glade

peep news kite code moan

Write down ten pairs of rhyming words, from the above box.

a. _main__ _wane__ b. __feat__ _______

c. _______ _______ d. _______ _______

e. _______ _______ f. _______ _______

g. _______ _______ h. _______ _______

i. _______ _______ j. _______ _______

2. Fill in the gaps in this poem with a rhyming word from the list below.

My name is Reef.

I am a ________ .

I eat my meal

Then go to ________.

I rob a home

And then I _______.

I run away.

I must not _______

I keep inside.

I have to _______

For if I fail

I will go to _______.

steal hide thief jail stay roam

S1 Oral 5.1 CONSONANT DIGRAPHS

Consonant digraphs are made up of two consonants working together to make one sound. The most important consonant digraphs are: CH, SH, TH, PH and GH. Often a consonant digraph begins a word, but it can be anywhere in the word.

CH and SH The consonant digraph SH digraph sounds like asking someone to be quiet, as in "shhhhhhhhhhh!" Examples are SHIP, FISH and SHAVE.

The consonant digraph CH has three sounds. The most common sound is CH as in CHAT, CHIP and RICH. It can also sound like SH, as CHEF and NICHE or like K, as in CHAOS and ACHE.

Try saying these words: chest shrew child chief sheaf

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
batch   cash  catch  chat check  chess  chill 
chime   chip   chop  chuck dish  gash  gush 
hitch   latch  match  mush notch  patch  rich
shape    sheet  ship  shut teach  witch wish 
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

fish __________ reach ____________ meat ______________

botch __________ ditch ____________ buck _______________

GH, PH These digraphs have the sound F as in ROUGH, TROUGH, PHONE and PHRASE

TH The consonant digraph TH is pronounced in two different ways, called the voiced and unvoiced forms. The voiced sound is TH as in THE. The unvoiced sound is TH as in THIN.

The Voiced TH Sound Say these words and phrases. Can you feel your vocal cords vibrating?

feather the they theirs rhythm

therefore lather rather That was then, this is now

one or the other either this one or that one father, mother, sister, brother

The Unvoiced TH Sound Say these words and phrases

thief theft thorn thrust broth threat

month maths thrift health through thick and thin

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
both cough death faith graph 
lithe maths moth myth shrink 
than thank that then thin 
this throne thus tough youth

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

blank __________ fuss ____________ kiss ______________

fluff __________ truth ____________ froth ______________

DIPHTHONGS OI, OY, OU, OW

The diphthong O-I has the sound [oh – ee] OI as in OIL.

The diphthong O-Y also has the sound [oh – ee] OI as in BOY.

The diphthong O-U has the sound [ah – oo] OU as in OUT. .

The diphthong O-W also has the sound [ah – oo] OW as in HOW. 
 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
bow boy coin cow  down  foil 
frown gown hound how  joy  noise
now oil out owl  round  soil
south sow soy toil  town   toy
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words

poise __________ vow ____________ coil ______________

bout __________ pound ____________ mouth _______________

R-CONTROLLED VOWELS

When a vowel is followed by an R, it changes the sound. The vowel is not long and not short. The vowel sound is controlled by the R. Compare bride and bird. The I in bride is long (magic-E rule) while the I in farm is an ER sound. Compare frame and farm. The A in frame is long (magic-E rule) while the A in farm is an R sound. When a vowel is followed by an R, we say it is R-controlled.

ER, IR, UR, EAR Putting an R after E, I, U or EA can make the sound ER.

Examples are: HERD, BIRD, BURN, HEARD and WORD

AR, EAR Putting an R after A or EA can make the sound AR.

Examples are: HARD and HEART

OR, OOR, OAR, OUR Putting an R after O, OO, OAR or OU can make the sound OR.

Examples are: FORM, POOR, BOAR and FOUR

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
bird   burg  curt earn  earth fern  fur  flirt
heard   herb  hurt  learn  murk  pearl  perk quirk 
turn   verb  yearn boar  dart  door  floor gore
heart   hoard  jar  mourn  north roar  tart  torn

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

her __________ work _____________ mirth __________ word _______________

tore __________ cart _____________ burn _________ worn _______________

Consonants Soft C, Q

The letter C in English has no sound of its own. It borrows two different sounds from the consonants K and S. Hard C sounds like K. Soft C sounds like S.

When C is followed by E, I, or Y it is usually the soft sound S as in CEASE, CITY or CYCLE.

The letter Q usually has the sound KW as in QUIT or QUEEN

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
cite grace nice place quack 
quail quake queen quell quest 
quick quilt quince quip quirk 
quote slice space spruce voice
 
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

vice __________ choice ____________ work ______________

quite __________ trace ____________ screen ______________

W or Q before A or AR

When a W sound comes before the letter A, it changes the vowel sound to O, as in WANT and SWAN.

This is true even if there is a silent H between them, as in WHAT.

If it is an R-controlled A, it has the sound OR as in WART.

Q has the same effect because Qu has the sound KW, so it is a W sound before the A. For example, QUARREL and SQUASH. If Qu comes before AR, the vowel sound is OR as in QUARTER.

quad quag quart squab squad 
squat swan swat wand want 
ward warn warp wharf what
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

sort __________ rod ____________ bond ______________

board __________ job ____________ corn _______________

S1 Oral 5.2 Revision 3

ODD WORD OUT: Which word is the odd one out? Explain why.

1. pick like kick sick lick

2. chief sheep cheap greed fret

3. dope drop shop fop lop

4. still style bite high flight

5. few use tube chew drum

6. feat flea treat glen teen

7. crow trot bone load blow

8. flip green pack clot grim

9. thick type with then bath

10. chap chum shade chafe check

12. beach wash shame crush sheet

13. skirt board pert furl pearl

14. core soar floor shark storm

15. bank block blink monk chunk

16. scrap state sprain scale scape

17. strap strip stain stripe streak

18. damp lump scrimp stamp stand

19. bulk cloud colt gold felt

20. load cloud flout town clown

21. drift clink brick strike think

22. hard bird hurt term learn

READING

Read these sentences. If you don’t know how to say a word, use the golden rule: Say the first sound. Say a rhyming word. Then say the new word.

1. Take a trip on a cheap ship.

2. Chop shops stock chops.

3. This chick strips for cash.
4. Think of six thin things and six thick things.
5. She sells sea-shells by the sea.
6. Crisp crusts crack and crunch.
7. First I found a fine felt belt.
8. Are our oars oak or a sort of board?

9. I was quick to find a plain place on the floor.

9. Four swift swans swim in the swamp.
10. A nice nurse squats on the floor and boils a fowl.
11. Daft Walt twists and turns in fear.
12. Greek grapes make puce juice.
13. Strong sharks sink ships in a clear sea.
14. They want a quick kiss in the thick mist.
15. A skunk sat and stank on a stump.
16. A flea and a fly found a flaw in the flue.
17. Thieves seize skis.
18. Grey geese graze in green fields.
19. I gasp as I clasp the vast silk twine.
20. You will earn three free throws.
21. What time does the wrist watch strap shop shut?
22. Twelve twins twist and twirl a few twigs.
23. Give Mike’s wife’s knife a swipe.
24. How many cookies could a good cook cook, if a cook could cook cookies?
25. Is it true that Drew won a trip for two to the zoo?
26. The bride tried to give the groom a black and blue bruise.

SPELLING

Listen to the following words. Fill in the missing letters. Listen carefully for the first sound and the end sound. Think of another word with the same ending.

1. ch__ s__

2. broa__ __

3. st__

4. __ __ imble

5. __ __eech

6. st__ __ __

7. __ __ied

8. __ __ __eak

9. ch __ __

10. __ __ __ead

11. f __ __ __

12. __ __ __ atch

13. ch__ __ ce

14. bli __ __

15. stu__ __

16. dr__ __ __ y

17. plai__ __

18. qu__ __ t

19. fl __ __nder

20. h__ __ __ y

 Revision Test – Long and Short Vowel Sounds 
 
A. Write down six words containing the following vowel sounds. The words must all 
 have different endings. (There should be no rhymes.) The first one is done for you.
 
1. Short a:  man sad bag dam rap sand
 
2. Short e: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
 
3. Short i: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
 
4. Long a: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
 
5. Long i: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
 
6. Long o: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
 
 
B  Write two words for each of the following long vowel sounds.
 (The first one is done for you.)
 
1. Long a (ai) maid gain
 
2. Long a (ay) _________ __________
 
3. Long a (ey) _________ __________
 
4. Long e (ee) _________ __________
 
5. Long i (ie) _________ __________
 
6. Long i (igh) _________ __________
 
7. Long o (oa) _________ __________
 
8. Long o (ow) _________ __________
 
9. Long o (oe) _________ __________
 
10. Long u (ew) _________ __________
 
C. Write down a word that rhymes with each of the following:
 
date ______ wreath _______ flight ______ stone _______ burst ______
 
snatch ______ fling _______ ledge ______ shriek _______ knives_____
 
change ______ thicken _______ packing ______ dreary ______ thrush______ 
 

S1 Oral 7.1

MORE LONG VOWEL SOUNDS

OO, EW, U-E

The double vowel OO is different from the long vowel O. It can have a short sound and a long sound.

You can hear the long vowel sound in words like ROOM, ZOO and LOOSE..

When EW comes after the letter R or L it has a long OO sound, as in GREW and FLEW.

Similarly, U with magic E has a long OO sound if it comes after R or L, as in FLUTE or RUDE

AW, AL

AW and AL can both have the sound OR, as in SAW and TALK.

MORE SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS

OO, U, OUL

OO sometimes has the short vowel sound OO as in BOOK. (Compare with ROOM).

U sometimes has the short vowel sound OO as in PUT (Compare with FUN.)

This sound can also be spelled OUL as in SHOULD.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
blew boot brew brood chalk claw
clue crew drawn fawn goon lute 
moon paw prune roof school shawl
spoon strew talk threw tooth walk
book bull cook could foot hook
oops pull puss  took would  wool
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

newt __________ stalk ____________ croon ______________

ball __________ rude ____________ prawn _______________

nook ____________ good ____________ soot ____________

MORE VOWEL SOUNDS

Y(short I) Y sometimes has the short vowel sound I as in GYM.

A (ar) A sometimes has the vowel sound AR as in PAST.

I, IE, EI (long E) I, IE and EI sometimes has the long vowel sound E as in SKI, THIEF

and SEIZE.

EI (long A) EI sometimes has the long vowel sound A as in VEIN.

A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
blast cast chief cyst
fiend glass gym myth
past pique seize siege
skein ski thieve veil
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

fail __________ class ____________ flea ____________

hissed __________ believe ____________ hymn ____________

Silent Letters

GN, KN, WR, SC, GH, SCH

The letters K and G are silent before N, as in KNIFE and GNOME. .

The letter W is silent before R, as in WRECK.

The letter C is silent after S, if followed by E, as in SCENE or I, as in SCIENCE.

The letter H is silent after G and SC, as in GHOST and SCHOOL.

 
B, H, W, S 

The letter B is silent after M, as in LAMB.

The letter H is often silent, as in HOUR. .

The letter W is sometimes silent, as in ANSWER and TWO.

In WH sometimes the letter H is silent, as in WHAT and sometimes W is silent, as in WHOLE.

The letter S is sometimes silent before L as in AISLE.
 
gnat gnaw knead knee knew knit knoll know scent scheme scythe  while whirl wren wrest write wrong bomb
climb comb crumb debt doubt dumb heir honest honour
island lamb numb subtle sword thumb whole whom whose
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

writ __________ guest ____________ when ____________

writhe ____________ board ____________ broom ____________

S1 Oral 7.2 Homophones

Homophones are words that sound the same, but are not spelt the same. For example maid and made have the same sound but different meanings. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct words. Read the sentences aloud.

1. The wind ________ on him and made his face turn _______ with cold. (blew / blue)

2. I _______ my bike along the ________. (rode / road)

3. I looked up and saw the _______ as its flight took a new _______. (tern / turn)

4. Take a _______ at the mountain _______. (peek / peak)

5. In Maths class ______ boys could do the ______ and _______ could not. (sum / some)

6. Are _____ talking about a ______ tree or a ______, a female sheep? (yew / you / ewe)

7. He started to ________ as his load had _________ so heavy. (groan / grown)

8. He _______ his food with his teeth, but he must ______ a drink to wash it down. (chews / choose)

9. If you live _______ near the beach you can _______ the sound of the sea. (hear / here)

10. The bird _______ away as he did not want to catch the bird _______ . (flew / flu)

11. He just ______ at the steep _______ and does not start to climb them. (stares / stairs)

12. Put your foot on the ________ or you will ________ the speed limit. (break / brake)

13. You must ______ the dice to choose your _______ in the play. (role / roll)

14. I _______ my eyes and see the _______ of the sun cause a fire which will ______ the forest to the

ground (raze / raise / rays)

15. Are you talking about iron _____ ______ an ______ for rowing a boat? (or / oar / ore)

16. I _______ he had a _______ girlfriend as my friend told me. (new / knew)

17. They were nervous and ______ as they slept in their ________ for the first time. (tense / tents)

18. A ________ of the king came in the dark ________. (night / knight)

19. If you ________ yourself you may find you are ________ too heavy. (way / weigh)

20. I liked the cakes so I _______ more than ________ of them. (ate / eight)

21. The king who _______ in this land held the _______ of the horse as he rode in the _______ .

(rains / reins / reigns)

22. He gives a polite ________ and climbs up to a _______ of the tree. (bow / bough)

23. I will ask ______ friends ______ come _______ the zoo _______ . (to / too / two)

24. He _______ his book ________ the window. (through / threw)

25. The rich man’s only son and ________ died in an _______ crash. (air / heir)

26. She ________ when she finds the shoes she likes are the wrong ______ . (size / sighs)

27. I _______ him how to hold the rope _______. (taut / taught)

28. You have ______ tied a very good ________ - it is too loose. (knot / not)

29. The farmer has to ______ his seeds, ______ his wife will ______ a new button on his pants.

(so / sew / sow)

30. A buck (male deer) will _______ his ______ (female deer), but the baker will ________ his

_________ to make it into bread. (need / knead, dough / doe)

Consonant Endings NG, NGE, DGE

The consonant ending NG has the sound NG as in SONG.

The consonant ending NGE has the sound NJ as in STRANGE.

The consonant ending DGE has the sound J as in BADGE.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
badge bang binge bring budge
cling dodge   gong fridge hedge
judge ledge lodge lounge plunge
range singe song whinge stung
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

cadge __________ strong ____________ nudge ____________

strange __________ scrounge ____________ fringe ____________

Revision 4

RHYMING

heart wall coin herd sound

bird hurt start dirt fruit

shawl put short wood loin

court coot soot should drowned

Write down ten pairs of rhyming words, from the above box.

a. _heart__ _start__ b. __wall__ _______

c. _______ _______ d. _______ _______

e. _______ _______ f. _______ _______

g. _______ _______ h. _______ _______

i. _______ _______ j. _______ _______

2. Fill in the gaps in this poem with a rhyming word from the list below.

She’s such a sweet girl.

Her teeth are like ________.

Her eye is a star

That shines from ________.

I love her hair,

So smooth and _______.

I’ve never found

A face so _______.

She’s rather short

And she has a _______.

She’s not much good.

Leave her? I _______.

far wart should pearl round rare

SPELLING

Listen to the following words. Fill in the missing letters. Listen carefully for the first sound and the end sound. Think of another word with the same ending.

1. ch__ __ k

2. m_ stic

3. gr__ __ ve

4. __ __ ight

5. __ __ __ ank

6. __ __ __ eat

7. sle __ __ __

8. br__ __

9. fri__ __ __

10. __ __ __ eak

S1 Oral 8.1 Syllables

Many English words are made up of more than one part or sound. These parts are called syllables.

Exercise A Listen to and say these words. For each word, say how many syllables it has. Draw a stroke between the syllables.

Example: thank (thank – one) thank/ful (thankful – two) thank/ful/ly (thankfully – three)

1. ease easy easily

2. tale story history historical

3. twelve twenty eleven forty-seven

4. word letter alphabet dictionary alphabetical

5. know knowledge understand understanding understandable

6. name Jason identity identification

Exercise B Practise saying these words, counting the syllables on your fingers. Write down the number of syllables for the words in Column Three.

One syllable Two syllables Three or more syllables

1. luck lucky luckily ____

2. real really reality ____

3. sent sentence sentences ____

4. prayed parade economy ____

5. flow fellow economical ____

6. cash money monetary ____

7. stack attacks attractive ____

8. brief belief believable ____

9. vale avail availability ____

Exercise C Work with a partner. Say these words, draw strokes between the syllables and put them in the correct column in the table below.

hurts entering extract fixed intended

apple screen education stopped fixes

strange open opened opening stripe

astronomical able ability individual individuality

support sport misses spotted supported

One syllable

Two syllables

Three syllables

Four syllables

Five or more syllables

Words Ending in ED (Extra Syllable)

To say most verbs in past tense we add -ed. But the final -ed can sound different in different words. Read the following words:

asked begged pleaded

Which word has two syllables?

Here are some other words that have an -ed ending that sounds like the one in pleaded. Say them aloud: tested    waited    ended    faded Each word has 2 syllables. 

A. Listen to these words ending in ed. Write down whether they have one or two syllables.

acted ___ printed ___ wedded ___ chased ___ fixed ___

worked ___ walked ___ matched ___ hunted ___ haunted __

banded ___ used ___ ended ___ coughed ___ smashed __

Can you find a rule?

The ED is affected by the sound that comes before it. The sounds T and D are called dental stops. When a word ends with one of these sounds we can not add ED without pronouncing an extra syllable.

 
B. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
acted bonded booted dated dotted
hunted lifted mended nodded parted
pitted rested sanded tilted waited

C. Write a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

wilted ___________ tested ______________ flitted ___________

drifted ___________ defended ___________ squatted ___________

Words Ending in ED (No Extra Syllable)

Listen to and say the following words: asked begged

Does the -ed at the end of these words sound exactly the same? Say the words until you are sure of your answer. When you say asked does it sound more like askD or askT? The end sound is T.

Listen to and say these, which end with a T sound.

baked  puffed  stopped  missed  wished  watched 

Now say the word begged again.  Does it sound more like begT or begD? The end sound is D.

Listen to and say these words, which end with a D sound.
rubbed dragged waved caused judged called

seemed cared loaned flowed annoyed

How do we know whether a word ends with a D sound or a T sound for –ed?

It depends on the sound that comes before it.

Voiceless sounds are sounds made without vibration of the vocal chords – eg. K, F, P and S.

Voiced sounds are sounds made with vibration of the vocal chords – e.g. B, G, L, V, Z

An -ed after a voiceless sound is pronounced T. An -ed after a voiced sound is pronounced D.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
called chased drugged fixed gained
judged lived lopped matched missed
seemed smashed stuffed used worked
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

mixed __________ scratched ____________ shirked ____________

dreamed __________ stopped ____________ smudged ____________

C. Try to put the words from the word list into the correct column.

T – after Voiceless Sound

D – after Voiced Sound

D. Sometimes you can make a mistake in grammar if you don't hear the correct number of syllables. Listen to each of these sentences and tick whether it is about the past or the present.

	Past	Present
a. We start(ed) at nine o'clock.
b. They count(ed) the syllables.
c. I often visit(ed) my friends.
d. We want(ed) to play computer games.
e. I mend(ed) my socks.
f. They tend(ed) to waste their time in class.

S1 Oral 8.2 Double Consonants Adding ER, ED, EST

The Magic E When E is at the end of a word it is silent, but the vowel before it changes to a long vowel (the name of the letter). The pattern of the word is usually Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Silent E.

Listen to and say these words:

fat fate pet Pete din dine lop lope cut cute

What happens when you add ER, ED or EST to a word that already ends with E?

The letter E is already there, so we just add the R, D or ST.

For example: fated Peter diner loped cutest

The E still works its magic. Be careful to say a long vowel in these words.

What happens if you add ER, ED or EST to a word that does not end with E?

We need to keep the short vowel so we do not want the E to work its magic. So we double the consonant. This moves the E too far away from the vowel for the magic to work.

For example: fattest petted dinner lopped cutter

Make sure you say a short vowel in these words.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
banner batted better bidder biggest dotted fattest fitter
gutter hottest logger pitted popped sinned thinnest wettest
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

sitter __________ butter ____________ knitted ____________

stopped __________ flattest ____________ chatted ____________

Adding ING, Y, EN

What happens when you add EN to a word that already ends with E?

The letter E is already there, so we just add the N.

Examples: wide widen wove woven live liven

The E still works its magic. Be careful to say a long vowel in these words.

What happens when you add ING or Y to a word that already ends with E?

You hide the E first. Examples: fade fading craze crazy save saving

Even though we can’t see it, the E still works its magic. Be careful to say a long vowel in these words.

What happens if you add EN to a word that does not end with E?

We need to keep the short vowel. We don’t want the E to work its magic. So we double the consonant. This moves the E too far away from the vowel for the magic to work.

Examples: fat fatten bit bitten sad sadden

Make sure you say a short vowel in these words.

What happens when you add ING or Y to a word that does not end with E?

If we just add ING to rid we get riding. But this is the same as adding it to ride. So we have to double the consonant to show that there is no hidden magic E. It is the same when we add Y.

Examples: bid bidding sun sunny drag dragging snap snappy

 
betting bitten buddy buggy canning
chatty flatten dotty flitting kitten
jutting  funny  letting mitten patting 
jetty popping rotten sitting sunny
 

Exercise B Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

banning __________ batten ____________ knitting ____________

Betty __________ smitten ____________ fatty ____________

Revision 5 - ED endings

Exercise A Write down the number of syllables in each of the following words.

banded ( 2 ) banned ( ) chapped ( ) chatted ( )

collapsed ( ) collated ( ) headed ( ) healed ( )

padded ( ) panned ( ) related ( ) relaxed ( )

repealed ( ) repeated ( ) resented ( ) reserved ( )

salted ( ) sanded ( ) sapped ( ) saved ( )

stunned ( ) stunted ( ) willed ( ) wilted ( )

Exercise B Draw a line between the words that rhyme. Say the words aloud.

bunched beaded

flouted believed

fried carried

gelded lumped

jumped missed

kissed perplexed

lifted popped

married punched

pleaded shifted

relieved spoiled

rotted spotted

shopped sprouted

talked tried

toiled walked

vexed welded

Exercise C Read these poems.

1. Betty Botter 2. The Bittern

Betty Botter had some butter, A bitter biting bittern
"But," she said, "this butter's bitter. Bit a better brother bittern,
If I bake this bitter butter, And the bitter better bittern
It would make my batter bitter. Bit the bitter biter back.
But a bit of better butter-- And the bitter bittern, bitten,
That would make my batter better." By the better bitten bittern,
So she bought a bit of butter, Said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!"
Better than her bitter butter,
And she baked it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So 'twas better Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter.

3. Fresh Fish 4. Tooter tutor

(from Dr. Seuss' - "Oh say can you say")

Do you like fresh fish? A Tutor who tooted a flute
It's just fine at Finney's Diner. Tried to tutor two tooters to toot.
Finney also has some fresher fish Said the two to their tutor,
that's fresher and much finer. "Is it harder to toot
But his best fish is his freshest fish Or to tutor two tooters to toot?"

and Finney says with pride,
"The finest fish at Finney's is
my freshest fish, French-fried!"

SO...
don't order the fresh or the fresher fish.
At Finney's, if you're wise,

You'll say, "Fetch me the finest, French-

fried freshest fish that Finney fries!"

S1 Oral 9.1 Stress - Using the schwa.

In English some syllables are emphasised more than others. There are three main ways they are stressed: Higher pitch Extra length Clearer vowel sound

A. Pitch

When we speak our voice moves up and down. In Chinese each word has a fixed tone. In English a higher-pitched tone is used for syllable stress, not to change the meaning of a word.

Example: ba-na-na. Which syllable has higher pitch?

Exercise A Listen to these words and underline the syllable with the highest pitch.

apple decision evidence statement beautiful

tomato forty television recreation beautician

orange fourteen dictation revolt revolution

B. Syllable length

In English, some syllables are long and some are short. Stressed syllables are extra long.

Exercise B Listen to these names. Which syllable is longest in each word?

Raymond Mary Amanda Maria Eudora Alexander

Exercise C Listen and practise saying these words. Focus on the different lengths of the sounds.

__ . . ___ . ___ . ___ . .

farmer review decided telephone

open discuss appearing practical

take it perform he's calling thoroughly

longest approach I'm coming wait a bit

_______ _______ _________ ________

_______ _______ _________ ________

Listen and write these words in the correct column above:

handicapped revolting buffalo explain

danger neighbour because attention

C. Vowel quality In English, there are strong vowels and weak vowels.

All stressed syllables have strong vowels. Most unstressed syllables have weak vowels.

Listen to these words: banana Canada drama

Which syllable has a strong vowel sound? The other syllables have a short weak vowel sound. This sound is called a schwa. It is the most common vowel sound in English.

Exercise D Listen to the difference between strong and weak vowels. Repeat the words. Underline the strong vowels.

pot potato Tom atom ass assault

man woman men women be become

add addition office official fort effort

Athens Melbourne Sydney Paris Barcelona

Exercise E Listen and write down the missing words. Underline the strong vowels.

1. An old ………………. was ……………………. in her own home.

2. There was ……………………. to the Lee ……………….

3. Attach a …………………. to the ……………… form and don't forget ………...

4. My ……………….. wants to ………………. the city of …………………..

5. The ……………….. were held in ………………

Exercise 6 Practice saying the following:

FORward WOman WOmen offICially

PHOtograph phoTOgraphy photoGRAPHic

He was in BARceLOna in the SUMmer HOlidays.

My proNUNciAtion is GETTing BETTer.

Unstressed syllables – le, el and al

Many words end with an unstressed syllable which sounds like the consonant L. It can be spelt in three ways – LE, EL and AL. Examples: little, double, label, shrivel, legal, journal.

Note: In words ending with STLE the T is silent. Examples: gristle, bustle.

 
A. Read the words from the word list. Make sure the final consonant sound is clear.
 
bottle cattle  cradle fettle  fiddle handle
hurtle idle  kettle label  meddle metal
middle model  mussel nodal  paddle pedal 
sandal scuttle  settle trouble  wattle whistle
 
 

B. Write down a word from the word list that has the same sound as each of the following words.

idol ______________ medal ________________ mettle ________________

muscle ______________ peddle ______________ Handel _______________

C. Write down a word from the word list that rhymes with each of the following words.

battle ______________ candle ________________ turtle ________________

fable ______________ coddle ______________ epistle _______________

D. Draw a line between the words that rhyme. Say the words aloud.

bundle settle

rotten model

fritter shaven

crazy lazy

jumping bitter

happy fiddle

haven snappy

middle dumping

toddle trundle

petal cotton

E. Practice reading the following:

1. As I grapple with the riddle, I put the fiddle in the middle of the puddle.

2. A very vocal crippled yokel gave a muffled cry as he fumbled at the local jumble sale.

3. What’ll be the title of the novel?

4. I have dental problems, rental problems and mental problems!

5. I like apple strudel and mussels with noodles.

6. The little kettle

Made of metal

Sang a subtle tune.

The little kettle made of metal

Merrily did croon.

7. A freckle and a dimple

A wrinkle and a pimple-

That’s what I find on my face.

I chuckle and I giggle

And I wobble and I wriggle

As I stumble out of this place.

8. There once was a man in a tangle

Who had mangled up his hand with a bangle

When his friends asked him why

He just held his arm high

And let his hand hang there and dangle.

S1 Oral 9.2  Intonation Exercises

Say these words and phrases in different ways to fit the contexts described.

'Hello'
to a friend
to a friend you haven't seen for 3 years
to a neighbour that you don't like
to a 6 month old baby
to someone you have just found doing something they shouldn't
to someone on the phone when you're not sure if they are still on the other end

'Goodbye'
to a member of your family as they are going through the boarding gate at the airport
to someone who has been annoying you
to a child starting his very first day at school

'How are you?'
to someone you haven't seen for 20 years
to someone who has recently lost a member of the family
to someone who didn't sleep in their own bed last night

'What have you done?'
to someone who claims to have fixed your television only that now it's worse than before
to someone who is scolding you for not doing anything when you suspect the same about them.
to someone who has just done something very bad and which has serious consequences.

Try saying these sentences in as many ways as you can so that they have different meanings.

a. Where are you going after school?

b. Why were you talking to her yesterday?

c. I don’t think you should eat that.