here is what I have I added some things....and I don't have any thing to
cite it with because I dont know what books your library has, so you can
just go through here and decide ...for everything I added, you can 1) find
things I added that are kind of like what your sources say and use that
source to cite it 2) delete things that I added and 3) you can just
leave some of the info I added without citing it...
You dont need to cite everything, or every sentence would have a citation
next to it... normally there are like 2-4 citations per average
paragraph... so if I have any good information that you want to keep, you
may need to just not cite it....and tell her it was something you already
knew (if she asks)
Charles Dickens was one of the great literary geniuses of all time
and one of the most popular. It has been estimated that one out of ten
Britons who could read, read his works, and then read them aloud to many
others. He was, as he was nicknamed, "The Inimitable" and it can be argued
that in all of English literature, his creativity is rivaled only by
Shakespeare's.
John Huffman Dickens was the second of eight children born to
Elizabeth Barrow and John Dickens. Charles was born on February 7, 1812 in
Portsmouth, a city in southern England. In 1814, the family moved to
Catham, a city in Kent, where Dickens spent what may have been the five
happiest years of his life. (Young Adults 354) Dickens' happiest years
were considered to be between the ages of five and nine. (Americana 75) He
seemed to be an imaginative boy, always roaming the countryside in hope of
adventure.
John Dickens was considered an easygoing man, but was unable to
handle his
money. He always found himself in serious debt. (Britannica 331) Tragedy
struck Charles' childhood was destroyed when his father was transferred to
London due to financial difficulties in 1822. John Dickens was a clerk in
the Naval Pay Office. Because of his poor head for finances, he found
himself imprisoned for debt in 1824. His wife and children, with the
exception of Charles, who was put to work at Warren's Blacking Factory,
joined him in the Marshalsea Prison. (Britannica 331) When the family
finances were partly remedied, his father was released. At this point,
Charles Dickens, already scarred psychologically by the experience, was
further wounded by his mother's insistence that he continue to work at the
factory. (Americana 75) His father, however, rescued him from that fate,
and between 1824 and 1827 Dickens was a day pupil at the Wellington House
Academy in London. At fifteen, he found employment as an office boy at the
Holborn law firm of Ellis and Blackmore. (75) He taught himself shorthand
and by 1828 he became a reporter for the lay courts of Doctors' Common. The
dull routine of the legal profession never interested him, so he became a
newspaper reporter for the Mirror of Parliament, The True Sun, and finally
for the Morning Chronicle. By the age of twenty, Dickens was one of the best
Parliamentary reporters in England. His brief stint at the Blacking Factory
haunted him all of his life; he spoke of it only to his wife and to his
closest friend, John Forster. This gloomy secret became a source both of
creative energy and of the preoccupation with the themes of alienation and
betrayal which would emerge, most notably, in David Copperfield and in Great
Expectations.
Shortly after becoming a newspaper reporter, Dickens began
writing small fictional sketches of London life based on his observations
for magazines.(75) His newspaper work had given him an intimate knowledge
of the streets and byways of London, and late in 1832 he began writing
sketches and stories of London life. They began to appear in periodicals and
newspapers in 1833, and in 1836 were gathered together as "Sketches by Boz,
Illustrations of Every-day Life, and Every-day People." In Feb. 1836,
Dickens' authorial career was launched with the publication of a two volume
collection, "Sketches by Boz."(75) Dickens first novel, The Pickwick
Papers, was well under way in 1836-1837. Dickens had been asked to provide
the text for a series of comic sporting plates, but Dickens' characteristic
determination took over and he remodeled the project into his own
design.(75)
The success of Pickwick convinced Dickens that his real career lay
in writing fiction. He gave up his Parliamentary reporting in order to
devote himself full time to it. In 1830, he met and fell in love with Maria
Beadnell, the daughter of a banker. However, that relationship ended in
1833. In 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of one of the
owners of the Morning Chronicle. Catherine bore Charles ten children in
fifteen years, and his growing family made it necessary to work exhaustingly
at his writings. His next work, Oliver Twist, began appearing even before
Pickwick was completed. Nicholas Nickleby followed in a like manner in
1838-39, and the very first number sold some 50,000 copies. During this same
period he was editor of Bentley's Miscellany (1837-39). By the 1840s,
Dickens had become the most popular novelist in Britain, taking over the
place long held by Sir Walter Scott. Dickens' relationship with Catherine
became uncongenial and in 1858, the couple separated.(76)
For the next few years, Dickens dedicated himself to writing. The
first number of Master Humphrey's Clock appeared in 1840, and The Old
Curiosity Shop, begun in Master Humphrey, continued through February 1841.
At that point, Dickens commenced Barnaby Rudge, which continued through
November of that year. In 1842 he embarked on a visit to Canada and the
United States in which he advocated international copyright laws and the
abolition of slavery. His American Notes, which created a furor in America
appeared in October of that year. Martin Chuzzlewit, part of which was set
in a not very flatteringly portrayed America, was begun in 1843, and ran
through July 1844. A Christmas Carol, the first of Dickens' enormously
successful Christmas books appeared in December 1844.
In that same year, Dickens and his family toured Italy. The
family remained abroad in Italy, Switzerland, and France until 1847.
Dickens returned to London in December 1844, when The Chimes was published,
and then went back to Italy, not to return to England until July of 1845.
That year also brought the debut of Dickens' amateur theatrical company,
which would occupy a great deal of his time from then on. The Cricket and
the Hearth, a third Christmas book, was published in December. In 1847, in
Switzerland, Dickens began Dombey and Son, which ran until April 1848. The
Battle of Life appeared in December of that year. In 1848 Dickens also
wrote an autobiographical fragment, directed, and acted in a number of
amateur theatricals, and published what would be his last Christmas book,
The Haunted Man, in December. David Copperfield was written between 1849
and 1850. In 1851, Dickens worked on Bleak House, which appeared monthly
from 1852 until September 1853.
In 1859 his London readings continued, and he began a new weekly,
"All the Year Round." The first installment of A Tale of Two Cities
appeared in the opening number, and the novel continued through November.
In 1860, Dickens underwent a period of retrospection, burning many personal
letters. He re-read his own David Copperfield, the most autobiographical of
his novels, before beginning Great Expectations, which appeared weekly until
August 1861.
By 1865, Dickens was in poor health due largely to consistent
overwork. That year, an incident occurred which disturbed Dickens greatly,
both psychologically and physically. Dickens was badly shaken up in a
railway accident in which a number of people were injured. By 1867, Dickens
was very ill but carried on, compulsively, against his doctor's advice. Late
in the year he embarked on an American reading tour, which continued into
1868. Dickens's health was worsening, but he took over still another
physically and mentally exhausting task, editorial duties at "All the Year
Round." During 1869, his readings continued, in England, Scotland, and
Ireland, until at last he collapsed, showing symptoms of mild stroke.
Further readings were cancelled, but he began upon The Mystery of Edwin
Drood.
Dickens's final public readings took place in London in 1870. He
suffered another stroke on June 8 after a full day's work on Edwin Drood,
and died the next day. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on June 14.
Dickens had a unique talent of combining humanism and humor. He is
considered a national figure who is read and esteemed by people in all walks
of life.(75) Many of his novels have been turned into dramatized, filmed,
and adapted musicals. Some of his most familiar sayings have become apart
of our everyday language.(75) Later generations labeled Dickens as a
"Victorian Scarecrow with flaws," and saw him as a showman rolling in jokes
and sickly sentimentality.(75) In more recent times, Dickens has been taken
seriously as a literary artist and a social analyst.(75)
Much of his literary criticism has stressed his symbolism, and at
times strange qualities of his most famous works.(75) The world of Dickens'
novels is a fantasy world, a fairy-tale world, a nightmare world. It is a
world seen through the eyes of a child: the shadows are blacker, the fog
denser, the houses higher, the midnight streets emptier and more terrifying
than in reality. The characters, too, are seen as children see people.
Their peculiarities are heightened to eccentricities, and their vices, to
monstrous proportions. Most of the people in his novels are caricatures,
characterized by their externals, almost totally predictable in behavior.
We know little about them beyond their surface behavior because Dickens
focuses on the outward man, not the inner motives. His characters are
intensely alive and thus memorable. The characters from a Dickens novel are
remembered long after the plots and even the titles of the books have been
forgotten.
Dickens' opinion of Victorian society as over-industrialized,
money-oriented, and vanity, has given him a place in the great tradition of
socially and morally responsible novelists.(75) In his lifetime, Dickens
saw Great Britain change from a rural, agricultural land to an urbanized,
commercial-industrial land of railroads, factories, slums, and a city
proletariat. These changes are chronicled in his novels, and it is possible
to read them as a social history of England. For example, Oliver Twist shows
the first impact of the Industrial Revolution - the poverty existing at that
time and the feeble attempt to remedy it by workhouses.
Dickens grew increasingly bitter with each novel; his criticism of
society became more radical, his satire less sweetened by humor. In his
later novels he became almost angry. In his early novels, society itself is
not evil; it is only some people who are bad and who create misery for
others by their callousness and neglect. By the time of Dombey and Son was
published, it was the institutions which became evil, representing in that
novel the self-expanding power of accumulated money. Hard Times (1854)
savagely displays the economic theories which Dickens considered responsible
for much of human misery. Dickens seemed to be much of a socialist.
However, Lenin, the father of Communist Russia, found Dickens intolerable in
his "middle class sentimentality." George Orwell was probably correct when
he stated that Dickens' criticism of society was neither political nor
economic, but moral.