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Important characteristics of healthy calves
from 1st to 4th week of life

General behaviour

       Size and development corresponding to age.

       Lively.

       Alert and inquisitive behaviour.

       Upright posture.

       Lively facial expression.

       Alert eye and ear movements.

       Shining short coat.

       Calves readily approach visitors and are alert to what is happening around them.

Body temperature

       38.5 – 39.5°C

Pulse

       Rate 72 to 92, strong and regular.

Breathing

       Calm, regular, even, Respiratory rate: 20 – 40 per minute.

Elasticity of the skin

Raised skin folds immediately level out again (within 1 – 2 seconds).

Urine

      Thin clear amber fluid.
daily volume: ½ - 1 liter.
pH value: 5.8 – 8.3.
Specific gravity: 1.010 – 1.040.

Faeces

      Yellow to light brown, ranging from pappy to greasy and viscous, without solid components.
Daily quantity: 250 – 500 gm.
First faeces: Greenish black, viscous, without solid components.

Blood volume

     Approx. 80 ml blood / kg body weight.

Digestive system

    Single – compartment stomach (abomasums), coagulation by chymosin; beginning of change-over to multi-compartment stomach system in approximately the third week of life.

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