| Voice - disorders of
respiration, pitch intensity and/or resonance
which impair communication.Some characteristics
of poor vocal quality could be hoarseness or
nasality. Causes can be
1.Organic:-
includes structural abnormalities, neurological
and endocrinological disease
2. Behavioural: -
includes excessive muscular tension, misuse and
abuse
3. Psychogenic
disorders: - include conversion dysphonia,
delayed pubertal voice and trans-sexual conflict.
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| Articulation - the production
of vowels and consonants by the active and
passive movements of the mouth. The active
movements are the moving parts in the mouth which
can produce sounds. The passive are the
non-moving parts of the mouth against which, in
the production of many sounds but not all, the
active movements come into contact. An articulation
disorder can be described as the deviant
production of speech sounds and can be structural
(e.g. associated with oral facial abnormalities);
neurological (e.g cerebral palsy, cleft palate);
or degenerative (e.g. ageing)
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